Experiment 10:

Response of the 2nd order over damped system Thermowell/Pseudo first order
Aim: To determine the time constant of the given thermowell from its response to the step change in the surrounding temperature. Apparatus: A thermowell made-up from about 50c.c. Volume test tube filled with water, with small bulb mercury in glass thermometer, fitted at its center Oil bath with a heater Stop watch Tissue paper to wipeout oil from the thermowell Procedure: 1. Heat the oil in the oil bath to the temperature such that the temperature of thermowell dipped in the oil bath rises to about 90-95 oc 2. Take out the thermowell from oil bath and wipeout oil from the surface of test tube with tissue paper 3. As soon as the temperature reaches 90=95oc start the stop watch 4. Note down the time taken for the temperature reading of the thermowell to fall by every 2oc interval Theory: The majority of thermal systems contain two or more capacities are interacting, since the heat flux depends on temperature difference and not just on the temperature in one part of the system. The simplest type of interaction is that typified by thermometer bulb placed inside a thermowell. This is called dead end system since the equation for the bub has no output term. In the following derivation the only resistances are assumed to be those in the fluid outside the thermowell and the fluid in between the thermowell and the thermometer bulb. The thermal capacities of envelop of thermometer as well as that of thermowell are neglected. The heat balance equation for thermometer can be written as Thermal energy in = Accumulation of thermal energy (1) H2*A2*(T1 - T2) = M2*Cp2*
2

.(2)
1

[h1*A1*(Ti - T1)] [h2*A2*(T1 - T2)] = M1*Cp1*

..(3)

Taking Laplace transform of equations (2) and (3) and rearranging the equations to get a relation Between input temperature Ti and the temperature indicated by the thermometer T2 gives
2() 1()

= (12)2+(1+2+12)+1 .(4)

In using equation (4), remember that 2 is the time constant of the thermometer bulb in the well, which is not the same as time constant of the bare bulb in the surrounding air. It may be noted that time constant for larger bulb in air was only about 150 sec. Since the thermometer bulb in the present case is smaller and it is immersed in water both capacitance and resistance terms will become small and hence 2 will be of the order of about 5-19 sec. The time constant 1 Is that of thermowell, which is very large in comparison to 2. The term R1*C2 Has the dimensions of time and shows the interaction between the

two first order systems. Since C2 is very small R1*C2 Have a very small value. Equation (4) can be factored to give two effective time constants. Therefore equation (4) can be written as
2() 1()

1 (+1)(+1)

(5)

The quadratic formula can be used to get TA And TB . Because of interaction, the ration of effective time constants, TA/TB Is always greater than T2/T1 . This makes transient response more like that of a single first-order element and is known as pseudo first order system.

Observations
Time from beginning of step change (s) 0 39 68 119 142 164 203 233 270 311 351 392 437 483 538 591 650 707 783 857 940 1033 1112 1222 1362 1488 1638 1818 2148 Temp indicated by thermometer (oC) Observed 90 88 86 84 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 Time constant (s) 3019.23 1919.29 1758.65 1462.18 1273.52 1222.62 1144.83 1105.55 1081.81 1055.29 1031.36 1015.22 998.87 995.38 984.28 978.05 964.86 970.04 966.20 965.17 966.06 947.64 946.44 955.60 942.62 930.64 917.13 945.46 Temp of thermometer predicted (oC) 86.87 84.93 83.52 81.13 80.09 79.11 77.42 76.15 74.64 73.02 71.50 69.98 68.39 66.81 65.02 63.36 61.61 60.00 57.97 56.11 54.17 52.15 50.56 48.52 46.19 44.31 42.33 40.27 37.23

Graph

Graph of Temperature vs. time

100 90 80 70

Temperature (C)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 Time (s) 1500 2000 2500 y = 2E-12x4 - 1E-08x3 + 4E-05x2 - 0.072x + 90.824 Y(t) obs Y(t) pred Poly. (Y(t) obs)

Calculations: (for reading no.4) Beginning temperature (Y0) = 90C Room Temperature = 28C

Y (t) = Y0 - Y (1 - / ) = (()
ln(1

Say for reading number 4: 84 = 90 - 62 (1 - / ) 62 (1 - / ) = 90 84 (9084) / = 1- ( 62 ) Here t = 119 seconds So, we get = 1169.16 s Similarly after calculating all time constant values and averaging them, we get = 932.388 s Now, by putting Value in Y (t) = Y0 - Y (1 - / ) Where, Y0 = 90 and Y = 68 By putting value of time in the above equation, we can predict the temperature values. So, for reading 4 Ypred. = 90 62 (1- 119/932.38 ) Ypred. = 82.57C

Results: Equation of response can be written as y = 2E-12x4 - 1E-08x3 + 4E-05x2 - 0.0771x + 95.293 with one point being (0, 90). At x = 0 gives slope of tangent at x = 0 and with y = mx + c Where m = And one point is (0, 90) so c = 90 M = -0.072 For x intercept, y = 0 So, x-intercept of tangent is 1250 Time constant of thermometer from tangent to the response curve at t (= 0) is = 1250 s Time constant of thermometer from 63.2% response (0.632*2148) = 1357.53 s Time constant of thermometer from analytical method 1169.16 s