CALCULATIONS OF THE REQUIREMENT OF LIME AND SODA

Rules for solving numerical problems on lime-soda requirements for softening of hard water: 1. The units in which the impurities are analyzed and expressed are to be noted. . !ubstances which do not contribute towards hardness "#$l% &a$l% !i' % &a !'( etc.) should be ignored and explicitly stated. *. + substances causing ,hardness should be converted into their respective $a$'* equivalents. $a$'* equivalent of hardness causing impurity . - 1../wt. of the impurity0 /chemical equivalent of impurity - 1ultiplication factor x wt. of impurity Salt $a"2$'*) 1g"2$'*) $a!'( $a$l 1g!'( 1g$l $a$'* 1g$'* $' 1g"&'*) 2$'* '2 $' * &a+l' +l "!'()* 9e!'(.52 ' 2: 2$l Molecular weight 13 1(3 1*3 111 1 . 86 1.. 4( (( 1(4 31 (1 3. 4 *( 54 1 *376 Chemical equi ale!t 41 5* 34 6676 3. (576 6. ( 5( 31 15 *. 4 65 1*8 1 *376 Multi"licatio! Factor 1..013 1..01(3 1..01*3 1..0111 1..01 . 1..086 1..01.. 1..04( 1..0(( 1..01(4 1..01 1..0*( 1..03. 1..013( 1..011( 1..0 54 1..0 1..05*

(. ;f the impurities are given as $a$'* or 1g$'*% these should be considered due to $a"2$'*) and 1g"2$'*) respectively and they must only be expressed in terms of $a$'* and 1g$'*

6. The amount expressed as $a$'* does not require any further conversion. 2owever% the amount expressed as 1g$'* should be converted into its $a$'* equivalents by multiplying with 1..04( 3. The amount of lime and soda required are calculated as follows. <ime - "5(01..) =temporary calcium hardness : " / temporary magnesium hardness) : >erm 1g hardness : $' : 2$l : 2 !'( : 2$'?* : salts of 9e :% +l*: ? &a+l' ) !oda - "1.301..) =>erm $a hardness : >erm 1g hardness : salts of 9e :% +l*: : 2$l : 2 !'( : 2$'?* : ?&a+l' @ 5. ;f $a : and 1g : is given% 1 equivalent of lime and 1 equivalent of soda is required for 1g whereas 1 equivalent of soda is required for $a :.The ions $a : and 1g : are treated as permanent hardness due to $a and 1g.
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4. ;f the lime and soda used are impure and if the percentage purity is given% then the actual requirements of the chemicals should be calculated accordingly. Thus% if lime is 8.A pure% then the value obtained in step "3) must be multiplied by 1..08. to get actual lime requirement. !imilarly% if the soda is 86A pure then the value obtained in step "3) is multiplied by 1..086 to get actual soda requirement. 8. The value obtained in step "3) is also multiplied by the volume of water which has to be purified. Thus the final formula for calculating the amount of lime or soda required is given as <ime - "5(01..) =temporary calcium hardness : " / temporary magnesium hardness) : >erm 1g hardness : $' : 2$l : 2 !'( : 2$'?* : salts of 1.. 9e :% +l*: ? &a+l' @ / 1..0A purity / volume of water !oda - "1.301..) =>erm $a hardness : >erm 1g hardness : salts of 9e :% +l*: : 2$l : 2 !'( ? 2$'?* ? &a+l' @ / 1..0A purity x volume of water.