Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies Author(s): Byung J. Kim, Chai Sung Gee, John T.

Bandy and Ching-San Huang Source: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 63, No. 4, 1991: Literature Review (Jun., 1991), pp. 501-509 Published by: Water Environment Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25044031 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 16:59
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Hazardous

Wastes

Hazardous treatment technologies

waste

technologies. At the 83rd Annual Meeting

Management Association,14 many papers

of the Air andWaste

on incineration tech

nology were presented. At the Solid/Liquid Separation Confer Industrial Waste Conference,16 ence,15 the 22nd Mid-Atlantic and theGulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center Con
ference,17 many papers were presented on hazardous waste re

mediation
included

Byung J. Kim, Chai Sung Gee, John T. Bandy, Ching-San Huang

This ogies where review in general. in this emphasizes Separate hazardous reviews waste treatment waste technol treatment

and S/S technologies. Proceedings from the following EPA-sponsored

many papers on hazardous waste treatment

conferences
technol

on hazardous

ogies: the Second Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies,18 the 15th and 16thAnnual Hazardous Waste Research Symposiums,19'20 and the A&WMA Interna tional Symposium.21 Proceedings from Department of Energy
(DOE) sponsored conferences discussed hazardous waste treat

technologies

relative to specific industries may be found else

volume.

BOOKS AND PROCEEDINGS

Major and Fitcho1 identified emerging hazardous waste treat ment technologies and provided evaluation of feasibility and cost of selected technologies. Freeman and Sferra2 edited a three
volume reference summarizing innovative hazardous waste

ment technologies, including theMixed Waste Regulation Con ference,22 the Annual Waste Management Symposium Working Towards a Clean Environment (16th),23 Incineration Conference
'90,24 Annual and DOE Low Level Waste Restoration Management and Waste Conference,25 Management Environmental

treatment technologies. It included thermal processes (vol. 1), physical/chemical processes (vol. 2), and biological processes (vol. 3).Ma?anan3 published a hazardous waste chemistry text book and included hazardous waste treatment technologies with
reference to basic chemistry and toxicology. Lynman et al.4 pre

Workshop.26 At theWestern Regional Symposium on Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes,27 the American Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Conference,28 and the National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting,29 many industrial haz
ardous waste treatment technology related papers were presented.

GENERAL
Chambers situ treatment et al.30 compiled state-of-the-art hazardous extensive information waste, focusing on in on for technologies soil, and provided European

to evaluate the effectiveness of cleanup sented a methodology technologies at petroleum product contaminated sites, including
a site assessment, low-up. Testa selection of technologies, presented monitoring, information and on fol re and Winegardener5 and soil the treatment

contaminated et al.31 studied including stripping,

references.

Pheiffer soils, steam ap

technologies

to treat contaminated washing, in situ current

storing aquifers contaminated by petroleum products, including

groundwater Curtis6 technologies. Noonan groundwater and presented petroleum-contaminated costs waste data.

vacuum and land

extraction, farming.

in situ Sims32

reviewed

issues,

proaches, and soil remediation technologies to identify deficien

cies waste and recommend improvement et al.33 presented at uncontrolled nine case studies hazardous with in sites. Young

treatment technologies including air stripping, granular activated

carbon, and and biorestoration hazardous and solvent ICF, Inc.7 prioritized techniques. discussed management

The highest priority was minimization, followed by recycling, incineration, chemical and biological treatment, landfill, and deep-well injection. Arozarena et al* provided general guidance on solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology, including back
ground, test methods, equipment, costs, and detailed description

novative technology process descriptions and performance and cost data at ongoing and completed Superfund sites. Technol ogies included incineration of explosives and contaminated soils, air stripping, soil vacuum extraction, and soil flushing. An EPA report34 to Congress summarized the progress in implementing the Superfund in the fiscal year 1988 and included an evaluation
of newly developed feasible and achievable permanent treatment

of each S/S technology. Nunno9 identified international tech nologies that could be used for hazardous waste remediation and treatment. Tedder and Pohland10 edited an American Chemical Society (ACS) symposium series book, which included chapters on biological and chemical treatment of soils and sludges and solid immobilization. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)11 summarized in situ treatment technologies for hazardous waste contaminated soils. The United Nations En vironmental Program12 published guidelines for handling, treat
ment, and disposal proceedings of hazardous from wastes. conferences on hazardous Several major

technologies. Another EPA report35 to Congress

the progress, accomplishments, and results

summarized
In

of the Superfund

novative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program through 1989. James36 pointed out that the demonstration and evaluation of
a hazardous with waste treatment technology should be conducted for pre the purpose of characterizing performance, need

and postprocessing of the waste feed, identification of waste type and constituents applicable to the technology, system through
put, problems and limitations of the technology, and costs.

material and waste treatment were published during 1990. The proceedings of the 44th IndustrialWaste Conference13 at Purdue
University included many papers on hazardous waste treatment

An EPA directive37 summarized the effectiveness of treatment technologies for contaminated soil and debris and provided sup port for decisions by the regions to use treatability variances
for complying with the Resource Conservation and Recovery

June

1991

501

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Hazardous

Wastes_

Act (RCRA) land ban disposal restrictions. Loehr et al3%pre sented information on the quantitative evaluation of mobility
and had persistence accumulated waste of organic and inorganic constituents over a long-term in soil treatment period decisions. Schomaker that sys

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Safferman and Bhattacharya51 investigated the treatability and fate of 28 organic RCRA compounds in a combined organic
removal and nitrification process and by secondary were effluent

tems. The
treatment

information was useful in the development

closure and Zunt39

of soil

explained

gravity filtration. At a total concentration of 1.5mg/L of organics

in the aeration basin, most of the compounds removed to

that technical guidance documents provided best documented available technology (BDAT) to meet the needs of RCRA and
the Comprehensive and and ment, uated Liability liner S/S Act. Environmental The waste areas of Response, research and were Compensation, related to cover treat eval systems, on site

below the detectable limit by secondary treatment. Bhattacharya

et al.52 compared two pilot-scale activated sludge plant perfor

systems,

leaching and

solidification, Ahlert and and

in situ

mances. One was operated with distributed RCRA compound loading and the other one with spiked loading. The selected
compounds did not cause any adverse effects on chemical oxygen

combustion, and

BDAT.

and Kosson40 anaerobic reverse

dispersed

fixed-film

aerobic

demand (COD) and suspended solid removals. Chlorinated ali

solvents phatic were degraded. were volatilized and aromatic serial volatile benzenes Dieneman et al.53 used anaerobic/aerobic

ultrafiltration, flocculation/precipitation, a laboratory scale for treating high-strength reverse Lyman and

osmosis waste

hazardous

and leachate. The resulting effluent could be polished by ultra

filtration, standards. osmosis, ion exchange presented to meet the permit to and Noonan41 a methodology

packed bed reactor to biodegrade organic contaminants in leachate from a Superfund site, resulting in 80 to 90% priority
pollutant subsystems removal. were Mass attempted. balances for the anaerobic and aerobic

effectively select contaminated soil at underground storage tank sites and evaluated five technologies: soil venting, biorestoration, soil flushing, hydraulic barrier, and excavation. Factors affecting
implementation of each technology and disposal and were presented. Fuhr and

Kuhn
of by aquifer ous waste

and Suflita54 examined the anaerobic biod?gradation

and sulfonated The persisted Trattner results and benzene indicated which contaminants which hazard anaerobic the biolog microorganisms. constituents

nitrogen-substituted

des Rosiers42 described technical methods

struction, rinated detoxification, dibenzo-/xlioxins dibenzofurans

of degradation, de
containing using chlo incineration,

favored reviewed

of wastes

biotransformation.

and Lawson55

ical technologies for hazardous waste treatment including land

composting, aerobic treatment, and anaerobic biod?gradation.

ultraviolet (UV) photolysis, and supercritical oxidation and pre sented actual field test data. Woodyard43 pointed out that recent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) treatment focused on mobile or in situ application resulting in unacceptable liability for the generators and evaluated soil remediation technologies including
thermal, chemical, and biological treatment and physical sep

Hazardous wastes included PCB, trichloroethylene (TCE), poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), pentachlorophenol (PCP),
aniline, and chlorophenol. Cheremisinoff56 presented an over

view of biological
wastewater. Efficient

treatment and detoxification

systems included aerobic

of water and
and anaerobic

aration. Maunsell44 pointed out that landfill capacity is a critical

resource agement and in the trends hazardous include waste allowing industries more sewer in Australia. discharge, performing included described Man creating more inciner how re

fluidized bed and membrane

Steegmans and Brunswig57

biological reactor.
examined removal efficiencies of

COD, biochemical
from lowed waste by disposal a biological

oxygen demand, and organics halogenated

site leachate treatment. using Brenner an adsorption resin fol et al5* investigated The pro

more enforcing treatment. Reviewed and other new

and stringent regulations, treatment technologies technologies. are managed. oily selective sludge, catalytic Corbett45

ation

the feasibility of using the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as a

key SBRs ducing fully component removed of treating most contaminated leachate Darnall and on-site soil and constituents and Hosea59 pilot-scale leachates. while of soil and bacteria. tests

fineries and petrochemical

way hazardous wastes included BDAT duction dewatering standards, systems,

industries have been changing the

Technologies on-site and incineration noncatalytic The of concern to meet NOx Canada re

cyanide-resisting conducted laboratory

success demon

and

catalyst-recycling

technology.

stration of AlgaSORB
of mercury-contaminated

technology for the removal and recovery

groundwater under the U. S. EPA's

Center for Mineral

industry with sludge

and Energy Technology46

technologies. Treatment

studied mineral
alternatives

treatment

included sludge dewatering, effluent treatment by ion exchange

subsequent metal recovery, and reprocessing of sludges ei

ther on-site by the use of solvent extraction or inmineral industry

smelters that treat or refineries. gas industry Talion wastes et al47 and examined remediation the sites. technologies Candidate

SITE program. The appendices to the report included the lab oratory results of AlgaSORB technology demonstration. Zitrides60 discussed three general bioremediation techniques: biostimulation for contaminated groundwater and soils, bioslurry for sludges and highly contaminated soils, and biofarming for
lightly vantages, to enriching organisms contaminated disadvantages, degradation and biostimulation soils. Golueke and Diaz61 for mass discussed two approaches of ad and of technologies toxic wastes: to encourage

technologies were evaluated for their specific applications and

available puter performance system. and cost data were compiled on a com database

inoculation

these microorgan

EPA
document48;

published
a

a 24-volume
BDAT

final BDAT
background

background
treat

isms. Sims et al62 discussed an in situ and prepared bed system

using natural microorganisms steps were to treat contaminated discussed: site/soil/waste soils. System development characteriza

19-volume

document,

ment standards, an amendment

document49; and a 19-volume

to the final BDAT background

final response to BDAT-related

comments document.50 The background documents provided the U. S. EPA with technical support and rationale for the de
velopment ulated. of treatment standards for the constituents to be reg

tion, treatability studies, and design and implementation of the bioremediation plan. Finlayson63 pointed out that the practicality of bioremediation of waste is based on its speed and cost effec tiveness. Bewley et al}4 argued that biological treatment of con
taminated soil offers a workable and responsible alternative and

502

Research

Journal

WPCF,

Volume

63, Number

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Hazardous

Wastes

described a successful project in detail. April et al65 evaluated in situ soil bioremediation processes, including degradation and
detoxification, for wood-preserving, petroleum-refining column leachates were wastes

process

was

applied

on

a hazardous

waste

site

containing

lead,

at high concentrations in an acclimated soil. The soil solid phase,

water uated. Topp fects and Hanson66 type, examined soil with slurries carbon to analyze or inorganic the ef nu on vi soluble fraction of soil, and eval

copper, and PCBs. Substantial reduction of leachable lead and copper was achieved as tested by TCLP protocol by the U. S. EPA. Physical testing results indicated durability in exposed conditions. Grube80"82 described Soliditech technology, which was another stabilization process demonstrated through the SITE program at a Superfund site inNew Jersey. PCBs, lead, oil, and
grease were the target contaminants. Three types of waste-con

of soil

supplementation and

trients,

creosote,

copper/chromate/arsenate

mixtures

ability and PCP degradation by inoculant of flavobacterium sp. Wang et al61 examined the effectiveness of biostimulation to treat diesel oil contaminated soils. The contaminated soil ap proached the background level of uncontaminated soil after 12
weeks of bioremediation. Lewandowski et al.6* explored various

taminated soil, waste filter cake material and oily sludge and sand were treated. Physical stability was high and contaminant
leaching used. was low. Proprietary reported mixing that S/S, reagent by and additives two were compa Sawyer83"85 combining

nies' technologies
deep-soil-mixing

(one for mixing

equipment), was

additive and the other for

demonstrated for waste on

nutrient media
hazardous wastes

and reactor configurations

by white rot fungus.

to effectively treat
results in

Preliminary

dicated that immobilization improves the biod?gradation rate substantially. Lamar and Dietrich69 studied the ability of white rot fungus to remove PCP from soil. A PCP removal efficiency of 88-91% was achieved in 6.5 weeks converting most of PCPs
to nonextractable soil-bound products. Sharp-Hansen70 models inves

site cleanup. The conclusions were that immobilization of PCBs was likely, heavy metals could be immobilized, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) could be reduced to a lower concentration,
and a small volume increase on the order of magnitude of 5

10%was expected. Razzell86 reported a field experience of fix

ation of pesticide, paints or organic solvents, and waste oils by

tigated organic air pollutant emission from bioremediation

cesses and identified and evaluated air emission bioremediation process.

pro

for each

fly ash and cement kiln dust. Fixation was performed in cells dug in solid clay. Spence et al}7 undertook a study to answer the question of the fate of VOCs in the process of S/S, which
was an exothermic cementitious reaction that would vaporize

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENT

A fact sheet from the U. S. EPA71 provided the technology description of Glycolate dehalogenation as being a potentially effective technology in detoxifying specific types of aromatic or ganic contaminants, particularly dioxins and PCBs. Tiernan et
al.72-73 studied the various operating parameters of dehaloge

the VOC. They used lightly contaminated groundwater for the mass balance, and it indicated thatmore than 50%was retained in the S/S sample.
Stagemann and and Cote88 summarized the test methods for so

lidified waste evaluation. Seven physical tests, five leachate tests,

four micromorphological characterization methods were

applied to solidified products. Bostick et al%9 treated mixed,

technetium, and chemically hazardous waste by not conventional

nation by using KPEG-potassium

glycol: volatile duration materials, of treatment; and carbon matrix;

hydroxide and polyethylene

the presence the quantity of water, of reagent. and

cement-based grout. The S/S was effective for hydrolyzable met

als?lead, to the grout by ment several cadmium, was orders uranium, and nickel?but for retention

temperature;

of radioactive Tc-99. The addition of ground blast furnace slag

shown to reduce the Kalb of magnitude. cement. leachability et al90,91 of technetium reported a com

Dechlorination
bon was also

of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) sorbed on activated car
discussed. Barkley74 reported a pilot-scale study

parison of encapsulation of mixed waste inmodified

and hydraulic They found that the sulfur

sulfur ce
cement

for the efficacy of PCB removal from concrete surface by using alkali metal/PEG mixture. He also tried a shotblasting technique
in which contaminated concrete surface was cut away. Jones75

compiled the possible mechanisms

ticular waste components and

of interference between par

available waste

commercially

binding systems through literature review and available infor

mation on Portland cement and pozzolan chemistry. He also

addressed the effects of admixtures and the effect of typical or

ganic waste components that treatment on the treated product. Suprenant soil by mixing to the environ et al.76 observed of oil-contaminated

achieved greater waste loading because of its thermoplastic property. Van Beek andWodrich92 reported the grout treatment facility for processing liquid radioactive and hazardous tank wastes into a cement-based solid designed by Westinghouse Hanford Co. to dispose of 227 000 m3 of grouted mixed waste. The report by DiLiberto93 dealt with defense liquid tank waste at Hanford Site nuclear fuel reprocessing. The waste would be
separated into high-level, transuranic, and low-level fractions

cementitious materials
constituents, decreased

limited the solubility of the hazardous

the surface area exposed

and then vitrified or immobilized in grout. Eckert et al.94 pre sented the chemical kinetics of supercritical water oxidation and the detailed design procedure of amobile unit. The design con
sisted size of four and costs tasks: a flow sheet, material and energy balances, costs. The and associated of major equipment, was to be cost effective and maintained shown steady system for a wide conditions range of feed concentrations. operation treat an overview et al95 presented of solvent extraction Hall

ment, and improved the handling characteristics. The pH in crease, in the range of 9-11, by the addition of cement and fly ash, immobilized most multivalent cations as insoluble hydrox
ides.

Soundararajan et al77 conducted research on S/S employing modified organophilic clay binder to chemically stabilize organic
contaminants. The evaluation using leaching and extraction

ment technologies including those in the development stage as well as field-applied systems. Those introduced were the CF sys
tem, New cess), York University's system, Resource LEEP (low energy extraction pro BEST BP Oil's Conservation Company's

showed chemical bonding between the clay and the waste and
retention of organic compounds. Barth78,79 reported on the

CHEMFIX

S/S process as a SITE demonstration

project. The

(basic extractive sludge treatment), Envirite Field Services' Ac

June

1991

503

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Hazardous

Wastes_

curex

process,

and

Sanexen

International's

Extraksol

process.

of metals and crucible melts test to evaluate the effect of various

chemical additives on soil-melting temperature and other char

Valentinetti96"98 reported on the SITE demonstration project by CF system for organic extraction. The process used liquefied propane successfully to extract PCBs from contaminated sedi ments. Sudell99 conducted a test to determine the suitability of the BEST process for application as a spill and waste site cleanup.
The water process fraction, separated and oily sludges into solids. Raghavan soil using extraction agents: water washing aug a basic or surfactant an with with agent, water washing or chelating and air or agent, organic-solvent washing, their components: oil, 10? et al the clean reviewed

acteristics. Five metals from the EP toxicity list of various VOCs including CC14, TCE, PCE, and asbestos were included in ISV
tests.

Timmerman and Peterson115 tested pilot-scale ISV for soil contaminated with fuel oils and heavy metals from fire-training
exercise. They were demonstrated the destruction of organics et al.116 and and the

ing of excavated mented acidic

retention of inorganics in the vitrified product. Off-gas treatment

systems waste also addressed. with high were Treatment Timmons levels tried ISV on and contaminated of mercury arsenic

stream stripping. Technical feasibility of the technique with na tional priority list siteswas mentioned. Hutzler et alm presented
a soil vapor extraction as a cost-effective technique for VOC

low levels of aldrin and dieldrin. The destruction and volatil

ization results of contaminants were discussed. continuously technologies monitored, for wastes and the from

removal from contaminated soil. They discussed the factors and components of the system and claimed that the design and op eration of the system was flexible enough to allow for rapid
changes Arri?la in operation, et al102 which studied will in situ optimize treatment contaminant of arsenic removal. contam

metal-finishing
Inc.,117 ozonation, clusions were including

operations were discussed by PEI Associate,

alkaline chlorination, oxidation, regarding S/S, wet-air and oxidation, UV/ Con precipitation.

electrolytic presented

the effectiveness

of the various

technologies
wastes. for Eyal treating

for selected electroplating

et al.11* reported a new industrial acid-containing

and metal-finishing
called streams. SEPROS, It was re

inated soil. They found the possibility of adding amorphous ion

oxide to stabilize arsenic and adding ferrous sulfate to reduce

technique, waste

the solubility of arsenic. Porras103presented the recycling of virgin

petroleum ponent of product conventional contaminated asphalt soils products. as the Lewis com aggregate et al.104 and

ported that the technology is especially valuable in the treatment of waste streams from titanium dioxide industry, pickling liquors,
and bleed streams from electrolytic zinc plants. was Leak119 designed to reduce a radiator tin in ad

Welshans and Topudurti105 reported a SITE program employing the UV/oxidation technology. The efficiency of the process for VOC removal was greater than 90% by chemical oxidation, but for a few VOCs stripping, also contributed toward removal. Lewis et al106 also evaluated the UV/oxidation technology at a site of contaminated groundwater. Employing hydraulic retention time of 40 minutes, an ozone dose of 110mg/L, hydrogen peroxide dose of 13mg/L, and 24 U V lamps (intensity of the lamp was
given), into posal not met the groundwater a receiving waterway. the discharge standards for dis et al.107 evaluated ul Buckley

a precipitation and clarification system that could be used by

small the most radiator repair shops. used hot The system commonly with caustic lead, solution zinc, targeted to clean and

contaminated

dissolved

copper,

dition to dirt, rust, paint flakes, and other particles. Crim and
Brown120 conducted chemical soils. analysis. shock The treatment process process was also were options included caustic for ex in an hydro plosive-contaminated economic feasibility

The plasma,

options

lysis/peroxidation, dation,

microwave/sonic/hydrolysis/oxidation, et al.121 introduced wet

microwave/hydrolysis/oxi nitric acid/heat, at re boiling

trafiltration for dissolved

treatment of soluble under heavy of SITE metal toluene. examined and

heavy metals
The result

after polyelectrolyte
showed lead, the separation and mercury in

and supercritical fluids.

Piccinno duced air oxidation pressure and hydrogen (WAO) and operating conditions?atmospheric catalyst

program.

ions?cadmium,

the presence Williams for

et al108

reverse-osmosis separation of selected

(RO) membranes chlorophenols

temperature?by using metallic was applied to conventional WAO

peroxide. toxic

wastewater

containing

the concentration

and chloroethanes with and without feed preozonation. The separation of dilute organics by composite polyamide membrane
was shown to be effective with improvement by preozonation.

organic compounds and mathematically

wastewater treatment

to verify the feasibility. Hu et al.122 studied modeled an affinity dialysis process for
for the recovery of useful metals and the

Walker et al.m presented the RO system employed to reduce chromium in the effluent from a plating facility. The full-scale
RO/evaporator system resulted in a substantial reduction of the

removal of toxic metals. The technique involved a solution of macromolecular agent (polymer) that rapidly complexed metal
ions. Operation cussed. the Osteen removal and the polymer solution an regeneration ion-exchange Savannah River was resin dis for and Bibler123 of dissolved reported

quantity of chromium exiting the facility. Cole and Fields1,0 reviewed in situ vitrification (ISV) system, including a basic de
scription of system components. Campbell and Buelt111 simu

mercury was

from

Labo

ratory. A polystyrene/divinylbenzene
groups, Duolite GT-73, shown effective Stanley124 trons from discussed a plasma reactor

with
in which

thiol functional
removal. are ionized gases

in mercury

lated ISV of an underground steel tank containing hazardous material by using a 30-cm diameter buried steel and concrete tank containing tank sludge. The steel tank was converted to ingots and the concrete walls were dissolved into the resulting glass and crystalline block. Campbell et al112 performed ISV tests on soils spiked with heavy metal and organic compounds
as well as radioactive simulants. Tests showed successful binding et the

by passing through an electric field strong enough to strip elec

the molecules The potential et al125 of the gas and for hazardous of the waste reactor model decon were of tamination. also included. advantages a mathematical

Lovo

presented

the deep well reactor for hazardous waste oxidation that described the behavior when it is operated in the subcritical region. Varma
et al.126 reported microwave-assisted fluid-bed oxidation to treat

of hazardous and radioactive simulants in the vitrified product

and nearly complete conducted destruction a bench-scale of ?/.113114 the organics. Farnsworth ISV test to demonstrate

TCE, which they found to be significantly more efficient than

conventional oxidated oxidation. species than The products oxidation products were also more of conventional oxidation.

potential of electrode feeding in soils with a high concentration

504

Research

Journal

WPCF,

Volume

63, Number

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_^____^___Hazardous

Wastes

Alpert
wastes: a temperature compounds absorbs

et al127 reported solar detoxification

low-temperature thermal/chemical by solar steam reforming for photocatalytic process over a metal process that

of hazardous
and a high organic Skocypec A nu

destroys catalyst.

and Hogan128 described a direct catalytic absorption reactor that

energy hazardous waste destruction.

Sethi and Biswas144made an effort tomodel the formation and dynamics of metallic particles in a flame incinerator. Silcox and Pershing145 studied incineration of hazardous waste by using a mathematical model of heat transfer in a directly fired rotary kiln. The moisture level of the feed was predicted to be a key
operating parameter. Tsang146 described the temporal behavior

merical model for destruction of TCE was presented. Tseng and Huang129 presented photocatalytic oxidation, using titanium
oxide studied and UV were light, oxygen, and phenol. was of phenol temperature, York and in aqueous pH, solution. concentrations introduced Parameters of pho heap

of chloroaromatics during pyrolytic decomposition by using fundamental chemical kinetics of OH radicals and H-atoms. Altwicker147 proposed a global kinetic model of the formation of PCDD and PCDF in incinerators in terms of homogeneous
and tities heterogeneous of these mechanisms. pollutants and the Also discussed were the quan surface-cat low-temperature,

tocatalysts,

Aamodt130

leach mining
Laboratory, or

technology conducted by Los Alamos National

which a process that could treat hazardous

chemical and radioactive wastes that will chemically, physically,

biologically react reported with a fire selected that reagents. created Machin and Ehresmann131 asbestos-containing of the mo treat

alyzed reactions relevant to the formation of PCDD and PCDF. Bruce et al148 proposed a scheme for controlling the formation of PCDD/PCDF during incineration by using sorbent materials
to remove experimental the source of chlorine. Helsel et al149 performed soil at manufac an remediation of the contaminated

waste and its treatment with sulfate and alkalinity amendment

agents. bility ment Loehr and sites et al.132 discussed of residue The report an important topic waste information degradation at closure. at hazardous presented land

tured gas plants (MGP) by thermal desorption treatment tech

nology. Treatment conditions?temperature, residence time, and

pertain

ing to the quantitative evaluation of mobility and persistence of

organic ment and inorganic waste constituents under various closure

soil type?and total PAH concentrations were examined. Lighty et al150 investigated the rate-limiting steps in the desorption of contaminants from MGP site soils and found that temperature
was the most important parameter. Lighty et al151 also presented

scenarios that could be useful in the development

closure decisions.

of soil treat

a research effort of thermal desorption of contaminants

soils. They that studied local intrathermal were and interparticle and important phenomena gas-phase process and gested nant description Hall134 creosote, of a rotary described and penta and environment the most

from
sug

THERMAL TREATMENT
Tillman kiln rotary et al133 gave a comprehensive waste specific as a hazardous kiln incineration wood solid of incinerator. wastes, sludge.

contami variables.

concentration

Taylor et al152 developed a thermal stability based ranking of

hazardous temperatures organic compound incinerability by evaluating compounds. the for 99% decomposition of organic

chlorophenol

preservative

Waterland

et al135

Thurnau153 also devised an incinerability index to measure

performance ardous of an incinerator and varying by using principal and a simple organic oxygen haz con components Lemieux oxygen temperature developed measuring

Fournier et a/.136137 studied the fate of metals in a rotary kiln incinerator with pilot-scale tests. The effect of chlorine in the feed was also addressed. Stumbar et al13* reported the field demonstration activities of the U. S. EPA's Mobile Incineration System. It included trial burn of RCRA and Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) wastes, accomplishments, problems en
countered, and solutions implemented. Canadian Council of

centrations. unsaturated

et al.154 demand?for

indicator?

the performance of this simple and re

of thermal devices burning hazardous waste. They discussed the

advantages, indicator moval such compared efficiency. of the metal mixed as uniform with Fournier chemical parts using and easy-to-measure, used the currently et al155 warfare a metal and destruction

Ministers of the Environment139 published guidelines formobile PCB destruction systems, including generic technologies of high temperature incineration (rotary kiln, liquid injection) and other thermal degradation techniques (pyrolysis, thermal radiation,
and Rasmussen140 arc). Corry plasma as an alternative to dispose of refinery and examined biotreatment incineration sludge on

performed

a test for thermal residue remaining dis and

destruction on

munitions parts

furnace. waste

cussed

radioactive

hazardous

Ragaini156 incineration

the destruction of chemical munitions in conjunction with the land disposal restrictions by U. S. EPA. He observed that the
choice of treatment technology was a regulatory one. Dempsey a

land as the U. S. EPA had banned land treatment. Fluidized bed incinerators were found effective in eliminating hazardous
organic constituents and disposing of inorganic metals.

and Thurnau157 tested incineration

sources, specifically the K-wastes

of wastes

from specific
using

in RCRA

regulations,

Dellinger et al141 described research results regarding the minimization and control of hazardous combustion byproducts
from operations in which hazardous waste is thermally destroyed.

rotary kiln system to develop standards of BDAT. The pilot

scale testing of four wastes showed no detectable amounts of

principle organic hazardous constituents

or scrubber blowdown. Tabery

in either the kiln ash

discussed a dis

Kissel142 critiqued the proposed cofiring of municipal refuse and PCBs at Bloomington, Ind., contaminated by past industrial ac
tivities. and He also discussed control of cleanup the technological operations. local Peters costs, scope, viability, et al143 presented

and Dangtran158

a treatise on the implications for destruction of toxicants and

PIC generation. Secondary reactions of newly formed volatiles

posal of waste from the smelting of aluminum. Alternative to land disposal was incineration using fluidized bed combustion showing competitiveness for a 20 000 ton/yr plant. Uberoi and Shadman159 presented the chemical equilibrium
of lead in chlorine-containing waste incineration and suggested

that can contribute to desired and undesired effects were dis

cussed. They showed that incinerator design, operation, and

passing the lead-laden flue gas through a fixed bed of an appro 16? defined priate sorbent to remove lead compounds. Elliot et al
the haust conditions gas and steps and required phosphine to completely from the incinerate ex in of arsine semiconductor

performance monitoring will benefit from better quantitative understanding of devolatilization (pyrolysis) related phenomena.

June

1991

505

This content downloaded from 196.200.142.112 on Sun, 3 Nov 2013 16:59:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Hazardous

Wastes

dustry. Ross and Deitz161 introduced theWhetlerite ads?rbate, charcoals impregnated with metals and used for retention of toxic airborne chemicals. They presented the thermal desorption
and tandem mass spectrometry combustion of the adsorbates. processes for organic scribed oxygen de Chopey162 wastes devel

15. "Solid/Liquid Enhancement."

Separation: Waste H. S. Muralidhara

Management (Ed.), Battelle

and Productivity Press, Columbus,

Ohio (1990).
16. Martin, J. P., et al Second Mid-Atlantic Ind. Wastes?Proc. (Eds.), "Hazard. Twenty Ind. Waste Conf." Technomic Publishing Co., of the Gulf Annual Coast Hazardous

oped by Union Carbide that could be used at Superfund sites.

Davis bed and Miranda163 introduced Texaco Petroleum's entrained to generate usable waste. The gas from hazardous gasifier was as and classified the nonhazardous, slag gas was synthesized or electric for hydrogen used power production generation. for hazardous waste and

Pa. (1990). Inc., Lancaster, 17. Cawley, W. A. (Ed.), "Proceedings Research Substance Center Second nisms Hazard. 18. "Second and Applications Mater., Forum

of Solidification

Mecha Symposium: and Stabilization." J. Treatment Tech

24, 103 (1990). on Innovative Hazardous International,

Waste

Holloway164 evaluated theMarine Shale Processors' (MSP) rotary

kiln system combustion, Rukavina165

and nologies: Domestic Proc, EPA-540-2-90-009 19. "Remedial 006, U. 20. Proc. Res.

Philadelphia,

Pa." Abstr.

reported on the MSP

glass-like construction

as a recycling processor that produces a

aggregate from waste combustion. The

Action, Treatment, Proc. Fifteenth Annu. Hazard. "Remedial

Solar Energy Research Institute166167published a solar thermal program summary in which solar thermal technology for the
destruction of hazardous waste was discussed.

(1990). and Disposal of Hazardous Waste." Waste Res. Symp., EPA-600-9-90 S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1990).

and Disposal of Hazardous Waste." Action, Treatment, Annu. Risk Reduction Sixteenth Waste Eng. Lab. Hazard. EPA-600-9-90-037, Assoc. U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Waste Ohio

Symp.,

(1990). Byung J. Kim, Chai Sung Gee, and John T. Bandy are with
the U. S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. 21. Proc. Air Waste Manage. Treat. Contamin. Soils, Int. Symp. Hazard. Manage. S. Dep. Assoc., Treat. Air Waste U. Cincinnati,

Ching-San Huang is with theU. S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency. Correspondence should be addressed toDr. Byung Kim, USACERL, P.O. Box 4005, Champaign, IL 61824-4005.

Ohio (1990).
22. Mixed D. C. Waste Regulation Conf, Energy, Washington, (1990). a Cleaner Envi 23. Annu. Waste Manage. Towards Symp. Working ronment (16th), U. S. Dep. Energy, Tucson, Ariz. (1990). 24. Annu. Int. Symp. Incineration Radioactive, and Hazardous, Mixed Medical Wastes: Calif. Incineration Conf. (9th), U. S. Dep. Energy, San Diego, 25. Annu. (1990).

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