HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE

Hydrostatic pressure is the study of fluid in rest. The pressure is exerted by fluid due to force of gravity. Pressure is increases with increases by weight of fluid. Pressure acts equally in all direction.

Hydrodynamic pressure is the study of fluid in motion. The pressure is exerted by fluid due to velocity of fluid. Pressure is increases with increases by velocity of fluid. Pressure acts in forward direction.

CONTROL VALVE:
Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers. TYP !" #$ %ngle valves &$ 'lobe valves ($ )iaphragm *alves +$ !liding cylinder valves

,$ %ir-operated valves

PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE:

Pressure control valve is the valve that control the pressure in response to the signal receive by controller that compare set point and process variable point.

HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR:
% hydraulic accumulator is a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible hydraulic fluid is held under pressure by an external source. .unctions" mergency and safety. !hoc/ dampening. 0ea/age compensation. Thermal expansion. 1oise reduction. nergy conservation. %pplication" !uspension in vehicles. 2ining machinery and equipment. .orestry equipment. 3il field and off shore. !tand by power supply circuit.

ROTATORY ACTUATOR:
% rotary actuator is an actuator that produces a rotary motion or torque. 435671'" 7t wor/s through the linear motion in a single direction causes rotation and this ma/es it purely continuous rotation or movement to a fixed angular position, and powered by motor that converts electrical energy to mechanical torque i.e., actuator that directs force in a circular motion.

BERNOULLI`S EQUATION:

BERNOULLI`S PRINCIPLE:
8ernoulli9s principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid9s potential energy.

AMPLIFIER:
%n amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal. %n amplifier is anything that receives an input signal and puts out an output signal that is stronger than it was when it came in. %mplifiers are used in wireless communications and broadcasting, and in audio equipment of all /inds. They can be categori:ed as either wea/-signal amplifiers or power amplifiers. 4ea/-signal amplifiers are used primarily in wireless receivers. Power amplifiers are used in wireless transmitters, broadcast transmitters, and hi-fi audio equipment.

MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY:
2echanical efficiency measures the effectiveness of a machine in transforming the energy and power that is input to the device into an output force and movement. fficiency is measured as a ratio of the measured performance to the performance of an ideal machine"

INCLINED PLANE:
%n inclined plane is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as for raising or lowering a load. 7nclined planes are widely used to move heavy loads. 2oving an ob;ect up an inclined plane requires less force and less resistance than lifting it straight up. 7ncline plane to best to reduce friction.

BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:

The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple, .orce that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid. The fluid is always an oil of some sort. The force is almost always multiplied in the process. <P0%71%T731"

7n the given figure, two pistons fit into two glass cylinders filled with oil and connected to one another with an oil-filled pipe. 7f you apply a downward force to one piston %, then the force is transmitted to the second piston 8 through the oil in the pipe. !ince oil is incompressible, the efficiency is very good -- almost all of the applied force appears at the second 8. The great thing about hydraulic systems is that the pipe connecting the two cylinders can be any length and shape, allowing it to sna/e through all sorts of things separating the two pistons

POSITIVE DISPLACMENT PUMPS:

Positive-displacement pumps is the type of pump, operate by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the pump into the discharge :one of the pump. 435671'" Positive displacement pumps operate with a series of wor/ing cycles. ach cycle encloses a certain volume of fluid and moves it mechanically through the pump into the system.

Consider above figure, when the liquid input to its suction inlet, liquid flow in through gears with force and fix amount of volume to the discharge outlet. The gears and its piston produce pressure to the discharge outlet.

HYDRAULIC PUMPS:
% mechanical device used to move liquids in a hydraulic system. 3P 5%T731" The basic hydraulic pump uses the momentum of a relatively large amount of moving water to pump. The pump has a valve that allows water to flow through this pipe and build up speed. .ollowing is step by step operation in hydraulic pump" 3nce the water reaches its maximum speed, this valve slams shut. %s it slams shut, the flowing water develops a great deal of pressure in the pump because of its inertia. The pressure forces open a second valve. High-pressure water flows through the second valve to the delivery pipe =which usually has an air chamber to allow the delivery pipe to capture as much high-pressure water as possible during the impulse$. The pressure in the pump falls. The first valve re-opens to allow water to flow and build up momentum again. The second valve closes.Thus cycle repeats. HYDRAULIC PUMP The medium of hydraulic pump is fluid. The medium of hydraulic pump is incompressible li/e solid. The motion of compress fluid in hydraulic pump tends is slow and smooth. !elf lubrication occurs due fluid. NUEMATIC PUMP The medium of pneumatic pump is air or gas. The medium of pneumatic pump is compressible li/e spring. Compress air in pneumatic pump tends to expand quic/ly. 3il must added to the air to provide lubrication.

OIL RESERVOIR:
% petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured roc/ formations. .>1CT731" %n oil reservoir is use for storage oil, it may be crude oil or other types of oil which are use for various function. 3il reservoir will perfectly be used to describe naturally occurring underground reservoirs. 4hen crude oil is found in earth, the reservoir is formed due to storage and bring to use specially for energy plant or mega industry. The naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil or natural gas, are trapped by overlying roc/ formations with lower permeability.

TYPES OF FLOW WITH CAHARACTERISTICS:

.034 TYP !" !teady flow >nsteady .low >niform .low 1on >niform .low 0aminar .low Turbinate .low Compressible .low 7ncompressible .low CH%5%CT 57!T7C!" STEADY FLOW: Pressure, velocity, temperature do not change with the time at the point in fluid. UNSTAEDY FLOW:

Pressure, velocity, temperature changes with the time at the point in fluid. UNIFORM FLOW: *elocity of particle passing through all the time is same. %rea of the cross section of the pipe must be uniform. 1o change in velocity with respect to distance. UNIFORM FLOW: *elocity of particles is different at different time. %rea of the cross section of the pipe must not be uniform. LAMINAR FLOW: .lows continuous in the same direction. The velocity of flow is maximum. TERBULANT FLOW: 7rregular path follow by set of particles in a small time interval. 7rregular path followed by single particle over a long time interval. COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: *olume of fluid changes under flow condition. )ensity of fluid changes under flow condition. INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW: *olume of fluid do not changes under flow condition. )ensity of fluid do not changes under flow condition.

TYPES OF ACTUATOR:
% hydrau !" a"#ua#$r consist of a cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical operation. The mechanical motion gives an output in terms of linear, rotary or oscillatory motion. 8ecause liquid cannot be compressed, a hydraulic actuator can exert considerable force, but is limited in acceleration and speed. % %&'u(a#!" a"#ua#$r converts energy formed by compressed air at high pressure into either linear or rotary motion. Pneumatic energy is desirable for main engine controls because it can

quic/ly respond in starting and stopping as the power source does not need to be stored in reserve for operation. %n ' '"#r!" a"#ua#$r is powered by motor that converts electrical energy to mechanical torque. The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment such as multi-turn valves. 7t is one of the cleanest and most readily available forms of actuator because it does not involve oil. % ('"ha&!"a a"#ua#$r functions by converting rotary motion into linear motion to execute movement. 7t involves gears, rails, pulleys, chains and other devices to operate.

PRESURE HEAD:
Pressure head is a term used in fluid mechanics to represent the internal energy of a fluid due to the pressure exerted on its container. 7t may also be called static pressure head.

B.H.P:
8rea/ horsepower is a measure of the power =energy over time$ that your engine can apply through the wheels of the car. 3r the available power of an engine, assessed by measuring the force needed to brea/ it.

ORIFICE PLATE:
%n orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate. ither a volumetric or mass flow rate may be determined, depending on the calculation associated with the orifice plate. 7t uses the same principle as a *enturi no::le, namely 8ernoulli9s principle which states that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. 4hen the velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa. .>1CT731"
The function of orifice plates is most commonly used for continuous measurement of fluid flow in pipes. They are also used in some small river systems to measure flow rates at locations where the river passes through a culvert or drain. Only a small number of rivers are appropriate for the use of the technology since the plate must remain completely immersed i.e. the approach pipe must be full, and the river must be substantially free of debris.