Chapter 1 Vocab

1. Annihilate a. To utterly destroy or defeat. 2. Recapitulate a. To review by a summary 3. Collaborate a. To work with other parties 4. Cavalcade a. A procession of vehicles, ships, riders or carriages. 5. Bureaucracy a. A government with nonelected officials 6. Feudalism a. A system where vassals were protected by lords 7. Accumulate a. To gather or collect 8. Hospitable a. Treating or receiving strangers warmly 9. Subdue a. To conquer and bring into subjection 10. Egocentric a. Having little to no regard for interests other than ones own. 11. Ethnocentric a. The belief in the superiority of ones culture 12. Massacre a. The general slaughter of persons 13. Heathen a. An irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized person 14. Atrocity a. The state of being shockingly wicked 15. Subjugate a. Bring under control 16. Pyre a. A heap of combustible material 17. Vehement a. Showing strong feeling 18. Genocide a. The killing of a large group of people 19. Ideology a. The ideas and manner of thinking of a group 20. In Absentia

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

a. While not present at the event, but being referred to Ingenious a. Clever, original, and inventive Egalitarian a. Believing in the principle that all people are equal Matrilineal a. Inheriting or determining descent through the female line Patrilineal a. Inheriting through the male line Nomadic a. Migratory people Sedentary a. Characterized by much sitting Subordinate a. Treat of a lesser importance Tractable a. Easy to control or influence Autonomy a. A self-governing country or region Ostracize a. Exclude from a society or group Pauper a. A very poor person Indigenous a. Originating or occurring naturally in a place Secular a. Denoting activities that have no religious basis Intrepid a. Fearless Infidel a. A person who doesnt accept a particular faith Tribute a. A gift given in acknowledgment Heretic a. Someone who doesnt conform to an attitude Flabbergast a. To overcome with surprise Facilitate a. To assist the progress Reciprocity a. Mutual exchange

Chapter 1 Non-Trad
1. Arrival of the first peoples to New World o Who Nomadic bands from Siberia o What Traveled to North America o Where Bering Bridge o When Between 12000 14000 years ago o Why To hunt big game o Significance This was the first time that humans had ever been on North America. 2. Two theories of the peopling of the New World o Beringian Who o Immigrants from the Bering Bridge and their descendants. What o Created advanced weaponry and advanced hunting tactics. Where o North America When o Ended 14000 years ago Why o To create an easier and more relaxed civilization Significance o It was the first step that the nomads took to improve their lives since moving to the Western Hemisphere o Archaic era Who o Immigrants from the Bering Bridge and their descendants What o Started to change food habits Where o North America When o 10000 2500 years ago

 Why o There was a reduction in food from the overkilling of mega fauna. Significance o It was an agricultural revolution when the nomads started to systematically clear and plant crops for food. 3. Two reasons why the mega fauna became extinct o Pleistocene overkill Who o The nomads and the mega fauna What o Mega fauna was becoming extinct Where o North America When o 10000 years ago Why o Overhunting and overkilling Significance o The biggest food source for the nomads, the mega fauna, was becoming scarcer. One of the theories is that the nomads were overkilling the mega fauna and not giving them time to reproduce. o Shift of climate Who o The mega fauna What o Mega fauna was becoming extinct Where o North America When o 10000 years ago Why o Climate change Significance o The major food source for the nomads, the mega fauna, was becoming extinct. A theory for their extinction was that the climate was changing, causing the mega fauna to run out of grazing locations. 4. Archaic peoples changing subsistence patterns o Who Archaic people

o What Humans were running out of their main food source, the mega fauna, and they needed to find a more reliable and more renewable source of energy. o Why The main source of food for the nomads was running out and there did not seem to be a replacement that was as plentiful. o Significance This was the start of a shift of food trends for humans in North America. This shift was caused by the extinction of mega fauna, and the importance of agriculture is still prevalence to this day. 5. Archaic peoples gender role distinctions o Who Archaic people o What Change in roles for females o Where North America o When 10000 2500 years ago o Why The food surpluses and the agricultural revolution created more necessity for women to get involved with the decisions and tasks of society. o Significance This was the one of the most important times for women equality since the beginning of time, and because of food surpluses, agricultural revolution, and the fact that they were finding more time to enjoy and develop society created this opportunity for women. 6. Crop surpluses lead to o Who Archaic people o What Crop surpluses caused change in their lives, including the development of trade routes and the social and political development. o Where North America o When 10000 2500 years ago o Why Crop surpluses created less responsibility for the nomads to find food and keep their family fed, and they used that extra time to develop society.

o Significance The availability of food for the Archaic people caused them to have more time on their hands. They used the extra time to develop society, including giving women more important responsibility and more of a say in the direction of the Archaic people. 7. Mississippian Culture o Who The tribes and groups living in the Mississippi River area. o What They were a very important and advanced civilization for their time. o Where Mississippi River area o When 2000 years before contact with Europeans o Why The crop surpluses lead them to be able to create a very advanced civilization that still remains to this day. o Significance The Mississippians were an advanced race that used their time to develop and evolve their society and to create structures that would amaze even to this day. 8. Insert o Cahokia in 1200 Who o Cahokias people What o A very advanced and developed civilization that dominated an area as large as New York State. Where o Mississippi River area When o A.D. 1200 Why o They were a very elaborate society that were very important to other civilization in the area. Significance o The Cahokia showed that Native Americans were in fact, very evolved unlike what the colonists had showed. o What does the burial of the man at Cahokia signify? They were a sacrificial society. They buried people alive

 They removed limbs for sacrifice. o Cahokias downfall It is a mystery 9. Contrasting World Views Colonizing Europeans Land should be privately possessed. Had ranks of wealth. Men were the leaders and decisionmakers. Saw trading as strictly an economic matter. Religion was bases around one god. Native Populations in the New World Land should be held in common. Most people were on the social level of others. Family membership was determined through the female line. Females had as much input as men. Saw the social and spiritual side of trading. Believed in spirits in nature

10. Ghana Kingdom o Who A large kingdom that dominated Africa. o What One of the first kingdoms the Europeans encountered o Where West Coast of Africa o When Approx. 1000 A.D. o Significance The Europeans arrived in Africa and were surprised to find a civilization comparable to their own. 11. Mali Kingdom o Who A civilization that rose from the Ghana Kingdom o What A result of a war in the Ghana Kingdom o Where West Coast of Africa o When Around the 11th century o Significance A civilization that took the place of the destroyed Ghana Kingdom

12. Kinship system o Who Africans o What A system of social and political order o Where Africa o When Before and during the Europeans arrival in Africa o Significance It was a different way of organizing society, one that the Europeans were not accustomed to. The Africans organized people into groups, roles, and categories whereas the Europeans mainly organized society by family. 13. Rebirth of Western Europe o Who Western Europeans o What Saw a resurgence in its status o Where West Europe o When Around 1000 A.D. o Significance Europe suffered for years with its weakening importance and economy. Thanks to long-distance trading from the Mediterranean, Western Europe began to come back both economically and in its value to the area. 14. Feudalism o Who Europeans o What A system of land ownership and duties o Where Europe o When Middle Ages o Significance It was a system that had been used in Europe for a long time, but started losing its importance with the rebirth of Western Europe

15. Black Death o Who Europeans and Africans o What A major disease that engulfed the population and crippled the population. o Where Europe and Africa o When 1348 1349 o Significance The Black Plague hit Europe in the 14th century. It killed one-third of Europes population, and affected them for centuries. 16. Magna Carta o Who Europeans aristocrats o What A bill that made the king have less power o When 1215 o Where Europe o Significance English aristocrats were not happy with the amount of power the king had, so they created a bill to make the king have less power. 17. Europe lags behind England o Europe lagged behind England because one, they were less affected by the move to enclose land. o Rulers were also less successful in engaging the nobilities, and nobles never shared governance with the king. 18. New monarchies o Who Ambitious monarchs in France, England, and Spain o What Sought social order and political stability o Where France, England, and Spain o When Second half of the fifteenth century

o Significance Citizens in these countries were unhappy with their current government and way of life, and that was the main driving force behind the new monarchies 19. Initial objectives of exploration o Who Europeans o What Started exploring the areas o Where Mediterranean and Asia o When Late fifteenth century o Significance Exploration was started by two initial goals. First was to avoid and bypass Muslim traders by finding a route to Asia. The other was to tap the African gold trade 20. Prince Henry the Navigator o Who The leader in one of Portugals most important moments o What He led the fight to get Portugal recognized as an important place. o Where Portugal and the surrounding areas o When Late 14th and early 15th century o Significance Portugal was much unknown as a country until Prince Henry came along. He led the country to explore the areas around Europe. 21. Map o Who Explorers that originated from Europe o What A map of who, when, and where the explorers travels o Where Mainly explorations from Europe to the Americas, although some went to Africa, Russia, and around the word o When 1487 1610

o Significance The map shows that the Europeans were very focused on exploring the world around them and getting as much use from it. 22. Portugal in the lead o Who Portugal o What Started to become an important part of Europe o Where Portugal o When End of the fifteenth century o Significance Portugal had been a relatively unimportant and overlooked country, but they started to become known to the area by first getting their independence, and then shortly after started expeditions to explore the area. 23. Quadrant o Who Portuguese captains o What Developed a way to navigate the sea o Where The sea o When 1450s o Significance With the start of Portugals mission to explore the earth, they had to figure out a way to navigate the earth. So the invention of the quadrant system helped navigators to know where they were. 24. Lateen-rigged caravel o Who Sea captains o What A way of shaping sails o Where The sea o When 1450s

o Significance Europeans could not go south along the African coast, and the invention of triangle sails gave them the ability to explore new places. 25. Vasco de Gama o Who Vasco de Gama o What A European that was a sailor o Where Europe and the Cape of Africa o When 1497 o Significance Vasco de Gama was the first European that sailed around the Cape of Africa, which allowed them to colonize the Indian Ocean. 26. Christopher Columbus o Who A European explorer o What Is sometimes said an exploiter o Where The Americas o When 15th century o Significance Sometimes Columbus is called an exploiter as he caused a lot of troubles for the Native Americans he encountered. However he saw many problems in Europe and had to use the Americas as a refuge area. 27. Oct. 12, 1492 o Who European explorers o What Arrived in the Bahamas o Where Bahamas o When Oct. 12, 1492 o Significance This was the moment when Columbus and his explores arrived in The Americas

28. Second voyage o Who Columbus and his explorers o What Came to the Bahamas for a second time o Where Bahamas o When Between 1494 1504 o Significance This began the realization that the Americas were a very rich and unused area that could be used to the Europeans advantage 29. Martin Luther o Who Martin Luther o What A German monk o Where Germany o When Late 15th/Early 16th century o Significance He started a branch of Christianity that didnt relate with Rome. 30. Good works v. External evidence of grace o Who Martin Luther o What Thought about how to have faith o Where Germany o When 1500s o Significance It was a new way of thinking for Christian and it caught on very quickly. 31. Sale of Indulgences o Who Martin Luther o What Attacked the concept of sale of indulgences

o Where Germany o When 1517 o Significance Luther was fed up with how Roman Christians could buy their way out of punishment for sins, so he attacked the idea that you could buy your way out of trouble. 32. 95 These o Who Martin Luther o What Came up with arguments o Where Germany o When 16th century o Significance Martin Luther came up with 95 arguments against the practices of the Christian church and told Christians to practice true repentance 33. Luthers Attacks o Who Martin Luther o What Attacked the state and the practices of the Christian church o Where Germany o When 16th century o Significance Luthers attacks on the state and practices caused the creation of a new branch of Christianity that is still predominate to this day. 34. Basic division between Catholics and Protestants o Who Catholics and Protestants o What With Luthers attacks caused a difference in some basic beliefs in Catholics and Protestants o Where Germany and eventually Europe

o When 16th century o Significance The attacks on the Catholic religions practices caused some Catholics to unite their beliefs and from a new religion called Protestant. Their beliefs differed from marriage, sacraments, and luxuriousness of the clergy. They also differed on religious authority. 35. John Calvin o Who A Frenchman that helped Protestants o What Helped the Protestant Reformation o Where France o When 1536 o Significance The Protestant Reformation, or when Protestants started spreading their message to others and getting the rules of their religion set. 36. Calvins reforms o Who John Calvin o What He started to reform and shape Protestant o Where France and Europe o When Mid-16th century o Significance Even though Luther started the religious branch of Protestant, they didnt get very far in determining what their rules and morals were. 37. King Henry VIII o Who A king that did something other kings didnt o What He was the first king to become Protestant o Where England o When 16th century

38.

39.

40.

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o Significance King Henry VIII, after being told by the Pope that he couldnt divorce and remarry, decided to become a Protestant, becoming the first king to do so. Anglican Church o What A branch of Protestant o Where England and Europe o When 16th century o Significance This was a branch of Protestant that was further away from Catholicism Treaty of Tordesillas o Who Portugal o What Allowed to move the line that Portugal can go to o Where Spain and Portugal o When 1494 o Significance Portugal needed to go to some areas in the Americas, but the pope demarcated, or marked as off limits the West Hemisphere. But with the treaty, they moved the line more west, allowing Portugal to explore parts of the Americas Columbian Exchange Chart o Who Europe and the Americas o What Items that were given and traded o Where Europe and the Americas o When 16th century o Significance When Europeans started to explore and interact with the Americas, the received many things that they did not have in Europe. In return, Europeans also gave the Natives many things, including diseases. The Great Dying

o Who Native Americans o What Got diseases o Where The Americas o When 16th century o Significance Back then, people werent very aware of the how the spread of bacteria and infections happened. So when explorers went and made contact with the Natives, they didnt know that they were passing germs and diseases that the Natives werent immune to and would kill half of the population in the Americas 42. Silver strikes o Who Spanish o What Found large amounts of silver o Where Bolivia o When 1545 o Significance Silver was destined to be the standard of wealth. And everyone was focused on finding it and obtaining it. So when the Spanish found large amounts in Mexico and Bolivia, the Spanish focused their efforts in mining it. 43. Native peoples as labor supply o Who Natives to the areas around silver-rich locations o What Were used as labor o Where Bolivia and Mexico o When 16th century o Significance Europeans started to see that the Natives, along with Africans, were a very cost-efficient and plentiful source of labor. And with the silver boom and the need for manpower, the Europeans used them for their own benefits.

44. Price Revolution o Who Europeans o What Saw a higher cost of living o Where Europe o When Mid-sixteenth century o Significance With the boom in silver and the increase in its availability, the cost of living increased as the cost of silver decreased. Many parts of Europe saw an increase of double of what it was before. This was a problem as the wages of most people did not increase to accommodate the increase in price. 45. Sugar o Who Portuguese o What Located sugar o Where Lowlands of Brazil o When 16th century o Significance The Portuguese, while discovering areas in South America, found sugar, which had not been available to the area. Portuguese explorers transported millions of slaves over from Africa instead of using indigenous people. 46. Juan Ponce de Leon o Who A Spanish explorer o What Explored the southeast region of North America o Where North America o When 1500s o Significance o He was one of the first peoples to start charting the southeast region of North America.

47. Hernando de Soto o Who A Spanish explorer o What Explored the western region of North Americas o Where Western region of North America o When Mid 1500s o Significance De Soto and his team went and explored the Gulf region of North America. He met Native Americans and was very nice to them, until he found out they did not have gold, which they were looking for. So the raiding their villages and passed diseases to the Natives that they were not immune to. 48. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado o Who A Spanish explorer o What Cleared large areas of the southwest North Americas o Where Southwest North America o When 1540s o Significance De Coronado led a large team into the southwest, looking for gold, but instead clearing the land for eventual Spanish colonization. 49. Christianity v. indigenous religions o Who The Spanish and the Natives o What Started to deal with religion o Where The southwest North Americas o When Late 16th century o Significance The Spanish, wanting to spread Christianity to as many people as they could, started mixing in native beliefs with Christianity, which caused many natives to accept those parts of Christianity.

50. Kivas o Who Pueblo Indians o What Practiced their religion o Where In underground chambers o When Late 16th century o Significance The Pueblos practiced their religion in underground ceremonial chambers called kivas. When the Spanish came and started to spread their religion, they came down to kivas and professed the Christian faith. 51. John Cabot o Who An English explorer o What Started the exploration in the New World for England o Where Europe and the Americas o When Late 16th/early 17th century o Significance England, upon discovering that the Americas were a new, plentiful area, wanted to get a piece of the action. But the Portuguese and the Spanish were already well rooted in the area. But John Cabot started the explorations and the chance for England to acquire a part of the Americas. 52. Englands interest in the New World o Who The English o What Started formulating their plans for the new world o Where The New World o When Late 16th/early 17th century o Significance Englands prospects for the New World was very different than the Spanish and Portuguese. They just wanted to fish, the gold for the English.

53. Conflict between Catholic Spain and Protestant England o Who The Spanish and the English o What Started to disagree because they had different religions o Where Europe o When Late 16th/early 17th century o Significance The religious tension between the two branches of Christianity caused many major problems for both sides. One of the problems was that Queen Elizabeth I was overthrown because of her religious choices. 54. Summer of 1588 o Who English and Spanish troops o What Got into a fight o Where English coast o When Summer of 1588 o Significance This fight was started by the Catholic-Protestant conflict that had been brewing for several years before the conflict. It started with Queen Elizabeth sending 6000 English troops to aid Dutch Protestants. Later, a Spanish armada was launched to conquer England. The fight happened when the English met the Spanish 55. Two Richard Hakluyts o Who People that wanted England to expand overseas o What Wanted England to colonize the New World o Where England o When Late 16th century

o Significance They were one of the driving forces behind getting England to start an exploration into the New World. They highlighted some advantages to help convince English leaders to go to the New World. Some of them are new estates, new markets for merchants, new people to spread religions to. 56. Roanoke Island Colony, N.C. o Who English settlers o What Started a settlement in the New World o Where North Carolina o When 1585 1588 o Significance This was the first attempt at a settlement in the New World by the English. It started in 1580s. They perished apparently because of local tribes after they killed a tribal leader. 57. Spanish Portuguese colonizing effect v. English colonizing efforts o Who The Spanish and the English o What Traveled to the New World o Where The Americas o When 16th century o Significance When the Spanish went and attempted to colonize the Americas, they caused many effects in the Americas. One of them is that they spread man diseases and killed a lot of people. Another is they raided the natives and abused them. The English started colonizing after the Spanish. The started to colonize by first starting a settlement, but that didnt go so well. 58. Causes for emigration to New World(p.32) o Who Emigrants to the New World o What Had many reasons to emigrate to the New World o Where The New World

o When 17th century o Significance Emigrants to the New World had many reasons to emigrate from Europe and to the New World. Some of the reasons are because of religious restrictions in Europe. Some people wanted to go to the New World because they wanted to explore. 59. Split image of native people o Who Colonists o What Perceived Native Americans in two different ways o Where The New World o When 17th century o Significance The Natives were depicted in two ways by colonists who had heard about them through the explorers. The first was that they were a gentle people who were very welcoming. The second was that they were a flesh eating savage as some attacked the colonists. 60. Native Americans control of land becomes a problem o Who Native Americans o What Caused trouble for the Europeans because they didnt privately own land o Where The Americas o When 17th century o Significance The practice of the Native Americans to not privately own land started to affect the decisions of the colonists. They started to wonder what right can we enter into the land of these savages, take their rightful inheritance from them, and plant ourselves in their places. The colonists partially overcame this ethical problem by convincing themselves they didnt want to take the land but to share it with them. 61. Europeans justify rights to native soil o Who Europeans

o What Try to justify taking Native Americans land o Where The Americas o When 17th century o Significance The Europeans tried to overcome the ethical roadblock by convincing themselves that they werent taking the land, but merely sharing it. They also thought that they would offer those technological advances and the Christian religion.

Wheeler Questions
Physical appearance (bodies, hair, clothing, jewelry, and so on). This description can provide important clues about Cortss attitude toward the Indians he confronted. o The Indians were described to be average size, with well-proportioned bodies and features. They had piercings of the ears, nostrils, and lips. Their clothes were long veils. Men wore loincloths and mantels, while women wore what would be like dresses today, some covering their breasts. Nature or character (childlike, bellicose, cunning, honest, intellectual, lazy, and so on). Be sure to note the examples Corts used to provide his analysis of the Indians nature or character. o The Indians were observed to be very religious, with many visits to temples, which were highly decorated and adorned. They however were very violent with their sacrifices, killing and eviscerating them and burning them as sacrifices. Even though they had very gruesome sacrifices, Corts complimented them with being faithful, feverous, and diligent, and said that if they were converted to Christianity that it would surely work miracles. Political, social, and religious practices (behavior of women, ceremonies, eating habits, government, and so on). Descriptions of these practices can provide excellent insight into the explorers general perception of the Indians he encountered. Be especially sensitive to Cortss use of descriptive adjectives. o The Indians were very religious, dedicating a substantial about of time and effort into their mosques, or temples, which were decorated and adorned. They were a highly sacrificial society however, often sacrificing their body parts like their ears, and some would offer their blood by spraying it. These practices, although not necessarily deserving punishment, was definitely horrible and disturbing. Overall impression of the Indians. What was Cortss collective image or impression? o Corts and the explorers thought that the Indians were very loyal to their religion and thought they were dedicated. However their sacrifices and rituals disturbed and disgusted many of the colonists. Corts also saw them as sinful as they had sexual practices that werent agreeable to the Christian faith. What did Corts think should be done with the Indians? o He wanted them to be converted to Christianity.