Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy Big Picture Themes 1.

. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves. 2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitneys interchangeable parts Cyrus McCormicks mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture. 3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home. 4. The nation became smaller and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express. IDENTIFICATIONS: American Industrial Revolution The American Industrial Revolution was a big change from hand-made goods to factories and mills in mass production. It took place around 1815-1850. It created the first of labor forces, mainly of children, especially girls. It was followed by the transportation revolution and the revolution of the market economy. Nativism Nativism was the belief that the immigrants to America were taking the jobs of the native people. The people who believed in this idea were called nativists. These nativists formed a group in 1849 at New York in secrecy, called The Order of the Star Spangled Banner. This group was later called the Know-Nothing party because of their secrecy. Canal Age The Canal Age was a revolution in using canals as a means of transportation, and it was first caused by the completion of the Erie Canal from 1818-1825. It lowered the cost of transportation to 5% of what it was before the revolution. It was substituted with railroads and steamboats by 1850. Samuel Slater Samuel Slater is the Father of the Industrial Revolution because he (illegally) brought protected British textile inventions, such as the factories and mills, into America. Even though England passed laws prohibiting people to take their inventions and give them away, Slater learned the textile machines and essentially brought the blueprints to America. Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin Eli Whitney is a man from Massachusetts who invented the cotton gin, short for cotton engine. This machine was able to separate cotton fibers from their seeds about fifty times faster than a slave, or actually any person, could do the same job. This invention is also might have sped up the coming of the Civil War because it brought slavery to higher demands, since slaves were needed to pick more cotton.

Elias Howe Elias Howe made the first sewing machine. It could make 250 stitches in one minute. His invention of the sewing machine would later be perfected by Isaac Singer. The sewing machine led to a boom in the textile industry. Lowell/Waltham System The Lowell/Waltham System was a system that was founded around 1820 in Lowell, Massachusetts. It used mostly young single women because the people needed to work the factory machines didnt need to know a lot to be able to work them. Commonwealth v. Hunt Commonwealth v. Hunt is a lawsuit that was ruled by the Supreme Court, declaring labor unions to be legal. This was a big victory for labor unions because they could protest the unjust conditions of working without worrying about the consequences of such defiance. Erie Canal The Erie Canal was a canal on Lake Erie from Albany to Buffalo. Its construction was from 1818-1825 and it allowed a more frequent and convenient trade and communication between the two cities. It led to the Canal Age and increased transportation and communication while decreasing the cost for it. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement Know: "Self-Reliance" 1. What were settlers of the frontier like? Settlers of the frontier were probably lacking in nutrition and clothes, more likely to become affected by various diseases, and depressed. They were mostly isolated from each other, but when they did interact with each other, the men were very violent with each other in wrestling games. Other than that, settlers were very individualistic. Shaping the Western Landscape Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin 2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain. Wherever the settlers were, the land became useless and grew cane, from which the cane was burned and Kentucky bluegrass thrived. The westward moveme also shaped the environment because the beaver and buffalo, and in Califrornia area, the sea otters, were almost all wiped-out, and this might have caused a change in the food chain and environment. The March of the Millions Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters 3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860?

During the 1840s, many Irish and German immigrants went to America because Europe was beginnging to become too small for the amount of people it harbored. Many immigrants went to America because it was a land of freedom from aristocrats and state church and there was a bigger opportunity to live a better life. The Emerald Isle Moves West Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail 4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an IrishAmerican became president in 1960? Explain. It seems logical that an Irish-American became president 1960 became a lot of Irish came to America during the Black Forties. The population quickly accumulated a rather large percentage of Irish peoples in their crowds. This large section of people controlled politics, especially in New York, an important aspect of the presidential election. The German Forty-Eighters Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer 5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain. The Germans made a larger contribution to America than the Irish did because they were more educated and introduced the concept of kindergarten. They were more prepared, as they had brought over more materials, and also introduced the Conestoga wagon, the Kentucky rifle, and the Christmas tree. Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party 6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated? German and Irish immigrants were feared, hated, and discriminated against by the Americans because the majority of them believed in the Roman Catholic faith, which was at the time still considered to be a foreign religion. The believers were thought to be popish. Creeping Mechanization Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution 8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States? The American Industrial Revolution happened a lot slower than it did in Europe because in America, plenty of land was still available, and Americans were unwilling to be workers in a small factory when they can buy land and farm. Also, the British held most of the plans for textile machines, and without it, America could not start its revolution of the industry. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton 9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions because Samuel Slater provided the ability to manufacture, while Eli

Whitneys cotton gin pushed slavery back into the picture as a necessary labor force for the poor South to make more profit in the market. Marvels in Manufacturing Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse 10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain. New inventions were more important to Antebellum America because the inventions of the interchangeable parts, sewing machines, and then telegraph introduced the mass production of guns and textiles and increased communication speed. The factory system was tied with many other industries at the time. Workers and "Wage Slaves" Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt 11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's? The labor forces in the 1830s and 1840s demanded higher wages, shorter (ten-hour) work days, more tolerable working conditions, the public education for their children, and the removal of imprisonment for debt. Women and the Economy Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Childcentered Homes 12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.) Many women in Antebellum America start out as a factory girl, working long hours in harsh conditions for low pay. When they marry, they dont work outside of the home anymore, isntead working at home to take care of the family. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture 13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers? The invention of the steel plow by John Deere and the mower-reaper by Cyrus McCormick allowed double points for this year.The two inventions made farming tasks much argument style Highways and Steamboats Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton 14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important? Turnpikes and steamboats were important because they rapidly increased the speed of trade and communication. The steamboat was especially important because humans could now go against wind, wave, tide, and current to get to the places they need. "Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York Know: Erie Canal

15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain. The Erie Canal caused the land surrounding it to become very expensive. The sudden abundance in water at the area also caused several cities to pop up at the time. The Iron Horse 16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads. Early railroads were extremely dangerous to use, but they were useful in that it exceeded roads because it allowed people to travela lot faster on it. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express 17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain. The clipper ship was fast but couldnt hold a lot of material like larger yet slower cargo ships. They shipped many people to places, but werent used for trade and failed. The stagecoach failed because any sound might scare the horse,leaving you alone with all of the menacing things still out there. The Pony Express failed because the telegraph was a much better means of communication than waiting 10 days for letters to travel the distance. The Transport Web Binds the Union Know: Division of Labor 18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis. The division of labor made the American peoples successful in business and trade, while it made all sections of the United States have different specialties yet codependent on each other. The South grew cotton to export, the West raised grain and livestock, and the East made textiles and other machines. The Market Revolution Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility 19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War? Before the Civil War, the people of the United States experienced a more loose definition of social status as ever before. Whereas before they had to produce their own food and clothing, the people were now dependent on each other and could farm and buy textile goods or vice versa.

Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure.

4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening is a movement of religion starting in 1801 that stressed Baptism and Methodism. It said people achieve salvation by doing good deeds. This movement brought a lot of women, Blacks, and Native Americans and eventually led to the movements against alcohol, slavery, and prison reform. Shakers The Shakers were a group of people that established utopian communities in various places. They achieved their highest number of membesr at 6000, but because they didnt believe in having children, they eventually died out. Mormons Officially named the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Mormons are a group of people believing in the faith Joseph Smith had established in 1830. This faith believed in no drinking or gambling and polygamy, for which they were hated for. To escape persecution, they travelled to Utah in 1847. Brigham Young Brigham Young is the man who succeeded Joseph Smith after Smith died on the way of leading the Mormons to Utah to escape persecution. Young is responsible for the continuation of this faith today. Transcendentalists Transcendenatlists were people who believed inTranscendentalism, usually American authors. They stressed the importance of nature and its beauty. This was a main influence on the modern American literature that is still read in schools and all over the world today. Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the biggest known believers in transcendentalism. He rejected social restrictions and expectations alike, and rejoiced in the individual. Henry David Thoreau Henry Daivd Thoreau was a neighbor and friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and influenced him a lot. Thoreau was also a well-known and big believer of Transcendentalism. He built his own cabin on Walden Pond and lived isolated for 2 years and wrote about his experience in his nobel Walden in 1854. Utopia Utopia was the idea of social perfectionism. The many who believed in this created their own religion and leading others to follow. They created many perfect utopian societies, most of which did not succeed.

Brook Farm Brook Farm was a relatively successful utopian society founded near Boston in 1841 by George Ripley. The people in this community fed themselves and were successful with that until a fire burned everything in the community down in 1847. This showed that even the most perfect societies have their flaws. New Harmony New Harmony was a utopian community founded in Indiana from 1825 to 1827. The reason for its collapse was a lack of order and authority. Oneida Community The Oneida Community started out as a utopian community in which people practiced free love, birth control, and the specific matching of people for better children. They were best known for their steel traps and silverware, so when they were prosecuted in 1881 for adultery, they made it in a company. Temperance Crusade Also known as the Temperance Movement, this movement centered around the abstinence of alcohol. It was indirectly influenced by the Second Great Awakening, and as a result, was also very politically and socially powerful. Seneca Falls Convention The Seneca Falls Convention was a meeting for womens rights that took place at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. At the convention, the women read the Declaration of Sentiments, which said the all men and women were created equal. American Colonization Society The American Colonization Society was an abolitionist society founded in 1817. They believed that a system of gradual removal would eventually rid all people of the title of a slave. William Lloyd Garrison WIlliam Lloyd Garrison was a big leader in the American Anti-Slavery Society. He wrote papers he called The Liberator, which was very popular among the people. David Walker David Walker was an African American activist who was very outspoken. He wrote the Appeal to the Coloured Ctizens of the World, which united many blacks against slavery. Hudson River School The Hudson River School was a painters school from 1825 to 1870. The painters painted landscapes, especially that of the Hudson River Valley. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? Religion in the United States became more liberal because the people embraced the liberal doctrines of Deism. It became more conservative because religion was still a very big part of most Americans lives. Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion? The Second Great Awakening split religion into many different sects. Of these sects, only those coming from the Baptism and Methodism faiths were of the poorer classes, while all or most others were from an upper class. The Second Great Awakening also created a frenzy of religious craze in the Americans. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? The Mormons practiced no gambling, no drinking, and polygamy, for which they were hated, feared, and persecuted for. Because of the persecution they had to endure, the Mormons eventually travelled to Utah to escape it. Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? Before 1820, the education system was not public, meaning not all children could attend. Also, the school systems focused on the three Rs: writing, reading, and arithmetic. During this period, Horace Mann supported a free compulsory education system that would allow more people to be fundamentally educated. Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years? In the antebellum years, higher education changed as the first state-supported university, the University of North Carolina, opened. Soon after, the first university to be completely separate from politics and religion, the University of Virginia was founded by Thomas Jefferson. Also, universities were starting to accept female students and black students, with Oberlin College as the first college to allow this. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix 6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements?

Dorothea Dix travelled to many different mental institutions, travelling about 60,000 miles along the way. At the asylums, she recorded her observations on the treatment of the mentally insane. Because she did not agree with the horrible treatment of these people, she made a petition for their better treatment and sent it to the Massachusetts state legislator.

Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. The temperance reformers were relatively successful, considering they managed to get several states to pass a ban on the manufacturing and distribution or alcohol, with the first in the Maine Law of 1851. Even though the bans didnt last too long, the reformers were still successful in the fact that they got what they wanted: a stop in consumption of alcohol. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century. In the first half of the 19th century, the women were still seen as spiritually weak, yet they were expected to keep an eye on their husbands. Women at this time still did not have the right to vote or obtain property through marriage, and could be beaten. However, their work was starting to become more glorified through the cult of domesticity.

Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America? Utopian communities were different from normal communities because they wanted to have everyone be a participant in the community so that they could function as one, instead of every man for himself. These communities were also often based on the ideals of communism and not capitalism. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. No because at the time the Americans were still taking ideas from the Europeans. America did not yet have a strong enough economical and education system. The fact that education was not offered to the public lowered the knowledge level of the general public, and most people did not have the right intellect and equipment to discover scientific ideas. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. No because the Oneida Community had been up and running for about 30 years before they shut down. Even after they stopped functioning as a community, they were turned into a silverware company still in business today. So, the Oneida Community does not fit the definition of utopia. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess. This statement is true because before this time, America was still trying to find their own sense of art, fashion, and literature. Americans were still painting and writing in an attempt to imitate the European styles of writing and painting. At around this time, American painters and writers started focusing more on the beautiful landscapes of Americas West. The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American?

The characteristic that made American literature unique was its sense of democracy and nationalism. Because authors from other countries could not relate to democracy, they could only imagine how great the land of freedom was.American writers also started using a type of humor that authors from other countries had not entirely caught on yet. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the best at illustrating his works, because his personal beliefs are evident in his works or writing. His life also corresponded with his writings as shown through his modest house and his moving into an isolated place to live, standing along in our stories. Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a very famous American poet, most famous for Evangeline, The Tales of Hilawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish.. John Greenleaf Whittier wrote poems for social reforms, such as abolitionists. James Russell Lowell also wrote poems mocking social injustices. Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote poems to honor revolutionaries. Louisa May Alcott wrote to support her family, most importantly Little Women. Emily Dickinson wrote poems that still fascinate people today. She wrote mainly about love and death. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? Poe and Melville were not that appreciated by Americans at the time because at that time, Americans were still caught up in the craze of nationalism. They liked literature that was more beautiful and charming. However, Poe and Melvilles works were considered too dark and dreary compared to other works, and it might have scared them. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? George Bancroft founded the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. He used this military background to better detail his stories. William H. Prescott wrote of the conflicts between Mexico and Peru. Francis Parkman wrote of the history of England and France. Even though these authors are all American writers, their different backgrounds brought them to witness different events and write about different events.