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THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION The actual conduct of a polygraph examination is a complex activity. It contains preparation of the examiner, pre test interview, questions formulation of the examiner and chart interpretation. The polygraph examiner is obliged to his sub ects to be prepared for the test. Prepared examiner is bored to increase the general tension of the innocent and may ta!e the guilty complacent. OBJECTIVES AND CONCCEPTS ". The polygraph is used to test or question individuals for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying the truth of statements through a visual permanent and simultaneous recording of a person#s cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as a minimum instruments or requirement. Pattern of other physiological changes accompanying attempts of deception such as galvanic s!in reflex, muscular movements, blood oxygenation, etc. maybe used in addition to the two basic trainings. The polygraph instruments merely measures certain identifiable physical reactions as affecting the respiration rate. $lood pressure, pulse rate and galvanic s!in resistance to a very minute amount of current, in con unction with the application of a reliable questioning technique for diagnosing deception. $. The activity of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deception is based on a well established fact that conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person to deceive causes involuntary physiological changes, which are in effect, a body#s reaction to an imminent danger to its well%being. This is brought about by the stimulating effect of well% prepared questions, a truthful answer to which may result to punishment. It is not so much the lying or guilt feeling that alters the sub ect#s physiological responses, but rather the fear for a consequent punishment when established as deceptive. The greater the consequences of being detected lying, the greater is the fear of detection. The more motivation there is to deceive, the more readily the deception is detected as the increased fear triggers the involuntary physiological changes, some of which predominantly the respiration and blood pressure& pulse beat are capable of being recorded and accurately diagnosed. '. (b ectives of Polygraph )xamination 1. "scertain if a person is telling the truth by verifying statement and or comparing conflicting statements. *. (btain additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense +. ,ocate fruits or tools of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons -. Identify other persons involved .. (btain valuable information from reluctant witnesses/ and 0. 1ost important is the elimination of innocent sub ects. QUESTION FORMULATION AND TEST CONSTRUCTION The polygraph examiner approach to suspected violator of the law is investigation in nature. 2is test formulation is based on probable criminal intent or involvement. 2e adds other enforcement factors to determine whether or not the sub ect committed a crime alone or with an accomplice, whether he was an accessory before or after the fact/ when and how the crime was committed/ method of operation used to commit the crime/ disposition of money or merchandise allegedly stolen and tools of the crime/ and if sub ect !nows of others who have been involved in one or more similar offenses. The utili3ation of proper testing techniques and the formulation of test questions is an extremely important part of the polygraph examination. The psychological control of the examination is to great extent maintained by the proper methodology employed in the question formulation. DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT TEST

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The methodology employed by ,"45(6 and 7)),)4 in 18-* was the relevant%irrelevant test. It is based on the theory that 9the guilty react only to relevant questions and the innocent exhibit no reactions:. The technique however, failed to account for guilt reactors, general nervous tension, strong outside issues and non%reactors. THE PEAK OF TENSION TEST This type of test is used in instance where the sub ect has not yet informed by the investigations or other sources of important details of crime. This test is called the 9pea! of tension test:. The theory of the pea! of the tension test is that one or more pertinent pieces of information exist which are only !nown to the victim, the investigator and the polygraph examiner and the guilty of the offense.

GENERAL RULES ON QUESTIONS FORMULATION ;uestions are formulated from information supplied by the investigators from statements of witnesses or the sub ect himself, from records, interviews and from other sources such as those derived from public information, the media. The genera r! e" #$ %$ $& 'n %$r(! a#'ng a #)*e" $% +!e"#'$n" #$ ,e a"-e. are a" %$ $&"/ 1. ;uestions must be simple and direct. *. They must not involve legal terminology, e.g. assault, murder, etc. +. They must be answerable by yes or no and should be as short as possible -. Their meaning must be clear and unmista!able and phrased in a language a sub ect can easily understand. .. They must not in the form of accusation 0. ;uestions must never contain an inference which presupposes !nowledge on the part of the sub ect. <. "ll questions must refer to one offense only. =. "ll questions must refer to only one element of the offense 8. They must not contain inference of one#s religion, race or belief. DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUESTIONS 1. Relevant Questions > these are the primary !ey questions as!ed by the examiner in order to resolve a specific sub ect matter. It is defined as that verbal stimulus of primary importance in the form of a question which overcomes the psychological excitement level and causes pneumograph, cardio%spygmograph and galvanograph tracing changes from the sub ect#s physiological norm. Its purpose is the deception as result of this type change in sub ect#s norm and to resolve the ob ectivity of the polygraph examination via between chart probe or interrogation. *. Classified Relevant or DYAT Questions > this is designed to absorb the response generally generated by the introduction of the first relevant question in the series. It reveals the sub ect#s norm plus stimulus and excitement level. +. Knowledge Questions > this is the questions designed to probe whether the sub ect possesses information regarding the identity of the offender or as to the location of the evidence or the secondary elements of the facts of the case under investigation. -. Evidence-Connecting Questions > this is designed to stimulate the guilty sub ect and focus his attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt. In formulating his questions, the examiner must secure information from the investigation as to whether or no fingerprints, footprints, tools or other evidences were collected from the crime scene. .. Irrelevant Questions > the irrelevant questions have no relation to matter under investigation and deals no !nown facts about the sub ect connote lie. It

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is designed to absorb initial response as the question sequence commence and to produce little or no emotional change in the sub ect. 0. Control Question (Probable ie! > this is a question designed to produce a response in the innocent sub ect and serve as a basis for evaluation the sub ect#s perpetual set. <. "uilt Co#$le% Questions > this is speciali3ed control question designed to safeguard against mista!ing relevant questions response, and is based on a fictitious crime under investigation. The examiner, prior to top approaching the sub ect concerning the crime situation, must be certain that the fictitious crime was never actually committed. =. &'#$to#atic Questions > this is a question designed to detect and evaluate the presence of outside issues which may suppose responses to relevant questions. 8. &(' Questions > these are three questions grouped together by $"'75T)4 and used only on the third chart in the 3one comparison test. They are designed to confirm the previous charts and detect indirect involvement or guilty !nowledge. S stands for suspects, K stands for !now and Y stands for you.