Istanbul Technical University, Mechanical Engineering Department Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr.

zgen Akaln

MAK 461E VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY HOMEWORK -1 Due: October 31, 2013 Constant cornering stiffness values of tires give a lot of insight into what happens in the linear region of the tire curve (i.e. lateral force vs. slip angle) in normal maneuvers. In racing, however, the vehicle attempts to operate at the limits of handling. Therefore, it is important to include the saturation of tire force and the dependence of this saturation on load when examining the handling characteristics over the full range from parking lot maneuvers to the friction limits. To do this, there are a number of available tire models that handle load dependence, saturation and a number of other things. One semi-empirical model that produces surprisingly good correlation with experiments is the Magic Formula tire model, developed by Hans Pacejka. Magic Formula parameters are a common means of communicating tire data between tire suppliers and vehicle manufacturers. Ignoring the horizontal Sh and vertical Sv shifts, the Magic Formula for side force Fy [N] as a function of slip angle can be written as:

where is the slip angle [degree] and Fz [kN] is normal load;

For self aligning torque - slip angle relationship Fy must be replaced by Mz [Nm]; for brake force versus skid relationship Fy must be replaced by Fx and BCD is

a F a Fz BCD 1 z a5 Fz 4 e
2

for both case. Experimentally found coefficients are shown in the table below. a) Using the Magic Formula Shape Factor C (Fy, ) value in the student data sheet corresponding to your student number, plot side force versus slip angle (-20 to 20) for normal loads of 2, 4 and 6 kN. b) Plot the cornering stiffness (BCD) as a function of normal load from 0 to 8 kN. Using this graph, explain how lateral load transfer could be used to change the tire cornering properties on one of the axles.

Istanbul Technical University, Mechanical Engineering Department Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. zgen Akaln

c) Using the Magic Formula Shape Factor C (Mz, ) value in the student data sheet corresponding to your student number, plot self aligning torque versus slip angle (-20 to 20) for normal loads of 2, 4 and 6 kN. d) Plot pneumatic trail versus slip angle for normal loads of 2, 4 and 6 kN. e) Using the Magic Formula Shape Factor C (Fx, s) value in the student data sheet corresponding to your student number, plot brake force versus skid s (longitudinal slip) (0-100 %) for normal loads of 2, 4 and 6 kN.

TABLE
Coefficients for tire formula (with load influence) (Fz [kN])

a0 Fy [N] Mz [Nm] Fx [N]

0 0 0

a1
-22.1 -2.72 -21.3

a2
1011 -2.28 1144

a3
1078 -1.86 49.6

a4
1.82 -2.73 226

a5
0.208 0.110 0.069

a6
0.000 -0.070 -0.006

a7
-0.354 0.643 0.056

a8
0.707 -4.04 0.486

Ref: Bakker, E., Nyborg, L.; Pacejka, H.B., Tyre Modelling for Use In Vehicle Dynamics Studies, SAE Paper 870421. Note: 1) 2) 3) 4) Use degree for slip angle input and radian form of trigonometric functions. Graphs will be plotted using computer graphics. Show legends, labels and units. Homework assignments must be submitted through Ninova.