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Composites
Very important in our 21st Century world Listed as one of the top 10 greatest engineering developments of last quarter of the 20th Century
Others: Oth Apollo A ll moon landing, l di unmanned d satellites, microprocessor, CAD, CT scan, jumbo jet, jet lasers lasers, fiber-optic communication communication, genetic engineering
Matrix purposes
Hold the reinforcements together Give shape to the object Transfer loads to the reinforcements Protect the reinforcements
Heat Weather Flammability Impacts Solvent/water
Reinforcement purposes
Carry the load (most mechanical properties) Give directionality of some properties (optional)
Interface: Function
To transfer the stress from matrix to reinforcement Sometimes surface treatment is carried out to achieve the required bonding to the matrix
Interface Interface merupakan permukaan antara reinforcement dan matriks yang menentukan proses transfer tegangan dari matrikreinforcement-matrik, yang berpengaruh kepada : - spesific strength - spesific stiffnes - fracture toughness - ketahanan creep
Macam macam interfacial bonding : Macam-macam Molecule entanglement adanya ikatan antar molekul di permukaan fiber dan matrik. Electrostatic adanya perbedaan muatan listrik secara atomik antara reinforce dan matrik di permukaan interface yang mengakibatkan tarik-menarik, bila ada gas, ikatan melemah. g
Reaksi kimia pada interface terdapat kumpulan gugus kimia yang saling berikatan antara fiber dan matrik matrik. Mechanical bonding adanya mekanisme interlocking pada permukaan sehingga semakin kasar permukaan ikatan yang terjadi makin kuat. kuat
Types of composites
Engineering
Fiberglass reinforced Matrix of unsaturated p polyesters y and vinyl y esters or common engineering thermoplastics Uses: tub/shower, boats, automotive, pipes, architectural etc architectural, etc.
Advanced
Carbon fiber fiber, aramid fiber fiber, or other high performance reinforcements Matrix of epoxies and specialty resins Uses: aerospace, sporting goods, specialty
Th These diff differ, at t the th most t fundamental f d t l level, in the types of bonds between the atoms t
Non-Metals
Polymers P l (Covalent Bonds)
Polymers
Polymers can be natural (like wood wood, cotton, wool, leather) Polymers can be man-made man made (plastics) Polymers can be easily shaped (molded) Polymers have other advantages over ceramics and metals
Polymers
Made from small molecules (monomers) which are linked together
mono means one mer means unit
M M
M Monomers
M M M M M
Polymers
M M
M M
Covalent Bonds
M M M
Polymer
Polymers
H
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
C
H
Monome r
Polym er
Polymers
Many millions of chains exist in the typical polymeric part The chains are intertwined
Like a mass of spaghetti
Crystal y Regions
Crosslinks are covalent bonds that link between the polymer chains When crosslinking occurs, the polymers will no longer melt
When heated to a high temperature, they burn or char
Thermoplastics p
Thermoplastics are not crosslinked and so they will melt Thermoplastics are processed (molded) as molten liquids Thermoplastics are cooled to solidify Thermoplastics can be re-melted repeatedly Kitchen tc e e example: a pe candy Examples of thermoplastics: polyethylene, polystyrene nylon polystyrene, nylon, polycarbonate polycarbonate, acrylic acrylic, Teflon, PET (thermoplastic polyester)
Thermosets
Thermosets are crosslinked and do not melt Crosslinking is sometimes called curing Thermosets are processed as room temperature liquids Thermosets are heated to solidify Kitchen example: cake E Examples l of f thermosets: th t polyesters, l t vinyl i l esters, epoxies, phenolics, polyimides, silicones
Thermal Transitions
Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) Gl Glass transition t iti t temperature t (Tg) Melting point (Tm) Decomposition temperature (Td)
Tm Liquid Tg Semi-rigid Td Degraded g Td (Tm)
Semi-crystalline S i lli thermoplastic HDT Tg Hard, , stiff Thermoset Hard, stiff Temperature Leathery y HDT
Degraded, Char
Molecular Weight
Molecular Weight
...C C C C...
...C ( C
C )nC...
C C C C C C
HO
C C ...C C C C C N H O C C C C C C C
HO C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
OH C C C C C OH C C C C... C C C...
....C
C...
C C
C C C C C
HO C C ....C
Bonding
Bonding is strongest when electrons are:
Transferred (ceramics) Shared by many atoms (metals) Shared by two atoms (covalent)
W Weak k bonding b di occurs without ith t electrons l t being transferred or shared These weak bonds depend upon polarity
Polarity
N S S N S S N N
C O
C O
O + ...C C O C...
-
O H
O H
Bonding
OH OH + ...O Si O Si O... OH -OH
CH3 H3C Si O C C C C C C C... CH3
Nonpolar regions (weak attraction) + Fiberglass A highly polar molecule Sizing (alkylsilane) Mixed polar/non-polar
O C C...
....C C O C C C
+ Polyester Largely non-polar
Properties of Composites
Dependent on: constituent phases relative l ti amounts t geometry of dispersed phase
shape of particles p particle size particle distribution p particle orientation
Composite Parameters
For a given matrix/dispersed phase system: Concentration Size Shape Distribution Orientation
Parameters
Distribution
Concentration
Orientation
Shape
Size