Surge Analyses

1
Transient Flow in Pipe Systems

Transient Flow in Pipe Systems
THEORETICAL OVERVIEW
THEORETICAL OVERVIEW
OF SURGE ANALYSES
OF SURGE ANALYSES
November 2004
University of Pretoria
Prof SJ van Vuuren
Tel: +27 012 420 2438
Website:
http://www.up.ac.za/academic/civil/divisions/water.html
Layout of Presentation
Layout of Presentation
Introduction
Basic theory of transient flows
Rigid Column Theory
Elastic Theory
Influence of pipeline support on wave celerity
Propagation of transient waves
Theory for non-instantaneous disturbances
Calculation of transient pressures
Causes of transient flows
Fluid transient risk assessment procedure
(TRAP)
Surge protection options
Computer-aided transient analysis
2
Introduction
Introduction
What is surge?
Variation in pressures that are generated by a
change in the operational status
How are surge waves created?
Foreseen operational changes
Unforeseen operational changes
Layout changes
Basic theory of transient flow
RIGID COLUMN THEORY
dt
dv
g
L
H =
ELASTIC THEORY (RIGID PIPE)
0
cV P =
) / (
) / (
) / (
) / (
0
3
2
s m velocity flow V
m kg water of mass unit
s m pipe rigid a for celerity wave C
m N n fluctuatio pressure P
=
=
=
=
Where:
3
ELASTIC THEORY (RIGID PIPE) (Continued)
+
=
t
D
E
K
c c
1
1
'
Where:
) (
) (
) / (
) / ( mod
) / ( '
* 2
* 2
m pipe of thickness wall t
m pipe of diameter D
mm N material pipe of elasticity E
mm N water of ulus bulk K
s m pipe elastic an for celerity wave c
=
=
=
=
=
*Values of K and E are shown in Annexure 1
SUPPORT OF THE PIPELINE
PROPAGATION OF TRANSIENT WAVES
Case 1: Anchored at upstream end
2
1

= C
Case 2: Anchored throughout against longitudinal movement
2
1
1 = C
4
Transient flow theory for non
Transient flow theory for non
-
-
REQUIREMENTS
elasticity
effect of losses
non-instantaneous valve movement
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL FORMULAE
instantaneous disturbances
instantaneous disturbances
0 sin
2
=
+ +
x
u
g
c
t
H
u
x
H
u
0
2
= + +
dt
du
D
u u
x
H
g

Visualizing the movement
5
Surgemov1.mov
Surgemov2.mov
6
Pump trip
Formation of vapor cavity
Growth of vapor cavity
Flow reversal
Steady state
Collapse of vapor cavity
Bang
Calculation of transient
Calculation of transient
arithmetic
graphic
characteristics
algebraic
implicit
linear
wave-plan
other
pressures
pressures
7
Pump start-up
Pump trip
Variation in demand
Unintentional changes in operational
position of control valves
Fluid Transient Risk
Checklist of fault conditions
TRAP
Assessment Procedure (TRAP)
8
The route of the pipeline is changed?
The demand on the system is increased?
The basic design data is unreliable by x % (e.g. heads,
flows, component operating characteristics, materials
specifications, fluid properties and quality, etc.)?
Changes are made to the system design?
Design/Installation
The power fails to the motors driving the pumps?
The pump delivery valve is closed in t seconds?
One pump trips but others keep running?
An operator opens/shuts valve y too quickly?
The demand on the system is increased?
Normal operation
9
A pump is re-started within t seconds of being tripped?
A control or emergency shut-down valve is shut rapidly?
An operator opens/shuts valve y too quickly?
Hazardous operation
Component x malfunctions (e.g. an automatic control
valve, pressure relief valve, vacuum breaker, etc.)?
The surge suppression strategy/control devices
malfunction?
System malfunction
10
All the operational
variances should be
identified
List all the possible causes that can change possible causes that can change
the steady state situation the steady state situation and distinguish
between: internal and external factors that
can result in transients (Use Annexure 2).
The bottom line The bottom line: What can go wrong,
where, how, and why? How will the flow
be influenced?
3
Quantify the operational
scenarios
Define the operating regimes Define the operating regimes and the
operational limits of the system.
2
Obtain the characteristics
of the system
Describe the system Describe the system which normally
consists of pumping stations, pipelines,
control equipment, demand centers, etc.
1
Objective Description Action
Cost effective control Review options for a control options for a control and
transient suppressions strategy
6
Ultimate solution for possible
future system application
Consider the influence of future influence of future
extensions extensions or alterations to the system
7
First indication of the
magnitude of the transient
pressures
Determine the celerity, pipeline period, celerity, pipeline period,
pump rundown time, valve operation pump rundown time, valve operation
and the and the Joukowsky Joukowsky s s head head for all the
situations listed in 3
5
The difference between the
residual pressures and
permissible internal pressures
will indicate the ability of the
system to handle higher
pressures.
Draw a longitudinal section longitudinal section and
determine the hydraulic grade lines
(both for static and dynamic conditions).
4
11
Successful
implementation
Devise test program for commissioning test program for commissioning
procedures
10
Ensure long term
efficiency
Finalize the design, and prepare operational operational
constraints and guidelines constraints and guidelines in accordance
with the validated control and suppression
strategy
9
Optimal surge analysis Prepare specifications for detailed computer specifications for detailed computer
analysis analysis
Refine the control measures
8
Pump start-up
Pump trip
12
Surge tank Air valve Reflux valve
Where is the transient
event initiated?
Upstream end An intermediate point Downstream end
Pressure
rises first
Pressure
drops first
Pressure
rises first
Pressure
drops first
Air vessel /
accumulator
Check valve
Relief
system
Surge shaft
Could secondary devices elsewhere in the system be of benefit ?
e.g. Air valves, Feed tanks, surge shafts, etc.
Air vessel /
accumulator
By-pass
Check valve
Vacuum
breaker
Air vessel /
accumulator
Relief
system
Surge shaft
Air vessel /
accumulator
Feed tank
Surge shaft
Vacuum
breaker
Can a By-
pass device
help ?
No No
Select and/or Design
Yes
Select and/or Design
13
Summary of Water Hammer Protection
Normally used in conjunction
with some other method of
protection. Water column
separation possible
In-line reflux valve
Pipeline profile should be
convex downwards. Water
column separation likely
Automatic release valve
Some water may also be
drawn through the pump
Pump bypass reflux valve
Approximate only Inertia of pump
Remarks Required range of
variables
Method of protection (in
approximate order of
increasing cost)
01 . 0
2
0
2
>
wALH
MN
1
0
0
>>
gH
cV
1
0
>
gh
cV
1
0
0
<<
gH
cV
s
c
L
sec 5
2
>
Summary of Water Hammer Protection
near hydraulic grade line to
limit the height of tank
(practical)
Limited height Surge tanks
H = pressure head at tank,
convex upwards
Discharge tanks
Pipeline profile preferably
convex downwards
Air vessel
Remarks Required range of
variables
Method of protection (in
approximate order of
increasing cost)
1
0
>
gh
cV
1
0
0
<
gH
cV
A = Pipeline cross-sectional area (m)
c = wave celerity (m/s)
g = gravitational acceleration (m/s)
h = pressure head at an intermediate section of the pipeline (m)
H
0
= pumping head above suction reservoir level (m)
L = pipeline length (m)
M = moment of inertia of rotating parts of pump, motor and entrained water (nm)
N = pump speed (rpm)
w = weight of water per unit volume (Nm)
14
Computer
Computer
-
-
Aided Transient
Aided Transient
Surge2000
Practical examples to be
discussed
Analyses Software
Analyses Software
THANK YOU !
THEORETICAL THEORETICAL
OVERVIEW OF SURGE OVERVIEW OF SURGE
ANALYSES ANALYSES

Surge Analyses

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Transient Flow in Pipe Systems

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