Depressing Torisonal Torques in Turbine-Generators Using Petersen Coil Scheme Subject to Single-Phase to Ground Faults

Kang, Meei-Song +
+*

Tsai, Jong-Ian ++

Wu, Rong-Ching*

Wu, Jiun-De**

++ Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electronic Engineering ** + ++ + Kao Yuan University Kao Yuan University I-Shou University Taiwan Power Company kmswmy@cc.kyu.edu.tw jitsai@cc.kyu.edu.tw

Abstract
The operating life of a steam turbine is closely related to the operating conditions of a power system. During a single-phase to ground fault, the network circuits of positive sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence are in series. The zero sequence impedance can be readily magnified by the neutral resonant reactance to limit the fault current. In this paper, such a neutral reactance, namely Petersen coil, connected to the neutral of the wye side of the transformer in a single-machine-infinite-bus system is presented and analyzed. From the simulation result, the Petersen coil functioned with parallel resonance can depress the torsional vibrations on turbine mechanisms due to the successful limitation of the fault current. Also the impact on power utility is reduced.

methods, the proposed method has the more additional advantages as follows: 1. The Petersen coil is not a resistance but a pure inductance. This means the coil consumes no real power and has no heating loss problem. 2. The ground inductance coil is connected to the neutral of the wye transformer and can directly substitute direct grounding without modifying any components. Neither an additional circuit breaker nor a controller is required. Thus it is very simple and inexpensive to be fulfilled. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed scheme are carried out through time-domain simulation studies by Matlab-Power System Blockset (PSB) [14]. 2. The design of resonant reactance Under the normal operation of a balance system, there is no negative sequence and zero sequence networks but only positive sequence network. During the dead time between fault inception and fault clearing, the corresponding three sequence networks as plotted in Fig. 1 are in series due to a single-phase to ground fault [13]. The fault current of injecting to ground is 3 times of the zero sequence currents. Consider a long distance transmission line is represented as the pi model and is connected to the output of the wye transformers as in Fig. 2, the zero sequence network at the wye transformer side will be the 3 times of neutral-to ground impedance and the line-to ground capacitor (C) in parallel. When the neutral-to ground component is an inductance with the approximate value of 1/(3 2C), the parallel resonant effect will provide a open impedance on transformer side in zero sequence network. This restricts the fault current and the neutral inductance is defined as Petersen coil.

Keywords
Torsional Vibration, Turbine Generator, Petersen coil 1. Introduction Recently, expansion in power system capacities led to development of larger-scale generating units. Therefore, a fault on the power system may abnormally give rise to large fault currents and cause over-stress problems on generators, transformers, breakers and transmission lines etc. Especially, a network fault introducing the subsequently a series of breaker switching would result in considerably large torsional vibrations on steam turbine shafts and blades [13]. To alleviate these vibrations, many countermeasures have been proposed such as power system stabilizer (PSS) [4], static VAR compensator (SVC) [5], thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) [6], fast phase shifter [7], braking resistor [8], superconductive energy storage system [9] and HVDC [10] etc. Almost all of them are based on the modulation of the effective and reactive powers to bring supplementary damping into the system. However, fewer studies have been discussed about suppressing turbine vibrations by restricting their initial vibration magnitudes instead of augmenting system damping. In this paper, with the aid of a neutral resonant reactance, namely Petersen coil, the initial vibration magnitude of shafts and blades due to the majority of transmission line faults can be suppressed. This resonant reactance grounding set up at the neutral of the wye side of the step-up transformer can limit fault current due to single-phase to ground fault of the transmission lines [11-12]. As compared to other

Fig. 1. The network sequence configuration during a single-phase to ground fault

Fig. 2. Studied system 3. System under study Fig. 2 schematically shows the electromechanical system for the present study. A practical steam turbine unit, 951MW, is close-coupled and cross-compound reheated comprises the two high-pressure and two lowpressure stage steam turbines. Each of the low-pressure steam turbines has A and B spindles, and uses the shrunk-on rotor. There are eleven rows of blades in the LP steam turbine. The first nine rows of blades are shrouded. The typical model of a long blade on the mechanical model of the turbine-generator is quite complicated. The flexural, axial and torsional modes vibrate in the same direction as rotation, perpendicular to the rotation direction and in a twist direction, respectively. Among them, the flexural mode has lower resonant frequency and is usually chosen to investigate the vibration mode shapes of blades. The simulation electrical and mechanical data are given in Table 1. All of the parameters of this system are in the per unit system, based on generator ratings. For time-domain simulation investigations, the entire studied system is modeled by PSB program. The generator is represented by a six-order state-space d-q0 model. The step-up transformer with delta-wye configuration is represented by lumped model transformers. Each transmission line is modeled by one PI section line. Each network source is treated as an infinite bus modeled by a fixed amplitude sinusoidal voltage source at nominal frequency. Each circuitbreaker is represented as an ideal switch which is able to open at the current zero crossings. Dynamics of the excitation systems are included in the T-G model. A mass-damping-spring model illustrated in Fig. 3 is adopted for turbine model representation.
Generator (1057MVA, 24kV) 60Hz Xd=1.574 Rs=0.00359 4 poles Xq=1.490 Rfd=0.0007 P0=0.90 Xfdl=0.168 Rkd=0.0257 Q0=0.2334 Xl=0.190 Rkq=0.0257 Vt=1.03 Xkd=0.110 Xkq=0.490 Step-up TR 1057MVA 24/345kV Xt= 0.1430 Rt=0.0019 pi trans. line(each) X1=0.311 R1=0.036 XCshunt=43.7 Petersen Coil XL= 14.5920 Torque distribution (%) HP 31 LP1F 14.45 LP2F 14.45 LP1R 14.45 LP2R 14.45 Mechanical data Inertia, Dampin H g, C 0.1787 0.00180 0.6546 0.00023 0.6486 0.00021 0.6575 0.00021 0.6676 0.00021 1.1616 0.00012 0.0034 0 0.0023 0 0.0344 0.00004 2.8 B2F 2.8 B2R Stiffne ss, K 144.15 1595.0 206.0 1584.9 325.28 117.16 1.61 220.12 2.8 2.8

generator delivering power swing, the unsymmetrical fault current (DC component), and the negative sequence armature current [3]. These three frequency types of E/M torques are the main excitation sources to stress turbine mechanism, which dominate the vibration behaviors of turbine shafts and blades. This paper analyzes the torque responses of turbine mechanism by frequency-scanning method. Suppose that the terminal of generator rotor is a shaker with one per-unit excitation, the frequency-scanning inspects the natural frequencies of steam turbines from 0.01 to 140 Hz with an interval of 0.01 Hz. The scanning results of the essential shaft LP2R-GEN and blade LP2R are shown in Fig. 4. In the figure, nine vibration modes are then present in the turbine system, which are summarized in Table 2. All the modes have been avoided from the forbidden frequency bands defined as 60Hz 5% and 120Hz 5%. Aimed at the excitations of aforementioned three frequency component of E/M torque, it is clear compared that the most considerable blade torque response is excited by double-system frequency component (-29.6db at 120Hz). This will impose supersynchronous oscillations (SPSO) in turbine blades. However, such an effect cannot be found in turbine shafts due to their low response (<-25dB at 120Hz). The shaft is more sensitive to the excitation of unidirectional component while the blade is not. Both of the blade and shaft have minor sensitivity to the excitation of system frequency component.

Mass HP LP1F LP1R LP2F LP2R GEN REC EXC Blade B1F B1R

Fig. 3. Turbine model for the 951MW unit

Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hz 19.40 37.40 40.25 47.02 101.8 104.11 127.05 133.25 134.25

Table 2. Vibration modes

Table 1. The turbine-generator system parameters 4. Frequency Domain Analysis It is well known that the E/M disturbing torque (E/M torque) due to power system fault consists of these three components, a unidirectional component (<2 Hz), a system-frequency component, and double systemfrequency component, which correspond to the (Hz) (a)

(Hz) (b)

Fig. 4. The frequency scanning response of the main shaft and blade. 5. Simulation results It is assumed that a single-phase to ground fault is applied at 0.1 s and cleared at 0.15 s. The subsequent auto- reclosing is unsuccessful at 0.75 s and re-clearing at 0.8 s. Based on the Petersen coil being in service or not, Figs. 5 and 6 comparatively show that the transient behaviours of the E/M torque, the turbine torsional torques, fault currents flowing at the CB1, the negative currents on the wye side of the transformer, and the generator speed. As can be seen, the considerably onerous fault current gives rise to the fluctuating E/M torque which induces torsional vibrations on turbine shafts and blades. The second torsional impact on turbine mechanism due to the unsuccessful reclosing imposes the torsional amplifications with phasor addition effect. During not only the fault period but also the unsuccessful reclosing period, the reduced DC component of the fault current shown in Fig. 6(d) weakens the system frequency component of the E/M torque which suppresses the main fluctuating torsional torque in turbine shafts and blades. The effect of the supersynchronous oscillations for turbine blades is also diminished owing to the depressed negative sequence currents as shown in Fig. 6(e). It is worth noted that a relatively modest reduction in the amplitudes of the torsional torques has a very significant impact on decreasing the induced fatigue loss in the material property for the shaft or the blade. Also the power system stability can slightly be enhanced as seen from Figs. 6(a) and 6(f). It is emphasized that the Petersen coil cannot completely eliminate the fault current to be zero because the zero sequence network between the P1 and the ground has two impedance paths. One composed of the shunt lineto ground capacitor and Petersen reactance can be opened by parallel resonance effect. However, the other composed of transmission line impedance to the network source cannot be removed so that there would be still a minimum for the zero sequence network impedances. 6. Conclusions This paper presents the Petersen coil approach to restrict turbine-generator torsional torques. During the normal balanced operation, the Petersen coil ground is like a short-circuited component that operates the function of a direct ground. During the faulty dead time, the Petersen coil reflects a net large impedance to the zero sequence network just as a high impedance ground. This helps alleviate the fault current and stress impact on the utilities. Also the torsional vibrations on turbine shafts and blades are suppressed due to the majority of line faults because the single-phase to

ground represents more than up to 90% of transmission line faults.

References
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3 2 1 0 -1 0 0.5 1 1.5

time, sec (a)

Ineg , p.u.

time, sec (b)

Speed, p.u.

time, sec (c)

time, sec time, sec time, sec (d) (e) (f) Fig. 5. The transient responses due to unsuccessful reclosing single-phase to ground fault in direct ground system.
0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 0 0.5 1 1.5

time, sec (a)

0.8

time, sec (b)

Ineg , p.u.
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5

T(LP2R-GEN), p.u.

time, sec (c)

time, sec time, sec time, sec (d) (e) (f) Fig. 6. The transient responses due to unsuccessful reclosing single-phase to ground fault in Petersen coil ground system.