DYB 654: ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES - II

Assoc.Prof.Blent AKBA
Department of Earthquake and Structural Engineering

Crown Hall at IIT Campus Chicago . Illinois Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Connections in Steel Structures

(adapted from Shen, J., Steel Structures, Class Notes, IIT, Fall 2009. )

CONTENTS

Introduction General limit states in connections Bolt related limit states and detailing Weld related limit states and detailing Commonly used simple/shear/framing connections Commonly used Moment/rigid Connections Column Connections 2

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Connections | Introduction
How critical a connection in steel structures safety, cost, and performance The structural designer leads the connection design, but should work with steel fabricators to optimize the total cost of the project

Connections | General Limit states

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Block Shear Rupture Bolt Bearing Bolt Shear Bolt Tension Fracture Concentrated Forces Flexural Yielding Prying Action Shear Yielding and Shear Rupture Tension Rupture Whitmore Section Yielding / Buckling

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Limit states | (a) Block Shear Rupture

(Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology)

Limit states | (b) Bolt Bearing (against

the bolt hole edge)

(Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology)

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Limit states | (c) Bolt Shear

(Photo by P.S. Green)

Limit states | (d) Bolt Tension Fracture

(Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology)

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Limit states | (e) Under Concentrated

Forces When forces are transferred from one member to another, some form of localized deformation (due to yielding or buckling) occurs, depending on types of connections, as illustrated in the following slides .

Limit states | Under Concentrated

Forces (compression due to bending) Flange Local Bending Limit State

(Beedle, L.S., Christopher, R., 1964)

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Limit states | Under Concentrated

Forces (Shear force) Web Crippling Limit State

(Photo by T. Murray, Virginia Tech)

Limit states | Under Concentrated Forces (Compression)

Web Local Buckling Limit State

(SAC Project)

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Limit states | (f) Flexural Yielding

Web Local Yielding Limit State

(SAC Project)

Limit states | (g) Prying Action

(Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology)

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Limit states | (h) Shear Yielding and Shear Rupture

(Astaneh, A. and Nader, M.N. 1989)

Limit states | (i) Tension Rupture

A plate behind this taped plate

Module I Contents: Overview

(Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology)

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Limit states | (j) Whitmore Section Yielding /

Buckling in Gusset Plate

Module I Contents: Overview

P
Gusset plate

(Beedle, L.S. and Christopher, R., 1964)

Connections | Bolt related limit states and

Module I Contents: Overview

detailing
a) b) c) d) e) Commonly used bolt Bolt types Bolt shear strength (LRFD/ASD) B lt h Bolt hole l and d failure f il modes d Bolt minimum spacing and edge distance

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Bolt | Commonly used bolts

Bolt| Commonly used bolts

A307 machine bolts (unfinished bolts or common bolts:

we do not account for the clamping force from tightening of the bolt)

Fnt = 310 MPa (45 ksi) A325 high strength bolts (can be pretensioned) F nt = 620 MPa (90 ksi) A490 high strength bolts F nt = 780 MPa (113 ksi) F nt : nominal tension strength (can be pretensioned)

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Bolt| Commonly used bolts (AISC 360-05)

Bolt| Bolt types: N, X, and SC

Types yp of Connections: (a) Bearing Type (A307, A325, A490) N - threads iNcluded in shear plane X - threads eXcluded from shear plane (b) Slip Critical (A325, A490) SC - slip critical Ex: 19 mm ( in.) A325 - N

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Bolt| Bolt shear strength in bearing-type (N and X)

Fnv = Nominal shear stress (AISC 360-05 360 05 Table J3.2) For Connection design (unless specified otherwise): = 0.75 ( (LRFD); ); = 2.00 (ASD)

Bolt | nominal shear strength in bearing-type (N and X)

Module I Contents: Overview

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Bolt | nominal shear strength in bearing-type (N and X)

Nominal Shear Strength per bolt per shear plane: rn = Fnv x Ab , MPa, (Ab is nominal bolt area = db 2 /4) Nominal Shear Strength of the connection: Rn = rn x Number of Bolts x Number of Shear Planes (either 1.0 or 2.0)

Bolt | nominal shear strength in bearing-type (N and X) Design Shear Strength of the Connection: LRFD ASD : Rn = 0.75 Rn : Rn = Rn / 2.00

(AISC 360-05, J3.1)

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Bolt | Bolt hole and failure modes For all hole related limit states except tear out, the effective hole diameter used in calculations is (AISC360-05, Table J3.3) dh = dh + 2mm The additional 2mm accounts for damage. For tear out out, the actual hole diameter is used used. For bearing, the bolt diameter is used.

Module I Contents: Overview

Bolt | Bolt hole and failure modes

Module I Contents: Overview

Bearing

Tu

Tear Out Le Lc

Tu

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Bolt | Bolt hole and failure modes

Module I Contents: Overview

Bearing

Tear Out Le Lc

Bolt | Bolt hole and failure modes

Module I Contents: Overview

Section J3.10 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes For standard, oversized, and short-slotted holes Rn = 1.2 L ct Fu < 2.4 db t Fu
1.2 L ct Fu is the tear out strength 2.4 db t Fu is the bearing strength Lc = clear distance

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Bolt | Minimum Spacing and Edge Distance

e e s e s

Module I Contents: Overview

Section J3.3 Minimum Spacing: Preferred: S = 3d; and e = S/2 d = the nominal diameter of the bolt. (commonly S = 75mm and e =38mm)

Bolt | Minimum Spacing and Edge Distance

e e s e s

Module I Contents: Overview

Section J3.5 Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance:

S <= 24x(thickness of the thinner plate) or 305mm for painted members S <= 14x(thickness 14 (thi k of f the th thinner thi plate) l t ) or 180mm 180 f unpainted for i t d members b e <= 12x(thickness of the connected part) or 150mm

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Bolt | Minimum Spacing and Edge Distance (TS648)

Module I Contents: Overview

Connections | Weld related limit states

Module I Contents: Overview

and detailing
a) b) ) c) d) Fillet weld strength Effective width in Fillet weld Minimum size, t, of fillet welds Base metal rupture strength

e) Example: Determine design strength Td for Welds

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Weld | Fillet weld strength

Module I Contents: Overview

Nominal Strength Rn = Fw Aw

(AISC360-05, Eq.J2-4)

Fw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5) (AISC360-05, Eq.J2-4)

Fw = nominal strength of the weld metal per unit area, MPa FEXX = electrode strength, MPa = angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis, degrees Aw=effective area of weld (mm2)

Weld

Weld | Fillet weld strength

Weld Rupture

T
=90 =0

= 00 = 900

Fw = 0.60 FEXX Fw = 0.60 (1.5 FEXX)

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Weld | Effective width in Fillet weld

t t

teff = 0 0.707 707 t (ASIC360-05, J2a)

t : leg dimension teff : effective throat of a fillet weld

Weld | Minimum size, t, of fillet welds

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Weld | Minimum size, t, of fillet welds

Maximum Fillet Weld Size (AISC360-05, J2.b): tp < 6mm tw = tp tp > 6mm tw = tp 2mm

1/16

tp :thickness of the plate tw :weld size

Weld | Minimum length of fillet welds

Minimum length of fillet welds(AISC360-05, J2.b): 4tw =< 6mm Minimum length of fillet welds(AISC360-05, J2.b): =1.2-0.002(L/tw) 1.0
If the length, L, exceeds 100 times the weld size, L the actual length is reduced to an effective length by multiplying the actual length by . When the length of the weld exceeds 300 times the leg size, =0.60.

tw :weld size

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Weld | End Returns of Fillet Welds

The reason for end returns is to ensure that the weld size is maintained over the full length of the weld. weld AISC 360 360-05 05 does not require end returns.

Weld | Base Metal Rupture Strength at weld AISC 360-05 Section J4.2 Shear Rupture Strength g shear rupture p strength g for the The design limit state of rupture along a shear failure path in the affected and connecting:

Rn = (0.6 Fu Anv)
Anv : welded area subjected to shear (the same for base metal rupture and weld rupture)

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Weld | Base Metal Rupture Strength at weld

Weld | Base Metal Rupture Strength at weld

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Weld | Base Metal Rupture Strength at weld

Weld | Base Metal Rupture Strength at weld

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Weld | Base Metal Rupture Strength at weld

Base metal force is carried by one fillet weld. The largest effective fillet weld size will be the size where the weld strength equals the base metal g strength:

(0.6FEXX) teffL (0.6Fu) tBML teff=0.707t (Fu / FEXX) tBM

Any weld size larger than the above value does not contribute to the strength of the connection. connection

Weld | Base Metal Rupture Strength at weld

Base metal force is shared between two equal size fillet welds (one weld on each side of the base metal). The largest effective fillet weld size will be the size where the weld strength equals the base metal strength:

2(0.6FEXX) teffL (0.6Fu) tBML teff=0.707t 0.5(Fu / FEXX) tBM

Any weld size larger than the above value does not contribute to the strength of the connection. connection

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Weld |Example: Determine design

strength Td for Welds

E70XX Electrod, Fexx = 485 MPa STI (A36) steel Fu = 400 MPa
Weld Rupture: Tn=(0.6x485MPa)(0.707x6mm) )(125mmx2) = 308.6 kN 125 5" Base Metal: Tn= (0.6 Fu Anw) = (0.6x400MPa)(8mm)(125mmx2) = 480 kN Tn = 308.6 kN (weld rupture governs)
PL 3/8" x 8"
6mm

PL 10mm x 200mm

E70XX

Td
mm x 125mm PL 8 PL 5/16" x 5"

mm

Td = (0.75)(308.6kN)=231.5 kN (LRFD) Td = (0.50)(308.6kN)= 154.3 kN (ASD)

Connections | Weld related limit states

Module I Contents: Overview

and detailing
a) Groove weld strength b) ) Effective area in Groove weld

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Weld | Groove weld strength

Weld | Groove weld strength

Base Metal Nominal Strength Rn = FBM ABM (AISC360-05, (AISC360 05 Eq.J2-2) Eq J2 2)

FBM = nominal strength of the base metal per unit area, MPa ABM=croos-sectional area of the base metal (mm2)

Weld W ld Nominal N i l Strength St th Rn = Fw Aw (AISC360-05, Eq.J2-3)

Fw = nominal strength of the weld metal per unit area, MPa Aw=effective area of the groove weld (mm2)

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Weld | Effective Area of Groove Weld

The effective area of groove welds is determined as the length of the weld times the effective throat thickness.

Weld | Effective Area of Groove Weld

Aw=teL

Complete joint penetration (CJP) groove welds

Partial joint penetration (PJP) groove welds

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Weld | Effective Area of Groove Weld

Aw=teL

te

Weld | Effective Area of Groove Weld

For CJP welds, the limit state of weld metal strength will never control since both the weld and the base metal have the same effective area and the filler metal is constrained to be stronger than the base metal. As a result, only the capacity of the base metal is of concern. concern For PJP welds, the effective areas for the weld and base metals differ, with the weld effective area being less than the base metal. If the welds effective throat is small enough, then the weld strength will control over the base metal strength.

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Weld | Effective Area of Plug and Slot Welds The effective shearing area of plug and slot welds is determined as the nominal cross-sectional area of th hole the h l or slot l t in i the th plane l of f the th faying f i surface. f

Weld | Effective Area of Plug and Slot Welds

(AISC 360-05, J4-2)

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Weld | Summary

Weld | Summary

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Weld | Summary

Weld | Summary

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Connections | Commonly used

Module I Contents: Overview

simple/shear/framing connections

a. a b. c. d. e. f.

Double Angle Connection Double-Angle Single-Plate (Shear Tab) Connection (becoming more popular) Shear End-Plate Connection Seated Connection (Stiffened and Unstiffened) Single-Angle Connection Tee Shear Connection

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Module I Contents: Overview

All Bolted Double-Angle Connection

Girder B1 Beam B1B Girder B1 Girder B1 Beam B1B

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

All Bolted Double-Angle Connection (continued from the previous slide)
Module I Contents: Overview

Girder B1 supports Beam B1B by an all-bolted, double-angle connection. These double-angles are field bolted to the supporting girder and shop bolted to the supported beam. This eliminates "knifed" erection. (Lowering the supported beam web into place between the angles). The offset bolt rows between the in-plane and outstanding angle legs provide better entering and tightening clearances. Since both of the members are the same depth, the beam is double coped to accommodate the flanges of the girder.

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

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Shear Connections | Single Plate (Shear Tab) Connection

becoming more popular

Shear Connections | Single Plate (Shear Tab) Connection

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Shear Connections | Shear End Plate Connection

Shear Connections | Shear End Plate Connection

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Shear Connections | Unstiffened Seated Connection

Shear Connections | Stiffened Seated Connection

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Shear Connections | Stiffened Seated Connection

Shear Connections | Single Angle

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Shear Connections | Single Angle

Shear Connections | Tee Connection

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Shear Connections | Tee Connection

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15 mm

6 mm

12 mm 6 mm

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12 mm

6 mm

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit States associated with All Bolted DoubleAngle Connection

Nominal Strength g of the connection, , Rn in kN, , from each of the following limit states: a) Block Shear Rupture b) Bolt Bearing c) Bolt Shear d) Shear Yielding e) Shear Rupture f) Flexural strength

The governing nominal strength of the connection, Rn is the smallest among all.

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Possible limit States in a typical beam-togirder connection
Module I Contents: Overview

12 5 A A 2 5 a) b) c) d) e) f) 3, 4

2L

Block Shear Rupture of the beam web (1-1) or the angles (2-2) Bolt Bearing of the beam web or angles (3) Bolt Shear (4) Flexural Yielding of the coped web Shear Yielding of the gross area of angles along 5-5 Shear Rupture of the net area of angles along 5-5

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Overview Limit State | Block-shear rupture Module I Contents:

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Bolt Bearing
Module I Contents: Overview

Rn = 1.2 L ct Fu < 2.4 db t Fu , kN

1.2 L ct Fu : tear out strength 2.4 db t Fu : bearing strength Lc : clear distance
Rn /2= 0.6 Fu L ct Rn/2 Rn/2

Rn Rn Rn

Rn

Lc

Lc

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Bolt Shear
Module I Contents: Overview

Rn = Fnv x Ab x Number of Bolts in the web x N b of Number f Sh Shear Pl Planes ( = 2 f for d double bl angle connections), kN Ab = db2 / 4, db : bolt diameter.

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Shear yielding and rupture
Module I Contents: Overview

Shear Yielding: Rn = (0.6 Fy)Ag Shear Rupture: Rn = (0 (0.6F 6Fu) An

Fy = yield stress; Fu = tensile strength Ag = gross area in shear; and An = net area of the angles

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength Single Coped Beam

Ru or Ra

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength Double Coped Beam

Ru or Ra Ru or Ra

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength with Coped Beams ( Rupture and local buckling)
Module I Contents: Overview

Required flexural strength: LRFD: Mu = Ru e ASD: Ma = Ra e

AISC Steel AISC, St l Construction C t ti M Manuel, l 13th Edition) Editi )

Ru or Ra = beam end reaction force, kN

Available Strength based on Flexural Rupture: Mn = Fu Snet (for single or double coped beam cases) b = 0.75, b= 2.00 Available Strength based on Flexural Local Web Buckling: Mn = Fcr Snet b = 0.90, b= 1.67

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength with Coped Beams ( Rupture and local buckling) (contd)
Module I Contents: Overview

Snet = net section modulus, mm3 , tabulated in Table 9-2 in AISC 13th Edition Manual Fcr = available local web buckling stress as given in the following slides

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength local web buckling stress Fcr with only top flange coped

Limitations:

c<2d dc < d / 2
2

Ru or Ra

tw Fcr = fk Fy 12(1- v 2 ) h0

2E

E=200,000 MPa, v=0.3 E = 29,000 ksi, = 0.3

c c 2 when 1.0 d d f = 1 + c when c >1.0 d d

f= plate buckling model adjustment factor k=plate buckling coefficient

h0 1.65 c 1.0 2.2 when h0 c k = 2.2h0 c when >1.0 c h0

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength local web buckling stress Fcr with both top and bottom flanges coped
Module I Contents: Overview

Limitations: c < 2 d dct < 0.2 d dcb < 0.2 d

tw 2 Fcr = 0.62 E fd ch0

fd = 3.5 7.5 (dc / d) (adjustment factor) dc = the larger of (dct , dcb)

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength Example: Determine if adequate
Module I Contents: Overview

12mm 200mm 75mm

R u =180 kN

W14x30

STII ( (A992 Steel) )

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength Example: Determine if adequate
Module I Contents: Overview

W14x30 STII (A992) Fy = 345 MPa Fu = 450 MPa e = 212 mm c = 200 mm d = 351 mm tw = 6.86 mm dc = 75 mm ho = 351 75 = 276 mm mm. Snet = 137,160 mm3 from Table 9-2 AISC 13 Ed. Manual

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Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength Example: Determine if adequate
Module I Contents: Overview

tw Fcr = fk Fy 2 12(1- v ) h0

2E

.86 0.270 6 180 , 762 )(3.74) = 26, = 210 (1.16)(3.61) ( 1.14 10.8 276 = 476 68.9 ksi>F =345 50 MPa ksi, , so = 50 ksi = .12 MPa soF F y> cr cr = 345MPa
c / d = 200 / 351 = 0.57 0 57 < 1.0 10 So, f = 2 (c / d) = 2 x 0.57 = 1.14 c / ho = 200 / 276 = 0.72 < 1.0 So, k = 2.2 (ho / c)1.65 = 2.2 (276 / 200)1.65 = 3.74

2 2

Shear Connections | Double-Angle Connection

Limit State | Flexural Strength Example: Determine if adequate
Module I Contents: Overview

Use LRFD since Ru is given: Required strength: Mu = Ru e = (180kN)(0.212m) = 38.16 kNm Available Strength based on Flexural Rupture: Mn = Fu Snet = (450)(137,160) = 61.72 kNm b Mn = (0.75)(61.72) = 46.29 kNm > Mu = 38.16 kNm Available Strength based on Flexural Local Web Buckling: Mn = Fcr Snet = (345)(137,160)= (345)(137 160) 47.32 47 32 kN kNm bMn = Fcr Snet = (0.9) (47.32) = 42.59 kNm > Mu = 38.16 kNm

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References: Shen, J., Advanced Steel Structures, Class Notes, Fall 2009. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Specification: AISC 360-05 Chapter J (included in the AISC Manual Part 16). Design of Connections (Parts 9 through 13) of the AISC Manual M l AISC Documents on Teaching Steel Connections Quimby, T.B., Steel Class Notes, 2008

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