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o \+|T+#+&, n|]$T (n|s+) |]X~o\+ <s+> bd&T
d$sT q eT|| mTe{ n M|qT q y| |e+H n&T
ns b+~H&T. n+<T #|&+~ ` ( < 48e | b<d
+~)
66
67
~rjTo\|+#+
43. o\+jTT ~rjT|+#+ bDb<T\qT =\+#Te+
yTT<q u< \ o\ $u qqT >V +#*. |{d $ T<eT>Z > #| &+~ `
o\T <T. 1. bDb<T\qT e<*yd o\+ 2. bDb<T\qT
$s$T+#T=H o\+. 3.#H o\+. 4. >V (d+es) o\+ 5. neeT (nqT\+|T q)
o\+.
<=+>q+, e_#s+, nd |\+, #&\T #|+, ]q|e\T
|\+, e<sT uTq+, u+ , |V+d, $T<<w yTT<q $ b e+, Hw s+
e\q eTu>\ ], n<V+ <V+, +<sq d] (d+)
XsyTq, eqdyTq keT]q+, @> W<+, <sd++<yTq
$#s$eTs\ d+<V+, Cq+ n$<, |dq <dq, |<eT<q+
eT#+<+ yTT<q sT esD\T, ~rjT<q+ $s $#s\T, rjT
<q+ |, #Ts<q+ dTK<T'U\T, Xq+jTq ueq s|d+,
||Td+, HHd+\T, $CHq+jTq ueq Xq+jTq d+,
n+#HjTq ueq $CHq+jTq d+, He d+C Hd+CjT q ueq
Xq+jTq d+, n #&+ (nqT|Xq) d+, <T'U
#&+ dTKd+, nHqT #&+ d+, s< #&+ d,
ys> #&+ s>+, s< #&+ deTT<jT+ (q), >
#&+ rdTe+, sT>TqT #&+ @d+, HXH #&+
28
jTVq+ (sosD+), $|]De #&+ 29<Ted+, n$T
#&+ $T+, #sV #&+ e\q ], XSqqT #&+ e\q
|T<\, q|qT #&+ kseTTq~ nH |T<\, q< qT>
#&+ dyV+, |e< #&+ w, $y#q n$y#q, sD
#&+ +<+ . k| es+Z <w qX \T, d <>$T es+Z d\
28. jTTVq+` u$q <s+ njT X\, nX\ s d+ks\T.
29. <T ed+ ` +, XX+, esT~ nH <w.
69
(6) o\ e*q+
45. |&T o eT*q+ @$T{? X~ @$T{? nH |X +
de<q+ <=s<T ` B e de<q+ ~ `
K+&+ eyT o eT*q+. K+&+ +& +&yT < X~. (1)
u+ , ] yTT<q y =s ]> neTD+ (2) @&T $<\ yT< T qd+j>+
oeTD d+>Vs|+ $<+dT\# \T|&+~. 30@&T |d+<\
s+u+>, n++> K+&yTqy o\+, n+#T e<]bsTTq eg+
e+{~ neT+~. |<\ eT< K+&yTq y o\+ eT< \T |&q eg+
e+{~ qT <+ nq&TT+~. |< s+&T eT&TksT n$T+#y
(K+&+#T=Hy) o\+, XseT+{ q s+>T ysT> M| < b| q\,
< ms eT#\Tq e X\+ nq&TT+~. |< e{ e{ n$T+#
30.
(7) o\X~
o\+jTT nK+&ue+ ` @ $<+>q |<\T K+&+|& +&
(u+>|& +&) +& s|+, |jT (X~) #dT=q<q K+& (u+>
|&q) |<\qT X~#dT=H s|+, |q #|&q @&T$<\ yT<Tq d+j>+
be+ e\q + s b|<s\T <+, <ys+, sT\qT e#d
qqT >=|> #|=H ue+, s L&q <w+, s, eTs+, ejT,
Vs+, d+u+, V+d, nV+s+, neq+, eT<+, |e<+ yTT<q <c\T
\T>s|+q n#, d+w+, ]qyTq |dT yTT<q >TD\T
qeTjT s|+q d+>V+|&HsTT.
u<T\# u+>+ $, < bsbTq u+>yT bjT+ #dT=q<q$,
yT<Tqd+j>+ < <+ ` ys+ yTT<q nX\<s\ K+&+$ nsTTq
o\ <q$, s+<\T $, eT# $, eT*q+ $ nq&sTT. ny
<due+qT+& eTT #d$>, $<+dT\# |X+d+|&$>, c<T\T
d]+|$>, |#sde ~ < nsD de~ |+b+~+|Cd$ > HsTT.
o\ nK+&~ueyT $X~ nq&TT+~.
48. o\$X~ s +&T $<\T> \T>TT+~. `1. o\$| nq> o\+
qw+ eeT+<* <c #&+ e\q 2. o\d+| eV #&+
e\q. M{ <To\T o\$| H\T>T <c\THsTT (B. 2`69) yTT<q
de#H\qqTd]+ o\$| <c\qT #&*.
n+> <To\|<\Z T&T 1. djT+> qT <To\T&q +<T e\q <eeqe\#
#&> y&>T #TH&T.2. q { V#sT\ e $qy&>T #TH&T. 3.
q <Ts#sD
+ e\q +< >T]jT>T#TH&T 4. + o\e+T\ |X+ dqT
$q|&T |X|+ b+~qy&>T #TH&T. 5. s+>T #&q eg+ <TssT& > T #TH&T.
{ <Ts#] nqTd]+#ysT s\+ nbjT ` <TsZ jqT\ <T'U
72
75
77
s +&e |]#< +
2. <T+> esq+
<T +>< q + ` |j q+
1.yTT<{ |]#< e TsTTq o\esq + #| &qT> o b*+# j, o\
$X~ sDq n#, d+w+ yTT<q >TD\qT b+<{, <T+>\qT
| d]> b{+#*. n b{+#+ e\q n# , d+w+, $y+ , X j
T +,
eT+ =s |jT+, e neds\ J$+#+ yTT<q >TD\H \+
n o\eT X<e TeT+~. eeT Hsy s T T+~. yT#T=q<q o\e >TD\
<s $<+> n q&e& X<yTq|&T, n&T bNqT\T b{+q eT&T
se+X\ (1.Nes+, 2. |+&b+ 3. XjTHdq+ d+|) ds|&&T.
< H\T>e~jTq ueHseTeTH se+X b+<{ nsT&&T qT
<T+>\qT *jTCjT{+ yTT<\T|&TTHqT.
|<e T&T <T +>\ |sT
2.uds\T yTT<q u>\qT e<*qysT, Xs+|, J$+|,
n|ysT, $|XqqT |P]#d ]>\ysT nsTTq \|T\ yT\T =s
u>yqT&T |<eT&T <T+>\qT $~+H&T. |<eT&T $`
(1).b+dTL*+>+ (2).Ne]+>+ (3).|+&b+>+ (4).d|<q#]
+>+(5).@d+>+ (6).b|+&+>+ (7).K\T|Xu+>+ (8).sD
+>+ (9).eeT*+>+ (10).ue+>+ (11).XX+>+ (12).jT<
d+d+>+ (13).Hw~+>+.
ns{ <T+>\ XjT+
<T +>\ Xj 1. ns+ 2. \D
<T\T 3. y{ b+< $<q+ 4.
y{ |u<\T 5. u+>+, j y{ eV+ 6. X\\ k<H\T e+
7. <T ` yTT<q $u>+ 8. d+|, $ks\ \TdTy*.
3. y{ ns+ XjT+ ~ ` () e, #|, n&& <TeTT
78
1. b+dTL*+>+
2. Ne]+>+
12. s s+&e~ nsTTq Ne]+>eTH |sT>\ <T+>, H\T>e
Nes e<*ydTHqT n>, 2. Ne]+> >VdTHqT n>, M
@<H e <s d]+#*.
13. Ne]_e Nes+ d+ y n~eg+ <=], s>+
u> Nes jsT #dTC\q|&T, dVjT_e q|&T, Nes
jsT#dTe{ d~, yTT<q$ <=sq|&T =+\+ +#T= e<*
<w+ <T. ek s+>T ydT=q s e+ +#T=q>&<T.
+#T=Hy&T <T+> #sT&T nq&&T. < $<q+.
14. $u> nqTd]+ ~L& eT&T $<\T> +T+~. (1). ek\
s+>TydT=H|&T yTT< ek (n+sd) , < sd+>
s+>T ydT= y{ <]+, s s ek\ s+>T ydTy*. y{
(yTT< s+>TydT=q y{) |= d+|{ s+>T ydTy*. d+|{
<] +|> &<T . ~ >e <>sZ > +& XjT Hdq+ d+ #| &+~.(K) +<T
s+{ k] s+>T ydT=qe#TqT, n&T ek\ <>ZsH LsT+&*.
m+<T+f mesH |d ek\qT rdT= y+H q| ydTe#TqT. ~
w $<q+.
84
3. |+&b+>+
17. eT&e~jTq |+&b+>+L& 1. n]u e<\T =+{qT
(+q me rdT=qqT) n> < |+&b+> >VkqT n>,
@<H y+ <s >V+|&TT+~.
18. |+&b&T 1.d+|Tuq+ 2. =+<sT _e\qT <+ e&q
uq+ 3. eT+Duq+ 4.X uq+ ( d+K X\qT
(s|\\qT) |+|, X\T e&q y] # uq+) 5.b uq+ 6.
85
4.d|<q#]+>+
22.H\T>e~jTq d|<q#]+> L& 1. e<*|&TTHqT
n> d|<q#]+> d]dTHqT n> ` M{ @< y+
>V +#*. ~ ds+.
23. d|<q#] >eT<s+ \& (b]XjT+ R eT~+q ewu\T,
\T yTT<q, yX\T, >TuT\T yTT<q) $|Tu<\ >T]+ +#*. @
y& < >eT+ $|Tu< +T+<, y&qT, >e e<* #]
d+ s# by*. @ \T, @ y&, < @ >eT+ @MT <=sT< <
>eTeT \+| e<*|{ eTT+<T by*. m&H =+#+ <=] <
e<*be+ d]jTq~ <T. _e deTj =+eTT+<T>H >eT+
|y+#*. #jT+ e\q (y) n& nks+> +f += #{
be#TqT. y _e $Vs+ <q$T#ysT>, < eeT< e#
eTqTw&T > n bqT rdT= |+&b (_) d n~ q<. &T
es+Z bjT|&T L& _ deTj m<TsT|&q >e $&Te+& #]
#j*. n& @MT <=sTq|{ < =+#yT <=]q|{, >eT`|]b{
(eT<>e e<* _q #jT+&T) qqTd]+ _q #j*. ~ B
$<q+.
87
5.@d+>+
6. b|+&+>+
32. se~jTq b|+&+>+ L& 1. s+&e bqT e<*ykqT n>
2.b|+&+> d]dTHqT n> ` y\ @<H <
d]+|&TT+~. ~ ds+.
33. b|+& y jTy>T (R >T nqTL\+> +& &
e+{ |\T# Vs+, >+) >TTq|&T @<H Ls <=] yTT< jTy>THH
>* < LsHH H*. m+&u{q < | yTT<q$ yd &+#&q
#|\LsqT y jTy>T *| jTy>T |L\eTT+~ (V #dT+~).
qT jTy>TqT |L\+ +& #dT= >*. Te+{ deTjT+
LsqT +#Te{ += b nedseTT+~. (n += bqT
|j+#+& +&{ $wjT+ #|&+~.) ~ $<q+.
34. $u>+ ~ eT&T $<\T> +T+~. 1. we =s #sTqT
89
7.K\T|Xu+>+
8. sD+>+
42. m$T<e~jTq sD+>+L& 1. >e #+~q XjTHdH\qT
e<\TTHqT 2. sD+> d]dTHqT ` M{ @<H y+#
>V +|&TT+~. ~ ds+.
43. sD &T >eT XjT HdH\qT e<*, ds<jT deTjT+ nsD+
+&*. q |]~ L&q >eTyT >e+ XjTHdq+ nq&TT+~. s+&+&T
\~, nH +&T \~, #T bs+ \~, ~, qdeTs
yTq ~, qXSqyTq ~ >eT+ nq&TT+~. H\T>T ek\q me\+
# q ksyV+ (ybsdT\ _&sT = Caravan) L& >eT+
nq&TT+~.
>eTdMT|+ nq> bs+ #T& q >eT+qT+& , < nqTs<
|s+e s+&T +<\T \ >eT+ qT+& > +<\+(gatepost) |\
\&, eT<eT\+\ |sTw# $ds&q eT{| |&q #T es >eTdMT|+
nq&TT+~. (< e* b++ nsD+.)
< \D+ `
$qjT<sT |s+ jTTe&T q |j+ # #|, $d]q
eT{u& |&q #T |\>\ b++ >eT|]~ nq&TT+~. k+
eTqTks+ e>={ $d]q ssTT |&q#f < |]~. bs+
>eT+, e] +{ <s+e< \&q d, b qT+& { $d] sT
m+<s+ |&TT+< < |* b++ >eT |]~. |q #|q$<+>
$ds&q eT{u& |&q #T |* b++ >eTeT, s+&eeT{u& |&q
#T |\>\ b++ >eTdMT|eT |\Te&TT+~.
nsD`$~qqTd]+ ` >eT+ < >eT|]~ $& q<+ nsDyT.
91
9. eeT*+>+
11. XX+>+
57. XX+>+L& 1.XXH e<*|qT 2. XX+>
>VdTHqT ` M{ @<H y+ >V+|&TT+~. ~ ds+.
58. >e @sT #dysT @<H d ~ XXqeT ssTT+q+
95
12. jT<d+d+>+
13. Hw~+>+
67. |<eT&e~ nsTTq Hw~+> L& 1.XjTqT e<\TTHqT <
2. Hw~+> >VdTHqT ` M{ @<H e d]+#e#TqT. ~
ds+.
68. Hw ~ +&T s eT&TCeTT\ CeTT #+eTD+ #j *.
s|< (Xs u+ eT\) XjT q+ n $V+ <T. ~ < $<q+.
69. $u> nqTd]+ ~ L& eT&T $<\T> +T+~.1. wq
M|qT <H +#+, <Td|\ ( R M|qT +#Te{ <
<~ >T+&> #d jsT#dq ~+&T), j>| (R Xs LsTq d
u<+& +#{ >T+ yTT<q <\ edTe\# +~+ +#+) M{
@<H { eyT $V+. 2. eT<eTT eT&T L& $V. 3. eTT
M|qT +#T e+, <Td|\, j>|, ~+&T, |+#+>+, db+>+ L&
$VyT. yqTqT +#T e{ <s+ jsT #jT&q H\T>T
dqH |+#+>eT+{sT. M| <s+ bT, s +&T #T \ L& <s\T
\ H\T>T dq+ db+>+ nq&TT+~. VQX ~ yTT< |s uj
T d$ sT
=s jsT #jT& +T+~. d$sT&T nH>$TjT |]eT&H&T.
70. XjT qT |j +#+ H eTT>T]Z <T +>+ u+ >eTT+~. ~
u+>+.
71. ~ B |jq+ ` Xj dTK+, bsdTK+ ( R | q mes +&+
e\q *> dTK+) < dTU\ q+~d $V]k&T ` e#q+ #|&q
+<\qT q+|Cj
T +, ns kH\ *# qTL\, s|<+ kK+>
+&+, |jT nqTL\+> +&+, deT|| e~ e+.
Xs q> *|, |<dq+ ydT= LsTq jT esT V<j
+|+|Ck&T.
XjdTU, <dTU +, |jTo\T&, LsT+&+ q+~+#
_ e, beH X_+|Cd , $X< | dTU b+<T&T qT BsT &q k< &T
Hw~+>e <]+#T>!
~ Hw~+>+jTT ds, $u> yTT<qy{ esq+.
98
|s+ (General)
72. |&T `
d\ #e <TBq+ $u>
dedyd #| $xu $#j
eT&T X\T (nu, nyV, n<c\T), <T+ yTT<q $u>| d+|,
$ks\qT nqTd]+ L& <T+>\ sj \TdTy*. n+<Te\q
eTT+<T #|&q ><qT nqTd]+, <T+>\ >T]+q $T*q esq+
#jT &TT+~.
M X\+ qT+& ` HsT=qe\dq n <T+> jTe\T, |<>q,
Dde\ |s+ X\+ e#TqT < nsT\ d+<s+ neds+ $
e#TqT. <T+>+ nX\+ C\<T. y nsD+ +&y&T L&
b|| ]\T \y&T, d##] e#TqT nH e\qT { mesH <T +>+
L& nX\+ e#Tq n+f n nH* ` nX\ + nsD+
mes +&C\s yTeTT nq+ <T. b|| ] >\y&H, n#TyH
nsD+ +f nsD&. yTT< yTeTT #|qT> <T\T _ejTT
n+>\T. n&T y{ <sD+ #jT+ <s X\qT &ydH&T. X\qT
&ydq+<T e\q <TeTq& Cq+ n+>+. qT <T+>+. nq> |
| ($s~ <TsTZD\qT) &yjT+ e\q <T+, || (R esZ+) e+
e\q n+>+ qT ~ <T+>+ nL& #|e#TqT. nX\+ e\q mes
|]X<+ (<T+) C\sT. <T nX\+ n+>+ C\<T. B n+>+>
u$+ <T+>eTq{, nX\+ < &T><T. nX\+ Nes<T\|
=\+#<T. || n+>+ L& <T. n+<T nX\+ <T+>+ < d]>H
#| &+~.
ysT ( nqTs<|s+ nujT]$Vs ydT\>T d$sT\ |s+ <T+>+
|Ce+ R |sT < d+ eyT) <T+> X\+ X, |<>q,
Ddy<T\ ysT> +~. y]=s C n~ <T+>+ H<T n
L& n+T+{sT. n~ <T+>+ Hq|&T < &>+ e\q <T+>eTH
|sT edT+~! <T>TD\qT >V+#{ |#dT+~ `nq e#q+ L&
d$sT\ $sT<+> +~ qT y] n_bjT+ d]+|&C\<T.
~ X\ nqTd]+ <T+>\jTT esq+
99
100
101
102
skq>VD esq+
de~ s|D+
1. _e <T+><T\qT b{+#+ e\q e]\T * +&+
yTT<q >TD\ |]X<o\+ \& b+<T&T. n|&&T d |{jT
.... + |x+ # uejT+ nH |<Xe#q+ + nH |sT d+|&q
de~ |+b+~+#Ty*. nsTT de~ nd+|+> e]d <
\TdTeyT w+. |+b+~+#Te+ m MT+~? n+<Te\q <
$|\+> yU+#{, e~b+~+#T=H $<H #|{ |X\T
yjT&TTHsTT. n$ `
(1) de~ ds|yT$T{? (2) @ ns+ n~ de~ nq&TT+~? (3) B
\DyT$T{? | @$T{? ~ m *jT&TT+~? B dMT| sDyT~? (4)
+<T m s\THsTT? (5) B eT*qyT~? (6) X~ @~? (7) B m
e~ b+~+#Ty*? (8) e~ b+~+#Te+ e\q |jH$T{?
2. | |X\ eT+> ~ de<q+ `
(1) de~ ds|+
de~ nq> @$T? ` Xg+ de~ mH $<\T>, HH |s\ #| &
+~. de<q+ y{ yU+#{ |jT d, nTe+{ de<q+
e n_bj>, ]wyTq ns> \T|b> ueT L& sD+
e#TqT. qT # e\+ s#q s|+ X\| @>jT de~
n #|&TT+~.
(2) de~ X+ @ ns+ |j+|&TT+~?
(3). @ ns+ de~? nq> de~ jTT nsyT$T{? n. de<q+ nH
ns+ de~ X+ |j+|&TT+~. de<qeTq> @$T{?
\+q+ ` #d\T $<+>, deT s|+ * +&yT
d e < q+. n+< T e\q ` # d \qT \+q+ d e q+>,
103
eTT+<T <T.(K)
eTV$Vs+L& |#&ujTT&H |sT>\ d$sT&T n<qT
#<Te+&>H |+#jT eT+&* (B|TjT+ yTT<q <TjTeTT\ $XwE\
eT+&*) |\qT yUkqT n |\T dsu] y+#&T.
_d+|T+ n+~ ` e #sT e< H]q<H yU+#*. b
yTeTT e&jTeTT! n&T b<jTT e< bsTTq|&T n&TL& e
u] y+|CdHy? n n&H&T.
WqT uH! m+<T=s? |\qT yUkqT. jTTcH nuj!
|<$wjT+ #sTeT+{sT? uH! n+{sT d$sT&T VA n
K+&+#&T. eTs\ n&T eT&T ksT n+{sT uH n eT&T $<\
*jTCX&T. d$sT&T n+{ VA n K+&+ nH&T ` jTTcH!
e yTT< #~$+< d]jT +~. #sT\T deT]+# eseZ T<. e #sT
H{qT+& $wj >V+|be+ e\q sjT|Ps+> #sT\T
n+{sT n #|C\bsTTHe. #sTe< bsTT n qT+& B HsT!
uH m#{ by*? >+> e\ sVD q|<+ T<s|s $Vs+
|\{ cT &q eTV<s s d$ sT&T H&T. n e< y ! eT+~
uH! n d$sT e+<q+ #d, <Te+<\ _e\bT d$sT e< bsTT,
e+<q+#d LsTH&T. d$sT& n&H&T` m+<T=s eHe? uH
<sXeD+ =s.
jTTcH nuj! w>D+ B|T, eTeT j\ >T]+ n|&|&T
n&T>T +&+ e\q n$ d HsTT. $T*q |\qT HqT eTT|~
d+es\qT+& #&H <T. nsTTH e s|P y{ H e< #<Te.
<jT+ HqT y{ s $|kqT # eT+~ uH! n n>
#dH&T. eTV<ssT |]yD| <s+ e< >eTydT\T $X\eT+b
]|Cd |~q+ <sXeD+ =s e#ysT. nujTd$sT&T s|P #<Te>
eTsTH&T < $e]d eT+> u<qqT |P]#dH&T. s nujTd$sT
dMT|+ #|| LsT+& eTV<ssd$sT& nH&T ` jTTcH H
skH \T|. uH MTseT+THsT? HqT MTe< XeD+ #XqT <! MT
*jT< HH+ #|>\qT? jTTcH C esZ+ q&qy]
>=|qyT ysT. nujTd$sT&T deTjT+ k|qT& H&T. n|&&T
skH ] eH&T. H&T Vbk<+ <sbsjTD+ #d
eTV<ss d$sT&T |]sT&H& $ nujTd$sT&T jTTcH Nes
116
skq`|<
#sesq+
15. |&T nH #sqTL e]kqT. sT #s \T # #s nq&sTT.
n$ 1. s>#s 2. <w#s 3. yV#s 4. X<#s 5. T~#s 6. $s #s .
=+<sT s>+ yTT<q y{ *| s H\T+{ (R 1. s>yV#s 2.
<wyV#s 3. s><w#s 4. s><wyV#s) n, n> X< yTT<q
y{ *| eTT+<T *|q H\T>T $T #s\T + 1.X<T~#s 2. X<
$s #s 3. T~ $s #s 4. X<T~$s #s yTT+ m$T~ #s \ bT
eTT+<T #|q ]+{ \T|= |<TH\T>+{sT. $<+> u<\qT
\T| b, s>+ yTT<q y{, X< yTT<q y{ \T|= nH
#s\T nesTT. qT d+|+> #s\T sT nH >T]+#*. #s, |,
due>$Xw+ (nq<s\q s><T\T me> +&+) e deHs
|<\T.
#su< \qqTd]+ e\ T L& sT $<\T> +{sT ` 1. s>#] T&T
2. <w#] T&T 3. yV#]T&T 4. X<#] T&T 5. T~#] T&T 6. $s #]T&T.
X<, s> b*+&+ e\q s>#]+>\ e X\+ qyTq|&T
n X< L& \|&TT+~. n+<Te\q s>#] X<#]+ deq<s+.
nX\$wjT+ n~ s+ +&, d>yTq s>+ eTdTU\qT nHwdT+~.
X< L& o\+ yTT<q >TD\qT nHwdT+~. s>+ nV e<\qf X<
V e<\<T. n+<Te\q s>#] X<#] + deq<s +.
nX\|+ <w+ dV+ +& +&Tqf, \+q+ q+ e{
+eT>Tqf, X\ |+ | | #dT+~. (dV+ L&+&, \+q+
q+ e{ dV]+#~> +T+~). <w+ ndY <c y<qf, | dY
<c y<T+~. dT\| <w+ nds (|]esq) s|+ eT>eT>Tqf,
|, d+ks\ | ndss |+ eT>eTT+~. qT <w#] + T~#] +
deq<s+ \~ neT+~. m+<Tq> yV#]+ q+ X\<s\qT
121
#ssD+ (<q+)
17. #s sDyT$T? |<Z\T&T s>#]T&, e <w#]T&,
< s#]T& m \TdT+~? @ #]+ >\y @~ nqTL\+?
18. y eTT+<] eT&T #s \T (s>+, <w+, yV+) |Ps sud+
e\q, <Te < <w+ e\q \T>TjT #|sT. =+<sT $<+dT\T
n+{sT ` |Psq w+ nq> |jHwD eT>yT Xus\T #dysT,
ds+Z qT+& |q yTq ysT, u $T| s>#] T\T> ksT . |Psq bDT\qT
n~+> q], ={, +~+, <w+ |]T s\T #dqysT < qs+
H>j #bsTT # +#ysT <w#] T\esT. |Psq n~+ >
eT<bq+ #dqysT, Cq$wj\qT $H Cd |]T |+|ysT, |X
j #bsTT # +#ysT yV#]T\esT. B{ #s , |Psud+
e\q \T>TT+< #|sT.
u $T, sT s +&T <Te\ b\+ e\q e yV#]T&e&T. s
s+&T <Te\T n, yjTTe\ b\+ e\q <w#]T&e&T. n <Te\T
deq+> +f s>#] T&e&T.
y+, |+ , |+ eT&T <c\ |+ me> qy&T s>#] T&e&T.
y+ me> +&y&T yV#]T&e&T. =+<] eTqTks+ |+ me>
+f yV+, y+ me> +f s>#]+ +T+~. #s <Te e\q, <w
sD+ e\q sT>TT+< n+{sT.
C |Psq cHwD+ eT>yTjTTqysT, me> Xus\T
#dq ysT, ds+Z qT+& |q yTq ysT s>#] T\es, sT \+<s <w`yV
122
137
H\T>e |]#< +
|BdD esq+
1. |&T +eTT+<T #|&qT> de~ ueq nqTL\+>
$Vs $& nqTL\+> q $Vs+ $V]d j #sT\ bT
$Vs+ ed+# ks+, nqTL\ +f n&T n& skH |]X~d
+&*. y nTe+{ ks+ b 1>eP, nsj
q+ < jq+
|\ nqTL\ $Vs+ +f n# +&*. #jT+ e\q skqd\
$wjT + @<H d+<V +>, eTsT|> *, eTT+<T>H $Vs+ #jT e\dq$
#d, esZeT<+ e# >e<T\ _q #dT=, uH eTT+, #sT
ydkH bsTT, H&T #sT e< s kH X~+#>\ T>T&T, eTsTH&T
#sTq e+<qe#]+, $Vs+qT+& jT\T<], e _ q+ #dT =+,
n&T n\db+&>H q ydkH #sT=q>\T>T&T.
y jq+ |\ L& kse+yTq kq+ <=sb, n&T skq
$wjT+ n ]qyTq $wj\qT dw+> \TdT=, skH $X<+>,
q @> nqTL\+> eT\#T=, de~ueq nqqTL\yTq $Vs
e<*, <s+> bsTT L& nqTL\yTq $Vs+ k<q qT nu d+#e#TqT.
nqTL\+ (R k<q >) $Vs\T
2. |<$T~ <c\ @ { H, nTe+{ $Vs+ nqTL\+
$Vs+ nq&TT+~. |<T H$T~ <c\T $ 1. eTV $Vs+ 2. qe$Vs+
3. Js$Vs+ 4. esZ <>Zs> +&+ 5. eT+{ kH 6. \ 7.
|P\ 8. |+& dMT|+ +&+ 9. |sKs+| +&+ 10. q>s
dMT|+ +&+ 11. s\ (e+#sT# e\\ <>Zs> +&+
12.\ <>sZ > +&+ 13. nqTL\+ e\ T \~ e+ 14.j\
$X+ d <>Zs> +&+ 15. yT# <X dMT|+ +&+ 16.s|
d]V<T +&+ 17. nqqTL\ $Vs+ 18. D$TT\T <=sT be+,
1. n_<q|B| |T+Te |s+ 5600 >C\T R >eP.
138
q q |*u<\T (+\T)
4. q q +\qT (|*u<\qT) q+|Cd ` nqTL\ $Vs+
$V]d, |]qy+T\T, >, se\qT rdydqT>, q q +\qT
L& q+|Cj*. ]q Nes\qT Te+, ]q# eTTqT nT
ydT e+ |P]#d T y*. eT*q+> +f eTs\ s+>T ydT y*. b eT*q+>
+f Xu+ #dT= s+>T ydTy* eT+#+, | yTT<q$ Xu+ #dTy*.
~ q q |*u<\qT q+|Cd nq< yUq+ .
nud+# $<q+
5. |&T nud+# $<q+ <L& e<\+& nud+#* `
|BdD+ yTT<\T= n skH\T yU+|&sTT. $<+> q
q |*u<\qT q+|Cd, uq+ s _qqT+& ]eq _e, *>
bqT <s+#d, @+kq+ nqTL\+> LsT+& (eT{ es+)
jsT #dT=q, < jsT #dT=q |B $T >V+#*.
6. m+<Tq> @< bNq { #| &+~ ` |BdD >V +#y&T
#jT&q~ < #jT&~, n++ ~ <T n++ \<, eT\\T ~ <T
eT\\T \<, >T+&+> ~ <T >T+&yTq<, n|]$T+ <T |]$T+>
q< nsTTqTe+{ # < d_ |]eD+ |B$T >Vk&T. n&
$T # > >V +. <] +, eTqdT |~\|sT #T=+{&T. n |~\|sT #T=,
< >=|H <]d, < s+ u$+#y&, eTqdT <suy
*qy&, | H esZ+ e\q seTsD\ qT+& eTT&qT >\qT n
\ | \+q+ eT>+ #k&T. n&T ]\T y& ......
yTT<{ <H b+~ $V]k&T .
7. |Psq L& (T<) Xdq+ < TTw|e |e+
|BdD+ H\Ze, <e <H\qT eTT+< b+~q |De+T eT\d$sT
>s+> #jT& |BdD+ nq> <TH u$T < \+ L&
$T+ qeTT+~. <TH u$T #&>H n n< s+ $T+
qyT+~. n&T < e~b+~+#T= <q|+# b+~, <q |<kqyTq
$|XqqT nud+ ns b+~H&T.
8. |PsqdT+ n~sT\T #sTe< HsT =q s kq$~
u+>+ *+#+&, H\T>T <c\T +& dD jsT#dT=y*. \+,
143
e\H qeTT+~.
+> () <s$#jTd+u<+>| @&T <s\THsTT. ` (1) |X
n&>+ (2) edTe\qT d#+> +#+ (3) +~j\ d+T\H +#+
(4) eTsT e<*yjT+ (5) |Ce+T k+>+ (6) >+;syTq Cq+ d+
dMT+#+ (|yD). (7) <s$#jT+| <&yTq d+\+.
(K) Msd+u<+>+ e{ |<=+&T <s\THsTT ` (1) nbjT+
yTT<q y{ uj #&+ (2) Ms+<s \_+# , syTq $w
|\T\T u|<\ \+#+, (3) T<T\T, |T<T\T, eTVXe\T q&q
esZ+ HqT q&Tee\djTTq~. keT]jTqy&T esZ+ q&TeC\&T `
n >eTqesZ |]o*+#+, (4) <\ eTV|\+ \_+#T>! nH
ue+ _qT <]+#+ (5) H Xd Mss+u |X+d+#y&T, n Xdq+
e<s~, e =s m+ |j>|&~, #sD (||) <s eyT
s $<+> < |P+|C\eTT n $<+> XdjTT >=|H
|]o*+#+. (6) d<seTH >=| s~s HqT >V+|e\d +~. keT]
< >V+|C\&T. n s~s+jTT >=|H |]o*+#+. (7)
d+qT eTqdT #T+, s|<+ esT<s sTjT
$V]+#+<s Xs, eqd keT]H\qT bs<\+ (8) keT] k+>
e<\+ (9) |jTo\T k+>+ +&+ (10) deT|<H\qT (R s
nc+>esZ+ n+sZyTq sT n+>\T deTyjeT+ nq&sTT)
|]o*+#+ (11) Ms+| <&XjT+.
(>) |d+u<+>+ +#{ |<=+&T <s\THsTT ` (1) T<qTd
(2) <sqTd (3) d+|qTd (4) oqTd (5) >qTd (6) <eqTd
(7) |XeqTd (8`10) ]q < eT<Tyq e\T yTT<q y]| +
X<qT *+# d\ |]o\q+ (11) || <&XjT+.
\D
\ <s \qT *+#T=+ <s $#jT d+u< +>+ yTT<q
y{ e~ b+~k&T .
$<+> n&T |T=qe\dq|&T, |T=+{&T ` bbs+
yU+|&+~.
(5) >V+|e\dq|&T @ $<+> >Vk&T?
m|&T _e jTT + n~yTq X (Ms+) yTT<qy{ e\q
152
162
173
188
189
|+#eT |]#< +
XwdDesq+
\dD+
1. |&T |BdD+ s \dD+ (R bdD+) yU+| &TT+~.
|BdD+ eH \dD nud+|<\q _e, dTK|Ps+> LsT+&
{ $T >V+#*. #jT&q < #jT& ( < n) yTT<\T>
|BdD d+<s+ #|&q n+{ # L& $|\+> >V+#*. n>
& \dD d++<+q, eTT+<T n<jTeT+{ < ns|D[qT
ydTy*. m+<Tq> eTT+<T yTeTT B eT, eT #|+&, u<\qT
eyT \T|eTT.
2. #de d$sT *qT> |Psq nud+ #dq |De+T,
|BdD+ eH & L&, |w]D, #sTe, |{ eT&T>T (\eD), <
deTT<+ e+{ T\ $T+ qeTT+~. jTTw+T&T u
ds\qT e<* @+yd+ #kqT ` n + eTVrs+ (l\+
|sq se) qT+& He LsT+& +Bb (uses+) bjT|&T
esZeT<+ eTVdeTT< #&>H deTT<++{ (|u>) dD`$T+
qyT+~.
3. |Psq nud+ #jTy&T, |BdD+ yU+|&q H\T>T
<c\ <s+> +, \+ ` |dT| ` msT| ` \T| ` M @
s+>Tq >V+#+&, u$T| |&eTT+<, X+ qT+&jT X<eg+ <s
>V+|&q < < d#+, s\+ nsTTq { b < +& (H\T>T
\b) | n+#Tes +|=, $Vs+ @+kH bsTT, #| q$<+ >
#T&q d\+ +, dTK+> LsT+&, \es #&L&<T. \D
eTqdT #T>&<T. es < <s+ L&q~> u$+, eTTK+>
|| <s+ ds|s, {jTT nH |s |', n+Te, <+,
y], d*\+ yTT<q y{ n{q n~+> dwyT+~ qT |' |' n
190
ueq #j *.
4. n& ueq #dq |&T eT+> #| &qTe+{ ($.eT. #T s |]#< + )
s+&T $T\T qeTsTT. # <>V$T+ <T\TTqT>
@s&TT+~. y qTsT>T T&>\ *dq \+ +f, nTe+{ <>V $Ty T
@s&, n> n|dT+~, dD<c\T L& \TdT+{sTT. |u>$T+
X+ +q eTDeTjTyTq s, eTDeTjT <sD+ ds+> +T+~.
|u>$T+ @s&+ H |#s <H, #|q $<+> #Ts, |+#
<H\qT b+<T&T.
\dD esq+ de|+
n (C) dD+
5. CdD nud+#\ sTH k<&T L& + $T
>V+#*. |Psq nud+ #d, n$T >V+q |De+T
B|Kq, bsTTq, b\qT d\ + (eT]yeTT) q, <yq\+q,
>T| d$sT qyTqT> n|++ >\ |#Tq $T+
qeTT+~. jTTw+Tq <sXeD ~q+H&T bd<>V+ |y+
B|KqT #&>H $T+ qyT+~.
6. sT\T dD`eT+& jsT #dTy*.
< jsT #dT=H $<q+ ~ ` |<`|< |f\qT N*, m+&+,
y{ q q eTT\T> #d, q e+ +< < eT+|+ bsTT
b\qT \{ jsT#dqT> |], n y*+ >Hd+, \T, <
eg+ CH&T H\T>T n+>T\ =\>\ < #j*. < n m<T
y&Bd, eTT+<T #| qT> +< LsT+&, >&, s\T, < |b > < C\y|
<d|+&, eT<>\ k<qC\ $T >V+#*. ~ \+> +~,
|dT| |#> +~ n s+>T\qT >eT+#L&<T. y&s|+ < \D
eTqdT sjTL&<T. B s+>T B <s d++~+q< \
eTTK+> || <s+ ds|s, be, wes, Cy<, VQXq,
yTT<q n |s yT dwyTq~ e+ e\q, +, + n ueq
#j *.
7. n& nuddT+&> eT+> #|&q |syT s+&T $T\T
qeTsTT. M <>V $T+ *dTq nC\ +~ y| e+qT>
191
197
se |]#<+
nXuskq esq+
<Te+ yTT<q |<\ ns+
1. dD+ s #|&q |~ n#q nXu\T 1. <Te+ 2. $\+
3. $|+ 4. $<+ 5. $sTT+ 6. $+ 7. V$+ 8. V+
9. |\Te+ 10. n{+. M \Td+ >* +|q|&T | #TqT>,
eTTe s Xs+ eT+> +, + e\q | eyT <Te+.
<TeyT <Te+. nTe+{ Xy n~ |sT (R |sjT+).
2. n## q\&q~ $\+. $\yT $\+. e+d+ me> +&
u>\ msT|>, #&T s+ #]q# \T|> q|{, me> q\T|s+>T
q Xe+, q\T|s+>T ek |qT +T+~ qT $\+ < |sjT+.
|sT.
3. n## |* sTs~ $|+. $|yT $|+. < |L\+
e+ e\q |T D+ qT $|+, $|yT $|+, n{ Xs ~ |sjT+.
4. s+&T u>\T> qs&+ e\q sTe&q< (R |* u>+, |>T\T
yTT<q$ +#~) $<+ n+{sT. $<yT $<+. < |L\+
e+e\q |TDyTq $<+ $<+. Te+{ Xs ~ |sjT|<+.
5. &, n& nH$ <\T> \T ` q\# q&q eTX s+ $sTT+ .
$sTTyT $sTT+. < |L\+ e+ e\q |TD+ qT $sTT+
$sTT+. nTe+{ Xs ~ |sjT|<+.
6. &, n& #~]bsTTq~ $+. < |L\+ e+ e\q |TD+
qT $yT $+. m& #sTT, m& \T, m& \ TqT
#<] bsTTq Xy ~ |sjT+.
198
dq+| LsT+{&T.
(1). H\T>T ~\qT+& $T X\+> #&+ e\q |j q yTeTTq~?
< >TDyTeTTq~? H\T>T y|\qT+& $T #&+ e\q yV+
=\bT+~. ndyV+ < >TD+ 2. |<=+&T s\T> $T >V+#+
e\q |j qyT$T{? >TDyT$T{? |< =+&T s\T> $T >V +#+ e\q
nXu \+q+ + +~+|& +T+~. < >TD+ +~+
+&+ 3. ebjT esZ |]o*+#+ e\q |jqyT$T{? >TDyT$T{?
ebjT esZ |]o*+#+ e\q esZ+ # > |b~+|&TT+~. esZ
# > |b~+#+ < >TD+.
_ e < >TD #d, < s + deq+> $\Tyq ~> u$d,
< | <s, |eTqT *jTT+, \+q+ $<+ > +~k&T
` esZ+ HqT +> qqeTsD\qT+& eTT& HqT. n&T ssVT&
, ...eTT+<]eH. ...|<e T <H b+~ $V]k&T . n&T sbe#s |<e T <H,
~e$Vs, ueHeTjT |DedTe qT b+<T&T.
15. n+<Te\q n&T >V+# <X+ Xy #&{
bTq|&T, nedse TqT=+f >+qT y+, _ >D deyX| s be#TqT,
< >+qT y+ bs+ de|+ #d be#TqT. s kH beTTK#
y&T n#{ bjT|&T +]>, &T> me] rd=b+&, eT\s kH
$&Te+&, < >T]+ +q #d, XXq+ \T yTT<q |<\qT
=\+#Te{ u+ < sqT rdT=, d *jTT+&, d $dsD
<w+ +& #dT=, +~j\qT n+sTK+> #dTe+ e\q, sT
+~j\bT eTqdTqT jT bjT+& n+sT K+> +#T by*.
be{ d++~+q jTe\T
16. $Vs+qT+& jTT<s|&T |H ~qT+&, |H <s+qT+&
jT\T<sT THqT n <s >TsT+ #Ty*. s @ es+Z b&
esZ+ >T]+ esZ+ sT~q bT+<, < |&eTs < s,
< < D b T +<, < | ~ \ (H TT, Xq+ e+{
|~\T) y| bT+< >TsT+#Ty*. &qT+& e &~q bT+~,
#{qT+& m&eT~q, kq+ +&ssTT +~, kq+ #<\T|,
# #T, # b<, # r> ` >eTqesZ >T]+ $#]+#y&
$TkH by*. >* m<TsT> b>&<T. m+<Tq> >* es+>
201
207
|s+ (General)
44. M < j T +< H < qb| b+~q _ e s> + # >
nDbe+e\q, usVT& #]+#y&&T. sTTq|{ nq> |~ nX
u\ @<H < <qb| b+< kequ+ q|{, # #| &q
nXu u<\qT eTXs dueb| nqTd]+, s>#]T u<\qT nqTd]+
\TdTy*.
@<H Xe+ |L\uy b+~q|&T (#&bsTTq|&T) n~ <Te
duy>, < $\+ yTT<q @< s duy> b+<TT+~, n~
@ s|+ <=] s|+ <Te |L\+ yTT<qT> $T
>V+#*. qT Xs dueb| { |~s\ nXuu<\T \T|&HjT
>V +#*.
<Te+ yTT<qy $Xw |j>+
45. j e> $Xw q T{ ` <Te + , Xss| $ *jTCd~
qT Xss+| s>+ \y] n~ |j>s+> +T+~. $\+ <V |
sDjTyTq s+>TjTT $ *|~ qT <V|s+>T| s>+ \y]
|j >s + > +T+~. $|+ <V+jTT |+& d++~+q <TsZ+<
*|~ qT e\\T, >+<+ yTT<q y{e\q Xs *> dT>+<+| s>+
\y] |j >s + > +T+~. $< + ` jTeT+>\ nq+yT q s+<\qT
#|+#~ qT Xs+ yV+ >\y] |j >s + > +T+~. $sTT+
e+ds| <Vd+|jTT qXsqT #|+#~ qT dH\T yTT<q
Xsu>\ e+d+| s>+ \y] |]dT+~. $+ q_qyTq
nejTy\qT #|~ qT, nejTy\ $k\ s>+ \y]
|j >|& T T+~. V$+ Xs| |Ps+ u+>+ e+, $+ e{
#|T+~ qT XsdeT> | s>+ \y] |j>|&TT+~. V+
s+# n+&jTT+&, |L\qT *Z+#+ e\q n\+s+ e\q *> Xu
s>+ \y] |]dT+~. |e+ Xs eTT\s> es~> #|+
212
215
@&e |]#< +
sT nqTdT\ esq+
|~ nqTdT\T
1.nXuskq+ s #|&q |~ nqTdT, eTs\ eTs\ <sTT+#
djT nqTd nq&TT+~. < \>e\dq #H \>+ e\q, X<
|e+q \|T q d L& nqTd nq&TT+~.
(1).T<T \+> #dT= *> nqTd T<qTd. T<T >TD\qT
\+q> #dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(2). <s+ | *> nqTd <eqTd. eT+ ] \~ e+ yTT<q
<s>TD\qT \+q> #dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(3). d+|T+ | *> nqTd d+|qTd. eT+esZ+ q&e+
(dT||q) yTT<q d+|T>TD* \+q> #dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(4). o\+| qeTjT nqTd oqTd. eTT\T be+ yTT<q
o\>TD\qT \+q> #dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(5). >+ | *> nqTd >qTd. eTT>+ (_>| #T\
#jT&q <q+) yTT<q >>TD* \+q> #dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(6).<e| *> nqTd <eqTd. <eqT k> u$+ X< yTT<q
q djT>TD\qT \+q+ #dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(7).eTsD+| *> nqTd eTsDqTd. bD+ be{ \+q>
#dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(8). y+T\T yTT<q (nejTe) u<\T>\ s|j >T]+, <
s|jT+ |* u> >T]+ msT * +T+~ qT jT>d. ~
jT>+, d. qT jT>d. (n L& #|+&e#TqT )
b{> es+& jT>d nq&+~. y+T\T yTT<q y L&q
Xs nejTy\ $T \+q+ (<s+) #dT=H d ~ eTs|sT.
(9). HbH\ (Xd ` |Xd\T R Xd |* be+, jT seyT
216
1. T<qTd
2. $<+> |~ nqTdT\ T<qTd u$+#\ sT=H,
|Ps$ Xd+>\ j q XjT Hdq+ (>~) @++> Ls=, T<u > y qT
>TD\qT eTs\ eTs\ d]+#* ` u>yqT&{y&T qTH nsT&T,
deTd+T<T&T, $<#sDd+|qT&T, dT>T&T, $<T&T, k{y&T,
$HjT|sTw\ (D b+<y]) nqT|eT ks~. <e\, eTqTw\ >TsTe.
3. # ~ nqTdsD $<q+ ` u>yqT&T Te+{y&T qTH
deTd+T<T&T, $<#sDd+|qT&T, dT>T&T, $<T&T, k{y&T, $HjT
|sTw\ (D b+<y]) nqT|eT ks~. <e\, eTqTw\ >TsTe qTH
deTd+T<T&T n $<+>, nq> sT sD\ j nqTdsD
#k&T .
4. q+#+ e\q ` XTe\T, d+ks# | \T q+#+ e\q, | j\T
(_ J$ neds\T) yTT<q y nsT&T e+ e\q, @++> b|+
#jTy&T e+ e\q ` sD\ u>yqT&T nsT& eTs\ eTs\
d]k&T.
n&T n X\ <s+>, #<s+> \& H&T. n&T sesZ+
<s ydq L&q eT*H\qT <+d+ #jT+ e\q nsV+ (nsT&T).
n+<T #|&+~ `
mesH eTT < <s+> HeTT n+f n~ eT e< <T n ns+.
H<T e< (T<T e<) <c\T e qT n&T <w<sT&T, nsT&T nq&&T.
< esZ+ n e\q Xs|+>\ n] (XTe) #+|&H&T,
qT ` nq+ V | nsV + R XTe\qT #+|+ e\q nsT &T nq&H&T.
m+<Tq> s>eTT yTT<q$> #|& Xs| (n]) XTe\+<s H<T
(T<T) e\q |C nH jTT<+ #+|&+ e\q L& n&T nsT&T
nq&H&T.
217
2.<sqTd
3. d+|qTd
26. d+|qTd |+b+~+#Ty\ sTHy&T @++ bsTT,
@>T&, sd+|T >TD\qT eTs\ eTs\ d]+#* ` u>yqT
237
4. oqTd
oqTd nq&TT+~.
+ oqTd eT>yTq _e, |<\ | >se+ +{&T.
deq+ * +{&T. n|eTT& +{&T. +<<T\ ujT+ y&
+{&T. q<w+ L& uj
##y& +{&T. n X<, |, |y <+
yTT<q $ n~+ > +{sTT. n&T s e s|Z b+<q|{, dT> e+
b+<T&T.
qT Te+{ >=|>TD\T *q oqTd T~eT+T&T mq&T L&
bsbT #jT+& +&T>!
~ oqTdjTT $d yUq+.
5.>qTd
6.<eqTd
n|eTT& +&T>!
~ <eqTdjTT $d yUq+
|s+ (General)
48. nqTdT\ >T]+q $d |<X+ ` deTjT+ n >
<>T | d{>, ds+> +T+~ (n+.. 3`9) yTT<q$ #|q s
` eTVHeT! dsT&q sXe nsCq+ \T>TT+~, <sCq+
\T>TT+~, <s qTb\q |dq \T>TT+~. |dq T&q y | \T>TT+~
(n+. .3`9) n #|&+~. n# | k u>y yTT<qy{ ns+ e\q
*q d+Tw >T]+ n~ nsCq+ e\q *qTe+{~ n #|&+~. T<T
<su<e\q *q d+Tw >T]+ n~ <sCq+ e\q *qTe+{~ n
#|&+~. <s#sD e\q *q d+Tw n s+&+{ >T]+ #|&+~.
49. <eqTd <e s+u n #|&q~, n&T yTT< <e\|
|e]+q {, < <e\ >TD\ deq+>, <e \T>C d >TD\qT
{ n #| &+< >V +#*.
50. sXe& sT nqTdT\ d~ b+<>\T>T&T. m+<Tq>
n T<, <s, d+|\ >TD\T y\Te&TsTT. n&T nK+&~ >TD\T>\
o\+, ueT*q+ >+, eTVqTueq <e\ >TD\ X< yTT<q
y{ * +{&T. n> eTVHeT dT+ (n+. 3`8) k|qT XjT
$Vs $wjT+ >T]+ n&T>&q|&T u>yqT&T k|qT XjT$Vs
$e]+# <X+ B $|\+> *|H&T.
><dT+ L& ` _es! # sXe&T <>T nqTd]k&T.
u>yqT&{y&T m+<Tq> n&T... eTT+<]eH... deTjT+ n +
d{>, ds + > +T+~. u+ qT+& $&e&, eTTy T , +T+~. _ es!
<T eT>TD\qT u eT+{sT. _es! = dT&T B (nqTd)
L& \+q> #dT= $eTT&&T. (n+ . 3`39) yTT< sXe
X~ *, s |sesX~ \>{ nqTdT\ >T]+ #|&+~.
51.jTTw+T&T eTVjTqT<s |< +|&q de<ddT+
L& ` Xs+ jTTcH! n<T+ jTTcH! \TdT=Hy&T, ##y&T,
nsT&T, deTd+T<T&T nsTTq u>yqT&T bDT\T >VdJ$| m\\
+H s T nqTd T \ <s $X ~ b+< { . .. ...eTT+< ] e H .
245
246
m$T<e |]#< +
nqTdskq esq+
eTsDd
#bsT `
X |s+ H\T>T~ y|d, H\T>T ~X\qT |+&, |+&
#jTTqT> seTsD\T jT, uVD, yX, XS<, #+&\, +C<T\qT
n+<] q+|CksTT. n$ me] e<*|e.
eTTs+ >dqL kq+<T. s<\, \ kq+ <T.
< eT+jTT<+ >, <q\+ > >\eeTT. (d+.. 1`169)
$<+> Jeqd+|<, eTsD$|>H esTT+< d d+| $|
s|+ eTsD eTs\ eTs\ d]+#*.
7. sT\ eTsD # ` sT\ qqT b\T=.` >=| ]|sT\,
>=| |DT\, >=| \e+T\, >=| TT~eT+T\, >=| |Ce+T\,
| T<T\ , deTd+ T<T @&T $<\T> qqT b\T=+ eTsD
eTs\ eTs\ d]+#*
m? eTsD+ >=|]e +T\qT, # |< |]ys+ \y], <q , yVH\T
deT~> \y], eTVdeT, e+<, eTVdT<sq, <&H$T, H$T yTT<q
y] MT< L& d+#+ +& <+~. ujT|&<T. H MT< e+
<<!
>=|]e+Tq eTVdeT yTT<q sXw\T L& eTTe HsT.
He+{ y $wjT+ #|<eTTq~!
>=|]e+T\bT qqT b\T=+ eTs\ eTs\ eTTeqT
d]+#*. (1)
>=| |De+T\ m b\Ty*?
C&T, {\T&T, >T&T, yT+& &T, |D&T (<VsD ` >+<+
|H+&e |]#<+) ` Ms+<s, + + eTV|De+T\T> |d<TqysT,
n+<s #bsTTHsT. H e+{ y >T]+ #|<eTTq~?
|De+T\ bT b\T=+ eTs\ eTs\ eTTeqT d]+#*.(2)
\e+T\ bT m b\Ty*?
ydT<e&T (M] <\qT n<\ #&*) \<e&T, ;eTdqT&T,
jTT~w s T &T, #DsT e+{ eTV j<T \T eTTe eXyT H sT.
250
(n+.. 3`503)
T m+ |]$TeT+f H\T><T eTT<\T q$T* $T+>+esH
+{y < qeT{ M\T<T. deTjT+ |]$T+ e+ >T]+
eTsDd eTs\ eTs\ u$+#*.
12.D\ |]$T+ e\q ` ` C bDT\ J$D
\T # |]$T+>
` |e es HsTT. s<#+ sT>T q|{, $T |{ jTT
@< u>yT H\ qT= sT>TT+~. \&q|&T L& $T jTT @<
u>+ MT< \&TT+~. n> J$+L& Dd+q+ es +~.
D+ eTTjT+ bD eTTd bsTT+~ nq&TT+~. n+<T
#|&+~ ` >&q D+ n&T &T. n|&T T#TH&T,
T&T nH$ e. |&T (eseq D+) H&T, T&T
nH$ +&e. T#TH&T nH~ eyT +T+~. nH> D+
(u$wT) +&H&T nq+ +&<T, T#TH&T nq+ +&<T.
T&T nH~ e+ +T+~.
J$+, e+, dTK<T'U\T e\+ + *dHsTT. D+ #
q~.
#bsTTqy] < & J$+jTTqy] >&qD\T $<+> HsTT.
n$ eT ] s+& bjsTT.
| + (D+) n&T +&&T. e\+ eseq+H T&T. n~
u+>yTq|&T + #bT+~. (nq> |H e H&T nq+
e\+ eeVs<wH d+).(KT.. 4:1`98)
D|]$T+ e\q eTsD eTs\ eTs\ d]+#*. (8)
13. m$T~ s\ @<H $<+> nqTdsD+ #dH, e{ e{
eTqdT #TH, + < n\y{T+~. eTsD \+q+ #dTH
d ds | & T T+~. esD\T X+ksTT. <H+>+ qeTT+~. \+q+
due<s+ (nq> eTTe bDT\ dV<s+) e+ e\q, d+y>
q+ #dB e+ e\q nsD \T><T. |#s<q+ eyT \T>TT+~.
s <q+, ~rjT, rjT ns| <H\T due<s+ L& ueH
$Xw e\q nsDqT b+<TsTT. m+<Tq> s<q+ $X~ ueq (o\+,
+ yTT<q ]+{jTT $X~ueq) jTT eT$d+ e\q nsDqT
b+<TT+~. ns|< q+ \+qqT n$Td, ueq <s nsDqT b+<TT+~.
255
8. jT>d
#dTe{ sDeTT+~.(2)
s+>TqT { ` y+T\T yTT<qy{ s+>TqT XsTT+#*. (3)
s { ` y+T\T yTT<qy{ s XsTT+#*. (4)
~XqT { ` Xs+ u&T |q | ~X, u&T +< +~ ~X.
u>+ ~X +~ n ~XqT XsTT+#+ (5)
kH { ` u>+ d\+ (jT\T) +~ n neX
XsTT+#*. (6)
V<Tq T { ` V<T $u>+ s +&T $<\T ` du > $u>+ (deq+ <s+>
V<Tq T XsTT+#+) $du > $u>+ (ndeq <s+> V<Tq T ss TT+#+).
M # @ u>\T +<, |H, H\T>T ~\qT+& B $u+|&Hj,
n$ du > $u>\ >V +#*. y+T\T se\T e. se\T y+T\T
e. ysT ysT > +&{ { $du > $u> >T]+#*.(7)
@&T$<\ <>VX *| e skq+ |H d+
|L\s|+, | H d+ <Ts|+ #| &+< \TdT=jT #b*.
m+<Tq> eTVd|{qdT+ (B.. 2`520) ~ |L\s|+ #| &+~.
eTVV|<|eT+, eTVsVQy<+, <T$u+>+ <Ts|+
#| &HsTT. jT>d dT+ (eT.. 3`1175) n$ eTqdT (y+T\T
yTT<q$) dw+> \e{ <q+ H\T>T $u>\T #jT&+~. n&
<Ts|+ #|&+~ (skq+) $|XH skqeTT+~. |L\s|+
#| &+~ XeT< s kqeTT+~.
17. @& T $< \ < > V X * | q s | ~ s \
eTqdsX (|~ s\ +HX\qT) *jTCj* ` 1. eT+>
2. n =+<s +& 3. n yT\> +& 4. #+#\qT =\+
5. || n$T+ 6. eT+> e<*yd 7. nsD<s 8 qT+& 10 es
eT&T d+\ e\q.
M eT+> ` bs yTT<\T|{q|{ qT+& eT< e<*|+&
eT+> +q #j*. e<*|& +q #jT+ e\q ueHd+| e\q
\_+# q+<+ \_+#<T. <e\q eTT|~ s+&T yTT *q yT esTdqT
yTT $& yTT m HsT y, eqdy T q n\d *, <q+ #jT +
d|\T&T C\&T. d]< n\d |&b& mC\&T. (1)
eT+> +q #dTq|&T L& n =+<s+& (H d|T) #j *.
260
week|q+
265
+T+~.
25.H&T\T ` H&T\T =$T~qsT. s+>TqT { n H&T\ \>
+{sTT. s{ ` nH s\ +{sTT. Xs {> {+#
|<H&T\ <T yT& |u>+ yTT< eTT+<]~qT+& +< ~>TsTT.
s <T yqqT+&, += <T &qT+&, eT]jTT <T m&eTqT+&
~>TsTT. &# {+# H&T\ <T # eTT+<] |qT+& +~ s>
<T yqT |qT+& eksTT. m&eT #sTT { +#$ L& n> eksTT. &
* {+q H&T\ <T eTT+<]qT+& +~ eksTT. <T yqqT+&
+~ eksTT. m&eT* {+q H&T\T L& n> eksTT. Xs
<]+#e |\Te& nsTe~ H&T\T Xs { +#T +~ eksTT. y{H
+&s (+&s T eTVds R +&s nq> |<H & ` n_< q|B|) n+{sT.
$ +<yTT>Z +{sTT. s$ j |<X |y+ ds|&HsTT. y{q
dq$ <s|&T s+ +{sTT. yq dq$ |r> s+q,
n+q dq$ |<M D r>\ s+q +{sTT. s$ yq &T s+
+{sTT. #T\T, , M|jTT H&T\T | > s+ +{sTT. \H&T\T
|\\ T \| |T=H e\e+{ {| s+ +{sTT. M|H&T\T m+& syd q
& d q e\ s + +{sTT. j n+> | +>\ neT]
q s H&T\T Xs =&q C*n+^ (dsY) +{sTT.
~XqT{ ` s+&T ~X\q qyT HsTT. kH{ ` XseT+{
meTT\qT n\T= +{sTT. V<TqT { ` +< eT&T e+<\ meTT\|q >\
}|]u>+, |q e+d+, #s+ n+{q u>\, H\T>T~ <
{ $&BjT& HsTT. ~ du > |]#< + . $du >|] #< + y+T\ eH. (7)
26. meTT\T ` eTT|~s+&T <+| meTT\qT $& q ` nsTe~ H\T>T
#meTT\T, nsTe~ H\T>T *meTT\T, e+d dV jT+ +& nsTe~ H\T>T
eT\yTq meTT\T, s+&T N\eT+& meTT\T, = * s+&T, s+&T y*
+~ meTT\T, y* meTT..., =& meTT..., s+&T q&TeTT ({)
meTT\T..., |<$T~ M| meTT\T, sTe~ H\T>T |feTT\T, |<TH\T>T
s=eTT meTT\T...,, >T+& meTT...,s+&T n..., s+&T b..., s+&T uT|
...,, s +&T, s +&T | uT C\jTT ..., @&T >=+T..., s +&T T| meTT\T...,
eTT meTT..., s+&T +{ meTT\T...., s+&T #$ meTT\T..., qT<TsT...,
e&..., =$T~ \b\| meTT\T..., ` eT&T e+<\ meTT\T
HsTT.
269
274
#+~dT+~
V<TqT { ` <s|\+, <s+ |<s\ d$TyT +~. ~ B
du> |]#<+. $du>|]#<+ y+T\ eH +T+~. (18)
37. eT\+ ` ~ s+>TqT{ ` dTesT> q, q |<s\ s+>T
+T+~. s{ ` $d]+|&q kq| s+ +T+~. ~qT{
+~ ~ +T+~. kH { ` |XjT + +T+~.
JsXj
T + ` eTXjT+. yHeTT esq, u&T +<, |>T\jTT n+{q
+~ u>+ +~. ~ m$T~ n+>T\ mT>\ y<TsT u+>T +T+~.
msTTq d\+ yq|&q|&T yqsT n& qT+& +~ |eV+ n&
bT+~. |XjT + L& n> +T+~. @ uq, bjTyTH |XjT +
|& n# ss s+s+ &T +T+~. sT>* $ds&qT>
y T > e], |e\ Uk H +| { | & T > & T
+T+~. +~y| H&TT+~. es n~ y<TsT >DT| T +|q
eT{ +&, n& bT+~.
V<TqT { ` |XjT|\+, eT\`u>+ L& $&BjT& +~. ~
B du> |]#<+. $du>|]#<+ y+T\ eH +T+~. (19)
38. yT<&T ` b\+ |\ +& eTCs. ~ s+>TqT{ ` |>=&T>T
>=&T>T |u >| s+>T +T+~. |sT>T> es +& $]bsTTq b\ s+>T
L& +T+< #|e#TqT. s{ ` n~ q d { < s+
+T+~. ~qT{ ` | ~ +T+~. kH{ `|| H\T>T |dT|
eTT<\qT q ssTT |f+ m&+> +qT> b\+ |\ +T+~.
V<TqT { ` b\| |*\+, yT<&T u>\ $&BjT& +~. ~
< du>|]#<+. $du>|]#<+ y+T\ eH +T+~. (20)
39.|+ ` <|+, n<|+ n |+ s+&T $<\T. M <|+
s+>TqT{ ` |qH s+>T +T+~. n<| + $T*bsTTq *|P\
s+>T +T+~. s{ ` s+&+{ s+ d{ +T+~. ~qT{
` <|+ | ~Xq, n<|+ s+&T ~X\q qeTT+~. kH{
` n<|+ e+d+, se\T, <+\T, > yTT<q e+d+ d\qT,
m+&q #s $& $T*q XseT+{ { qH #T y|+
+T+~. n~ $w$T+q|&T (|yTq|&T) +&T |dT||#> esTsTT.
275
9. Hbqd
56. _es! Hbqd` de~ u$+q|&T, |+b+~+#T
=q| & T n~ X+ y T q , e Ty T q , n$T y T q d T K$V s + >
+T+~. q *> #&T <s\qT, Vs<s\qT |P]> ejT+ #dT+~.
X++|CdT+~ n |X+d+, |<VsT edTe\T, H\T>T nqT|Xq\
H\T>T #Tc\qT nqTd]+ u>yqT&T e]+q |<VsT kH\T >\ Hbqd
` s kH >T]+, < e~b+~+#T=H $wj >T]+ \TdT=H d+<s +
|&T e+~.
_es @ $<+> <+|&q, |+b+~+|&q nHbqd`de~,
X+, e T, n$T, dTK$Vs *dT+ ~? q *> #&T , Vs< s \qT
ejT+ #dT+~? _es! # _e nsD+ < #TyTT< <
XSq>V+ |<dq+ ydT=, Xs q> *|, d m<T \T|=
LsT+{&T. n&T dbf XdqT rdT=+{&T. dbf XdqT
e<\T&T. XdqT b&e> rdT=+ XdqT b&e> rdT=+THq, XdqT
b&e> e<\T XdqT b&e> e<\TTHq \TdT=+{&T. XdqT q>
rdT=+ q> XdqT rdT=+TH XdqT q> e<\T q> XdqT
e<\TTH \TdT=+{&T. deTd Xs nqTu #+<T XdqT
rdT=+{qT n nudk&T. deTdXs nqTu #+<T XdqT e<\TqT
` n nudk&T. jTd+ks X++|Cd XdqT rdT=+{qT n
nu dk&T . | nqTu #+<T... dTU nqTu #+<T... d + ks*
nqTu #+<T ...d + ks X++|Cd . .. |y ~+|Cd , ..
@>+ #d . .. $eTT+ #d , nqT nqT|X q #d , ..$s> nqT|X q
#d . ...s< nqT|X q #d . ..|dsZ nqT|X q #d XdqT rdT=+{qT
n nud+ #k&T. |dsZ nqT|Xq #d XdqT e<\TqT n nud+
#k&T. (d+. .4` 2023)
B b esq |s+ \TdTq|& n $<\ +&T> +T+~. b
esq, < $esD +~ `
yTT<{ #Tw+
57. _es! Hbqdde~ m e~b+~+#Ty*? ` #
281
\TdTy*.
n& _ e =$T~s\ b&yq XdqT rdT=+, $&Td b&eXdqT
rdT=+THqT, $&TdTH qT ` n \TdT=+{&T. \TdT=+T+&> n
$<y T q jqT|X q ` d|kq ueq \T>TT+~ n >V +#*.|{d + _<
L& #| &+~ `
@ $<+> b&eXdqT rdT=+ b&eXdqT rdT=+THqT n
\TdT=+{&T? \<w b&eXdqT rdT=+{&T. \<w b&eXdqT
$&Tk&T. \<w b&eXdqT rdT=+{&T, e<\T&T L&. \<w
b&eXdqT rdT=+Tq|&T L&, \<w b&eXdqT e<\TTq|&T
L& V+ qeTT+~. V+ e\q eTT+<sq dyTqTe+{~,
\<w b&yq Te+{~ nsTTq XdqT rdT=+{&T, V+ e\q eTT+<]q
dyTq, b&yq XdqT e<\T&T.... eTT+<]eH \<w b&eXdqT
rdT=+{&T, e<\T&T. V+ e\q eTT+<]q eT+<yTq, b&e XdqT
rdT=+, e<\T +&+ e\q L& |y<+ \T>TT+~. |y<+ e\q
eTT+<]q me dyTq, \<w b&yqTe+{ XdqT rdT=+{&T,
e<\T&T L&. b&eXdqT rdTe+, e<\+qT+& + $s b+~
| ds|&TT+~. ~ =$T~s\ b&e Xd ` |Xd\jTT Xs+.
(ks+XyTeTq> =$T~ s yTT+MT< b&e Xd ` |Xd\T
nq&sTT.) |kq+ (<s+), d. nqT|Xq Cq+. Xs+ (jT+)
|kqyT d <T. d |kqeT, dr L&. d, Cq+
Xs nqT|Xq #dT+~ (#dT+~). n+<Te\qH ` jT+ jqT|Xq `
d|kqueH n #|&+~. (KT.. 5`205)
b{ X+ L& < $<+ > \TdTy*. & ~ ` n# b&e>
XdqT rdT=+THqT n \TdT=+ n #|&+f ` # b{>
XdqT rdT=+THq \TdT=+ n #|& +T+~. n+<Te\q b&e
kq+ b{ +#T=+, n~jT jT+ jqT|XH ueq, d|kq
ueH n #|&+~ es |D[ ydTy*.
j Bs nqTd]+, |]$T nqTd]+ L&
=$T~ s\ Xd ` |Xd\qT \TdT=+, XdqT b&e> rdT=+f,
b&e> rdT=+THq \TdT=+{&T.... eTT+<] eH...b{ XdqT
e<\TT+f, b{XdqT e<\TTH \TdT=+{&T ` n ns+ #dTy*.
286
ns+ #dT=+q `
_ejTT eTT esq b&e, b{ Xd\, |Xd\ H\T>T s\
|e]eTsTT.
61. deTd XdjT| ~, eT< , n+\qT \TdT=+, |{ d XdqT
rdT=+{qT ` deTd XdjT| ~, eT<, n+\qT \TdT=+, |{d
XdqT rdT=+{qT n nudk&T. deTd |XdjT| ~, eT<, n+\qT
\TdT=+, |{d XdqT e<\TqT n $<+> nudk&T.
\TdT=+, |{d Cq+ L&q + XdqT rdT=+{&T. e<\T&T.
n+<Te\H XdqT rdT=+{qT, XdqT e<\TqT ` n $<+> nudk&T.
=+<sT _e\ n+>\T> $u+|&q XdjT+ < |XdjT+
jTT yTT<\T (~) dw+> \TdT+~ eT<, es\T *jTe. ysT yTT<\TH
|T+{sT eT<, es w|&sT. =+<s eT< dw+> \TdT+~.
yTT<\T, es\T *jTe. ysT eT<H |T=+{sT. yTT<{, es w|&sT.
=+<s es dw+ > \TdT+ ~ yTT<\T, eT< *jTe. ysT esH |T=+{sT.
yTT<, eT< w|&sT. =+<sT =+<s n u>\ dw+> \TksTT.
ysT n+{ |T>\T>TsT. y] <q w+ +&<T, > y*.
B \T| #|&+~ ` Xsq+ nqTu #+<T XdqT
rdT=+{&T. XdqT e<\T&T.
|PqT=+{&T ` n+f |PqT=+{&T. |jT k&T , < (d HsT =+{&T
nH ns+ rdT=q|&T ) # n>\ >VyT n XwyTq o\D .
n>\ (@>) de~jT XwyTq D. n >\ |jT XwyTq
|CD
. eT&T D
\qT \+q+, d, +q (eTqds+)
nud+ #k&T . |qXsD+ #k&T . <k&T . eTs\ eTs\ nud+ #k&T . `
# ns >V +#*.
|Ps <q|< e\+ XdqT rdTe+, e<\+ +T+~, n+ $T+
@MT #jT + +&<T . B s CH yTT<q y{ j> #]+#+
+T+~. qT d+<s+ XdqT rdT=+THqT n >T]k&T. +
XdqT e<\T#THqT n >T]k&T. eseq\+ T<|<X #|, B
s #jTe\dq CH<qjTT s #|{ Xsq+ nqTu
#+<T XdqT rdT=+{qT. XdqT e<\TqT ` u$ w\+ T<|< X +
287
299
~rjT #Tw+
69. s eT&T #Tc\, |+> skq ueH $<q+ be+
e\q, b |<\ yUq $~ |syT y{ ns ns+ #dTy* `
| nqTu #+<T ` | nqTu #+<T, XdqT rdT=+{qT,
e<\TqT n HsT=+{&T | nqTu s+&T$<\T> \T>TT+~ ` 1.
\+q+. 2. ndyV+. 1. \+q+ |jTT nqTu m
\T>TT+~? _ e |jTTy T q s +&T <H\qT b+<T&T. y{ b+<|&T
\+q nqTu se+ e\q, <qu+ \+q+ e\q |jTT nqTu
L& \T>TT+~. ndyV+ e\q m? |jTTyTq s+&T <H\qT b+~,
y{qT+& | q s <q+ L&q | q+#<, ]bjT< n&T
nqTuy b+<T&T. n|&T $|XHD+ (n yTT<q) \D\ |y<
(T> |y+#+, T> ns+ #dTe+) e\q ndyV\+ |
nqTu #+<T&T.
|{d+_< L& #|&+~ ` b&e> XdqT rdTe+
e\q *> @>, X\qT (n$b) \TdT=H d * +T+~.
b&e> XdqT e<\+ e\q ...b{> XdqT rdTe+ e\q ...b{> XdqT
e<\+ e\q...XseT+{ nqTu #+~+# Xd`|Xd\ e\q..
..Xsd+ ks\qT X++|C d Xd`|Xd\ e\q *> @ > , X\qT
\TdT=H d * +T+~. d, Cq+ | jTT nqTu
\T>TT+~. <Hud+ #d+&> | nqTuy edT+~. \TdT=+,
#d, dMTd, d|sTd, X< <&+> XsTTd, |jT+ |,
d \T|=+, @>+ #dT=+, |<s #> \TdT=+,
|+# s|+ \TdT=H< |+# s|+ \TdT=+, |Pss|+
\TdT=q<q<, |Pss|+ \TdT=+, e<\ e\dq< e<\T,
<+#e\dq < <d, k]+#Te\dq < k]+#T+
| nqTu #+<T&T. $<+> |jTT nqTu \T>TT+~.
(KT..5`216).
< $<+> q eT&T |<\qT (y+X\qT) L& \TdTy*. &
+ ` eT&T <H\ e\q dTUqTu , H\T>e< e\q d+ks nqTu
\T>TT+< \TdTy*. d+ks+ R y<q yTT<q s+&T d+<\T. (n#
X+ e\q d+qT >V+#*).dTK|d+yB |<+ $|XH u$TqT
300
rjT #Tw+
#Ts #Tw+
71. #Ts#Tw+ d+<s+ n#qT|d n, n,
nqT|Xq, nqT|XqqT #dy&T> \TdTy*. y n# `
|+#d +<\T. m+<T? m+<Tq> y{ due+ |f~ , q+#~, esTb+<B
e+ e\q. n# ` n$jT |+, q+#+, esTqT b+<+, <
qs b e+. nq> |{q $ n< s|+ +& D
u+ >+<s q+#+.
n#qT|dH ` n sD+ e\q sb<T\T n\T ` ~ nqT|Xq.
n#qT|d ` nqT|Xq L&q. nq> n XdqT rdT=+,
e<y >T]+# # n#qT|d nddk$T |ddkMT d ` n
#|&+< \TdTy*.
$s> ##y& ` d+<s + $s>\T s +&T ` j
T $s>+. n+
$s>+. M d+ks\ Du+>yT D$s>+. sDyT n+ $s>+.
$s>qT|XH ` s+{ #&+ e\q *> ` $|Xq eT]jTT esZ+.
s+&T $<\ nqT|Xq L&qy& XdqTrdT=+, e~y >T]+#
$s>qT|d nddk$T |ddkMT d n #| &+< >V +#*.
s< ##y& ` |<L& < $<yTq $esD +T+~.
| d sZ # # y & ` # L & s +& T | d sZ \ THsTT.
1.|]>|dsZ+ 2. |d+<q |dsZ+. |dsZyT nqT|XH R
|dsZqT|Xq. $|Xq, esZ ~ n~e#q+ (|sT)
s D $T~ ` $| X qH | ] > s | + q, | d +< q s | + q
|dsZeT+{sT. m+<Tq> yTT< n~ $| >TD\qT #~ e+ e\q,
X\qT y d+<< d+ks\ bT> |]dT+~. s d+d\
<c #q+<Tq, n+<T $|`sD+ | | yTT>T#Z |+ e\q, n+<T
302
|]sT&j&T.
n+<Te\q Te+{ nH >TD\T>\ Hbqd T~eT+T&T d<
n|eTT& *+&T>!
10. |XeqTd
77. Hbqd s | X e qTd < +#\qT H _ e
@++ bsTT, je, _y , <e dv y ndv y... Dj
$s> s< uq+ (n+.. 2`50) (nq> _es! d+d]+|&q <
d+d]+|& <s\{ eT< q+|Cd~, wqT ]yd~, s>
q]yd~, d+ks# #~+#~, cjT+, $s>+, sD+ qT $s>+
XwyTq< #|&TT+~.) $<+> <T'U\{ |XeTeT #|& sD|
>TD\qT # > d]+#*.
M de>eT+ e\q, sD\ e\q #jT&q < #jT&, d+d,
nd+d <s\+{ $s>+ |<<, XweT, dseTeT nq&TT+~.
$s>+ n+f s>+ be+ eyT <T. n~ eT< q+|Cd~...
eTT+<]H. ..sD+. $<+ > eT< q+|C d~ yTT<q |s< s nd+d
<s\ esTd e#e $s>eT ns+ #dTy*. m+<Tq> n~ deTL&q
y+H eqeT<+, |sTweT<+ yTT<q eT<\T qksTT. n+<Te\qH <
eT<eT<H n+{sT. < b| e\q eT|bd\ X+ksTT, ]bsTT
qTH n~ |bd$qj nq&TT+~. n~ b|+#+ e\q |+#eT>TD\
\jT+ (yd+ nq> s>+) qdT+~. < b|e\q eT&T uy\ #+
H_qeTT+~ qTH eT|#< nq&TT+~. < b|e\q ns\
w qdT+~. n&T $s> b+<T&T, sT<T&&T. qT Dj
$s>
s< nq&TT+~. + ~ H\T>T (n+&, sjTT, d<, W||)
jqT\T, <T (qs+, s R+T, |, eTqTw, <e) >T\T, @&T$Cq
dT\T =$T~ dyk\qT < eTs=< \T|, {+#T,
yqeTq& wqT+& jT\Ty&*, < d, $&e& +~ qT sD+
nq&TT+~.
78. eT<\qT q+|Cd~ yTT<q >TD\qT{, sDeT |\Te&
|Xe eTs\ eTs\ d]+#*. u>yqT&T ` _es! MT nd+d
|<kqT. _es! MT d...bs...d<Tss, ns, ..<Te.. w|+#,
..neT... e...eT...n<T...sT|<e...nyb<...(<TKsV)... $X~...
305
306
=$T<e |]#< +
V$Vsesq+
1.yTr ueq
1. nqTdskq+ s |<+|&q 1.yTr 2.sTD 3.eTT~
4.| ` H\T>TV$Vs, yT |+b~+#Ty\ sT, $|\qT
q+|Cd T =q, s kH >V +q ~] j, uH eTT+#T=q sT y
uq+ e\q *> bqT =\+#T=, @+d\ +, # > |]q dq+|
dTK|Ps+> LsT+&, yTTyTT< <w+ <c, zsT >TD >T]+
+#*.
2. m+<T? m+<Tq> <q+ =s <w+ q+#+, zsT \>+
neds+. b @<H |+# <w+ be+ >, *jT >TD+ \>+
> k<+ <T. n+<Te\q jTTcH! <c eouT&q, <q +>\
<w JeV+d L& #k&T n #|&+~. (n+..1`248)
3. T<>D+ + (zsT) jT |seT|eT, sDyT |seT|<eT #bsT.
+H dq+> *q y HqT uVDT&+{qT (<.|. 399e
><)
+ $T+q~ +MT <T (d+. .1`356)
yTT<q y{ { +jTT >TD\qT *j*.
4. |+q <cqT+& =\+#{, *dq + (zsT)
>TD+ C&+#{ yTrueqqT s+_+#*. s+_+# e yTT<
e\| yTrueqqT #j*, e\ | #jTL&<T n eTT+<T>
e\ <c* ns+ #dTy*.
bs+u+ 1.n|jTe 2.<>Z] $TT&T 3. eT<dT&T 4. |>y&T `
q\T>T]| yTrueqqT #jTL&<T. ndeq (es) *+> e $Xw+|
(d, |sTw\T |sds+ ndeq (es *+>\T) L& <H #jTL&<T.
307
bd n| u e+, d + j T T u D # d $ s T $w | u e+,
k+XeTDsT Xg+ |ue+ +&<T. nq> n$ n Xs V
*+#C\e. (7)
+ s> @>eTT+~ ` yT r$V] + s>H @>eTT+~. n
keT]q+ @e+ +&<T. (8)
eTTKes+ $ddT+~ ` >\qT+& s*|&q &|+&T n eTTK| s+>T
$d+qT> +T+~. (9)
dyV+ eTsD+#&T` yT r$V] dy V+ eTsD+ #&T . yV+ +&H,
<bsTTq y eTTe |yk&T. (10)
s (ns) d b+<q|{ ` y yTr$V] s (ns) d
b+<q|{ # eTsD+ (#TT&) <qT+& qy V+
k&T. (11)
2.sTD ueq
41. sT DqT <+#\ sT=H e sT D b e+ <c, sT D
>TD* dMT+#T=+ sTD ueq s+_+#*. n&T L& yTTyTT<
|jTe\T yTT<q y] s+_+|>&<T. m+<Tq> wyTqysT wyTqys
WsT. nwyTq $TT\T nwyTq $TT\T>qT, eT<dT\T eT<dT\T>qT,
nsTTw\T nsTTw\T>qT, |>ysT |>ysT>qT +{sT. + es *+>
#+~qysT, #bsTTqysT + HsT. (\+q+ #dTe{ >ysT)
42. _e sTDjTTyTq + @ $<+> ~XqT +| k<q #k&T?
mesH <TsZ b+~q, <TsedqTq e #d sTDqT b+~qT>H,
bDT\+<]| sT DqT \+q> #dT =+{&T. (n_. 2`328) ` $u+ >+
#|& +&+ yTTyTT< nu>T\qT, <TsZ b+~qy], BqVqT\qT,
\T#T \T qy], nH<\jT+ qeTT+<s HqT |T= LsTqy],
\T#T\ qT+& |sT>T\T edqy], u< sDyTqy] # ` e
nu>T&T. <T'K+ =\b m+ u>T+T+~! ` n sTDqT
b+<*. nTe+{ e (\+q>) <=sq|&T mesH dTK+> q bbT,
#+|& y b\T= sTDqT #b*.
43. m? <#Tq edTe\ |T&q <=+>qT #+|+&! nH
sC |s+ uT\T {yd, H\T>TM<T\ L& e+< e+< =s& <\T
=&T, e<d rdT=b +{sT. n nqbj\, e>+<
324
3.eTT~ ueq
325
4. | ueq
49.yT yTT<qy eT&e < H\Ze <H b+~, | ueq
326
|s+ (General)
335
|<e |]#< +
s| esq +
1.yTT<{ ns|+ (Xq+jTq+)
1. V $V s\ s | < +| & q H\T> T s b\
Xq+jTH u$+#\ sTHe ` s|+ e\qH s\qT
|Te+, jTT<\qT |Te+, \V+, $u<+, $y<+ \T>TTHsTT.
ns|+ yM nd e. n&T (_e) B +# sb\ |
s<, $s>, s< b+<{ |PqT+{&T (eT..2`567).
e\qT { s\qT +#Te+ yTT<q, + qT, #$, s>\T yTT<q
ysTT $|T\ sD+ s|yT n >V+, < |]~ qT+& jT be{
|]HX dD e<*yk&T. n|&T |B yTT<q =$T~ dD @<H
<jT+<T #Ts <H b+<T&T.
2. sbe#s #T s< q+ e\q n&T s sb\ V<T nr+> y &T.
dDs|+ L& n |L\+ qT <qT+& L& <{by
\qT+{&T. m?
beT+f ujT|&y&T n&$ @<H beTT y+&q|&T |sT>+
yTT<\T|&&T. n&T m& |sT>H, (beTT+{ edTe ) ^>\ { ,
r>, &T, u$T q+ +{$ |+#> y{ beTTqT #d ujT|&&T.
u~]b&T. y{ #&{ L& w| & & T . bD+ &q XTe }]
ed+#y&T, XTe n =+ <s, +~+#+ <s, +&T yTT<q$
\+ <s ujT|{q|&T, n&T += }] +&{ y&T. n&
L& XTe e+{ s|+ |+H, X+ $|+H n&T ujT|&&T.
u~]b&T. n #&{ L& w|&&T.
3. & |eH nqsTT+#Ty* ` _e ssb
\+q+> * +&+ beTT < XTe |sTw\T ujT|&+ e+{~.
ysT y>+> |sT> += }] be+ e+{~, _ e sbe#s #T s< q
s|+ s sb <{be+. |sT > m& #sT +f n& ^>\ {j ,
336
~ (nsbe#s
ueq) s| $s> =bT+~. n+<Te\q n$ & (|<eT s|+)
339
|s+ (General)
33. n~rjT H<T&T (T<u>yqT&T) *|q H\T>T sb\qT
\TdT=, y $T+ L& #] +< >V+#*.
34. m+<Tq> \+H <{be+ e\q H\T>T \T>TsTT.
T~eT+T&T B (<q) n+>\qT <{beeT \+#&T.
+<T s|$T neTD+ e\q |<eT, X neTD+ e\q ~rjT,
X$wjT+ eyTq $Cq neTD+ e\q rjT, X+ eyTq $Cq
b n$T+#+ e\q #Ts ` n$< \+H n$T+#+
e\H H\T>T ns|de|T\T \T>TsTT n \TdTy*. T~eT+T&T
+<T n+>\ neTDeTTq< \+#&T. m+<Tq> sbe#sde|T\
]qT> +<T n+>\qT n$T+#+ +&<T. n+{ |,
> nH s+& <H+>\T +{sTT.
35. nsTTq|{`
& (ns| de|T \ T) s s we T +{sTT. d+<s +
ns+ dw+ e{ bk<\+, eg+ |eH\qT \TdTy*.
H\T>T n+dT\ ueq+ +~ n+dT ~eq+, ^+, y<+,
dTydq>\ e*\T, uqXjT H\T, ek<T \ s|+ >=| |+#eT>TD\T
+&>, s+&e< n+q >=|$, eT&e < + >=|$, H\T>e
< + n+q >=|$ HsTT. & H\T> ueq+ jTT n+dT.
ueq| n+dT\T> y{ @ $Xw+ <T. n+<T |+#eT>TD\ deT~
$XwqT{ +~ +~ n+dT\ q |, | n+dT\T >=|$. (1)
n> d yq, dq, n+q d, <q L& dq <s\
H\T+\, eT&+\, s+&+\, n+ e>\ ek Hd+~. y{ b&e,
y&\T\T deq+> HsTT. H\T>T ek\ b&e, y&\T\qT { #d
n+<T @ $XweT <T. n deq+>H HsTT. yT ds, dq<q+,
$\Tyq ~ e+ M{ <s+> yTT<{ yH s, s ek\T >=|>
348
350
|<=+&e |]#<+
de~esq+
#TsTeekq`ueq
ueH$~
13. <q (ueH) $<q+ r |> \ _ e y+T\T |B<Te,
se\T |B <Te ` $|\+> <T`>V D ||+ #+ \TdT+ ~. >{
359
(dMT) #j*.
|jT+#y] s>H <Tu<\qT dw+> >#]+|Cd |C\+
|#sde~ e+ \T>TT+~. m+<Tq> due<s \+q+ #dTe+
e\q de~ nsD ksTT b+<<T.
16. < <sdH| (k]|d$sT&T) H\T>T u\ d uy
(dT&T be{) #|{, meTT\T, +&s\T, e+d+, #s+ e\q
X+ e]+|&q|&T s|d+ |&TT+~ (eT..1`240) n
H\T>T u>\qT *|H&T. y{ =< Cqs|V d+ ysT |sT d M
360
~ \<Te.
ek` njTT y& yTT<qy{ |ue+ e\q ns#T\T, #T\ yqT
u>\T, n], n] yqTu >\T, eTT, qT<TsT, uT C\ uT u>\
+& edTe. e]nq| >+MT< qHqT bd q MT< qH +< >+
*jT<T. HqT >+MT< Hq qHL *jT<T. n> ns#sTT, qT<TsT
yTT<q |<X\ eT| ed y|+ +< *jT<T. edL qT ns#sTT,
qT<TsT yTT<q |<X \ y|+ Hq *jT<T. <s \T... ~ \<Te.
$T ` $T |{ q sD+ q|&T n~ s+&T #+|\qT+& ~,
H\T |u>+ +T+~. q~&Tq e&q u$ m\|& sT }sT
q|{, u$ q sT+< *jT<T. HqT u$ Hq { *jT<T.
n> s+&T #+|\|qT+& ~ $T q| +< H\T |u> *jT<T.
$T HqT s+&T #+|\qT+& ~ H\T |u>+ Hq *jT<T.
<s \T |sd s+... ~ \<Te.
N$T& ` eTTqT+& s yT\. N$T&. ~ |{q|&T eTT s+<\
+&TT+~ < jT sTT+~. y | |*dq |sT>TqT +
q |*dq |sT>T +#&+< | *jT<T. HqT | Hq
|*dq |sT>TL *jT<T. n> eT N$T& +< eTT s+<\L *jT<T.
HqT eTT s+<\ +& Hq N$T& *jT<T. <s\T...|sds+...
~ \<Te.
\d ` meTT\ qT qTqsTd Xs+ q{mqu +~. s<+
yTT<qy{ sTdT qH |PjT&q|&T, sTdT H| qH |PjT&+<
*jT<T. qHL qT sTdT| |PjT&Hq *jT<T. n> q{mqu
eT|\ qTqsTd \d +< *jT<T. \dL qT q{ mqu
qTqsTd Hq *jT<T. <s\T |sds+ ... ~ \<Te.
eT+ ` eT| d+ +T+~. #sTe seD|T{ eTT+q|&T
seD|T{ q #sTesT #]+< *jT<T. #sTe{ qT seD|T+
#] Hq *jT<T. n> q eT+ +< eT| d+ *jT<T.
HqT eT| d+ Hq eT *jT<T. <s\T |sds+ j#q,
ne>Vq, |yD +& HsTT. eT+ Xs+jTT n#q,
ny, XSq, bD+ , s, +<q \D+>\ $Xwu>+. ~ \<Te.
(K)
368
|B<Te>, +<q \D
+ \y{ \<Te> XsTT+#*.
sT u>\ $ds D
\D
yjTT<Te> XsTT+#*. ny u>\
>{ \D
+ \y{ |B<Te>, +<q \D
\<Te>, | + #d \D
C<Te> XsTT+#*. XsTT+# y] <Te\T >#seTsTT.
(|eTsTT). y{| e{ e{ eTqdT |&T, +q #d +f |#s
de~ \T>TT+~. (3)
21. M{ u$+q|{ skq+ d~ \T>b n&T d\D$u>
nqTd]+ ueq #j*. m? eTT+<T #|&q$<+> y+T\T yTT<q
y{ (eTqq $wjT+>) >V+, y+T\ ]q+ |B<Te n
XsTT+#*. yH +<q \D+ *q \<Te, |+ #d \D+ *q
C<Te, $dsD \D+ *q yjTT<Te HsTT n XsTT+#*.
XsTT+#y] <Te\T >#]ksTT. y{| e{ e{ eTqdT |+
e\q, +q #jT+ e\q #|&qTe+{ |#sde~ \T>TT+~. (4)
22. +> ` 1.Xus+ e\q 2. deTV+ e\q, 3. #s+ e\q 4.
\D<T\ e\q 5. e\q 6. _q, @\ e\q 7. ysT#jT+ e\q `
ysT #jTbe+ e\q 8. deq`ndeq\ e\q 9. |*, jT{ u<\
e\q 10.d+>V + e\q 11.#q b e+ e\q 12. sD\ (| j\)$u>+
e\q 13. |s\ L& <Te\qT +q #j*.
(1). Xus+` M Xus nqTd]+ +q #dysT $Xw, keH\qT
nqTd]+ Xus\qT eTqq+ #j*.
($XwRdue> $Xw+. < nqTd]+) |Xd+Ry|+q~ qT |B.
|eVdT+~. |eV+ y|dT+~ < | |sTdT+~ qT sT. y& #dT+~
qT n. |eVdT+~ qT yjTTe.
(n$XwR keq $Xw\qT nqTd]+`) d\D <sD #jT+ e\q,
<T'U >V+#+ e\q, + <T'U <sD #jT+ e\q <Te.
$Xc, keH nqTd]+ Xu\ ns+ |s+ +q #j*.
(2). deTV+ e\q ` # e]+|&q sTe~ s\ |B<Te, |H+&T
s\ \<Te\ s+>T, ydq, sT, zdT eT] H\T>T <Te\T m$T~
<s\T L& +&+ e\q, y+T\T nH eeVs d+ \T>TT+~. <s\T
$&be+ e\q y+T <T nH eeVs+ \T>TT+~.
370
de~ >=|q+
378
|+&+&e |]#<+
~$< esq +
|Cq <q+
+.
|]X<yTq s yTT<q y ` | e\q d |]X~ nH
ns+ |]X<+. |]X<+ e+ e\H |Xe++. dTK+ yTT<q |j\T
q+#+ e\q, s>~ <c\T L& q+#+ e\q sw+. <wsVyTq~
e+ e\q eT*qsV+. m+<Tq> + <w+H eT*q+ neT+~.
# > u$+#&+ e\q yT> #jT&q. nq> eXyTqTe+{, eXe] nsTTq
Te+{ H eT<T n+{sT. eT<T e+ e\q sjT+. nq> |#jT {
q~> (neT+~).
_es! u$+|&q, |+b+~+|&q + eT<Te>,
|#jT{ q~> sb+<TT+~. s @ <seT n sb+<+
|+|<T n #|&qT>, ]q +>s+, eT<TyT | #jT{
q~> +T+~. # > u$+|&q|& n~ eT<Te>, |#jT { q~>
esTT+~.(n+.. 1`6)
+ |]X< ue+ yTT<q y *jTT+&+ e\q dsyTq~. ds+
e+ e\q n#\+ nq> X\+. s\+ e+ e\q < eT<Te>, sD
s|+ q eX+ +&+ e\q ds+. X< yTT<q y{# d]+|&+
e\q ` X\+. m+<Tq> X< yTT<q y{e\q |]>V+|&q + nX<
e\q #*+|<T. |jT+ e\q |]>V+|&q + keT]q+ (d<+) ,
d e\q |]>V +|&q + bsbT #*+|<T . de~e\q |]>V +|&q
+ W<+, | e\q |]>V+|&q + n$<, |X b+~q
+ Xs|+ n+<s+ #*+|<T. sT <s\ |]>V+|&q
+ X\qT, |]X<qT b+~q~ nq&TT+~.
m$T~ n+>\ L&q (nk<sDX\) CH b+<{
q <s\qT k]+#Te+ y| |e#TqT.
7. yUq+ jTT s s|+ ~ ` #Ts <q de~ deV+.
esDsV+ e+ e\q |]X<+. $s+ yTT<q y{ <{be+ e\q
|Xe++. <H b+<+ e\q *q b|# (R HqT < n de+
|#s, |X+dqT b+<\qT=H #&T ]) be+ e\q X\+. u+
yTT<q eT*H\T be+ e\qeT*qsV +. s+&+{ nqvZDdT, edT\qT
(eT..1) nqTd]+ \TdTy*. eXe] qT yT~. TT~b<d b+<+
e\q |#jT{ q~. ueH |swqT b+<+ e\q X\+. nq>
383
|~ deT<T\T
8. TT~ *> $<q+ y| eTs*k&T. e+#T&T ` & TT~ n+f
deT~ b+<+, se+, u+ n ns+ . y ]qy] ] Hsy s T T+~
(KT.. | 388). + HceT TT~ b+<TT+~, qT TT~. ~ s>
Z+|CdT+~ qT |Vs+. (Be\q) nsesZ+ d~dT+~ qT TT~.
s> <rdT+~ qT |Vs+ (KT.. 5`494).
s $<q+ ~ ` deT~ b+<+ nH ns+ TT~. ~ d+|<
|sjT+. m+<Tq> ` >V| + o\e+eT. D. y n&T
u$wT HqT #e]qeq d+*d o\e+T + X<yTq~ e+
e\q njTT d+\+ HsysTT+~ (d+.. 3`1499)
+= $<q+ ` B e\q dT \T e~ b+<TsT qT TT~. TT<T& &T
qT TT~eT+T&T, e~eT+T&T, #eTd b+<y&T ne&T ` ~ ns+.
n~ (TT~) |~ s\T> +T+~. n+<T TT<T? n |+|&q|&T
|~ TT<T\T n #|&+~. s ` |~ @$? n n&q|&T (1).
n~cq.. (2). $sD...(3). eTHeTjT...(4). Cq$ks. ..(5). de~ $ks. ..(6).
s...(7). s$b...(8). |De+... (9). $<eTjT...(10). n&& deT
|j> |\ds| TT<qeTH ns+ TT~ (KT..5`487)
n~cq TT~ ` B &jTT+&jTT qqT nH\T>, e+<, ysTT, \>
L& \+, <HqTK+ (esq+) #k&T. s nH\T> n>T<TqT
>! n d+*k&T .(n~cq+) #k&T . (KT.. 5`470). $&> |+#+,
d+\\+ |+ e\q ~ n~cq TT~ nq&TT+~. (1)
$sD TT~ (s esT=H X) ` n&T dVyTq sb e<*
qqT esT>H, beTT>H #|+#T +{&T.. ..eTT+<]eH. .. nH$ <\T>
q dHePV+> #|+#T+{&T. (KT.. 5`473). eq TT~
dVyTq sb e<*, $ssb <]+#+ e\q ~ $sD TT~
nq&TT+~.(2)
eTHeTjT TT~ ` & _e Xs+ s Xs, eTHeTjT sb
384
387
nH\T> es 1bVs+
|eTjT bVs+
15. $se+ sue+ ` nq> |eTe&T. n<XeTe&T n ns+.
< d+<s+ |{d+_<eT>Z #| &+~ ` $se+ ` < e\q L&
<>+&, |&+&, \+> |+#+. sue+ ` <e\HH
e]+|&, <, |& +{&T. (KT.. 5`470)
& |+ y\qTH e N{ y\T>T> e]yk&T. < <
q< syk&T. |+#+& +&< |+#T #k&T.
m>+f? y j <q<, < <s+> q< qT
#&\qTH, sT\ #b\qTH, <suyTq <q+qT+& ,
N{d\+ y\T>T +&be>! n> # eTjT& q~ sTe&T>!
n>, |+#+& q~ |+#T>! n +, #|&q$<+>H
|]s #d. n~cq+ #k&T . n~cq+ #jT +f <qT>TD+> es&T.
sT\T <s+> q< L& #ksT, < qT L& #&\qT+f
#&e#T.
16. bVs+ yTT< me]# #|&+~? u> y qT# #|&+~.
#dTu<# V+|&, u>yqT&T $Xs# ]+|&q <Te+<\
L{>s\ (msTTq Ks\T>\ yT&\T) <s XedqT+& k eT< @&T
jH\ es yTq|&T Xed q>sydT\T, k q>sydT\qT, k
q>sydT\T Xed q>sydT\qT #&>\TZ<TsT >! n n~cq+ #X&T.
(d+*+#&T). n> q>s+ eT< ~, u$T s+&T u>\T> $&Bd +<
nMN qs+ es, X s+&T u>\T> $u+ |q V+ es
#|+#&T. (1)
<ysVD < e\q L& ns dw+ #j *.
#| sT ` u> y qT&T jTeTbVs+ #d, mqT~ H\T>Ty\ bDT*
+< q + qT+& $& | + , +#& T ` > & q\+ T< T \ T
jTeTbVs+ s m& ysT ? n&T ~eH+ e\q jT d+ X ue H
y[q T> \TdT=H&T. n|&T b< u $T|H , += b< jTT>+<s
395
X+> e]bsTT.
27. #&ujT d$sT&T nH&T ` jTTw+Ts! de|
#], <HedT&T e+ m+<T? n + @>+> <? @> @
jT kH\qT >T]+ X+ n>T>! n d+*k& j kH\T X+>
e]bsTT.
n #|q|{ >& nTqT+& T se{ #+~q (>eTq+ yTT<q
bVs+ #|&q) $<q+ |syT ns+ #dTy*. nq> b<jTT
e< Xj >V+qT>H #j*. +<T <w+ <T.
28. ~> @++ ~>{ L& n&T ~eH+ \y&T y*.
m+<Tq> n&T qdeTV+ < |T + < >eT<s+ ~ qT\
deT+ TT~ |<]eTT+~. (n~ u>yqT# w~+|&+~). n+<Te\q
~eH+ #dT=, qdeTs+ # @++ ~>*.
29. #+< dsT\qT # &T, sT<T&T ` (B.. 1`69) &
q\T~s+&T y\ jH\ mT| m>s+ e\q #+<dsT\ >=|q+, +
eT&T Bb\qT D
+ #|+# y{ eTVqTue+ \Td +~. <
mT| q&e+ e\q, |+#+ e\q TT~eT+\T. eTVX *
+&+ e\q eTVqTue+. y{| j d]k&T. H\T>T ~\qT+&
n<| |] qT> &T.
n TT~ n_ <s+> q \+H d~dT+~. & dD
de| jTeT+ <T. m+<Tq> |{d$T<eT>Z #| &+~ `
#+<dsT\qT ... eTT+<]eH... &T. & eX+
+#Tq TT~eT+T&T ds #+<T\qT >T]+ k&T. +q
s Cq+ d+\+ #k&T. #sTT n+<+ <s+ +&\qT+f,
n$ #sTT n+<+ <s+ +{sTT. n&T LsT+&, < |&T= #+<T
< dsT # &T. d++<y T ss#T =+{&T. sT<T &T. TT~ keq
|\T eT # eq @<H uedTeqT qT>, d++<yTss#T
=qTqT>, sT<Tq T> TT~eT+T&T ... eTT+<]... eH. .. sT<T &T. (KT..
5`471).
y n&T djT+> bsTT \qT=+f, bsTT &T. n&T
LsT+&, < |&T= \qT=+f # n+<+ |]~ sy\ d+\+
#k&T. d+\+ #jT+f >\qT+& s*q {|+&T e # *q|&T
402
407
1. d+\TT~
2. $sD TT~
410
3. eTHeTjT TT~
411
|<eT&e |]#<+
>T]+# Cq+
5. |]CH nq< $esD ` nq> & (ds>+ yTT<q s|+)
>T]k&T qT >T]+#~. nq> < $u>\qT ssD #dT+~.
>T]+#~ qT >T]+# Cq+ nq&+~. n~ >T]+#~>, Cq+>
L& +~ qT >T]+# Cq+ n < >T]+ #|&+~. s dT\
jTT ` qT> $T*q dT\jTT. |s |<Z\Ts jTT ` nq B L& n<
ns+, $HjT (D b+<) qT\qT {, + |<X| sT =s ysT
ysT Xu\T |j +#&HsTT. + ` q + n .
$u+ \TdT=+{&T ` $u+, s>+ L&q yTT<q u<\qT{ nH
$<\T> \TdT=+{&T
6. CH \T>CdTe+ m? CH ~e#e |]s.
B Cq+ \T>TT+~. +<Te\q _ e q (#|qT) |+#T=
~e#e sT\ V<jT|+&+ |{ s| s+>TqT #d, CH
\TdTy*. m+<Tq> + keTqd+> q|&T V<jT|+& s+ msT|>,
eT]|+&T s+>T +T+~. + <sqd+ q|&T q\ Hs&T |+&T
s + > T +T+~. + | L & j T Tq| & T X < y T q qTe\
qH +T+~.
qT < s|+ keTqd +~jT+ e\q \T>TT+~. ~ <sqd
+~jT+ e\q \T>TT+~ ` n $<+> sT\ V<jT| s+>TqT #d,
\TdT=+, >T]+# CH <&|s#Ty*.
CH <&|s#T=q|&T, + qT+& eTT+<Tb,
V<jT|+& #&+&H ee#s, sbe#s \{ \TdT=+{&T.
n < # | & + ~ L & ` ns | + s T \
\TdTy\qT=Hy&T me] V<jT|+& #k&T? me] V<jT|+&
#&&T. ~ TT~eT+T\ $wjT+ #|&+~. n&T @ >T]+ nsTTH
+q|&T < |<VsT s\qT >T]+ \TdT=+{&T. & e&q
esq+ bs+_\ d+ <+#&+~.
7. ds> + ` yTT<q y m$T~ s\ u+ L&q
1.X\eTT < nX\eTT n XsTT+|C\~. s |s+ > dy T q ~.
414
|Psq\ dCq+
9.|Psq\ Cq esq |uykqTdxDjT (B. 1) n
|Psqd d++~+q Cq+ >T]+ #| &+~. |uyd ` + eTT+<T
>&bsTTq q\ ed+qTe+{ u>+. e ` ( ed+qTe+{,
eeTq> ed+q, nqTu+q, q d+q+ |{ sT<yTq <
ed+#&q <s+. ed ` *dq yd| s|+ ed+q, q $Cq+
<s *dq, |]$TyTq. < d+ks # u>+ #dqysT |s$Cq+
\TdTq. n~ T<T\ eyT \T>TT+~.|uykqTd ` |Psyk\qT
1.<+ > $eTTR es uy\ e T*H\ qT+& $eTT 2.$w+uq + R nDyjT + <s
e T*H\ qT+& $eTT 3.deTT#< + R s\q+ <s e T*H\ qT+& $eTT 4.||X R
|X+ e\q e T*H\ qT+& $eTT 5.dsD+ R | +#Te+ e\q e T*H\qT+& $eTT.
415
<qu+ V+ |&sT.
26. es+ bsTTq #\+ s s +&e dsT&T <sTTk&T . u> y qT&T
L& nH&T ` _es! deTjT+ n~ sT>TT+~. &
d|dsT\ d $|\+> $e]+#*. dsT&T <sTT+q s s
V<T , |>{ V<T *jT<T. dsT&T <sTTk&T. += dsT&T
nd$Tk&T. + m|& ds|+ +& +T+~. dVyTq dsT&T
<e|T&q T> \$HX dsT&T <e|T&T &T. n& (X+) dV yTq
dsT&Tq|{ yT|\T, b>eT+#T L& +{sTT. \$HX dsT&T
q|&T X+ b>eT+#T, yT|\T +& n<+ s\+> +T+~. >+>,
jTeTTq, dsu , nse, eTV <T q<T\T | q q q<T\ m+&bsTT.
+ s # deTj eT&e dsT&T <sTTk&T. <
eTVq<T\T L& m+&bsTT.
deTjT+ L& >&q s H\Ze dsT&T <sTTk&T. n~ |+
e\q Ve\j\ qT+& |f eTV q<T\ eT\T ` d+V|b+, V+dbq+,
seTT+&+, s<s dsdT, eqd dses+, w&+ dsdT, D\ dsdT `
@&T eTV dses\T m+&bsTT.
s # deTjT+ >&q |<| <e dsT&T <sTTk&T. dsT&T
<sTT+q s #yeT+ e\+ $]e+ +&bT+~. m+<Tq>
eT n+ $]> e]bT+~. #y+> \# y\ L& $]
eyT +T+~.
27. s # @&e dsT&T <sTTk&T. <jT+ bf
#yeT+, |~y\ #y\ bT nC\> e]bT+~. qsTjH\
dTyTsT Ks+ L& b&, b&jT X+H n<XyTbT+~. nC\\T
#T sVs <e+ es y|ksTT. n& +>sT $eq+, s $eq+,
eTD $eq+ yTT<q y{ * jTd+X ueH |T=+T+~. n~
yTT<{ <qu$T es bT+~. n& eT&T V\q * uds
e >TT+~. d+d<s+ nDTe+ q+ es L& n~ ]b<T.
d+ks\ q+q s HsTT>, qH > eT+& nC\ &<
L& +& ]bT+~. +~ X+bT | X+ L& _&+<s+
n\TeTT+T+~.
$es\+ (dw)
421
|THsT.
ds #+<T\T |{q s q\ >T+|\T |{HsTT. (n, usD,
sVD yTT<q$> q\T sTe~ @&T> \|&HsTT. <d+ M{ d+K
sTe~ m$T~> #|&+~) n|{qT+& |>\T ` s, n> eT+> |\T,
H\\T, TTTe\T, d+es\T *jTkHsTT.
#+<dsT\T <sTT+q|& dTyTsT, #y+, Ve\jT |s\T
|&sTT. n$ n+ eTT+<, yqT +& b\TZD |P]eT H& |&sTT.
m? <T\T (syTq ~qTdT) e+&&TTq|&T deTjT+ T&>\T
ksTT. n> = = u u>\T | ksTT. n|&T +~ u> deTT<\,
| u> Bb\ @s&sTT.
32. sT> q eT{ Vs+> rdTH y] =+<sT s|\T>, =+<sT
s|e+T\T> nesT. M] n+<+> qysT n+<+> y] <]+#sT .
y] nV+s+ e\q sd|~ esT#+~, m+&q us&T ]q+> neT+~.
y] #sD b\ e\q n~L& e] b<\\T ( syTq r>) |&sTT.
e~ n$L& bsTT <Tq+&, $+&H |+& e]<q+ |&TT+~.
n~ qTd, } +& dT>+< * +T+~.
33. n|&T b\T |&sTT. ysT e&qT (_j) b +| (bsTT)
s| |&sT. eT+ q+ H < &dT+~. nq+ eT |P\
+T+~. < Ls\T, |\TdT\T neds+ +&e. ysT |\T|, r| @ syTq
sT y\qT+f n+<T n<$<yTq sT @s&TT+~.
n|{qT+& ysT >{ Vs rdTe+ yTT<\T|&sT.
eT\`eT\T |&sTT. < $d]+ #{ y] eDeTTK+ R eT\<s+
yTT<q$ _ eksTT. s &q+ (d+), eT>q+ (|sTw+)
@s&sTT.
34. &~ eT>y, eT>y&T &< s |y\+& #ksT . s |y\+&
#&+ e\q y] eTs+ |&TT+~. n|&T ysT + yTT<\T |&sT.
#&T <s q&e+ e\q *dqy]# +~+|&, |+|&, ysT #&T
<s <#{ +&T T+{sT. ysT +& + mes keT]
# Vs \Te#dTe+ yTT<\T |&sT. n|&T qTd, } _j
|+ yTT<T+~. n|{qT+& dq# <q+ eTs\ yTT\e<T. (<q+
423
n~ |s><T).
35. ysT ##] ` nj! bDT b|<s+ e#]+~. yTT< eTq+
eTHeTjTT\T> +&ys+. (B..3`661). |sD n>Zx d+
$|\+> \TdTy*.
n|&T b\ >T @ss#T+{sT. &T += u> <=+*+#+
yTT<\T|&&T. { s+&TksT { #|H $qq|&T eT&ek] s\ =&sT.
$<+> <=+>q+, +<, s\ =+ yTT<q$ s+uyTq s n+
# # ] k s T ` eTq+ e mqT +f m
+T+~? mqT&q e +|e\dq y] k&T. eT+<*+| e\dqy]
eT+<*k&T . Vw]+|e\dqy] Vw]k&T . | #dq +<T eTq+ n
=+ e]<q+ d +<+.
n< \ + d e Tj T + bDT\ d T +< s e TT& T , n+< ] q
n+<yTqy&T, n+<]q <sDjTT&T, T~eT+T&T nsTTq e u>yqT&T
u~dT&T> +f u>T+T+< XsTT+#sT. n|&T ysT n e< bsTT,
n n& mqT=HsT. n& eTVqT\ e\q mqT&+ e\q
eTV d e T T & T , \ j T e e+ e\q j T T& T , n+< ]
s++|Cdy&T qT sE nq& eT&T |s *jT&H&T. m+<Tq>
+ m& XssyTq kq+ H < u~dT& eT\|sTw&T>
+{&T. u~dT HjT+ jTdeTV+ @s&+~. eT+> uVD
yTT<q es\T L& d+|T{yTHsTT.
36. q+|Cd yT|T+ yTT<\T= C\ ]bjT es >\
nd+Uj d+es+ n+{sT. q+|C d C\ ]be+qT+& yTT<\T=
|~y\ #y\qT |]|Ps+ #d, |qeH |k~+# eTVyT|T+ es
` s+&e nd+Uj d+esksTT n+{sT. eTs\ J$ q eTVyT|T+
yTT<\T= #+<`dsT\T |fe s ` eT&e nd+Uj d+es+ n+{sT.
#+<`dsT\ |T yTT<\T= eTs\ q+|Cd eTVyT|T+ es `
H\Ze nd+Uj $esksTT n+{sT. H\T>T nd+Uj\T *d
eTV\+ neT+~. n |j, eTs\ dw \TdTy*. (1)
37. n \+ q+#|&T yTT<H \$HX yT|T+
eTT+<T #| &q |s+>H $|\+> *jTCj *.
424
#T ` Cq+
45. (|T) Cq esq #T Cq+ =s (B.. 1`91)
#e (#T), |T\ Cq+ d+ nq< $esD` @ Cq+ bD #eqT,
|Tq T \TdT+{& < d+. nq> ~e# Cq+ d+ =b&T,
e+#T&T ` <y| |]s =b&T. e+#T&T. n&T `
y| =bjT _e.
427
|s+ (General)
63. $<+> |+#d+<\ $wjT+ $E&q H<T&T (T<T&T) *|q
nsTT<T n_\ (<. $.eT. |H+&e |]#<+) bT, $T <H L&
n+<TH \TdTy*.
M #e ` |T\H |sT>\ ~eH u$wCq+, sqqTd]+qCq+
$ s+&T nqT+< CH\T. $ s+&T, TT~$<q+ yTT<q nsTT<T @&T
n_C CH\T & eHsTT. |&T y{ <s\ eZsD eT
+&L&<T. n+<T `
eTV] H\T>T \+q (<s) \qT *|H&T. n$ @$? |]$T \+q
+, esZ\+q +, nr\+q +, n<\+q +. (B..
1`71,72).
64. M TT~$< Cq+ 1.|]$T 2.eTV<Z 3. nr 4. nH> 5.
|T q 6.n< 7.uV \+q+ ` @&T \+H\ e]dT + ~. m>+f`
n&T Xs +| <s|&T #d, |+# Xs+ by\qT=+{&T.
deTjT+ Xs s|+ esT=+{&T. eTV<Z + Xs
+#T&T. s|k&T. n|&T ~ |j>|& \+q+ qT ~ |]$T
\+q+ \~ neT+~. m+<Tq> B \+q+ s|jT+. (1)
Xs+| <s|&T #d |+# Xs+ by\qT=q|&T
Xss|+ esT=+{&T. <s+> q <q s|jT+
+#T&T. s|k&T . n|&T B n\+q+ eTV<Z + qT ~ |j >|&
\+q+> \+|&, eTV<Z \+q+ \~ neT+~. (2)
n< + >&bsTTq, s~+|&q \+q+ \~ nsTTq|&T nr
\+q+ \~ neT+~. (3)
eTV<T<q+ eTVX|d$sT&T yTT<qy], u$wTqT (#&\)
d + * +# y]d + nH> \+q+ ne T +~. eTV X | d $ s T & T
eTV<T<q+ #d|&T u$wT s+&Te+<\ |<$T @+& es ydq
m+&b+&T>! |\+ [ b+&T>! B|+ ]b+&T >! `
d+*+#&T. n+ n> ]+~. nX>T| d$ sT&T e jT XjT Hdq+
_e\T s> q, m+&q nH ++&> # { |w]D |~q+
uqdeTj eTT+<T |sT>T> esT>! n d+*+#&T. uH eTT+<T
434
439
$X~esZ+
eT&e u>+
14. d+<esq+
|C< q +
1. Te+{ Cq+ >=|> n\+T&q _e beTTK+ e]+|&q
dsde~ e\dq+ b+~H&T. |&&T |Ce+T&T |<Z\ o\+
* , |\qT u$k&T ` n >+<s+u+ #|&qT> |qT
|+b+~+#Ty* n dwyT+~. | # |+> e]+|&+ e\q
< \TdTeyT dT\u+ q|&T < |+b+~+#Te+ m MT+~?
n+<T < $d]+#{, ueH |< \T|{ +~ |X\T
yjT&TTHsTT.
(1) | nq> @$T{? (2) ~ @ ns+ | nq&TT+~? (3) B \D+
@$T{? (4) B | (sd+) @$T{? (5) ~ m *jT&TT+~? (|T|kq+).
(6) B <>Z]sDyT~ (|<kq+) (7) | m $<\T> +T+~? (8)
B m |+b+~+#Ty*? (9) |Cueq >=|qyT$T{?
2. |X\ eT+>, $|\yTq de<H\T $ `
(1) |C nq> @$T{? ` | $$< $<H\qT { nH |s\T>
+T+~. n $<T\qT, |s\qT e]+#+ yTT<\T|& n~ d+<s+
@ e+ |jH *+#b> |sD+ n~ $|TsD+ L&
neT+~. n+<Te\q yTeTT | |dT d+<s d]bjT nsy T #| THeTT.
n~ ~ ` X\+ L&q $|XHCqyT | nq&TT+~.
3.(2) @ ns+ | nq&TT+~? |sj (#>) \TdTeyT |
nq&TT+~. #> \TdTe+ @$T{? #> \TdT<q @<H $w
s $$<s\T> \TdTe{ #> \TdTe+ n+{sT. m>+f `
d+, $Cq+, |\T \TdTe+ deq+> q|{, d+ e\+ \+ <
440
|Cu< <q+
442
|+b+~+#T=H $<q+
1. s|d+<+
\ + #dT = |#j
T +, d+ (<e T.d+.| 176) |< +|&+~. m+<Tq>
& ns+ HH+ <T. n+<Te\q Xu\ (|#jT+, d+) sX+
jTH\ |+|<\jT y{ sosD +. + s|d+ >V yT s|+jTT d+
n #|&+~.
n< L& ` #jT+ n+{sT. e~ |#jT+ n+{sT.
s+s+ *jTT+&{ d+ n+{sT ` #| qBrs+ e&q
u$ sT }s+ e+{~ #jT+, +&+ deqyTq~ |#jT+ e~.
|q y|+ bs* bs+ deqyTq~ d+ (s+s+) * +&+ `
|eq+ #|&+~. n> |eq+ esq ` #|+
<X yT$T? jTq+ e\q #jT + #| &+~. #jT + e\q jTq+ #| &+~
n yjT&+~. n+<Te\q B dw+> ns+ #dTy* ` sb\ jTT
yTT<{ #jT+ nq&TT+~. <|q L& eTs\ eTs\ |f sb\
, y+&+# s+ *jT&+ e\q d+ nq&+~.
eTTd*q+ (s R Js ) ` sb\qT |]|+ #jT+ eTTd*q+ jTT
\D+. $HXH <>Zse+ B |. due+ =\>q|{, =ue+ |f
d be+ e\q, <q+ eTTbe+ e+{ d e\q ~ *jT&TT+~.
y+T\T \&+ yTT<q$, <+\T yTT<q y $s+ yTT<q$
|+#+ B <>Z]sD+.
$Xw+ ` K+&+ e+ yTT<q$ |+#+ e\q & #|&q~
|+# eTTd*q+ eyT. ns| <s\ eTTd*q+ |+# eTTd*q+.
n> u$T, sT, |s+, #+<T&T, dsT&T yTT<qy{ eTTd*q+ nMN s
nq&TT+~. y{ L& $s+ (|+# eTTd*q+) <T. (22)
s| n ` sb\qT _q+ (q+|) #jT+ B \D+. d+d<q+
( be+ < eTTbe+ B |. q+#+, ]be+ e\q ~
*jT&TT+~. q+b q s|+ B <>Z] sD+. (23)
eTT<\T> rdT=q& Vs+ ` B zd (nejTy\{ ]> sd+
jTT ksyT) B \D+. sb e+ B |. ds b&+ e\q ~
*jT&TT+~. eTT< eTT<> q& Vs|<s+ < <>Z] sD+. bD
+|Cd X ~ |sT. (24)
b > sb\ esq+ +~. n< nsTT \+, d+ue+ (sT,
X+), C, (|T), s>+ eT] H\T>T sb\T n+^]+#&HsTT. =+<sT
455
457
C\T. (3)
s, TTTe, +, Vs+ qT+& |{q H\T> TsC\T. \Dsb
$& q$ TsC\T. (4)
\D s|+ m&qT+& |{q~ <T. m+<Tq> |{q< |T +&<T.
|{q sb\T e\+ |]|+ e+, u+>+ e+ nH s+&T \D\qT *
+{sTT. (5)
# <s d+>D ` sbjTq+, XujT q+, >+<jTq+, skjTq+,
dsjTq+, X<Te, \<Te, s|+jTT *q+, yT<q+, sD,
s| |#jT+, s|d+, s Vs+ ` <s\T + qT+& |&sTT.
(<.d+.|. 365) yTT<q |sD |T$wjT+ (C {) m&qT+&
|{q$> \+|&HsTT. n$ sb |{+# sD\jTT qTue D+
|+#+ e\q n #|&+~.
s|d+<+jTT $ks <q+ de|+.
$Cqd+<+
28. s d+< nqTuy b+< \D+ \<q+ # #] n~
y<Hd+<+ nq&TT+~.2. >TsT |f \D+ \<q+ # #] n~
d+Cd+<+ nq&TT+~. 3. d+dsD+ #d \D+ \<q+ # #]
n~ d+ksd+<+ nq&TT+~. 4. \TdT=H \D+ \<q+ #
#] n~ $Cqd+<+ nq&TT+~.
M $Cqd+< >T]+ \TdT=+f, s d+<\qT >T]+ \TdTe+
dTeeT+~ qT yTeTT yTTyTT< $Cqd+< >T]+ e]k+.
|& yTeTT \TdT=H \D
+ \<+ deT>+> $Cqd+<+ nq&TT+~
n *jTCXeTT. \TdT=H \D+ @$T{? $Cq+. b #|&+~
` \TdT=+T+~. $Xw+> \TdT=+T+~ jTTcH! n+<T $Cq+
nq&TT+~ (eT.. `1). & $Cq+, +, eTqdT Xu\ ns+ f.
\TdT=H \D+ duy { f L& |TqT { eT&T $<\T>
+T+~. n$ ` 1.X\+ 2. nX\+, 3. ny+.
29. M X\+ u $T u< { H\T>T $<\T ` 1.ee#s+ 2.
sbe#s+ 3. nsbe#s+ 4. s+.
459
1. X\ +
:
:
:
:
:
08 (m$T~) s\T
05 (nsTT<T) s\T
04 (H\T>T) s\T
04 (H\T>T) s\T
21 (sTe~ {) ()
2. nX\ +
3. ny +
X\
08
05
04
04
21
nX\
12
00
00
00
12
$b
23
05
04
04
36
jT
11
05
04
00
20
yTT+
54
15
12
08
89
{ \TdTy*.
(9). ds+ (d+|{#q) ` $u+ >b # ]CH |{+ , s<
b+<+H + , eTqdT, eqd+, y{qT+& |f eTH<Te\T nH e#H
{, #]Cq+ yTT<qy{ s M $wj\H d]d, X\$b+ s
nX\$b+ \ eTH<Te |&TT+~. Te+{ s +&T $b$CH\ >V D
nqTd]+ |e \TdTy*.
(10). $#sD (d+rsD) ` $u+>b* eTH<Te L& |{
sT<eTjT< bf |&TT+~, +, eTqdT, eqd+, + y{ qT+& |f
eTH$Cq<Te\T nq y { eTH<Te qT+& d]d q $wjH
|]o\q #d , nX\, X\ \+q+ keTqd+ L&q, + w eT< d+
| L&q $b nVTeTH$Cq <Te |&TT+~. $<+> eT&T
$b \ |]o\qqT { |e \TdTy*.
(11). XjT+ (eek|q) |]o\q s n< $wj XsTTd,
| L&q j nVT eTH$Cq<Te |&TT+~. $<+>
eek|qqT{ j+jTT |e \TdTy*.
(12).eq+ ` eek|q+ s y s|+ yTT<q \+q+ eTVY
(eTVq) nsTT eek| $wjT + m$T~ ee#s X\ qT+& < |H +&T
nX\ qT+& < =$T~ new ee#s jT\qT+& @<H <e\q
sT < @&T eq\T |sT > T sTT. ~ |+#<s |< .
, eTH<s+ eTH<s esq + s n< >u q |q sbe#s+
qT+& nsTT<T X\, nsTT<T j\T, nsbe#s+qT+& H\T>T X\,
H\T>T j\T, s+ qT+& H\T>T esZ\T, H\T>T |\\T `
@y$ @jT | j\qT b+<Tj, njT$ |sT > T sTT. $<+ > @u nsTT<T
eH\qT nqTd]+ X\, nX\ j$b \ |e \TdTy*.
(13). <\+q+ ` eq+ esq, y |+#<s+ e< neTVY,
eTH<s+ e< | ($u ) \+q+ , n|&T ee#s bDT\ ee#s
eq+ esq |jT \+H nqTd]+, @jT |j\T <=sTj, j
y{ nqTd]+ m$T~ dVT ee#s $b\qT+&, $b nVT
eTH$Cq <Te\T eT&+{ qT+& @<H {, |yV m<TsTb q
H yqTy+ = D\d| bjT {, uy+> \+q+ qT+& s+&e
\+q+ |sT>T q eH yqT yqT *+& s+&T ksT <
468
y<Hd+<+
43. yqT #|qT> ` nqTuy b+< \D+ \<q+ # #]
< y<H d+<+> \TdTy*. & L& nqTue+ *+# \D+
\~ y<q jT. n+<T b #| &+~ ` jTTcH! nqTuy b+<TT+~.
nqTuy b+<TT+~ ` qTH y<q nq&TT+~. (eT.. 1eu>+)
44. y<q nqTuy *+# \D+ \~ e+ e\q duy {
$<+> +q|{ Cu< { eT&T $<\T> +T+~ ` 1. X\+
2. nX\+ 3. ny+.
n& ee#s$b y<q keTqd, |, Cq, d+d u<\m$T~
s\T neT+~. #|&q X\$Cq+ L&jTTq< X\+>,
nX\+ L&jT Tq< nX\+>, ny+ L&jT Tq< ny+>
\TdTy*.
45. n~ dueu< + nsTT<T$<\T> +T+~ ` 1. dTKy<q , 2. <T'Ky<q
3. keTqd y<q 4. <sqd y<q 5. | y<q.
469
d+Cd+< <q+
d+ksd+< <q+
1. X\ d+ks+
n& ee#sX\ $Cq+ \ jT ds|+ qT+& eq sTe~@&T
471
ny d+ks+
y<Hd+<+ yTT<q$
67. |q s|+ e]+#&qT>H, y<q yTT<q y{ L& y<sTT \D+
yTT<q y{ b>T#d y<H d+<+ yTT<q y{ ns+ #dT y*. m+<Tq>
y<q yTT<qyq s y<Hd+< yTB +&<T.
& nr~ $u>+ d+, D nqTd]+ y<qjTT u, u$wY,
eseH\qT \TdTy*. d+{ ` M~, eq+, de|
| { q ~, n > @ M ~ d e j > (d + +< ) b+~q~ es e q+.
n+eTT+<]~ nr+, sTy~ nH>+. D+ yTT<qy{{ ,
d, $HXq+ DjT+ |{ |Ps+, n|s+, eT<uy b+~,
q | #d +&~ eseq+. n+ eTT+<]~ nr+. < s~
nH>+ nq&TT+~.
u +s, uV u<+ ` q nu+s u+seT, sT\ uV
uV+ n \TdTy*.
68. d\, d u<\ ` nX\ y<q d\+, X\y<q, ny y<q
d + nesTT yTT<q $u+ >b e]+|&q |< C, due+, |<\Z T&T,
, s\qT nqTd]+ \TdTy*. m>+f `
C ` C (q) { nX\ y<q d<w, jT, nVT X\ d+|+
e\q X++| e >\~> +T+~. n+<Te\q ~ X\y<q b*d d\ +>
+T+~. ds m|& +&+ e\q, Vd+|q+ e+ e\q, d$b+
e+ e\q, u< L&q~ e+ e\q, <wdV+ e+ e\q, j
ny+ b*d d\+. X\ ny y<q, eTT+<T #|&q $|sjT
sD+ e\q, nX\+ b*d d+. X\+, nX\+ ` s+&T y<q\T
L& eT | +&+ e\q, V+ +&$ e+ e\q, d$b+
e+ e\q, dV+> s+&T L& ny y<q\ b*d d\+.
eTT+<T#|&q $|sjT+ (b*d) ny\T s+&T L& yq d\T.
$<+> C{, y<q\ d\, d u<* \TdTy*. (1)
485
d]+#&T.
$CH n+> #d $Cq Vs k&T . n+ ue TqT
e<*yk&T . n$< nH es<q T ~yk&T . n$<j>+qT+& ys&T. n$<
de+ y&&T. o\e jT+<H $]yk&T. <w b<H
d]+#&T.
e< &T yTT<q y{ >T]+ #d +q+ e\q # u+ \T>TT+~
qT Bs|sTw&T <T d+<\qT e<&T yTT<q y{ nqTd]+ eTqq,
+H\T #j *. (6)
dqT\ |dq =s s+|&q $X~esZ+jTT |C ueH~s+
d+<esqeTH |<TH\T>e |]#<+ de|+.
492
495
12
32
jT
11
05
04
yTT+
54
15
12
20
81
496
s $CH\T (40)
n+>
esZ
|\ yTT+
k| 5
5
10
d <>$T 5
5
10
nH>$T 5
5
10
ns
5
5
10
40
2. <T$ks <q+
8. jTq$ks+ s <T$ks eT+ yTT<T+~.
<Te\T ` <Te\T |<TH$T~ nesTT. ` n$ (1). # <Te
(2). s| <Te (3). #]Cq <Te (4). X<Te (5). X <Te (6).
X$Cq <Te (7). |D<Te (8). >+<<Te (90. |D$Cq<Te
(10). V<Te (11). sd<Te (12). V$Cq <Te (13). jT<Te
(14). ds<Te (15). jT$Cq<Te (16). eTH<Te (17). <s<Te
(18). eTH$Cq<Te. n& (b) `
ns+, \D<T\, eT+, e+, d+K, |jT+ (sD+),
<we+ <Te\qT XsTT+#* (n #|&+~). n& `
ns+ ` <Te\ $Xw D
+ $<+ > +T+~ ` k~dT+ ~ (# )
qT #e. s|jT R sb #|dT+~ qT s|+. #ejTT $Cq+
qT # ]Cq+. $<+ > # e yTT<q <Te\ ysT ysT ns* $Xw + #*.
n$Xw (keq) ns+ ` $<H @sT #dT+~, <sD #dT+~, B
$<q+ q&T|&TT+~, < & +#&TT+~ qT +<Te\q L& <Te
n \TdTy*.
<Te\T sDue+ eedyT, &T nH d+ks<T'U\
sDyTq +>sT`y+& yTT<q <Te\qT <]+#TqT>, sTeqT ydy&T
sTeqT yjTTqT> bDT\# <] +|&TsTT. <Te\T <T'K$<q+ eyT .
m+<Tq> n$ $eX+. sDq <Te\ d+ks<T'K+ bDT\
nqTjsTT> es&TT+~. $<+> #e yTT<q y = <s+
k< yTq +> $<q+ #jT &TT+~. <] +|&TT+~ ` yTT<q ns\ <Te
497
nq&TT+~.
9. ]\ eT+ q<qTq due' qT>H $ (<Te\T)
L& e. n$ duy <]ksTT qT <Te\T. + $
s+>T\T>\ Vs+, eTq'\ yTT<q <Te\T ejTe <Te\T
nq&qT>H, <Te\ L& |+#d+<\T>\ Xs+jTT sd, s~
nej T y\
< T e
nH
|s T
+&e\d+~. m+<Tq> #e yTT<q$ L& |sds+ ndeq \D\
$u +|&HsTT.
<Te nH~ $ |sT. u>yqT&T L& nH&T ` _es!
Xs+ sT <Te\T >\~. (eT. ` 3) <Te\ bD+ be{
d+#{ u>yqT&T n u~+#&T. qT |q e]+|&q ns+ #e
eT]jTT <Te s +& *d # <Te ... eTH$Cq+ eT]jTT <Te s +&
*d eTH$Cq<Te ` & ns+ XsTT+#*. (1)
10. \D+ yTT<qy ` #e yTT<qy{ \D+ L& &
$Xj \TdTy*. #e yTT<qy{ \D+ +eTT+<T |<TH\Ze
d+<+ $|\+> \T|&+~ qT M{ n& qT+& \TdTy*.
eT+ ` &L& eTT+<T #|&q eT+ yTT<qy{
|j +|&q u<H eH |j +#*. + n~ VTe, |\ + yTT<q y
eedqT nqTd]+ #|&+~. #<Te, s|<Te s+&T VTe\T.
#]Cq+ |*+. <$<+> $T*q n <Te\qT L& \TdTy*. (3)
11. n+ +&+ ` me, e +& n+ +&+ XsTT+#*.
& n&T>e#TqT ` j d, n> n_<s |<X `
u<Te, Xu<Te, Xq+jTq<Te, $CHq+jTq
<Te, n+#HjTq<Te
Hed+CHd+C <Te, d+Cy~s<
<Te (d+.. ` 2)
eT<Te, yb<< Te, $V+d< Te, H weT<Te, nyb<< Te,
n$V+d<Te (B..3) s+u<Te, weT<Te, |seT<Te
(d+.. 4)
Vq<Te, eT<eT<Te, |D<Te (B.. 3)
|B<Te, nuT e, C<Te, yjTT<Te (eT..3) X< Te,
498
$Cq<Te (eT. 3)
d+d<Te, nd+d <Te (eT.. 3)
nH<Te\T, HH <Te\T >\ + (B..2)
yTT<q s <Te\T L& |ksTT. nqTq|&T n+{
nqTd]+ & $u>+ m+<T #jT&<T?
de<q+ ` due+ |+# n <Te\T |<$T~H #]
+&+ e\q n #jT &< T . m>+f `
s|<Ty u<Te. Xu<Te s|<Te d++~+q~. n~
Xu $T+ . Xu $Ty T Xu< Te. n~ < sb<T\qT+& $&e& +&+
k< + <T. < X\$b \+q+>\ sb<T Xu< Te\T, n+<Te\q
Xu< Te s|+ yTT<q $ eyT . Xq+jTq<Te yTT<q y
y T eTH$Cq<Te. $T*q$ <s <Te\T. d+Cy~ s<< Te due+
<T. n~ s+&T <Te\ s<+ eyT.
< ` eT<Te L& <s<Ty. b L& > #|&+~.
eT<Te @~? eT+ L&q s+, $s+, $T<d+\+ ($.u) <
|<$T~ <Te\T n. +< nMN qs+qT+& |q |s]eXe] <e\
e] es, eT<u>+ ]><+, & d+<eTjT d+<+, <Te,
jTq+, s|+, y<q, d+C, d+ks+, $Cq+ ` e eT<Te nH
nq&sTT n #|&+~. ($.u)
X\<s\ weT<Te ($.u) e#H{ weT<Te L&
<s<Ty. eTH$Cq<Te L& +&H +~. yb<+, $V+d, nyb<+,
n$V+d, dTK+, <T'K+, keTqd+, <sqd+, |, s+u+ , weT+, |seT+
` n <Te\ <s <Te.
Vq, eT<eT, eT ` <Te\T |<$T~ <Te +|&HsTT.
Vq# e yTT<q $ Vq<Te\T. eT< eT# e yTT<q $ eT< eT <Te\T.
eT #e yTT<q$ eT <Te\T. wsjT+ (R nu<+) ` nX\
<s<Te\T, eTH$Cq<Te Vq<Te\T. <$<+> X\, ny
` s+&T L& Vq<Te\T. + #e yTT<q$ eT<eT<Te\T.
s < s <Te, eTH$Cq<Te ` s +&T e T<Te\T.
|B<Te, C<Te, yjTT<Te\T ds<Te. \<Te (n|t <Te),
499
2. d $ks <q +
8. +~j\ esq+ s sd\ esq+, d+<sX{ (esTd)
eT+ +~.
sd\T H\T>T. n$ ` (1).<T'K sd+ (2). <T'KdeTT<jT sd+
(3). <T'K s< sd+ (4). <T'Ks<>$T ||< sd+. n& `
506
17. eT+ $XjT+ ` & L& u<H eH >V +#*. & (b)
d\+ e+ e\q, keq+> n bDT\ |+#+ e\q <T'K+
#> \TdT=q<q~> +~, qTH <T'K+ n{q yTT<{ #|&+~ `
s < sD #|{ <T'KdeTT<jTd+ #|&+~. VTe
s~+|&q|&T |*+ L& s~+|&TT+~ ` nH< #|{ <
s <T'Ks<d+ #|&+~. n{q esq <T'Ks< b+<
bjT+> esdZ + e]+#&+~.
< ` d+ksdTU k~+#+ eT>yTq bDT\ ys>
*+#{ yTTyTT< <T'K+ u~+#&+~. <T'K+ (<Tws) #jT+&
*>~ <T. XsT&T yTT<qy]# |s|+|&q~ <T. B e\q
\T>TT+~ ` n #|{ <T'K+ s deTT<jT+ u~+|&+~.
s VTe L&q <T'K+ y\T&T e+ e\q ys>+ L&q
eTqdT>\ysT, <T'K+qT+& jT|&{ bj nHw+#ysT nsTTq
bDT\, $&T<\ bj nHw+#+ z<sTqT *+#{ s<+
u~+|&+~. n|&T s< b+<{ bjTyTq, nq> bD
s<+ es #s esZ+ |<+|&+~.
$<+> e nqTd]+ $Xj \TdTy*.
18.qq+ yTT<qy{ $XjT+ ` sd\qT e]+# d+<s+
u>yqT&T ` q+ L& <T'KyT. eTTd*q+ L& <T'KyT. eTsD+ L&
<T'KyT. X, |]<eH\T (@&+, s=eTT u<Te+), <T'KyT. <sqd+,
bjd+ (|X|+) L& <T'KyT. n|jT d+j>+ <T'K+, |jT $j>+
<T'K+. sTq~ <=sTbe+ <T'KyT. d+|+> b<q d+<\sTT<
<T'Ks|yT . ($u. b). $<+ > <T'Kesq + |H +&T <s \T +|&HsTT.
w eTw, uew, $uew\ s|+ |qsqy| =bjT~,
q+B s>+ L&q~, n&& n_q+<qqT |{+#~> +~. ($u.b*).
deTT<jTesq+ eT&T s\ w\T \T|&HsTT.
d+|Ps $s>+, s<+, >+, |dsZ+, eTT, d be+> +&
w jTT($u. b* ) s<e sq + s+ |s+ s<+ f yjT&+~.
<T'Ks<||<+ @~? deT<w, .... deTde~ nq& snc+
esyZ T . ($u. b*). es+Z s|+|&+~. $<+ > H\T>T d\ sX +
e]+|&q q yTT<q <s\qT \TdTy*. (8)
511
1.<T'Kesq <q +
(|q #|&q q yTT<q |H+&T <s\ $d $esD)
19. (1). q esq+ ` qqT, s+&T q\qT L& (B.. 1`89)
n #|&qT> & C (q) X+ nH ns\T \~> +~. & C
X+ ue+ nH ns+ |j+|&+~. (2). $XU! sZ+<T\qT |sT>\ XeTD
C \<T (n+.. 1`170) & C X+ deTV+ < d+>V+ nH
ns + | j +| & + ~. (3). C s +& T d +< \ d + > V +| &
+~ (<. . 18) ` & CX+ d+d \D+ d+>V+|&+~. (4).
*>s+ yTT<{ + |{q|{qT+&, yTT<{ $Cq+ <$+q|{qT+&
n q. (eT.e). & |d+~ (|T) ns+ |j +|&+~. (5). q+<!
d+| C (|{q) u~dT&T (eT.. 3) ` # ~ |d ns+
|j+|&+~. (6). nH|, n+~ Cy<+ (B.. 1) ` & ~
\+ (e+X+) nH ns+ |j +|&+~. (7). u ! HqT sC |{q |{
qT+& (eT.. 2). & C X+ so\ ns+ |j+|&+~.
20. CqqT >s+ bDT\ |d+~ yTT<\T= * >s+ qT+& jT
e#+es |e d+<\, n> d+d<, W|| bDT\qT |d+~
d+<\H ns+ #dTy*. ~ >TD+ < eTdV C esq+. >TD,
eTsVyTqy{ $wjT+ e{& n&& |f bDT\ *> j
|d+<T\jTT yTT<{ |T (C) nq&sTT.
n&& ue+ yTT< |+ CjTT \D+. ue+ @<
#s+ B |. <T'U\qT n|+#+ e\q ~ *jT&TT+~.
>\+ ue+ qT+& eseq+ ue+ ~>+ < <T'Ky B
dMT|sD+.
21. <T'K+ ` & q m+<Te\q <T'K+ nq&+~ ` m+<Tq> ~ nH
<T'U\ u$T. (1). <T'K<T'K+ (2).$|]DeT <T'K+ (3). d+ks<T'K+ (4).
|#q <T'K+ (5). n|#q <T'K+ (6). |sjT<T'K+ (7). wsjT <T'K+
n <T'K+ nH $<\T> +~.
& (1) Xs y<q, #d y<q, due+, |sT L& <T'K+ e+
e\q <T'K<T'K+ nq&TT+~. (2). dTKy<q |]DeTs|+ <T'U *+#~
e+ e\q $|]DeT <T'K+ nq&TT+~. (3). |y<q + $T*q
eT&T ueTT\ d+ks\T, , HXH\ u~+|&+ e\q d+ks<T'K+
512
<T b<qd+<\T
2. <T'KdeTT<jT esq+
46. deTT<jTesq+ ` j+ D nq> w n ns+. bH$ `
eTs\ eTs\ |yT |qse+. eTs\ |{+#+ B due+. n+<Te\qH ~
bqs$+ nq&TT+~. q+Bs>q dV> ` q+<, s>\ L&. q+B,
s>+ bT ns { # #]+~ n #|&+~. _q+~ `
Xs+ (ue+) |f |#{ n_q+~+#~> +T+~. djB<+ ` ~
519
3.<T'Ks<esq+
47.<T'Ks<e sq + ` j kjTe DjT yTT<q $<+ > deTT<jT s<
esq+ s+_+|&+~ ` m+<T #jT&+~? deTT<jTs<+ e\q
<T'Ks<+ \T>TT+< \T|{. m+<Tq> deTT<jTs<+ <e\H
<T'Ks<+ k<eTT+~, +<T s esZyTMT <T. n+<T b L&
#| &+~.
s>+ , <&y T q e yTT<\+ q]H eT |sT>TqT>, cd+ ks\T
q+|be+ e\q k+k]<T'K+ eTs\ eTs\ \T>TH +T+~.
(<e T|<+ 338 e ><)
deTT<jT s<+ e\H <T'Ks<+ \>{ MT+~ qT u> y qT&T
<T'Ks< u~d , deTT<jT s<y T n+<T bjTeT *|H&T. < >T &T
d+Vdue+ \y&T. (d+V+ q *q jTT< y+&+#<T . jTT<
$d]qy y+&dT+~.) <>T&T L& |* sD #k&T.
s eTe\+T\T e+{ysT. (s< q|&T sH |Te{
|jTdT+~) ysT <T'Ks< >T]+ u~d, < e]+#|&T,
eT<qTj> (q Xs nH $<\ u~+#+) >T]+ |<Xd,
sD | b<qqT ksT. deTT<jTs< XjT+
<T'Ks< u<qjTT |j> \TdTy*.
48. y#s+ ~ ` kjTe DjT ` |qsy *+# wjTT
nq> eTw yTT<\T> e]+#&q wjTT. $s> ` es+Z . m+<Tq>
b $s>+ $eTT \T>TT+< (eT.. 1) #|&+~. $s>+ s<+
e\q \T>TT+~ qT $s>s<+ nq&TT+~. nqTXj\ (|eT\)
s<+ e\ d+|Ps+> *> $s>s<yT ndd$s>s<+ nq&TT+~. <
` =\be{ $s>+ n+{sT qT d+|Ps+> s<+ ` Te+{ |D[
L& & |dT+~. k<sD+> Xu\ sD |sj.
|ses{ <T'Ks< sdyT sD+ nq&TT+~. m+<Tq>
520
sD<q +
4.eseZ sq +
M{ \D
<T\qT XX k{ \TdTy*.
5. =+<sT ` =+<sT |rdeTT< Xu |{# de # b< R
|{#deTTb< n $u+ |jT+ < r]\ (k+KT\)
nqTeT+|&q | |sTc~ sD\ neds+ +&H deT<+ n
sksT. + <eyT |rdeTT<+ n L& ns+ #|sT.
n~ 1.d+ <=s b e+ e\q 2. d+ $s<+ > +&+ e\q 3.>+;sq jT+
k<+ be+ e\q 4.Xu<{ q~ <T.
d+ be+ e\q ` <e |rdeTT<+ ` nH $wjT+
@ bd+q |+|<T. qT d|eD+ be+ e\q yTeTT @<
*$wj m n+^]+#>\+! (1)
d$s<+ ` () +<T ns+ @ d+q beyT +&
$wjT+ |<X$Vsd+ (d+..) <s es+#&+~ L&. m&?
n|&T u>yqT&T s yTT<{CeTT |rdeTT< nqTeT`|eT
|< eTqq+ #X&T (eTVe>Z). b e#q+ <s+> u>yqT
deTd+T< d ~ yTT<{ $Vs+. |<X$Vs+ (|<X$Vs d+)
$Vs+ u>+. n+<T #|&+~ ` _es! HqT @ $Vs+
deT+T<T&H yTT<{k] $V]+#H, |<X+ (@<X+) H $V]+#qT.
(d+.) n& u> y qT&T e\+ sD+ jTT H +&, s(Structure) <sq+ L& $V]+#&T. n+<T b #|&+~ ` H
\TdT ` $T<<w sD+q, deT< w sD+q ..., nqTue + \T>TT+~.
(|sDq+ $d]+#Ty*) (d+..) $<+> <yT |rdeTT<+
nH n_bjT+ |<X$Vsd+ $s~d +~.
6, (K) n> jTq d+ L& n_bj es+> +~.
n& jTq d+ L& ` jTH! | |Tq T yTq deT|
#qy] + Hd |+|<T . (d+..`2). +jTT sD+ e+
e\q > +~ ` Te+{ #<<w =\+#{ nqTeT
|rdeTT<+ *jT|s# &+~ <e =\+#{ *jT|sT #
&<T. m+<Tq> <e #&+ e\q #<<w =\b<T.
|j\T n$q+ e+ e\q, |j\qT n$qs|+ #&+ e\q
=\bT+~. $<+> <e+ |rdeTT<+ ` nH eT
nqTd]+#y] jTqd+ L& es+> +~. (2)
533
|rdeTT<| >+;s
>+<s |C e#q+ ` >eT (Xd), n~>e* (esZ+, |\+) b+~q
nsT\ >, s k<sD k<\ |rdeTT< ns+ $e]+#+
# w+ ` n n$< |+ ( n+TH&T) `
H&T HqT |j\ s\qT (|rdeTT<) e]+#\qT=q|{
@ <s b+<bTHqT. ~ &T @ dVjTeT +& eTVdeTT<
<{by\qT+TqT> +~.
nsTTq|{ Xdq+ $$< T<|<X\ |]|Ps+> +~. n>
T<e#q+| |Ps#sT\ jTT $dyTq n<\ n$q |s+|s L&
+~. ` s+&T <&yTq k<H\qT XsTT+ B ns e]+#+
yTT<\T|&TTHqT. CdTe\T @>+ $+<TsT>!
m+<Tq> |Ps#sT\T L& B >=|H #bsT `
CdTyesH |rdeTT< yTT<{qT+& es |P]> @>T
$ CH b+<+ <s eTTsEqT <]+# +& | sD b+<TsT.
s +&T <s \qT |< q+> u$d u~+#&T. 1. n$<. m>+f ` _ es!
n$< s+u V<T *jT<T. m+<Tq> n$< + eTT+<T <T
n, < s |{+< B >T]+ @MT #|C\eTT. _es! +e+
` n$< >T]+ #|e#TqT ` + & |H sD+ e\q n$<
\T>TT+< #|&TT+~. (n+. ` 4`228) 2.uew. m>+f `
_es! uew s+u V<T *jT<T. m+<Tq> + eTT+<T
uew <, +\+ s ~ *+< B >T]+ @MT #|C\eTT.
_ es! B>T]+ #| e#TqT + | H sD+ e\q ue w
\T>TT+< #|e+ #dTHeTT. (n+.. 4`232)
18.X+ ` u>yqT&T s+&T <s\H |<q+> u$+ es<H m+<T
s+_+#&T?
de<q+ ` <TsZ , dT>T \ s +&T $Xw sD+ e+ e\q, s +&+{
|<q+> \+ es<q+ s+_+|&+~.
(). <TsZ =bjT s\ n$< $XwsD+. m+<T? m+<Tq>
n$< e\q y\Tsq |<>qT\T, ds|+, s <\ V+dqT b+<T
e<d rdT=b&T, u<, w+ q|{ #sT| #d sT {
> e HsT. ysT (|<>qT\T) Xd+|+ e\q w+ qs+
|&ysT>, nqssDyTq bDb+ yTT<q <TsZT\y| =bjT $$<s\T
#d +{sT.
(K). <$<+ > dT> *+# s \ ue w $Xw sD+> +~. m+<T?
m+<Tq> ue w eou Tq |<> q T\T | >e w qT, n\d =\>TT+<
#\{ qT>, Xd+|+, k<jTTyTq dT> es #s~, <TsZ
<T'Ks|+ u<qT q+|Cd~ nsTTq bDb>+ yTT<q $$< dT>
s\qT #d +{sT.
19. es<q+ |<q+> \ e]+|&q s+&T <s\qT+&, @<H
<H |<q+> \ L& u>yqT&T n&& |<k&T `
$<+>, _es! n$<sD+> d+ks\T \T>TsTT. d+ks\ sD+
e\q $Cq+ ... eTT+<]eH ... (d+. . 2`28). < _ es! b<q+>\
<s\ sT # q&T#T=Hy] w |sT>TT+~. w sD+>
b<q+ (d+..2`494) yTT<q $. n> n& & s +&T <s \q |< q+>
\ |< +#+ L& |dT + ~. m>+f ` _ es! n$<# e]+|&q
540
|<> q T&T w L&jT Tq+<T e\q Xs+ |&TT+~. $<+ > Xs+,
uV HeTsb\T ` s+&T |&sTT. s+&+{ sD+ e\q ds, jTH\T
sT |&sTT. y e\q & |<>qT&T dTK<TU\qT nqTu$dTH&T.
(d+.. 2`418)
u<q\ n$< sD+> d+ks+ \T>TT+~ ` nH u<qqT
@<seT\ u<q> ns+ #dTy*.
$<+>, # u<H u<+ $Xj \TdTy*. (1)
20. ns+ ` () n$< yTT<q |<\ ns+ L& $Xj \TdTy*.
m>+f |Ps+ #jT+ ndeTs+ ns+ jT<TX]+ yTT<q$
n$+~jT (nqTue+ b+<{ >$) > HsTT. nq> n$ nb|eTT\T>
(b+<>&$>) HsTT. b+<>&y{ n$< b+~+|CdT+~.
(n+<Te\H n$< nq&TT+~) (K) n+<T e]+ e+ e\q jTdT#]+
yTT<q$ $+~jT (nqTuy b+<{ q$) nq&sTT qT bb\T.
n$< bb\qT b|+|Cd~ be+ e\q n$< nq&TT+~.(>)
d+<\T s e{, jTH\T jTq+ e{, <Te\T XSq+ e{,
+~j\T n~| e{, d\T jT<s+ e{ *jTjT<T (|+
jT<T) qT +<Te\q L& n$< nq&TT+~. (|T) <T'K+ yTT<qy{
y<qqT nqTd]+ #|&q H\T>T$<\ d+ <e\q *jT+& +~
qT +<Te\q L& n$< nq&TT+~. (v) ~ n++ d+ks+
bDT\{ n jqT\, >T\, uy\, $CqdT\, dyk\
|sT>+|CdT+~ qT +<Te\q L& n$< nq&TT+~. (#) |ses+
d ` |sTw\T yTT<q y{ y>+> |sT>TT+~ qTe+{
d+<<T\y| |sT><T qT +<Te\q L& n$< nq&TT+~. (#) +
#]Cq+ yTT<q \+H\qT, |rdeTT<, |rdeTT< <s\qT
e]dT+~ qT +<Te\q L& n$< nq&TT+~.
|jT+` <e\q |\+ edT+< n~ |jT+ nq&TT+~. & <sD+
nq> < e<\+& n ns+ . nq> $&Te+&. edT+ < nq> ` |&TT+~,
|eeTT+~ n ns+. + |eeTq> |seTH ns+ L& +~.
n$< eT]jTT |jT+ $<+> n$<|jT X+ d+|Ps |<+>
+~. n$<jTT sD+ qT+& n ns+ @s&+~.
d+ks+ ` d+d <s \qT # #sT dT+ ~ qT d+ks+ nq&TT+~.
+ (1). n$< sD+> *q d+ks+ (2). >d+ks+ ` n d+ks\T
541
$<\T. dTK+ yTT<q eT&T y<q \ +&+ e\q eT&T $<\T. n>
nVT+, ~VT+, VT+ e+ e\q L& eT&T eT&T $<\T>
\+|&TT+~. H\T>T jqTqT{ H\T>T $<\T. <T >T\qT nqTd]+
<T $<\T> +T+~.
(4).HeTsb\T ` $CH XsTT+#T= +&+ e\q, s jTT | jT+
e\q $<+. \+q, nH\+q u<+ s+&T $<\T. u, u$w, eseq
u< + eT&T $<\T>, jqT\qT nqTd]+ H\T>T $<\T>, >T \qT nqTd]+
<T $<\T> +T+~.
(5).w&jTH\T ` sT jTH\T , deTedsD ( # #s)
kq+ e\q $<+. bDT\ (u\) |k<, $Cq yTT<q y{ e\q s+&T
$<\T, d+b|, nd+b|, nqTujT >#s+ e+ e\q eT&T $<\T. H\T>T
jqT\ +&+ e\q H\T>T $<\T. n> <T >T\ +&+ e\q <T
$<\T> ns+ #dT y*.
> ds<T\jTT @$<+ yTT<q y{ \TdTy*.
& @$~ yTT<q y{ $Xj \TdTy*. (4)
23. n+>\ eek|q+ (XjT+) ` ue#+qT+& +|be{
#|{ X<T\T e]+|&HsTT. n$ (X<T\T) seTsD\#
$T+|&q eTs|sTw \T>TsTT. u>yqT&T L& n> |<+#&T
` _es! nXT&q |<>qT& sTT <T'Ky<q *q|&T Xk&T.
y\T&&T. $|k&T. ed #T\ u<T+{&T. T&
e{&T&T (d+.. 2`114). n X<T\T *q+ es n$<
n e]+# +T+~. n$<qT+& d+ks\T Te+{ d++<+ \ ue #+
*jT +T+~. n+<Te\q njTT seTsD<T\qT {> +
|rdeTT< |H+&T n+> +{sTT n \TdTy*.
$<+ > |H +&T n+>\ d \TdT=, Cq+ L& $Xj
\TdTy*.
& d+| <q+ eTTd+~.
$dsD |<
() n$< sD+> d+ks\T
24. ~ B $esD `
545
nq&sTT.
ny y| q+ #d, y>s+ qT+& |#d y+ks+ nq&sTT.
& n_Cj
T T #q , s $CH | jT+ <T qT n~ >V +|&< T .
n> n_C #q> W<#q L& |jT+> >V+|&<T. n+<Te\q
< L& $Cq+ jTT |jT+ qT+& =\+#*. n$< |jT+
qT+& n \T>TsTT. $|\T s+&Tq q+ be+ e\q $>
eTH<s+ |{q yTT+ sTe~ =$T~ #q\T d+ks+. $<+>
+ |<eT +H #]bsTT. n+<Te\q ns{ |D_d+ks+
yTT<qy{ nqTd]+jT n$< |j \TdTy*.
27. & mesH n&T>e#TqT` $ n$< | jT+qT+& \T>TjT
m *jT&TT+~? de<q+` n$< q|& +&+ e\q. @ <T'U<T\
n$< nq& nCq+ q+#< <T'U, |Ps++ yTT<qy{ nCq+
e\q d+ks<T 'U dTKeT \+ >V d, < sD+ e\H $<d + ks\qT
L& s+_dTH&T. C <T'U sDyTq cd+ks\qT deTT<jT+
nCq+ dTU sDyTq d+ks\T> \+ s+_dTH&T. s<, esZ
L& nCq+ <T'K>$Xc\T ns<+ nsTTq|{ s<+> \+, esZ+
qTe+{ jT+, neTs |+ yTT<qy{H <T'Ks< esZeT nqT=+
M{H s<esZ+jTT $<d+ks\qT s+_dTH&T.
28. + n~ H\T>T d\ =\bbe+ e\q, $Xw+> C,
s, s>, eTsD~ nH <c\ |Ps<T'U |D |*+> \Td <
<T'Ks|+> *jT+&, < b+<{ jT, y, d+ksu<\T>\
|D_d+ks, <e+ n|sd\qT sy&T eTsT|b+ (|s+qT+&
|&b e+) #dq T> s+_ksT . n e\q dTK+> \+#&q |D|
es yTq dTK+ @ e+ , n+ w|<yTq |]DeT+ \T>TT+~.
B *dL& ysT B|C\| $T&, H |PjT&q y&>\ Hy,
|Dd+ks s+_k&T. $bdV eTu><T\ <c #&+&,
dTK+jTT X X _u T, Xe eT\+ &TqT>, < #y\qT=Hy&T
$c qT>, eT&T <sq n|Dd+ks s+_ksT. nf
s|$b L& d+ks$|]De\ qT+& *> <T'U\qT #&+&,
<TsYu+>\y&T |q>s be{ d<yTqT>, XX<T\ $|sjT+
qT+& d+ksuyTq X+d+ks s+_k&T.
547
|kq|jT $esD+
29. |X` n$<, d+ks\ sD (|jT) eT |+{eTT @
d+ks\ @ $<+> sDeTT+<, $wjT+ L& dw+> \|+&?
de<q+ ` B de<q+> b u>yqT&T #|q $wj
<V]+#e#TqT ` (1).VT |jT+ (sD+) (2).\+q sD+ (3).n~|
sD+ (4). nq+s sD+ (5). deTq+s sD+ (6).dVC sD+ (7).
nHq sD+ (8).XjT sD+ (9).|XjT sD+ (10).|sC sD+
(11).|XC sD+(12).deq sD+ (13). s sD+ (14). $b sD+
(15).Vs sD+ (16).+~jT sD+ (17).<q sD+(18). esZ sD+
(19). d+|jTT sD+ (20). $|jTT sD+ (21). nd sD+ (22).Hd
sD+ (23). $>sD+ (24). n$> sD+ ` (|{q+). sTe~
H\T>T sD\T #| &HsTT.
( sD\ $d yUH eT+> ns+ #dTy* ` )
1.VT |jT+ ` ~ VTe eT]jTT |jT+ (|\+) L& e+ e\q
VT|jT+ nq&TT+~. VTe nsTTq s |jT+> +~ <
VTue+ |jT+> +~ ` n dw+> #|&+~. \+q |jT+
yTT<qy{ L& yUq+ < $<+> +T+~.
30.VTe ` X+ nejT, sD eT\ |sjT+> +~. @ <s \T
VTeqT+& |&j (eT.e. 40) yTT<q e sD\T eT&T X\
VTe\T, eT&T nX\ VTe\T (<.d+.| 239) yTT<qy{ eT\+
VTe nq&+~. |dT |sD+ n< <+|&+~.
|jT+ ` e ns+ ~ ` sD+ qT+& edT+~ qT |jT+.
nq> n~ < $& \T> be+e\q |jT+. |s+ #jT+
548
(10)
41.|XC sD+` yTT< qyTq s|<s\ XjT+ (|d+u+)
e+ e\q |s ns|<s+ |XC sD+ nq&TT+~. n~ Vs|
] ><|\\ Xs\ |sT>T<\ dV]+qT> +T+~. n+<T b
#|&+~ ` s qyTq #d <s+ yTT< qyTq
Xs |XC sD+ e\q sD+ neT+~. (|{q+ `1`8|) (11)
42.deq sD+ ` d$+#+ (nu d+#+) ` nH ns+ nq+s< s \
n\yT e+ e\q |s<s + deq sD+ neT+~. n~ @<H >+<+
yTTyTT<{ e#q+ +T+~. n~ 1.X\+ 2. nX\+ 3. jeq+
eT&T $<\T> +T+~. b L& > #| &+~ ` |<eTX\<s+
sTy X\<s\ deq sD+ e\q sD+ neT+~. eTT+~]~ eTT+<]
nX\... j ny <s\ deq sD+ e\q sD+ neT+~.
(|{q+ 1) (12)
43.<s sD+ ` +jTT |j>+> |\Te& jT e\q |s<s+
<s sD+ neT+~. n~ $$< D qeTjT X\#q, nX\ #q,
dV C# q ` n #q\qT nqTd]+ s+&T s\T> +T+~. b
L& #|&+~ ` X\ nX\ s, $b d+<\T, ssb\ s
sD+ sD+ nesTT. n> #q L&jTTq <s\, y{qT+&
qyTq sb\ ssD+ sD+ nesTT. (|{q+ 1) (13)
44.$b sD+ ` VsVeTT, X+eT e+ e\q sTV,
X+uy |s $b <s+ $b sD+ neT+~. n~ |e
(Jeq\+) <qT+& qyTq y{, |d+~ ssb\, +
n+{ d+|jTT (L&jTTq) <s\ sD+ neT+~. b L& >
#| &+~ ` $b ny d+<yTT{ d+<\T eT&+{qT+&, +qT+&
qeTjT sb\ $b sD+ neT+~. ... eTT+<]eH... |d+~D+
$b ny d+<y T T{, ds<\T eT&+{qT+&... eTT+<]eH. .. neT+~.
d+<\T eT& d+<, s+&T d+<\T s+&T d+<\L, ssb\L
$b sD+ e\q sD+ nesTT. d+<edTe $b sD+ e\q sD+
nesTT. (|{q+).
45. Vs sD+ ` s| < ns| |d+u+ (XjT+) bs
554
555
B |Xys+ ` |d+~D
+ $b ny esZ\jTT n+>\
L&jTTq d+<\, ssb\ esZsD+ neT+~ (|{q+ ` 1) n
L& #| &+~. s +& <q+, esZ sD+, ~|+#$Cq nVT \
<=se n \TdTy*. (18)
49.d+|jTT sD+ ` edTe, \+q+, <+, s<+
nq& d+|jTT ue+ e\q |s ns|<s+ d+|jTT sD+>
+~. b L& > #|&+~ ` ns|d+<\T H\T>, d+|jTT
sD+ e\q < { sD+ nesTT (|{q+ 1`9).
50.$|jTT sD+ ` (eTT+<T #|&q) edTe yTT<q$ +&
|s s| <s+ ns| <s, ns| <s\T s| <s\ $|jTT
sD+ nesTT. n~ ($|jTT sD+) (1). dVC, (2). |XC (3).
|sC u<\ eT&T $<\T> +T+~. < $wj b L&
$<+> |eD]+HsT ` dVC X\ d+<\T + qT+& qyTq
sb\ $|jT T sD+ nesTT. |XC (sT y qyTq ) X\d+<\T
|sC (eTT+<T qyTq ) j $|jTT sD+ sD+ nesTT
(|{q+ `1). ny|< dVC $u+>+ ` |d+~D+
$bny d+<\T ny d+<ssb\ $|jTT sD+ sD+
nesTT. d+<+ V<jT edT , V<jT edT d+<\ $|jT T sD+sD+
nesTT (|{q+ `1) n L& #|&+~. |sC #]+~j~
edTe \qT f \TdTy*. < >T]+ #| &+~ ` |sC # sjTq+
# ]CH..., eTT+<]eH. .. jjTq+ jT$CH $|jT T sD+
sD+ nesTT. edT $bny+, jny... , eTT+<]eH...
edTX\d+< $|jTT sD+ sD+ nesTT. (|{q+ `1)
51. nd sD+ ` +&+ ` \D+>\ nd ue+ qT+& n<syTq
<s <sueyTq |s<s+ \T>+ nd sD+ nq&TT+~. <
d|$ < e\T #| &HsTT 1. ns|d +<+ 2. eTVu \T 3. HeTsb\T
4. # d \T 5.eTVu \T 6.jTH\T 7. edTe . b L& #| &+~
` H\T>T ns|d+<\T |sds+ nd|jT+ sD+ nesTT. H\T>T
eTVu\T ne+ (|d+~) D+ HeTsb\ |sds+... + ...
$Cq<Te, < L&jTTq (d+|jTT) <s\ nd sD+ sD+
nesTT. jjTq+ ... sbjTq+... dsjTq+ ... jT$Cq<Te
< L&jTTq <s\ nd sD+ sD+ nesTT. sbjTq+ ...
556
+T+~.
< |< nqTd]d, ns| #T s L& |d+~ \TdTy*.
~ nr q ee \+q+>\ dT> #T s nr, q ee, eseq
\+q+>\ |d+~ @s& $<q+.
80.<TsZ |&q b| #|&q |syT s, s$T+, < >$T+
eTH<s+ < <T <s nX sDyTq \+q+> m<TsT \TdT+ ~.
n|&T < e nqTd]+ #T esq <TsZ # \+H\
@<H \+q+>\ |d+~ + qeTT+~. ~ nr \+q+>\
<TsZ #T s nreseq \+q+>\ |d+~ *> $<q+.
+es |+<=$T~ s\ $Cq |d+<T\qT nqTd]+ |e yUq+
|P] nsTT+~.
81. e *>|&T |d+~ s s+&T u>\ \T>TsTT.
n> $Cq+ $T yTT<q u<\ s+&T $<\T yTT<q$> neT+~.
|+<=$T~ s\ $b$Cq+ |d+~ *>|&T, s s+&T u>\
\T>TT+~. < djT q (<) s HHD\T>\ ssD+>,
|XjT (XjT) sD+ sD+ neT+~. b L& #|&+~ `
X\$b, nX\ $b |XjTsD+ sD+ neT+~. (|{q+ 1).
Te+{ eseq $T~ u<\ s+&T $<\T yTT<q u<* L&
\TdTy*. n~ m?
~ |d+~ e\q k] *q|{ s|+ bT $T, n$T u<+
s +&T s\T> neT+~. eTue , s|ue , ns|ue u< \ eT&T $<\T>
neT+~. n+&, sjTT, d<, W|| ju<\ H\T>T s\T>
neT+~. > u<+ <T s\T> neT+~. $Cq d nqTd]+ @&T
s\T>, nf dyd u<+ m$T~ s\T> neT+~. n& `
82. (1) $TX ue u<+ s+&T $<\T> neT+~. nf (2) y due+
s+&T s\T> +~. (3) s+u+ +~qT+& +# |< s+&T < eT&T
<X\T (<X deTV+) neT+~.
(1). $TXue u<+ s+&T $<\T neT+~ ` & ns|uy _q+>
s|$T+> *> |d+~ $Cq+ n~ s|ue+ d +~jT+, |sTw
+~jT+ nq& ue+ +& q+ e+ e\q, eTue+ q
569
573
qT+& eTT|~ =$T~ (39) <s\T, eT&T ns| d+<\T q\T~ s+&T
(42) <s\qT $Cq sD+ qT+& *q HeTsb\T> \TdTy*. +
>V+|&q y{ $&Te+ e\q d+ os\T eT&+{ qT+& sTe~ @&T
(27) <s\qT =\+ |~VqT (15) <s\qT $Cq+ sD+> HeTsb\T>
\TdTy*.
106. eTue + uedV |]|Ps jTq+>\ VsTT>, $T*q
W||\, d+d<E\ |d+~D+ s|+ qT+& @&T d+ os\T, eT&T
ns| d+<\T |&sTT qT y{ $d]+ s| s|+ &~ (70) <s\T,
eT&T ns| <s \T $<+ > &~eT&T (73) <s \qT $Cq+ sD+>
*q HeTsb\T> \TdTy*. nf >V+|&q y{ $&Te+ e\q
s|d+ #+~q sT os\ qT+& @~H\T>T (54) <s\qT =\d, $T$
|+<=$T~ (19). ~ |+| (s). Z+| (nes) qT{ s|d+os\T
+& j y{ Z+, Z+ d+|+> < $ks+> |d+~ $Cq+
sD+> *q HeTsb\T > +#*.
ns| ue+ y] eT& ns|d+<\T +{sTT. nd+JjTT\ s|+
J$+~jT qeyT +T+~. ~ |d+~ |D[.
107. |e (Jeq|yV+) n+{ s| |e kq+,
|d+~D+ |d+~+ bT *> TTTe qT+& |f X<w+ |&TT+~
, |d+~+ sb |{+#<T. ~ |s+ n+#T qT+& C]|&TTqy&T
sT\ #sTT n+~eC\qT>, V<jTedTe jTT <Ts\+ e\q sb
|{+|C\<T. |d+~ eTT+<T |<eT uy+>+ qT+& s+_+ +
qT+& |{q X<w+, n> X+ qyTq deTjT+ |d+~D
eTT+<T |eyTq TTTe qT+&, + qT+&, Xqe+ |&TT+~.
>sXj
T bD `
* rdTH nq, bq, uH<T\e\H >s + Xe J$dT+ ~. (d+.)
nq b e#q+ e\q * q Vs+ Xs+ bsTTq s,
W||\ eT H{ bsTTq yTTyTT<{ $T $T+>|&T Vs+
e\q *> X<w+ |&TT+~. ~ Vs+ qT+& *q X<w TTT, \
qT+& *q sb\ |+| *q s+&T qe\qT nqTd]+ sTe~jsT
(26) s\T>, n> yTT< D+ eT&TksT |&T, |q #|&q
578
\TdTy*.
114. |e L& #| &q $<+ >H $b+ sD+ neT+~. sy {
Z+| #|&q sD\ $byT >, + sT sD\ sD+
@s&TT+~. = # VTsD+ qT+&, eT]= VssD+ qT+&
s $<+> L& \T>TsTT. < |s+ V+|, Z+|\qT \TdTy*.
(@&T s\T> |jT+ njT V+|, m$T~ s\T> sD+ y*.
s =$T~ s\T>, s |~ s\T> sD+ y* ` ~ V+|.
Z+| ` |~s\T>, =$T~s\T>, s m$T~ s\T>, s
@&T s\T> L& sD+ y*.)
s uy\ L& HeT+ |d+~ se<, + sy{ sT
$<\T> sD+ neT+~.
ns|ue +H |+#d +<u e + L& n~ $b+ nq& V<jT edTe
dVjTyT, ww eTHjTH, ns|ue+ #|&qT> nes+ qT+&
@&T s\T> sD+ neT+~. n~ s #sjTq+ yTT<q nsTT~+{,
H\T>T eTVu\ dVjTyT, dVC, XjT, $b, $|jTT, n$>
sD\qT nqTd]+ sT $<\T> sD+ neT+~. & = VTsD+
qT+&, eT]= Vs sD+ qT+& ` s$<+> L& sD+ nesTT.
y{ { |+|qT, Z+|qT \TdTy*.
|e $b+ sD+ n>TqT>H, $b+ $b sD+ neT+~.
n$b+ n$b+>\ ww sT s\T> sD+ neT+~.
|e |+#d+<ue+ eH |d+~ L& $byTq wwjTq
Z+| @&T s\T> sD+ neT+~. n$b n$b+>\ se< Z+|
@&T s\T> sD+ neT+~. <qT+& $b sD =\+#> sT s\T>
sD+ neT+~. #|&q$<+>H & |+|, Z+|\qT \TdTy*.
115. n& nec ($T*qy{) #+~q nsTT~+{ jTT #|k<+
yTT<q edTe\T>\ s\T L& $b+ nq& |XC, $|jTT, nd,
n$> sD\ H\T>T s\T> sD+ nesTT. n> $b+ m +f
n+{ n$b+ L& yU+|&+~. n+<Te\q X<T\ L& H\T>T
s\ sD+ +T+~ n \TdTy*. $<+ > HeTyT |d+~ < |e
@ jT jTH\ sD+ neT+<, m neT+< \TdTy*.
582
584
ue # <q +
149.X<T\T es> #|&q+<Tq n$<, n$<sD+> d+ks\T
ue# s+u+H #|&HsTT. n+<Te\q n$< X<T\# TTEe
n>T#Tq~. qT
*jT (nC) yTT<q s+u+ * s, nqTu (y<&T) (12)
|H+&T s\ XSq\# XSqyTq ue#+ s+s+ |e]eT +T+~
` n \TdTy*.
nqTeq+ `
() X<T\ e\q n$< m TTEe neT+~?
(K) ue#+ nH~ m neT+~?
(>) s, y<&T +& n~ m +T+~?
595
s |< ue#Cq+
156. $<+> \TdT= eTs\ `
(1) < (ue#) n$< , w, s+&T <s\T eT\+. nr<T\T
eT&T \+. dsb{ n+<T s+&T, m$T~, s+&T n+>\T HsTT.
qT M{ >T]+ \TdTy*.
eT\+ ` ue# n$<, w s+&T eT\+ n \TdTy*.
n$ |Ps+ \|+ e\q n$< eT\+ \$. nf y<q ~ eTT>Td
n|s+d+ \|+ e\q w eT\+>q, qq`eTsD\T n++>q
\~> +~. B eT\+ s+&T $<\T> +~. M yTT<{~ (n$<) <w
#] nqTd]+, s+&e~ c#] nqTd]+ #|&HsTT. <w#]
n$<, c#] w d+ks+ y| ]ksTT. < ` H\qT nqTd]+
eT+> \T>+ e\q, #< <w q+|CjT{ | VTe\
n$HXH \T|+ e\q yTT<{~, XX<w q+|CjT{ s+&e~
#|&HsTT. < >sXjT XeqT { yTT<{~ eT|e qT+&, s+&e~
W|| nqTd]+ dVA qT+& #|&HsTT.
\+ ` ue# u\+, eseq \+, u$w\+ n eT&T
\T HsTT. b dsb { #jT&q esq |s+ y n$<,
d+ks\T, s +&T n+>\T > #+~q$. $Cq+ yTT<\T=, ue #+
e]es m$T~ eseq #+~q$. C, s eTsD\T s+&T
u$ w #+~q$.
157. VTe, |\ +, eTT+<] VTe, eT&T d+<T \T >\~, H\T>T
u<d+>V\T >\~, sTe~s\ s\T (Spokes), eT&T es\T (Rounds)
>\~ nsTTq ue#+ >+& s+s+ sT>T +T+~.
n& () d+ks\L ` |d+~$CH VT`|\d+~ +~. (K)
y<q w eT< VT`|\d+~ +~. n<$<+> (>) uy, C
eT< VT`|\ d+~ +~. > VT| , |PsVTeqT, eT&T d+<T \qT
\TdTy*.
598
604
605
18.<w$X~esq+
HeTs| |]>V <q+.
1. s+u+ ` >+<+ |<TH\Ze sX+ |CueH$~`s|DqT
yTT<\T |f
|&T yTeTT <X s |+> #| HeTT ` u $T <s \
nud+ <s, |]|X <s Cq|]#j b+~, eTu $wj q o\$X
~, $ X~ s +&T $X<T\ qT d+b~+#*. M dT|]X< byd + es+
yTT<q H\T>T s\ o\qT o\$X~ n+{sT. n~ >+<+ yTT<{< q
o\sX + $|\+> e]+#&+~. nf |#sde ~ bT m$T~ de|T \ qT
$ X~ n+{sT. M{ >T]+ L& yqT de~ sX + e]+#&+~. n+<Te\q
M{ n& e]+|&q $<+>H \TdTy*.
+ n& ( <X|sD+) <w$X~, d+Xj* <{bjT $X~,
esZ esCZ q<s q $X~, ||<Cq<s q$X~, Cq<s q$X~ <T $X
<T\T Xs+ nq&sTT n #|&+~. |&T yTeTT nsTT<T $X<T\qT
eT+> e]keTT.
He, sb >TsT|&&T.
4. X<$|XH esZ+ k<q #d < < XeT<jq k<&#T TsT
eek|q+ #|&q j <Te\ |]>V |<T\ qT+& @<H |<
dVjT+, d+|+> < $ks+> <Te\T H*Z+{ |]>Vk&T. n|&
j duy { \D+ |{yTq <Te\qT+& qyTq X+
H\T>T <Te\T, s+>T, ydq, sT, zdT, J$+, j b+<+
(jT|k<+) jT<X+ <s s|+ |eTT+~. n< uy
(\D
\qT) *+&+ e\q ue<X { |~, n< Vs+qT+& qeTjT
(H\T>T <Te\T, s+>T, ydq, sT#T\bT zdT ` ) zCw + , TTTeqT+&
qeTjT m$T~, + qT+& qeTjT m$T~ sTe~ H\T>T sb\T
nesTT. (s, +, TTTe, Vs+) H\T+{qT+& *q
sTe~H\T>T <s \ q\T~H\T>T, q\T~ H\T>T sb\T y\Te&TsTT.
TTT, \ qT+& *> #eT, sT, $T, N$T& H*+{, s+&T
zCeTw + e\q, |<V sT, |<V sT sb\T> nesTT. nf TTTe qT+& |f
&T| edTe\T, eT\+, eT+, =e, H\T>T TTTe qT+& |f
zCw+ |s+ s|+ |{eTT+~. ~ eTT|~ s+&T s\qT $d]+#
|< .
5. eTT|~s+&T s\T |{ y T q s, s\T ` n jTT H\T>T,
yjTTe jTT sT ` |~ u>\T |{eTsTT. y q nH Js+
#d ss u>+ zCw+, J$+ (bD+) ` =$T~ sb\T, nf +
qT+& *q Xd ` |Xd\ u>+ zCw + , X+ =$T~ sb\T,
$T*q H*+{qT+& |f m$T~ Jeq qe+, eT&T zCw\T $<+>
eTT|~eT&T sb\T |{ e TsTT.
6. $ds+ >\ Te+{ q\T~ s+&T s\T>\, u\ dVjT+
|f sb\T |{+ e+ e\q, edT<s nqTd]+ nsTT<T #sX\T,
V<jTedT<X+ ` s nsTe~ sb\T |{eTsTT.
$<+> k<&T sb\{ # #] q+#$ qT $
s|+ n XsTT+#*.
7. |]>V+|&q sb<T\qqTd]+, ns|<s+ (HeT+) |{
eTT+~. m? ~|+#$CH\T, eT&T eTH<Te\T, nsTe~ m$T~
eTH$Cq<Te\T ` n *| mqT~ \T. nf n$Xw+>
607
HeTsb\qT XsTTk&T .
10. eTs= k<&T |H+&T jTH\ |s+ HeTsb\qT XsTTk&T.
n~ m? +eTT+<T e]+|&q #<T |<H @~eT&T sb\T
, e\+ #|k<H #jTq+> XsTTk&T. nf n& e]+|&q
|syT X, | D, V, jT <Te\qT XjTq, ..., | D..., V...,
jT jTH* XsTTk&T. y $wjq <T <s\qT sbjTq+,
XujTq, >+<jTq, |DjTq, skjTq, dsjTH\qT,...., yTq
@&T $Cq<Te\qT, eTH jTH..., < L&jTTq ds<T\qT, n>
$T*q sb\ <s jTH* XsTTk&T . & |~qs <Te\T s|+>,
@&Tqs <Te\T HeT+> HsTT. |< k< &T |H +&T jTH\qT
nqTd]+ HeTsb\qT XsTTk&T.
11. += k<&T <q + d+|+> d+<\qT nqTd]+
HeTsb\qT XsTTk&T. n~ m? & _e H\T>T (d+<\) qT+& |{q
H\T>T <Te\T, y{ XsTT+#Tq s+>T, ydq, sT, zdT, #|k<+
yTT<q <T |k<\T, edTs |+, ue+, J$+~jT+, s +&+{ (TTTe eT]jTT
+) qT+& |{q X+ ` |~V&T sb\T #> $#]+#{
HsTT. m+<Tq> $ qyTq$ (wH\T), n> d\ sb\T L&.
jT$|, y|, X<Te, s|+jTT *q+, yT<q+, sD,
|#jT+, d+, s (D), n ` |~ sb\T #> XsTT+#{
(deTsq+) q$> e. m+<Tq> $ e\+ s+, $s+, n+s+,
|]#<\T> HsTT. H\T , d\sb\T e. sb\T e\+
s+, $s+, n+s+, |]#<+ +&+ e\q s|+ nq&sTT.
$<+> e sTe~ @&T s|d+<\T, mqT~ \
bT |{q y<H d+<+ > HsTT. < L&jT Tq d+ d+Cd +<+ , d+ks\T
d+ks d+<+ , $Cq+ $Cq d+<+ ` $<+ > s|d +<+ s|+ nq&TT+~.
nf H\T>T ns|d+<\T HeT+ nq&sTT. $<+> L& k<&T
|+#d +<\ $Xw D
HeTsb\qT XsTTk&T .
12.eTs= s k<&T q<+ H\T>T eTVu\T, H\T>T u\
e\q *q s|yT (eT..) nH b e#H nqTd]+ d+|+>H
Xs+ sb |]>V+ nf eTHjTq, <s jTH\qT @<X
609
m?
ds e\q `<Te\qT |]>V+#|&T |B<Te sX\D+ \~
yTT<qT> mesH k<&T \+q+ y| yTTyTT< eTT+<T be+
ds nq&TT+~. n|& <>\ y<q y<Hd+<+, d+ d+Cd+<+,
ds bT #q d+ksd+<+, + $Cqd+<+ nH Cq+ \T>TT+~.
n<$<+ > y+T |B<Te yTTyT T< eTT+<T se+ ds, <bT
y<q ..., eTT+<]eH. .. + $Cqd+<+ ` n \TdT+ ~. $<+ > ns|<s +
ds e\q \TdT+~. (1)
17.y<q ` mesH k<q |B<Te sX (>{) \D+ \~ ` n
< \+qsk nqTu$+# y<q y<Hd+<+, < bT>\ d+
d+Cd+<+, < bT>\ ds, #q d+ksd+<+, <bT>\ +
$Cqd+<+ ` n \TdT+~. n<$<+> y+T |B<Te ]q\D+ \~
` ... Xd |Xk |B<Te sX\D+ \~ n \TdT+~. <
\+qsk nqTu$+# y<q y<Hd+<+.... < L&q + $Cqd+<+
n \TdT+~. $<+> y<q e\q ns|<s\T \TksTT. (2)
18. $Cq+` ys= k<q |B<Te ]q\D+ \~ ` Te+{
\+H \TdT=H $Cq+ $Cqd+<+, <bT>\ y<q y<Hd+<+,
d+C d+Cd+<+, ds eT]jTT #q d+ksd+<+ ` n \TdT+~. nf
y+T |B<Te ]q \D + \~, Xd |Xk |B<Te ]q \D +
\~ ` Te+{ \+qCq+ $Cqd+<+, <bT>\ y<q y<Hd+<+,
d+C d+Cd +<+ , ds eT]jTT #q d+ksd +<+ ` n \TdT+ ~. $Cq+
ns|<s + $<+ > \TdT+ ~. (3)
19. < bjT+ sqT+& |{q y+T |B<Te sX\D+
\~ ` $<+> q\T~s+&T <T`u>\ H\T>T, H\T>T <Te\ qT+&
< $T*q #<Te yTT<q s||]>V\ #|&q nT\ u<\qT
nqTd]d |D[ |s+ \TdTy*.
20. |Psd++, (V#]) ` 20. Te+{ $X~s b |]>V +q
k< q ns|<s +, #| &q eT&T sb\q | e TT+~ qT Te+{
k<& ns|<s >V+#{ |jT yTT<\T|{* sT\T <T.
y Te+{ k<q { < s+&T s|<s\T |dyTq|&T, s|<s
611
nH d\ d<+ deTqjT+
22. k<&T |q e]+|&q jT<s due+ He XsTTd,
dT&T, < |<Z\T&T ` nH eeVs+ be{, d`dyV
$&Te{, ndyVu$T ds|s#{ nH d\ bT ~
e\+ HeTs|yT, dT&T &T, |<Z\T&T &T ` nH d<+ yT$d |
Xj #k&T . b L& > #| &+~ `
s<+ jTT |sD\ (n+>\T) deTV+> # neT] q|&T
s<+ |sT eeV]+| &qT>H # #]q d+<\T dT&T>
eeV]+|&T#THsTT. (d+.)
(< $wjT+ s e) ys= d+ L& #|&+~ `
23.jTTw+Ts! s, r>, eT{, >& yTT<q y{ e]+|&q X+
\T nq&qT>H, jTTw+Ts! meTT\T, +&s\T, e+d+, #s+
e]+|& X+ s|+ nq&TT+~. (eT.)
24. <$<+> += be#q+ `
<T'KyT |&TT+~, <T'KyT +T+~, <T'KyT qdT+~. <T'Uq syTMT
|<T, sT<+ <T (d+.)
$<+ > e+<\ d\ HeTsb\ Te+{ yUq+ #jT &+~
dT >T]+ , |<Z\T >T]+ #|&<T.
612
19.d+XjT$sD$X~ esq+
(d+<V\qT <{be+<s |]X~)
|jT |]>V <q+
1. HeTs| sD\qT >V +#+ e\q eT&T \ (u , u$ wY,
eseq) #+~q d+<V\T =\bsTT. n|&T ds|&q CH d+<V\qT
<+ <s ( 1v$sD
) $X~ n+{sT.
CH |P]> b+<\qTH ]>\ _e HeTsb\ VT
| j* Hs ]jT q y< T &T s> #d < sD y<T qT>, y< &T.
< <jT>\y&T y M~ |&q XeqT # &T me] d+q+
n +qT> k&T.
2. k<&T L& k<q s+_+q|{ qT+& k&T `
HeTsb\T sD+ +& \T>e. m+<T+f y M{ sD+ b
$ m|&, n+{ $<+> +&$. $ XsT&T yTT<q sD+ e\q
L& *q$ e. m+<Tq> Xs<T\T L& HeT, sb\ e\ sT .
nf mesH <s&T HeTsb\H XsT&T n+f y] XsT&T L&
s D + (HeTs b\T) +& & T . eT] HeT s b\ s D +
+&*. n~ @yT +&e#TqT?
3. k<&T HeTsb\ VT|j\qT >T]+ @++ +q
#d, s|jT VT|j\qT >T]+ Te+{ n_bj ek&T `
|f |&T <V + *eT\+, |<+, XeT\+ < \Te yTT<qy{
|<T. b eTDeTT<T\, s\ |<T. eXjT, |Xj\
eT<u>+ <s| yqT M| meTT\ eTT\ eTT+<T, |<, H
s+>\ |>T\ #TTeTT&, <Ts+Z <e TjT+, ndV yTq , |L\yTq kq+,
[q #|, [q Xe+, [q || <TsZ+<eTjT+>, ndV+>, >T+
\T\T& eTT, |L\ kq+ |{+~. <V+ |{ n$<,
w, b<q+, s ` H\T>T VTe\T> +&>, bwD dV ]+#+
e\q Vs+ | jT+> +~. $<+ > nsTT<T <s \T VT| j\T
nq&sTT. n+<Tq n$< |\y * XjT+> +~. s
617
618
11. s #T]< s\T ` (1) sTyq$ (2) $|\yT$ (3) jT< dH\T
(4) nuk\T $ s\T. M (1) X\+, nX\+, sTyq < *q `
Te+{ s\ eV yTT<q sTyq s\T < eTV<Z s\T yTT<
|* ksTT. (2) nf $|\+. $|\ s\ n$|\ s\T yTT<> |*
ksTT. (3) eTsD\+ dsD eq dTo\+ < <To\+ yTT<q$
jT< dq s\T nq&sTT. n|&T ny yTT< |* ksTT. eT&
eTs\ eTs\ nudyTq s, #jT&q~ (+) qT s nq&TT+~. n$
q|&T n~ |d+~ (qqT) ]dT+~. (2)
12. s #T]< s\T ` $ ` (1). q (2). dVjT(3). ||& (4)
|| s\T $ s #T]< s\T. M (1). q+ X\eT e#TqT,
nX\eT e#TqT. n~ |d+~q \T>TT+~. |e (J$\+) q
\T>T. s| < ns| $bd+<\qT #dT+~. (2) dVjT s
$b *+|C\<T. s s\ e&q |d+~ $b+
qyTq|&T *> dTK, <T'U\ \+H dT+~. nf ~ #\+ es
|#dT+~. (3) ||& s s s\ <s @s&q |d+~qT+& $b+
*q|&T qeTjT dTK<T'U\qT |&dT+~. u~dT+~. # sE\ es
y{ | #jTjT<T.(4) || s djT+> X\eT, nX\eT e
L& s <Ts\sqT <+d+ #d, q $b neX rdT=+T+~.
Te+{ s neX b+~q|&T n~ (||s) qyTqT>
\+#&TT+~.(3)
13. $<+> |H+&T s\ s+s < $b+s T<T\
s$Cq+H q~ qT> |{eTsTT. Xe\ $ |+ e+
nk<sD+>H \+#&TT+~. $|XHk< _e s+s,
$b+s+ m+ =+ |{ + e#TqT. yTT+ |{ + e+ nd+ue +.
n+<Te\q yTMT s$Xc d+|+> d+#+ d]bT+< u$+#eTT.
14. $<+ > <X$ < s \qT s e\jT+ #] j $<+ > s
e\jT, $be\j\ yTT+ D
\ <s HeTsb\ sD |]>V k&T .
k<&T ses, $bes $<q+ sD\qT+& HeTsb\ |e
#d |&TqT>H >+L& sesqT nqTd]+jT sD+ qT+& |eyT
+T+< < u$ wT L& s es, $bes\ qT nqTd]+jT \T>TT+<
$<+> s, s$b, ses, $bes, sd+, $bd+ jT,
620
622
22. Cq+ >\ $|X H (#|>\) k< &T T<X dq+ z<sTqT
b+~, Xj b+~, jT> \y& q k|q d #sT=+{&T.
qT q d+Xj\T y]+|&\ sT=H _e m\|&, deT+T&
+, HeTsb\ |j\qT m\|& |]>V+#T>!
dqT\ |dq =s s+|&q $X~esZ+ |CueH~s+
d+XjT$sD$X~ esq+ nH |sT>\ |+<=$T<e |]#<+ de|+.
20.esZesZCq<sq$X~ esq+
esZesZ | Cq+
1.~ (|X\T , M~ b+~q $|XH |R sesZ| yTT<{yTT)
esZ+, ~ (|X+ yTT<q <Xu<\T \ |X+) esZ+ <T ` n esZ,
nesZ \TdT= b+~q Cq+ esZesZ Cq<sq$X~ nq&TT+~.
625
628
631
sy nsTT<T nesTT.
|+#d+<\qT{ s+&Te+<\ s\ n<T\qT XsTT+#+
e\q qjT$|Xq nq& n, <T'K, nH\ Cq+ ds|&TT+~.
& b|< { Xj s+_+# $<q+ #|&+~.
sb <sq+
15.s|$#s+ #dysT sb #&*. m>+f ` s|+ s
yTT<qy{ { H\T>T sD\ qT+& |&TT+~. M, dT\+<] s|+
qeTjT|&T yTTyTT< sqT+& qeTT+~. |d+~DH
>sdT\jTT edTjT<X+, ue<X+ nq& eTT|~ sb\T eT&T d+T\qT
nqTd]+ qeTsTT. n$ |d+~ <D+H qeTsTT.
<D+ m>, d eT]jTT u+>D+ L& n> sT>TT+~.
M, s|+ yT\ yT\> sT<e TjT~, n> \d+> |]esq + #+<~>q,
+ o|T +> sT<e TjT~>, o|T +> |]e]+ njT~>qq HsTT. n+<T
#|&+~ ` _es! +> + s> esTb+< s @
<s HqT #&<T.
s|+ (jTT D+) q+es uy+>+ |<VsT ksT |{,
sT<eTT+~. +jTT <, d, u+> D\T deq+> +{sTT.
s|+jTT <D\T, u+>D\T q$> (D>) +{sTT.
dD+ BseTT+~. n~ |<VsT \T qyT, sT<eTjT+es
632
+T+~.
|d+~` D+ |{q~, d D b+~q~ nsTTq |PsC (V<jT)
edTeqT XjT+ #dT= s+&e uy+>+ |&TT+~. s+&e uy+>+ bT
|f~, d b+<~ nsTTq |PsC (V<jT) edTeqT XjT+ #dT=
rjTuy +>+ |&TT+~. $<q+ e\q Jeq|s + e ns+ #dT y*.
eTsDdq |sTw d b+~q |PsC (V<jT) edTeqT XjT+
#dT= |<VsT \T qeT +{sTT.
16. |d+~+jTT <D+ qyTq s|+ |d+~+ s
|~V&e + bT sT<eTT+~. (|d+~) +jTT dD+ |{q
(s|+) |~V&e (+) jTT <D+ bf sT<eTT+~. u+>D+
|f~, |~V&e dD+ #s+f sT<eTT+~. (q\T) \>+
q+es < $<+> sT>TT+~. W|b<\ L& @&T$<\ d+{
&~ sb\T > \T>TsTT.
634
ns| #d $<q+
22. s| $#s+ #dy&T sb #dqT>H ns| $#s+ #dy&T
ns| #&*. n& L& mqT~ (81) \ {
#&*. ns|+ |Psue+ d+>VyTq sqT nqTd]+ |d+~
yTT< |+<=$T~ <\ qT+& @<H < s|+ qeTT+~. B
esqqT |rdeTT< sX+ #|&q |<H \TdTy*. ny
(|+<=$T~ \T) uy+> s|+ qeTsTT. n$ |d+~+ s
e# + qT+& s+ueTsTT. + jTTe eTTdq s #T s|+
qeTsTT. y n~ ee#syT, nf <s < \+q+ \yTq<
<\+q s|+ L& s+ue TsTT.
23. |e (Jeq) \+ # e d]> +&, s|+ m<TsT> +f, y\TTsT
XjT+, +H VTe> #dT= #]Cq+ L&q <s\ bT
636
s|d| \TdTe+
24. ys= k< &T s|d| , ns|d| |< T \qT nqTd]+ eT&T \D \qT
s|d d+ks\qT \TdT=+{&T.
M ` (1) <q (rdTe+) |+ (+#Te+) , (2) eTsD+#
eje<T s|+ (3) VseTjT s|+, (4) TTTeTjT s|+ (5)
s s|+ (6) + qT+& qyTq s|+ (7) <s s|+ @&T
$<\T> s|d \TdT=Hy] >T]+, n&T s|d| nqTd]+
\TdT=+{& n+{sT. |sD #sT\T L& nHsT `
<q |, eTsD+# eje<, Vs, TTT, s, , <s s| `
$<+ > @&T s\T> $|X q #k&T .
M |d+~ <qeT+{sT. |DeTq> #T. j>k<&T e+<
d+es\ V<T eT< jTTeqT (eqe jTTe e+<d+es\
\+|&+~) rdT= n+<* d+ks\| eT&T \D\qT s|k&T. m?
637
638
639
ns|d| \TdTe+
38. >+<+ ns|d| nqTd]+ n #|&q< >T]+ ~
e (d+| esq+) ` eZsD, jTeT+, D+, |]b{, <w
<q, eq`deTT<q, +|s<q+ (R w =\>+)
\TdTy*. M `
esZ\ ` ds|+#eT (ds, y<q, d+, #q, $Cq+) <s+. m?
& eZsD $#]+# _e $#]k&T ` ds|+#eT <s+ X+
n, <T'K, nH> +~ n $#]+#+ e\q |&TT+~. ds
|+#eT <s + se\T, ... eTdw + n, <T'K, nH> HsTT n $#]+#+
e\q |&TT+~. n$ n { eTs= < b+<+&>H @ u> u>+
|]$TyT b yjT&q qH # # eT+ qksTT qT n,
<T'K, nH> HsTT. |< $X<< (s<$dT n<) e+~.
39. se+X< #| &+~ ` eTT+<T#| &q s|d| + ,
@&T kH\ s|+ n, <T'K, nH> +~ n \TdT=+, |ee TjT
>T]+ (s qeTjT) s + ` + L& n,
<T'K, nH> +~ n \TdTe+ ` |< me dVT+> +~
qT yTeTT $T*q <s\qT < |< yUkeTT.
40.jTeT+ ` & _ e <q, | s|+ (|d+~, #T nqTd]+
>V+|&q s|+) | n, <T'K, nH\qT $#]+q s +|
L& s + ~ n, <T'K, nH> +~ n \TdT=+{&T.
eje<nd+>, VseTjT, TTTeTjT, s, deTT, <s sb\qT
L& n, <T'K, nH> $#]+, >T]+ L& n, <T'K,
nH> \TdT=+{&T. 2)
41.D+ ` & _e <q`|sb n, <T'K, nH>
$#]+, yTT<{ s+&e+, s+&e< eT&e<, eT&e<
645
|<$T~ eTV$|Xq\T
647
46. s|, ns|s kH\qT $<+ > nud+ #dq y&T, $<+ > |q
u+>qT|Xq yTT<\T=, +< |VD|]Cq+ es n s\T> \_+q
|<$T~ eTV$|Xq\ u> >T]+q >+;sCq+ & \T|&+~.
n&T b+<&q >+;sCH esyTq <s\qT k&T.
47. nqT|Xq yTT<qy{ >\ |jT (< nqT|Xq yTT<q
djT+ |CjTT $$<sb) |<$T~ eTV$|Xq\T nq&sTT. y{ `
(1). nqT|XqqT nud+# (u$+#) y&T d+qT e<\T&T.
(2). <T'UqT|XqqT nud+#y&T dTKd+qT e<\T&T.
(3). nHqT|XqqT nud+#y&T d+qT e<\T&T.
(4). s<qT|XqqT nud+#y&T wqT (q+B) e<\T&T.
(5). $s>qT|XqqT nud+#y&T s> e<\T&T.
(6). s<qT|XqqT nud+#y&T deTT<j e<\T&T.
(7). |]>qT|XqqT nud+#y&T rdTe{e<\T&T.
(8). jqT|XqqT nud+#y&T |Tq e<\T&T.
(9). ejqT|XqqT nud+#y&T jTVH (|jT) e<\T&T.
(10). $|]DeqT|XqqT nud+#y&T <Ted+qT e<\T&T.
(11). n$TqT|XqqT nud+#y&T $T e<\T&T.
(12). n|DVqT|XqqT (eTHsV) nud+#y&T |D~ (],
bsq) e<\T&T.
(13). XSHqT|XqqT nud+#y&T |T<\qT e<\T&T.
(14). q| d++~+q <s$|XqqT nud+#&T ks>VD
n_yX e<\T&T.
(15). q< qT> #&{ nud+#y&T HqT+{H? <? yTT<q
dy Vs|+ >\ |TqT e<\T&T.
(16). |e<qT|X qqT nu d+#y&T \jT (<s+RXjT +) |T<\ qT
e<\T&T.
(17). $y#HqT|XqqT nud+#y&T n|d+Uq n$#s < n$<qT
648
e<\T&T.
(18). $esqT|XqqT ($&be{) nud+#y&T d+j>+ (+<q+)
|T<\qT (d) e<\T&T.1
48. n&T n~ \D\qT nqTd]+ d+ks\qT #d+&+ e\q
M ($|Xq\) n, <T'K, nH\jTT q CH *dqy&
+{&T. m+<Tq> #|&+~ ` nqT|Xq, n$TqT|Xq
<s\T @] <s\T. e\+ ns\T < Xu\T eyT ysT, ysT. nf
<T'UqT|Xq, n|DVqT|Xq (]\T be{ #&+) ` <s\
@] <s. e yssT. + nHqT|Xq, XSqqT|Xq, <s\T
L& @] <s, e+H (e) yssT. qT M{>T]+ L& q
CH b+~+{&T.
49. q|C<s$|Xq e+ yTT+ $|Xq> +~. (nq> <
n $|Xq\ #]HsTT.) jT<uCq<sq+ d+XjT$sD$X~ #]
+~. n+<Te\q s+&T L& *djT +{sTT. $T*q $|XHCH\
=+{ |y< (qCq+) \T>TT+~, =+{~ \T><T. y{ >T]+ s
e]+|&TT+~.
*dq nqT|Xq\ $wjT+ yTT<H |sD s+u+ #|&+~
` $<+> nudyTq s|, ns| skq+>\ jk<&T eTT+<T
u+>qT|Xq yTT<\T|{ |]>|]Cq+ es n$< b+<{ q
|< $T~ eTV$|X q\ qT+& u>+jTT CH b+~, < $s~ <s \qT
e<*yk&T .
<jT`ejT`Cq+
50. $<+> nqT|Xq yTT<qy{ ||q d+ yTT<q$
be+ <s $X<Cq+ *q k<&T, nHwD Cq+ eTT+<TbsTT,
Cq+ s |Tq <s\ $|]De #&yT (nqT|Xq) Cq+
n #|&q <jT`ejqT|XqqT b+<{ j> s+_k&T.
<jT`ej #&+H Cq+ +< #|&+~. & ~ b `
|Tq <s\ $|]DeT nqT|Xq`| <jTejqT|Xq Cq+>
m +~? C (q) s|+ |Tq+, < \D+ <jT+,
$|]DeT\D+ ejT+. nqT|Xq Cq+. Cy<q... d+C.... , d+ks\T...,
649
q|&sTT.
61. +es j ejT<s yT qeTT+~. qyTq < HXq+
+~ ` n $<+> yTT+ @~ \D\qT \TdT= ds|&q <jT
ejqT|Xq nH sTD$|XH CH b+~qy&&T. < b+<+ e\q
n&T s$|X&T nq&&T.
$|Xq |~ +\T
62. n|& sTD$|XqqT b+~qy (s $|Xq) $|Xq
|~ +\T qeTsTT. $ $|XHesZ+ qT+& |bsTTqy, skq+
qT+& uwyTqy, \djTq |<Z\T q+ e. deT||qT, s+s+
skq+ L&+&y, s$|X q+ nesTT.
|~ +\T @$? ` neud+, Cq+, |, |X_, dTK+, n~y+,
|>V+, |kq+, |, + (w).
63. m+<Tq> #|&+~ ` <s\ $wjT+ eTqdT W<+ m
|&TT+~? ns|+> +q #d+&> |X+ qeTT+~. n~
(neud+) XjTds <s+ n < >T]+ k&T. Be\q *> #+#\yT
($|yT) W<+. W< eXyTq eTqdT>\y&T <s\ |d <T'K+>,
nH>, q~ qT> \TdT&T. nf `n+> +q #d+&> Cq+
\T>TT+~.... ... |, X+, dTK+, n~y+, |>V+, |kq+, |, +
(w) qeTsTT. + <s+ ` n $<+> + $wjT+ eTqdT
|&&T. Be\q *> #+#\yT W<+. W<eX+ |&q eTqdT>\
j <s \qT ns|+>, jT<s+ > \TdT&T , y{ <T'K, nHs|+
q~ qT> \TdT&T. (|{d+_<)
64.|X+` M |X+ nq> $|Xq e\q qyTq D |X+.
n~ q+ e+ e\q j>e#sT &T + eTT+<T H Te+{ |X+
($w ~e nqTu, y\T>Ts|+ >\ neu<) q+ <T. XjT+>
HqT esZ b+~HqT ` n + es+Z < es+Z >, |\ + <
|\+> \Tk&T. esZ+ < esZ+>, |\+ < |\+> >V+#y
$|X q`M~ Y+ (u~+|&TT+~) nq&TT+~. n&T q eT\s kH
e<* |X+ jTT sTH LsT+&b&T.
|X+ =+<sT _ e\ ysT LsT+& kH e+ y*+|Cd
653
<VsD+
67. y{qT+& < & <V]+|&TT+~ ` #|sT `
X\qT +ydqy&T, |d+$<qT b+~qy&T, Dde&T, eTV_ d+|
|<+#y&T nsTTq \+syd <s~qT&T nH d$sT&T +&y&T. H&T
n&T |>{|P q k<Hd\+ LsT+& nqT=H&T ` eTq #sT&T
#y*yd eTVH>d$sT XeTD+ sD+ es #sT+<? <?
n|&T ~e<w #&> n&T + |<>qT&T>H H&T. y HqT
bb n&T nCqT\e eTsDk&T nqT=, TT~ X+ m>TsT,
|>\T LsT+&jTTq d$sTe< ~, qeTd]+, #jTe\de #d, |q
LsTH&T ` jTTcH! <s~H! y y se{ sDyT$T? n
n&T>> uH! |X n&>& e#qT nH&T.
jTTcH! H *d #|qT nq> ysTT |X\T n&H&T. d$sT&T
654
21.||<Cq<sq$X~ esq+
1.eT*q$eTT, <jTejTCq+
1. m$T~ CH\ XjT + Kskq+ es #sT =q $|X q, =$T<e~jT q
dqT$T Cq+ ` $ *d ||<Cq<sq $X~ nq&sTT. &
m$T~ nq> ` 1.1|~s\ eT*H\T esZs&yTq, $|Xq |sT
|UyT q <jT ejT nqT|X q Cq+.2. u+ >qT|X H Cq+ 3.uj
*+#
Cq+ 4. |e< ## Cq+ 5. s< ## Cq+. 6.eTT s (eTT+T
eT) Cq+ 7.|d+UqT|XH ($yCq+) Cq+ 8. d+ks| Cq+
9. dqT$T (d nqTL\+> y ) Cq+. ~ nqTeT CH
|sT. < b+<{ |~ |X\T <jTejT Cq+ s+_+
658
CH\ |jT + #j *.
2. nqTeq+ ` # eTs\ <jTejT Cq+ |jT+ m+<T?
de<q+ ` \D\qT deT |s+> $#]+#{ j>+ eX+.
(m+<Tq>) <jTejT Cq+ yTT<{ |~ |X\ u~+|&q sD+>
duy nqTd]+ \D\| $#s+ #jTC\<T. (|&T) |X\qT+&
eTT+ e+ e\q #jT>\T>TT+~. n+<Te\q \D\ deT#s+ =s
j> eTs\ #j *.
3. < +q #jT+ e\q < < e]+|&+ e\q \D+
$#sesZ+| sC\<T? (M) n\D+ <jTej\qT ++# be+
e\q, nf d+ eTjT& (eyT) +&+ e\q $#sesZ+| sC\<T.
<T'K \D
+ m\| & |&+ |&+ e\q $#]+#b e+ e\q, nf s|<+
eTjT& +&+ e\q... H\D+ HH <Te\qT ysT ysT> $&Bd,
$#]+#be+ e\q nf d\+ e]+|&+ e\q $#sDesZ+|
sC\<T.
eTs\ <jTej\qT |]>V+q|&T d+ |+ e+ e\q n
\D+ dV+>H |dT+~. s+s+ |&+|&{ eTqdT +#T=,
s|< #&+ e\q <T'K \D+ |dT+~. HH <Te\qT ysT ysT>
$&Bd, d\s $u+#+ e\q nH \D+ dV+>H |dT+~.
4. & n+, n\D+, <T'K+, <T'K\D+, nH, nH \D+ `
$u> \TdTy*. n& d+<|+# neT+{sT. m+<T? M{
, ejT+, esT (nq< e+) +&+ e\q. < +& q+#+
e\q. , ejT+, < nq< e+, < +& q+#+ <
$s+ (esT) se+ n\D+.
nyTq~ <T'K+ (d+.) nH be#q |eD+ d+<| + #y T
<T'K+ nq&TT+~. m+<T? s+s+ u<qT *+#+ e\q. m\|&T u<qT
*+#+ <T'K\D+.
<T'KyTq ~ nH (d+.) nH be#q |eD+ e\q d+<|+#yT
nH. m+<T? neXe] (|sBq+) e+ e\q. |sBq+ eyT
nH\D+.
M{ j k< &T | X \qT+& $eTTy T q , esZs & (M~||q)
659
662
q~ &Tq \&, |< |< qT\ es+ |&TTq|&T {| |< |< T&>\T
|+, q+#+ #qT>, k<&T n<$<+> n d+ks\ qkjT
#k&T. H= k<_e u>yqT&T <$<+> u~+H&T `
{T&> < m+&ee ## k<_e jTeTsE
mTe+{ V #jT C\&T. (<. | 170e ><)
18. n|& k<&T n d+ks\T qksTT ` n s+s+ #&+
e\q m$T~ >=|H\T>\ n u+ >qT|X HCq+ \|&T bT+~. <
m$T~ >=| H \T $ ` 1.u e < w e< \ + 2.J$+#\H w q T
e<\+.3.m|& k<q eT>T& +&+. 4.$X<yTq J$qT * +&+.
5. $$< s \ d e<\+. 6. uj
T + q+#+ 7. dV qo\ e~ b+<+.
8. <dq |, d| $jT+. < <X+ |Ps#sT\T L& nHsT`
\>T& |+Tqy&T < C>> ]yjTTqT>, m$T~
eT >TD\qT b+~q k<&T y{H eTs\ eTs\ C>> $#]k&T.
$<+> u+>qT|Xq k<&T sDb| q k<qqT eTT+<T =b&T.
(2)
u+>qT|XH Cq+ de|+.
3.uj
*+# Cq+
19. n d+ks\ jT, ejT, HXH\, s< \+q+> q
u+>qT|XqqT k<q #dq, nuddq, |+b+~+#T+q k< j
deTd ue , j, >, d , dyk\ d+ks\T, uj
T eTqd + *q |]y
d+V+, |*, sT, &\T, jT, sdT\T, eT~+q m<T, y] , ||{q
@qT>T, $wds+, |&T>TbT, XXq+, jTT<u$T, < eT+& |\{ uj
*+qT> uj *ksTT. n >\| d+ks\T sT<yTHsTT,
ese q+ d+ks\T sT<e TTHsTT. u$ wT d+ks\T sT<e TsTT.
n XsTTdq|&T, kq+ uj *+# Cq+ \T>TT+~.
20. d+<s+ |eq+ #|e#TqT ` H= djTT eTT>TZsT
|T\T sHjTkq+ <w\T> s]+#&HsT. eTT>TZ] eTsD<+&q
$~+#&+~. y] e<d rdT= bTq|&T yT L& y] bT
n#{ bsTT+~. n& yT |<=&T \ qs&+~. s+&ey \ qs{
@sT sT>TTHsTT. n|& d > L& n+ neT+~. nq>
sdT L& qsT&TT+~ n eT&ey MT< |eTqT #+|=q~.
664
666
668
5.s<qT|X HCq+
31. j>k<&T Te+{ d+ks\q{ |e<\T> #d, deTd
ue, j, >, $CqdT\, dyk\ d+ks\ s< b+<T&T.
<dqT&&T. y{ s$T+#&T.
Ve\j L |s \+| q+~+# sV+d, #+&\>eT
669
6. y s Cq+
7. $y#q #d Cq+
34. deTd ue , j, >, d , dyk\ jTT $HXo\ d+ks\qT+&
eTT&T y\ sTq j k<&T, y{ e<\{ d+ks\|
$y#HCq+ \D\qT s|+, eTs\ $#sD =s >Vk&T.
35. n|&&T n d+ks\T nH+\T (nds\T) e+ e\q,
e* (n)..., ` $HX\ L&q$..., | ($Ho)..., #+#\...,
|u+ >Ts..., (HXe+\T)..., n<T e (nXX)...,$sd ue..., ks..., $ue
($HX) ..., d+d..., (eT) ..., eTsDdue+ \$ e+ e\q n+>
#k&T . s+s+ w |f$ e+ e\q <T'KeTjT+>..., s>..., eD..., X\...,
n|T ($|) ..., u< (d+eTjT)..., (|<e) ...,ujTq..., |dsZ
()..., nD (ns)..., nD (XjTVq)..., nXsD (nd+sD) Bqe
(<weTjT)..., n|T eT\ (bb<T\ sD+)..., e< , (V+) ..., XjT sV ...,
esT u>yTq ..., qdue+ \..., sdue+ \..., y~d ue+ \...,
Xd ue+ \..., |]<edue+ \..., bjd due+ \..., d+ X < s +
\$ e+ e\q <T'Ks|+> #k&T . n> k+<s sV +>, <Ts+Z <j
T T+ >,
nsTs+ >, |L\+>, n\+]+#{ nj>yTq $>, $s|+>, #&{
uj
T +> +&+ e\q, <T'K\D
|]ys+ \~ e+ e\q nXu+ > #k&T .
671
|T=+{&T. (>Vk&T).
38. +{ n $y#HCq+ (|d+UCq+) *qT> n+^]+#
&TT+~. >T]+ b #|&+~ ` ns|+> ++#+
e\q @ $y#HCq+ \T>TT+~? <T'Ks|+>.... eTT+<]eH...? nH
s|+>.... eTT+<]eH..? ns|+> ++#+ e\q n $T
$y#H Cq+ \T>TT+~. <T'Ks|+>... |e... nH s|+> +q #jT +
e\q $T, |eT\T s+&+{jTT $y#HCq+ \T>TT+~. (|{d+_<eT>Z)
39.& (b) $T$y#HCq+ ` d+ks $T+ n<Te+, *+
` n\D+ \TdTe+ e\q. yTT< *$ s Cq+
qeTT+~ qTH eeVs+ eTqdT eT]jTT <s+ e\q eTH$Cq+
\T>TT+~ (eT..) nqT> #|&+~. < @ $qj
eTT+<Ty{, sy{ *| #|&+~ n \TdTy*. <$<+>
s |e yTT<q s+&T |<\ ns L& \TdTy*. (7)
$y#H qT|X HCq esq + de|+ .
8.d+ks |Cq+
675
eT&T $y\T
53. eT&T $|X q\qT eTTU\T (|yX<s\T) > *q eT&T $y\T
@$? eT&T ` (1).n$T (2).eTHsV (3).XSq. M{ >T]+
#| &+~ ` ns|+> +q #d <& XjT+ >\ _ e n$T $y
b+<T&T. <T'Ks|+> +q #d X+ me> \ _e ]\T
$y b+<T&T. nH s|+> +q #d Cq+ me \ _e
XSq $y b+<T&T. (|{d+_<eT>Z)
54. & n$T $y\T $ ` n$T + sD \+q+ #dT=
*q sesZ+. n~ n$T <Te qT+& q+ e+ e\q n$T+.
X\qT+& $eTT+ e+ e\q $y+. <$<+> ]\T d qT+&
qT+& sD \+q+ #dT= *q~ #sV+. XSq d sD
n\+q+ #dT= *q~ XSq ` n \TdTy*.
55. $wj>T]+ n_<s+ ( <.d+) #|&+~ ` _e
Hs D &T (es|Z \ + yTT<q y{ \TdT=+ bjTy&T), n|#j
T >$T (d+
X\qT, nX\qT, #Td+~ <+d+ #d bjTy&T) nsTTq|&T
s < q+ jTT $T<<w\ T =\be{, |<e Tu $T b+<{ ueq
#k&T. eTu>\ qT+& $&e& |<eT<H b+~ k<q #dqsTT n&T
677
@&T>TsT s|<Z\TsT
57. < |sD+ |q yTeTT #|HeTT ` Te+{ $yeTTU*
nud+#y&T @&T>TsT s|<Z\Ts $u> sDeT&T ` n& @&T>TsT
s|<Z\TsT ` 1. X<qTk] 2. X<$eTT&T 3. jTk 4. ujT
u>$eTT& T 5. <s qTk] 6. <w b|& T 7. |C$eTT& T . y] $u>
d+ks|Cq+ sD+.
58. (1) ns|+ +q #dq <&XjT+>\ _e X<+~j
b+<T&T. n&T k| esZ D
+ X<qTk] ne&T.
(2) $T*q @&T kH X<$eTT +T+~.
59. (3) <T'U +q #d |X+T&q _e de~ +~j
678
eT&T CH\ @+
681
682
684
esZ+ <q+ jT<eT+> H\T>T n+>\T \~, eT&T n+>\T \~, s+&T
n+>\T \~ neT+~. esZ+>+ n+{ (deTd+\sV+) bf
+T+~. H\Ze< (|d+u<+>sV+) sT u<+> +{sTT. ~
$Xw+> (u<+) <s<H, $|XqqT jT$T+#+H +T+~. y{
L& |Psu>$|Xq keTqddV>+, |dV>+ L& neT+~. ()
q>$T $|Xq keTqddV>yT neT+~.
|+# <H <s+ #d=, q+ #jT&q esZ+ |qT,
@>qT nqTd]+ s+&T <H+>\T, sT u<+>\T, @&T esZ+>\T
+{sTT. u< + L& s +&T jTe\qT nqTd]+# +T+~. qjT+
|Psu>$|X q keTqd dV >+ < |dV >+ neT+~. q>$T
$|Xq | dV>yT neT+~. ns| <H\qT <s+ #dT= q+
#jT &q es+Z L& < $<q+ +T+< ns+ #dT y*. $<+ >
<s<q+ qT+& @y d+ks\qT deT]+ qyTq esZ <>Z]
|<X+ q de| }dsy* <>Zs> q u$T L& }dsy* s+>TH
qT> q> +T+~.
86. s+&e d$sy<+ @jT de|T\qT+& @jT de| <s\qT
$#]+ es+Z qeTT+<, j de|T \ deq+>H +T+~. n&
L& $|XH jTe #|&q$<+>H \TdTy*.
87. eT&e d$sy<+ eT eT Xj { @jT <H\qT <s+
#dT=, @jT Cq<s\qT $#]+ esZ+ qeTT+< n~ j <H\
eH +T+~.
<s<q+, $#s (deTsq) <q+ e\+ XjT+ e\q d~+#e.
eqT q+<y<d n<jTq+ <s dw+> \TdTdTy*. (eT.).
& L& $|XH jTe eTT+<T #|&q $<+>H ns+ #dTy*.
$<+ > d+ks| u< +>+, esZ+>, <H+>\qT L& jT$TdT+ ~
n \TdTy*.
88. |{ d+ks| |sT |+ ` y d+ks| s+u+
qT+& X\qT nDyd <T'K+ bT n|jT+ #d V|Ps+>
d+ks\qT nDyjT>* B <T'K ||< n+{sT. +<T esyTq~
dTK||< nq&TT+~. X\qT nD $|XH |]yd esZ eTs\ eTs\
687
q>$T $|Xq
22.Cq<sq$X~ esq+
>u Cq+
1.esTdeT+ nqTeTCq+ s >u Cq+ edT+ ~. n~ esZ
esq ($#sD) kq+ +&+ e\q esZCq<sq $X~ <T, Cq<sq$X
~ L& <T. eT< n~ neeV]yT neT+~ $|XHk+ |&+
e\q $|Xq nq&TT+~.
Cq<sq $X~ n < n+{sT? (1). k| esZ+. (2).d<>$T
es+Z (3).nH>$T es+Z (4).nse s+Z ` H\T>T esZ\ Cq+Cq<s q
$X~ nq&TT+~.
|<eT esZCq+
693
694
k| |<Z\T&T
695
s+&e esZCq+
13. |yD #dT= k|q sXe&T n< dq+|
LsT+&>, < s deTjT+> eTs>, yb<* <Ts\+ #jT{
696
H\Ze esZCq+
697
ns |<Z\ <q+
Cq<sq$X~ >=|q+
1.u~|jT<s+
q, \ \sTT
27. q\ \sTT ` $|Xq, $T \+q, |eT\
sDdeTT<jT+ q+# be+ e\q, $T+ qT+& >, |e qT+& >
e<T. >uCq+, deTT<jT+ q+#be+ e\q, |e qT+& e<T
sD \+q+ e\q $T+ qT+& dT+~ qT < q+ \T>TT+~.
< <X+ b #|&+~ ` uV (d+ks$T+) qT+& q+,
eTs\+ | >u CqyT. (|{d+_<eT>Z) nf <+ qT+& eTs*
nqT<+ y| |sT>TT+~ qT >u Cq+, |e qT+& eTs* Bq+
\TdTy*. H\T>TCH\ n$T\+H\T e+ e\q, $TeX+
q+ b+<TsTT (ksTT). deTT<jT+ q+#+ e\q |e qT+& ksTT.
` $<+> s+&+{ e\q M{ q+ \T>TT+~. +<Te\qH b
#| &+~ `
28. s+&+{ qT+& q+, $e | esZCq+ m nesTT?
(1) k|esZ D+ #&+ nH ns+ ` deT<w, $T<<w
qT+& dT+~. < ($T<<w) nqTd]+ X\T, d+<\ qT+& dT+~.
jT{ $T\+{ qT+& dT+~. +<Te\q #|&+~ ` s+&+{ qT+&
701
709
+= #T]<+ q+ e+
40. n+<T += #T ]<+ L& qeTT+~. n~ ` (1).deTT<#s+
(2).\+H~>V+ (3).n$w+u+ (4). ndeTV+. y (1).eseq
qyT deTT<#sq+ nq&TT+~. (2).#e yTT<q <s\ e< eq
\+q+jTT yTT<{u >+ nqTHq X \T L& \+q+ e\q <&+ >
|T&+ e\q s u>+ XjT+> q+ e+ e\q \+
(D>eT+) _ #dT+Tq eTVwd$sTq sb #&+ e\q
qyTq XdeTV+ \+H~>Vq+ nq&TT+~. (3).XeT<,
$|Xq\ qT+& @<H < <s nD#&q XdeTV+, d+
sq|{, y]+# VTe be+ e\q n$w+_q+
nq&TT+~. (4). XeT<, $|Xq s+&+{# nD#& L& sesZ+ qT+&
q+#b e+ e\q <s n$T+#b e+ e\q n~ ndeTVq+
nq&TT+~. +<T <VsD+ ` |+&T |P\ X_+# <q+ |P\qT
@sT=+, eT<Ts+> b&Tq seTD ds $ XesZ+ |jTdTq
de| b+~q m$T~eT+~ eTVd$ sT\qT+& ] X d e TV+ qyT+ ~.
\+H~>V+, $w+_+, ndeTV+ eT&T s\T q
u$T\+H #sTsTT ` n \TdTy*.
41. $<+> #|&q u<\T>\ H\, 1. ese q+ 2. u |> +
3.eX+ 4.deTT<#s+ nq& H\T>T$<\ H\T, esZ+ qT+&
q+#$ e+ e\q @ C q +q =\be. nf 1.u $T\ 2.
\+H~>V 3.n$w+_ 4.ndeTV H\T j q uy*
q+|Cd j , s Cq+ qeTT+~ qT njT$ =\bsTT.
$<+> & < @~ <s+ =\bT+< <, n~ =\be{
\TdTy*.
713
me #| nedsyT <T.
48. nf jTVq\D +>\ <T'KdeTT<jT + <T'U #&+ e\q <q+
njT due+, $weTuq+ e\q qeTjT s><q+ > |eTT+~.
d+j>sVyTq s<<sq+ e\q d+j>+ *> due+, sDuesZ
<sq+ e\q $|\T *> due+ |{eTT+~.
49. nf dsD (eTT) \D
+ >\ <T'Ks<+ n$y+ e\q *> deTT<jT
<sq+ qT+& $y+ *> due+ |{eTT+~. esZ<sq+ e\q nd+d
due+ nH~ d+ks+ esZ eTT+<q& #&y&T L& sD+
L&+&+ e\q d+d+ e+ nXjT+> |eTT+~. <T'K<sq+
e\q neTdue+ |eTT+~. m+<Tq> <T'K+ $w+. sD+ neT+.
50. n> sD\D+>\ esZ+ L& deTT<jT <sq+ e\q sD
b+<{ ~ sD+ <T. ~ sD+ n VTdue+ |eTT+~.
s< <s q+ e\q n d sb\qT #d H # e # |]X<y T q ~
nqT>, <s qdue+ |{ e TT+~. nHs >\ u~+|& |<y #q
<qe+T W<s+ _eqT> <T'K <sq+ e\q n~| njT due+
y*edT+~.
$<+> eT \D\qT nqTd]+ = <, s d\ <sq+
e\q s eT&+{$ |{+ e+ e\q = < H\T>T ns\T
#| &HsTT. esZ D
+ H\T>T ns\ <H <T'U<T\ H\T>T
\T>\ Cq+ *jT&sTT. nf yssT deTj Cqb|
n+^]+#y] n_<s|b< <eT >+<+H de<q+ #|&+~.
1. $< |]\T
2.$< |VD\T
55. (nf |VD+ L&) ` |VD+ L& () $w+uD |VD+ (K) <+>
|VD+ (>) deTT#<|VD+ ` $<+> |] eH eT&T s\T> +T+~.
() $w+uD |V D+ (nDyjT + e\q =\+|) ` b>\ { +&qT
ydq|&T +&# b nD#&qT j de<T\# esD~ <s\T
nDbeyT $w+uD |VD+ nq&TT+~. b ` |<eT <H
u$dq |&T esD\ $w+uD |V D+ sT>TT+~ (|{d + _<) n #| q|&T
esD\T y\Te&{{ $w+uDyT #|&+~ n \TdTy* m+<Tq>
esD\T <q+jTT yTT<{u>+ L&, s u>+ (e) y+H +
y|+ e, $s+, $#s+, |, dTK+, s|d+ yTT<q$ b|+q
D+H y|eTsTT. n+<Te\q esD\ <eTq+ dw+> \TdT+~.
56. (K) <+>|VD+ ` s y*> B|+ e\q N{ =\qT> j
715
716
3. $< ks\T
neT nuj
T sD #d k]+#T=+{&T. k]+#T &q <s \
d]+|&qy nesTT. (|{d+_<)
60.|<e T esZ D
+ sD #&+ <s qks+. $T*q esZ\
D\ sD #&+ ueH ks+. s+&T ks &
< +| & H sTT. n+< T e\q < s q, u eq\ | s + sDk s +
Cq+jTT | n ns+ #dTy*.
4. s+&T s\ ueq
eTT+| (|d+Vs+)
62. |Ce+T&q y&T o d]jT q$<+ > |P]> k~+#T=, d e ~
(@>qT), |qT u$+#* (nud+#*) `
$<+> ds|+ eq |CueH $<H #|{ yTT<
#|&+~ ` eT\+> q (yTT<{) s+&T $X<T\qT d+b~+#T=q s
Xs+> q ($T*q) <T $X<T\qT d+b~+#T=+ ueq #j* nq~
|P]> $d] +#&+~.
m ueq #j *? nq |X L& #> de<q+ #|&+~.
dqT\ |dq d+ s+|&q $X~esZ+jTT |CueH~s+
Cq<sq$X~ esqeTH sTe~ s+&e |]#<+ de|+. 22
719
23.|CueHeV esq+.
|C ueqjTT >=|q+
(|<TH\Ze~jTq d+<esq+ |CueH~s s+_+#|&T
|Cueq d++~+q nH |X\T n&T>&HsTT. y e] |XqT e<*
q n |X\ >&q |]#< eT+> de<q+ e&+~. e]
|X > ` )
1. n& ` |C ueq jTT >=|qyT$T{? nq |X ~ de<q+ `
|ueq e+<\, y\ >TD\T \~. m+ \+ < $Xw\qT $ks+>
e]+q|{ < |P]> #|+ dT\u+ <T. n+<Te\q d+|+> <
>TD ($XwqT, >=|H) \TdTy*. (1). ~ HH X\qT q+|CdT+~.
(2). s |\sk nqTu$+|CdT+~. (3). s<ueq es #sTdT+~. (4).
(_e) V+#{ qy&T yTT<q >TD\qT \T>CdT+~ ` ~jT
|Cueq jTT >=|q+ n \TdTy*.
721
nq&TT+~.
724
4. VHsT&T e+ yTT<q$
43. s |C ueqqT nud+#+ e\q e\+ s<de|
b+< keTs q+ #dTeyT <T, V+#&{ qy&T njT
keTs q+ #dTe+ L& B >=|qeT \TdTy*. k<sD+>
H\T>T$<\ ueqqT |P]> nu d+q|&T, | u$T&q _ e 1.<e\
bT>\ + V+#&{ qy&T ne&T. 2.n~ e{
nsT&&T 3.<qb| j>T&&T. m+<Tq> Te+{ _ e |Dd+b<q
k{ + nsTTH&T.
$Xw+ `
44.|<eTesZ |C ueq ` 1.eT+<$|XqqT #d _e L& eTT~
+~j\T \y&, me me @&TksT eyT d+ks+ k&T.
@&T dT>T\ |&T <T'U\qT n++ #k&T.2.eT<eT $|XqqT #dq _e
731
eT<eT +~j\T \y& \+\T&T ne&T. nq> s+&T < eT&T ksT
+jT q <T'U\qT X++|CdT=+{&T. rD$|Xq #dq _e rD
+~j\T \y& @;E&&T. n&T k] eqeq m q <T'U\qT
n++ #k&T .
45.~rjTesZ |C ueq ` ~rjTesZ |q T u$+# _ e d <>$T
nq&&T. n&T k] + e q <T'U\qT n++ #dT=+{&T.
46. rjT esZ |Cueq e\q ` esZ |q T u$+# _ e nH>$T
nq&&T. n&T +~j\ $XwqT { nH>$T nq&&T. n~ +~j\
$XwqT { <T $<\T> +T+~. n$ ` (1).X<yd qT+& sD
b+<y&T. (2).jTTe eT< u>+ sD b+<y&T. (3).d+ks\ |q Tq
esZ ndVjT+> b+~ |]sT&jTy&T. (4).sT\ dVjT+ sD
b+<y&T. (5).nw + qT+& sD b+<y&T. $&# k< q
<T s\T> sDb| \T|&+~.
(1). X<yd qT+& sD b+<y&T ` &T X<yd +
m&H |{ q jTTe eT<u> b+<eTT+< |]eT&&T.
(2). jTTe eT<u>+ sD b+<y&T ` jTTe jTT eT<u>
|P]#dT= |]eT&&T.
(3). d+ks\ |qTq esZ ndVjT+> b+~ |]sT&jTy&T `
(me] dVjT+ +&H) d+ks\ |qTq esZ b+<T&T.
(4). sT\ dVjT+ sD b+<y&T ` (me] dVj nsTTH
b+~) d+ks\ |qTq esZ b+<T&T.
(5). nw+ qT+& sD b+<y&T ` qT |{q#{qT+& nw
#] |]eT&&T.
47. #TsesZ |C ueq ` |Cueq k<q #d _e\ sT
(1). X<$eTT&T, sT (2).|C$eTT&T, sT (3). ujTu>$eTT&T
nesT. (4). sT $<T&T, eTs=sT (5). |d+$<|u< b+~
eTVD de&T nesT. y] |X+ d >+<s+u+ #jT &+~ ` esZ D +
n&T qT q]yk &T . |\ D
+ y& <e+q, +q
yTT<{ <DqT b+<{ qy&T ne&T.
s| Te+{ $w>TD\ L&jTTq~ qT T~eT+T&q _e
732
|d+Vs+ (eTT+|)
734
#s T<|Tw&T
$dT~eT>Z s#sTT #s T<|Tw&T ||+#+ |d< <s,
eTTK+> u< <s\T, >+<s yTTyTT< +|&&T. H\Ze
X_ s s+ , <e X_ |Pss+ (350 - 450 AD) eT< J$+q jTq
q J$q+ b kV n_e~ $j+#&T. #sT s+s
|jT+ e\q T<u>yqT&T |<+q |\T, b kVd<+\T
q+#+& H{ es * HsTT. |\ jTq ydq n<\
e\q b kV ns+ #dTe+ dTy+~. jTq q n<
T<e#H\ beDyTq ns eyT > qq eTT+<, q
\+q
qTe+{ <sH\T, s, #], ns,
de yTT<q $wj\ >T]+ L& d+<s {, dMT+>
m+ e]+#&T. n+<Te\q jTqqT #]sT\+ @+ s+ b kV
jTT>s> >s$+#sT. jTq s#q\{ \e+ e+{~ $dT~eT>Z.
yq+<k$T
735