1: Define: Community Effect When a species indirectly affects another group of species.

. 2: Explain WHY the Sea Otter is considered the Keystone Species in this ecosystem. (Hint: Explain the food chain) Sea otter is considered a keystone species because it affects the population of sea urchins and kelp beds. They help maintain the size of sea urchins population. 3: Why were Sea Otters endangered and how did their numbers rebound? They are endangered because people hunt them for their fur. Their numbers rebound after the 3 laws point was effective in the 1900s. 5.1- The Ecosystem: Sustaining Life on Earth 1: Define Ecosystem Structure There are two parts to an ecosystem structure, a living and a nonliving part. 2: What two main processes must occur to maintain an ecosystem? Nutrients and energy must go through a process to maintain an ecosystem. 5.2- Ecological Communities and Food Chains -70672384: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? Food web contains more complex linkages than a food chain -70672383: Define: Trophic Level Organisms in a food web that contains the same amount of energy. -70672382: Define: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Carnivores, Herbivores, Decomposeters Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to consume to sustain life. Carnivores are organisms that consume meat. Herbivores are organisms that consume autotrophs or primary producers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead organic materials. -70672381: Explain the food web of Yellowstone Hot Springs. Explain each trophic level (include a photo). The first level is primary producers; in this case they are photosynthetic bacteria. The second level contains Ephydrid files, which are herbivores. The third level is carnivores, and the forth level are decomposers. -70672380: Explain a pelagic ecosystem. Explain each trophic level (include photos). A pelagic ecosystem is an ecosystem that has more organisms than a terrestrial ecosystem. The first level contains photosyntheic bacteria then zooplankton consumes algae from the second level. The third level contains fish and other organisms that consume the herbivores. Larger fish are in the fourth level.

A Closer Look- Land and Marine Food Webs 1: Look at the terrestrial food web. Should we include people within this ecosystem's food web? That would place us within nature. OR should we place people outside of the ecosystem, thus separate from nature? We should include humans in an ecosystem food web. Humans would be the fifth layer of the trophic because humans consume every other organism. 5.3- Ecosystems as Systems 1. Why are ecosystems considered to be OPEN systems? Ecosystems are considered to be open systems because there are energy moving in and out of the system. 2. Define: Watershed Watershed is all the rain that reaches the ground from any source that flows out in one stream. 5.4- Biological Production and Ecosystem Energy Flow 1. Define: Energy Energy is the ability to do work. 2. Explain: Ecosystem Energy Flow- What two ways does energy enter an ecosystem? Ecosystem energry flow is the movement of energy within an ecosystem. Energy enters an ecosystem by being transferred through the air or water and from organisms that can fix energy. The Laws of Thermodynamics and the Ultimate Limit on the Abundance of Life 1. The First Law of Thermodynamics is also known as what? Define it. The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy. This occurs when energy is not created or destroyed, but when it has been changed to another form. 2. What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics say? The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that not all of the energy used is being used for work because some of the energy is converted into heat. 3: Define Entropy (give an example). Entropy is the measure of the disorder of energy in a system. An example could be crafting furniture. It is an increase of order, but the machines used in the system are going through a decrease. 4: What is an intermediate system? An intermediate system is an ecosystem which lies between a source of usable energy and an energy sink.

5.5- Biological Production and Biomass 1: What is biomass? Biomass is the total amount of organic matter. 2: Define the following: * Biological Production : capture of usable energy from environment to produce organic matter. * Gross Production : the increased in stored energy before usage. * Net Production : the amount of newly acquired energy stored after energy was used. 3: What are the 3 measures that are used for biomass and biological production? Amount of organic material, energy stored, and carbon stored. 4: What is primary production- who carries this out? Primary production is carried out by autotrophs. 5: What is secondary production- who is involved? Secondary production is carried out by heterotrophs. 6: Who are chemoautotrophs? Explain- where are they usually found? Chemoautotrophs are bacteria. These are usually found in deep ocean vents and muds of marshes. 5.6- Energy Efficiency and Transfer Efficiency 7: What is energy efficiency? The energy efficiency is the ratio of output to input. 8: How would energy efficiency look with a wolf and moose population? Explain. Energy efficiency between a wolf and moose population would be the moose containing more energy than the wolf. The wolf needs a lot of energy to travel and hunt for their food, but the moose does not need to do such events; therefore it allows itself to store its energy. When a moose gets eaten by a wolf, the wolf would gain a lot of energy from the moose. 9: What is food-chain or trophic level efficiency? Food chain efficiency is the ratio of production from one trophic level to the next trophic level. 10: Generally, how much energy is lost to heat when being transferred between trophic levels? About 90% of energy is lost as heat during energy transfer between trophic levels. 5.7- Ecological Stability and Succession 10: What is ecological succession? Ecological succession is when an ecosystem recovers from a disaster. 11: Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession- give an example of each. Primary and secondary succession is different because primary production occurs when there is no soil, but in secondary succession, soil is already presence. An example for primary production would be plants growing after a volcanic eruption with lava. An example for secondary production would be plants growing after a wildfire.

12: Explain how succession would look in a Dune. Dune grass invades it at first, and then stems goes through photosynthesis and grass begins to grow. It then stabilizes the sand, which allows other plants to grow. As time advances, larger plants grow. Then a forest will eventually be formed. 13: Explain how succession would look in a Bog. Sedge, a grasslike herb releases floating runners on top of the water, then creates a crisscross pattern which resembles a mat, at first. Then soil and other particles are blown onto the sedge mat. As the mat gets thicker, shrubs and trees will begin to grow. The mat will continue to float and larger plants will begin to grow. 14: Explain how succession would look in an old-field. Small plants will be first to adapt to this harsh conditions, then larger plants will grow. As time passes, trees will grow and a forest will be formed if no disaster was to occur. 15: Explain how succession would look in a coral reef. Corals settle on a solid surface, then produces a hard polyp of calcium carbonate. As they decay, that material becomes the surface, which new corals can form on. Other marine organisms live and die on the coral reef, which then are glued together by an algae or another material. 5.9- How Species Change Succession 16: Explain facilitation in succession and where is it most common? Facilitation is when species change their environment in ways that is beneficial to another species. It is most common in coral reefs, swamps along shore lines and kelp beds. 17: Explain interference in succession and what it can lead to. Interference is when an earlier succession species changes the environment, which prevents other species from sustaining their lives. 18: What is chronic patchiness? When does this occur? Chronic patchiness is when there is no species interact through succession. Critical Thinking Issue: Should People Eat Lower on the Food Chain? 1:Why does the energy content decrease at each higher level of a food chain? What happens to the energy lost at each level? Energy content decreases at each higher level of the food chain because as the energy travels up, it gets decreased because heat is used in the process. The energy lost at each levels are converted into heat. 2: Why it is appropriate to use mass to represent energy content? Using the average of 21 kilojoules of energy to equal 1g of completely dried vegetation and assuming that wheat is 80% water, what is the energy content of the 333,000 kg of wheat shown in the pyramid? (show your work). Mass is appropriate to use to represent energy content because it displays how much

mass is required to sustain the next level in the food chain. 333000kg/21 = 15857g * .80 = 12686 joules 3: Make a list of environmental arguments for and against an entirely vegetarian diet for people. What might be the consequences for the United States agriculture if everyone in the country began to eat lower on the food chain? Pros: healthier lifestyle; have more energy; able to feed more Cons: less food choices; unbalance food chain 4: How low do you eat on the food chain? Would you be willing to eat lower? Explain. I would be considered as a secondary consumer. I would be willing to eat lower, but I will continue to eat meat because I like meat, but I also like to eat vegetables. Study Questions: 1. Farming has been described as managing land to keep it in an early stage of succession. What does this mean, and how is it achieved? Farming means the beginning of a new ecosystem. This can be achieved by harvesting crop which prevents other organisms to come and graze, it also prevents other seeds to grow. Keep track of the food you eat during one day and make a food chain linking yourself with the sources of those foods.

Determine the biomass (grams) and energy (kilocalories) you have eaten. ~235g ~495 calories Using an average of 5Kcal/g, then using the information on food packaging or assuming that your net production is 10% efficient in terms of energy intake, how much additional energy might you have stored during the day? (What is your weight gain from the food you have eaten?) 5 * 0.1 = 0.5 * 3 = 1.5kg