Coal Stratigraphy of Separi, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Fajar Alam, Yohanes Sebayang, Widyo Djunarjanto, Purwadi Eka Prijanto

PT Straits Consultancy Services

Abstract
Separi is an area of 40 km north east Samarinda, known as one of the most extensive location for coal mining, as the area covers the coal bearing formation of Balikpapan Formation. Balikpapan Formation in Separi might separated into Upper Balikpapan and Lower Balikpapan Formation, as the sandstone become coarser in grains on Upper Balikpapan and limestone occurrence on Lower Balikpapan. As part of Samarinda Anticlinorium, Separi has a trend of north northeast south southwest orientation with plunging south syncline axis. A series of extensive exploration program have been done to Separi Syncline, as outcrop study and drilling controlled with geophysical logging analysis. Coal stratigraphy of this area shows various layer, as they might pinched out, washed out or continues, depend on the depositional system environment. Seven zones of depositional coal bearing and typical multi coal seams layer have been identified from old to young as follows: Zone 1, mudstone domination with some thin coal seam layers on upper strata and limestone on lower strata; Zone 2, mudstone domination with sandstone intercalation and thin coal seams; Zone 3, sandstone with mudstone intercalation and Seam H as major coal seams; Zone 4, mudstone dominated with sandstone bedding and Seam F and G as major coal seam; Zone 5, sandstone dominated with Seam D and E as major coal seams; Zone 6, mudstone dominated with Seam C as major coal seam; and Zone 7, sandstone interbedded with mudstone and Seam A and B as major coal seams. Separi area refer to fluvial to delta plain depositional environment. Keyword: Separi Syncline, multi coal seam, fluvial to delta plain

INTRODUCTION Separi is an area of 40 km north east Samarinda, known as one of the most extensive location for coal mining, as the area covers the coal bearing formation of Balikpapan Formation (Fig. 1). Practically, economic coal seam distributed along the wide syncline of Separi as part of the Samarinda Anticlinorium. The studied area is located approximately 150 kilometers northwest of Balikpapan and approximately 70 kilometers from the sea. From Balikpapan, the location could be reached by plane of approximately 20 minutes flight to Samarinda or 2 hours car driving of approximately 113 km to Samarinda, continued with 1 hour car driving of 40 km. Geographically, the area cover the Mulawarman and Bhuana Jaya village in Tenggarong Seberang, Kutai Kartanegara. REGIONAL GEOLOGY Morphology The Separi area basically consists of medium undulated to hilly topography as controlled by tectonic settlement and be part of Samarinda

Anticlinorium; medium undulated spread over the lowland area as connected to syncline geometry while hilly area are connected to anticline geometry as typically with steep dip close to the axis. Tectonic Settlement Kalimantan is tectonically stable as part of Sundaland micro plate that characteristically and structurally quite different to other islands in Indonesia. Sundaland micro plate is part of Eurasian Plate that shifted northeast by collision with Asia continental crust. Basically tectonic pattern in Sundaland micro plate is developed as friction from stress in its plate, beside counter rotation movement from Sundaland micro plate. Other factor that also contributed on pattern development of tectonic in Kalimantan Island is interaction between Sundaland Plate with Pacific Plates on eastern part, India Australian Plate in southern part and South China Sea Plate. The Kutai Basin is an inverted extensional basin located onshore Borneo, to the west of the Makassar Straits. Basin initiation had occurred by the middle Eocene and was contemporaneous with oblique oceanic spreading in the Makassar Straits.

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Seismic profiles across both the northern and southern margins of the Kutai Basin show inverted middle Eocene half graben. These were infilled by syn rift successions that demonstrate considerable lateral and vertical facies variations. Provenance studies of syn rift sediments suggest differing source areas for individual half graben. Offsets of middle Eocene carbonate horizons and thickening of syn tectonic units seen on seismic sections, indicate late Oligocene extension on NWSE trending en echelon extensional faults. Middle Miocene inversion was concentrated on east facing half graben and asymmetric inversion anticlines are found on both the northern and southern margins of the Kutai Basin. A reorientation of the stress direction during the late Oligocene was inferred from extension on en echelon NWSE trending faults. A rotation of the extension direction by between 45 and 60 counter clockwise is suggested by fault and vein orientations. Neogene micro continental collisions with the margins of northern and eastern Sundaland strongly influenced the inversion of the basin. Inversion was focused in the weak attenuated crust underlying the Kutai Basin and adjacent basins, whereas the stronger oceanic crust underlying the northern Makassar Straits acted as a passive conduit for compressional stresses (Cloke et al, 1997). Stratigraphy Kutai Basin is surrounded by Kuching High in the west, Mangkalihat High in the north, Barito Basin in the south and Makassar Strait to the east side. Sedimentation within this basin always continues from Tertiary to recent. Regression process tends to east side and happened along the transgression process. As the area of Samarinda Tenggarong during early 1980s early 1990s are part of Kaltim Prima Coals concession area before relinquished, geological research had been conducted within the area. The area is covering southern to northern part of Mahakam River, known as Samarinda Block. 14

Generally, Lower Kutai Basin consists of fine clastic Tertiary sediment as sandstone, mudstone, siltstone and coal from Oligocene to Holocene formation age (Pamaluan Formation, Bebuluh Formation, Pulaubalang Formation, Balikpapan Formation, Kampungbaru Formation and quaternary alluvium sediment; Fig. 2). According to Land and Jones (1987), coals found in Samarinda and surroundings area have low ash, high moisture and generally low sulphur. Pulaubalang Formation consists of alternating greywacke and quartz sandstone intercalations with limestone, claystone, coal and dacitic tuff. Greywacke; greenish grey, compact. Quartz sandstone; reddish grey, locally tuffaceous and calcareous. Limestone; yellowish to light brown, contains large foraminifera, either as intercalations or as lenses in quartz sandstone. Age of formation is Middle Miocene with depositional environment of terrestrial to shallow marine. Balikpapan Formation consists of alternation of sandstone and clay intercalations with silt, shale, limestone and coal. Quartz sandstone; white to yellowish, bedding thickness is about 1 3 m, contains of coal fragment layer (5 10 cm). Coal; black, thickness 0.30 more than 5 m. Calcareous sandstone, brown, shows graded bedding and cross bedding. Clay; grey to blackish, locally contains plant remains, iron oxide. Age of formation is lower Late Miocene to upper Middle Miocene with depositional environ ment in regression stage of a delta front to delta plain. Thickness varies between 1000 to 1500 m. Kampungbaru Formation consists of quartz sandstone intercalation with clay, silt and lignite, commonly soft and easily broken. Quartz sandstone; white, locally reddish or yellowish, unbedded, easily broken, locally contains thin layers of iron oxide or concretionary; tuffaceous or silty, and intercalation of conglomeratic sandstone. Age of formation is Late Miocene Plio Pleistocene with depositional environment of deltaic shallow marine. Estimated thickness is more than 500 m. Alluvium consists of gravel, sand and mud, deposited in a fluvial, deltaic and coastal environment.

Kalimantan Coal and Mineral Resources 2010 Proceeding, MGEI IAGI 29 30 March 2010, Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Indonesia

Figure 1. Research Area in Separi, East Kalimantan

Figure 2. Regional Stratigraphy of Samarinda Separi Area (modification from Cloke et al, 1997)

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Figure 3. Geological Map of Separi Prangat

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Figure 4. Stratigraphic column of Separi

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Figure 5. Isopach map of Seam B, E and H

Figure 6. S S Section with Coal Correlation

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Kalimantan Coal and Mineral Resources 2010 Proceeding, MGEI IAGI 29 30 March 2010, Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Indonesia

Regional Structural Geology Geology of the area consists of complex of folds, known as Samarinda Anticlinorium and fault structures. Fold structures commonly oriented northeast southwest with steeper dip (40 75o) on southeast flank rather than on northwest flank. Fault structure developed as thrust fault, normal fault and strike slip fault. Thrust fault might happen during Last Miocene and faulted by strike slip fault on later stage. Otherwise, normal fault happen on younger stage of Pliocene. GEOLOGY OF SEPARI Geology and Stratigraphy of Separi Geology of the area structurally is dominated by fold structure as part of Samarinda Anticlinorium on a trend of north northeast south southwest (Fig. 3) with stratigraphic formation in the concession area from lower to the top are Pulaubalang Formation, (Lower and Upper) Balikpapan Formation and Alluvium sediment (Fig. 4). Pulaubalang Formation appears on the eastern part of Separi as the appearance of formation typical lithology: occasional massive limestone, greywacke, reddish grey sandstone with no coal beddings due to drilling data of 200 m average depth. Steep dip of interbedded mudstone (>70o) with very fine sandstone found as contact indication to lower part of Balikpapan Formation on part of the steep anticline, apart between Separi Syncline on the west side to Prangat Syncline on the east side. Balikpapan Formation is differentiated into Lower Balikpapan Formation and Upper Balikpapan Formation. Lower Balikpapan Formation consists of mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, coal and limestone. Upper Balikpapan Formation consists of quartz sandstone, mudstone, siltstone, coal and conglomerate. The existence of coal beddings are common in this formation, as it might act as thin layer on mudstone, fragmented layer on sandstone or being a bedding body, in range of thickness less than 0.30 m to more than 5 m. Alluvium sediment in sand and mud content

developed on lowland plane, mostly used as rice field by local citizens or as swamp areas with less than 3 m to around 31 m various depth. Coal Geology of Separi Coal occurrences spread over the Upper and Lower Balikpapan Formation. Coals dipping are relatively flat to the axis of syncline and steeper to the flank on a range of < 20 to > 300. Upper Balikpapan Formation consists of very fine to coarse grain quartz sandstone, conglomerate, mudstone, interbedded with siltstone and coal. Lower Balikpapan Formation consists of fine to very coarse grain quartz sandstone, mudstone, interbedded with siltstone and coal. Close to eastern part of Separi Syncline, the coals drop in occurrence, as the formation changed to Pulaubalang Formation. Within Separi Syncline, coal seams spreading tend to be thickened along syncline axis and thinning in syncline flanks on relative directions of north north east and south south west. As the Separi Syncline is plunging south, coal thickness is also tend to be thickened on south direction, as shown in Figure 5. The barren coal area mostly consists of medium very coarse sandstone with intercalation of mudstone and siltstone; greywacke, reddish grey sandstone and limestone occurrence in this area also lead to formation development as Pulaubalang Formation. Around the contact between barren coal area of Pulaubalang Formation and multiple coal seams of Lower Balikpapan Formation, steep dip around 70 80o is met as typical geometry of Samarinda Anticlinorium; broad syncline with steep dip and narrow anticline. The coal in this block varied in thickness from less than 0.3 m to around 3 m. The coals show bright to vitreous luster, hard, conchoidal fracture, but with occasional spread of pyrite and rarely with white ash look on its fracture or cleat. Coal seam layers in Separi area might be differentiated into eight seam layers, with various interburden (Fig. 6) as follows: 1. Seam A, depth varied from less than 1 m to more than 40 meter depth, concentrated in 19

Kalimantan Coal and Mineral Resources 2010 Proceeding, MGEI IAGI 29 30 March 2010, Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Indonesia

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

the middle part of the Separi Syncline, thickening southwest along the syncline axis in variation of 2.5 5 m Seam B, depth varied from 9 m to more than 80 meter depth, concentrated in the middle part of the Separi Syncline, thickening southwest along the syncline axis in variation of 0.30 9.5 m Seam C, depth varied from 6.4 m to more than 244 meter depth, spread along the Separi Syncline, thickening west southwest in variation of 0.30 7.5 m Seam D, depth varied from 14 m to more than 370 m, spread along the Separi Syncline, thickening to west southwest flank of the syncline in variation of 0.30 3m Seam E, depth varied from 2.5 m to more than 410 m, spread along the Separi Syncline, thickening southwest along the syncline axis in variation of 0.30 6 m. Seam F, depth varied from 6.5 to more than 600 m, spread along the Separi Syncline, locally thickening northeast of east flank of the syncline and commonly thickening southwest of the western flank of the syncline in variation of 0.30 7.5 m Seam G, depth varied from 50 m to more than 710 m, spread along the Separi Syncline, thickening northeast part of the east flank of the syncline in variation of 0.30 2.3 m Seam H, depth varied from 70 910 m, spread along the Separi Syncline, thickening southwest along the syncline axis in variation of 0.30 3.4 m.

part of the syncline. Base on study from drill hole core for determine the sequence stratigraphy and be combined with wire line log signature, Separi Syncline area might be classified into seven zones of coal deposition, from older to younger, as follows (Fig. 7): Zone 1 This zone is dominated by mudstone with sandstone on upper strata. Mudstone, whitish grey grey, interlaminated with siltstone and very fine sandstone with occasional carbonaceous lamination. Sandstone on lower part of this zone tends to be greenish grey, compact, fine grain. On upper part of this zone, occasionally burned whitish grey reddish grey fine grain sandstones are interbedded with mudstones. Some coal seam layers occurred, ranging 0.20 0.60 m thickness, commonly covered with carbonaceous clay or shaly coal as their roof or floor rock. Lower part of this zone is marked by greyish white limestone occurrence within mudstone. Thicknesses of this zone are at least 120 m. Zone 2 This zone is dominated by mudstone with sandstone intercalation. Mudstone, grey, interbedded with siltstone (0.20 3 m thickness) occurred with ironstone nodule. Sandstone, grey, quartz dominated, bed ranging 0.20 m 17 m thick, blocky, fine medium grain, sometimes interbedded with siltstone or contain ironstone fragment. Thick sandstone on upper part of this zone scours on coal. Some coal string and carbonaceous mudstone occurred, varied from 5 cm to 15 cm. Coal in this zone is associated with carbonaceous material (carbonaceous mudstone or shaly coal), ranging 0.30 1 m thickness, bright dull luster, subconchoidal fracture, deposited on lower delta plain. The carbonaceous materials tend to be banded in coal seam or in single bed as coal seam roof or seam floor. Average thickness of this zone is around 250 m. Zone 3 This zone is dominated by sandstone with mudstone interbedding. Sandstone, whitish grey grey, quartz dominated, very

Coal Stratigraphy of Separi In Separi, most of the area covered in Balikpapan Formation, as coal bearing formation in Kutai Basin. In this study, coal deposition event is limited on Separi . Explora tion drillin g (a s covered with geophysical logging) and short field trip have been done to get the data. Six boreholes are used as a mo del to get ap prop ria te subsurface condition of the Separi Syncline as they might represent lower, middle and upper

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Figure 7. Depositional Coal Zone of Separi

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Figure 8. Outcrop of upper part of Lower Zone Separi Syncline, a) mudstone dominant with intercalation of sandstone and coal seam layer, b) fine sandstone with interlaminated mudstone (IL MS), separating cross bedding structure on upper strata and parallel lamination structure on lower strata, c) coal seam layers with 15 cm shaly coal as roof rock

Figure 9. Outcrop of Middle Zone Separi Syncline, a) thick fine grey sandstone with interbedded brown sandstone, b) cross bedded sandstone with thin lamination of coal fragment

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fine coarse grain, fining upward or blocky, 1 23 m thickness. Fragments in sandstone usually consist of coal (<0.5 cm 6.0 cm) and ironstone nodule (<0.5 cm 4.0 cm). Sometimes, coal fragments occurred as thin lamination in sandstone. Mudstone, grey dark grey, occasional appearance of ironstone nodule and occasional interlamination with fine sandstone, 1 32 m thicknesses. Coal in this zone relatively occurred as clean coal. Occasional parting in coal seam usually developed in lower ply, as appearance of shaly coal, dull bright luster, subconchoidal conchoidal fracture. Sometimes shaly coal layer occurred as roof rock or floor rock, up to 15 cm thickness. Coal thickness ranging in 0.3 m 2.45 m. Dominant coal seams is Seam H, deposited on upper delta plain. Average thickness of this zone is around 310 m. Zone 4 This zone is dominated by mudstone with sandstone interbedding (Fig. 8a). Mudstone, grey dark grey, occasional appearance of ironstone nodule and occasional interlamination with fine sandstone, 1 70 m thicknesses. Sandstone, whitish grey grey, quartz dominated, very fine coarse grain, fining upward or blocky, 0.4 20 m thickness. Fragments in sandstone usually consist of coal (<0.5 cm 6.0 cm) and ironstone nodule (<0.5 cm 4.0 cm). Sometimes, coal fragments occurred as thin lamination in sandstone. Sandstone in this zone sometimes presents direct contact to coal seam as this condition may lead to thinning of coal seam thickness by sandstones scouring on top coal and sand infilling within coal crack or cleat during erosion. Occasionally, sandstone might interlaminate with mudstone, presenting interlaminated sandstone with average thickness 0.15 m (Fig. 8b). Two thick sandstones bedding might identified in this zone, generally fining upward, as sandstone below Seam F on average thickness of 20 m, and sandstone in the middle between Seam F and E (in zone 5, named as SS3 sandstone) on average thickness of 40 m with mudstone interbedding (1 3 m). Sandstone in SS3 has a

trend of thinning on southern part of Separi Syncline and relative equal thickness along both flanks (Fig. 11). Coal in this zone relatively occurred as clean coal. Occasional parting in coal seam usually developed in lower ply, as appearance of shaly coal, dull bright luster, subconchoidal conchoidal fracture. Sometimes shaly coal layer occurred as roof rock or floor rock, up to 15 cm thickness (Fig. 8c). Coal thickness ranging in 0.3 m 2.45 m. Dominant coal seams occurrences are Seam F and G, deposited on upper delta plain. Average thickness of this zone is around 350 m. Zone 5 This zone is dominated by sandstone with siltstone intercalation. Sandstone, grey, quartz dominated, very fine grain on upper strata, fine coarse grain in middle and lower strata, fining upward, commonly cross bedding with occasional parallel lamination of siltstone, rare carbonaceous lamination with coal fragments, with thickness varied 0.5 m >15 m. Sandstone between two coal seams (known as Seam D and E) in this zone might named as SS2 sandstone, as SS3 sandstone have a trend of thinning on southern part of Separi Syncline and relative equal thickness along both flanks (Fig. 11). Siltstone, grey dark grey, mudstone interbedded with occasional carbonaceous lamination and ironstone nodule, 0.2 m 5 m thickness. Coal, black, occasional occurrence of shaly coal as parting (commonly less than 5 cm), with coal thickness ranging in 0.5 m 1.5 m. Dominant coal seams occurrences of Seam D and E, deposited on fluviatil upper delta plain. Average thickness of this zone is 60 80 m. Zone 6 This zone is dominated by mudstone interbedded with siltstone, sandstone and coal seams. Mudstone, grey dark grey, showed interbedding with very fine sandstone and siltstone, rare interlamination with carbonaceous material with thickness varied 0.30 m 5 m. siltstone, grey, interbedded with mudstone, thickness varied 0.30 m 4 m. Sandstone, whitish grey grey, quartz dominated with occasional oxidized mineral infill as oxidized sandstone or ironstone and coal fragments, varied from very fine coarse 23

Kalimantan Coal and Mineral Resources 2010 Proceeding, MGEI IAGI 29 30 March 2010, Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Indonesia

grain and tend to fining upward, varied thickness 0.30 15 m. Sandstones in this zone tend to be loose with cross bedding sediment structure as shown in Pit 4 M outcrop (Fig. 9). Coal, black, bright dull luster, subconchoidal brittle fracture. Lower coal ply tend to be interlaminated with shaly coal, presenting dirty coal up to 30 cm thickness. Coal thickness ranging in 0.5 2 m, with dominant coal seams occurrences of Seam C, deposited on lower to upper delta plain. Average thickness of this zone is 110 m. Zone 7 This zone is sandstone interbedded with mudstone and coal. Sandstone, whitish grey grey, quartz dominated, very fine coarse grain in fining upward, thickness varied 0.30 m 30 m, coal fragments layer 5 cm 20 cm thickness, interbedded with brown sandstone. Brown sandstone, hard, fine grain with iron oxide content (Fig. 10). Coal, black, occasional parting of shaly coal or carbonaceous mudstone up to 10 cm, occasional occurrence of resin, bright dull luster, subconchoidal conchoidal fracture. Dominant coal seams occurrences in this zone are Seam A and B, deposited on upper delta plain. Average thickness of this zone is 190 m. Structural Geology of Separi Generally, the concession area is deposited along the Separi Syncline and on eastern part turned to west flank of Prangat Syncline. The syncline axis is plunging south on strike/dip direction of N 280o E/4o. On the eastern part of the Separi Syncline, steep deep contact on the west side is found to be approximately 80o but tend to be gentle to the east, as the dip become only around 4o and dipping east before meet the axis of Prangat Syncline. This situation lead by contact of Pulaubalang Formation and Lower Balikpapan Formation on steep dip area and gently dipping to the east as the Lower Balikpapan Formation meet the broad area of Prangat Syncline.

CONCLUSION Separi Syncline area might be classified into seven zone of coal deposition with each zone is characterized by a typical lithological sequence. It might help to increase the understanding of coal stratigraphy of Separi Syncline area in particular and the Kutai Basin in general. Zoning of coal deposition within Separi Syncline might be applied for coal exploration and geological modeling as coal association with proportion of surrounding lithology might help to develop good model. The coal tends to get good continuity in lateral spreading on relative high proportion of mudstone association rather than sandstone association due to erosional factor from sandstone. This zoning division is expected to be applied in the planning design, especially for pit mine design. By looking on lithology sequences in each zone, preliminary determination might be developed for the areas needed for geotechnical study of slope stability purposes. The observations and interpretations described in this paper are preliminary, further studies are recommended for better understanding about coal stratigraphy of Separi Syncline. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the management of PT. Straits Consultancy Services for permission to publish this paper. The paper based on exploration work that involved contributions from numerous geologists and support team. All these people are gratefully acknowledged. Thank also for Firmansyah S. ,Andrianus D. P. and Wawan K. for their contributions on data and picture preparations.

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Figure 10. Outcrop of Upper Zone Separi Syncline, a) thick grey sandstone with coal fragment at bottom scoured on mudstone, b) pebble cobble sediment on fine sandstone, c) medium coarse sandstone with coal fragment

(a)

(b)

Figure 11. Sandstone thickness of SS2 layer and SS3 layer, showing a) relative equal thickness on both flanks of the Separi Syncline, b) relative thinning spreading on southern part of the Separi Syncline

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REFERENCES Alam, F., 2009, Geology of Separi Prangat Syncline PT Jembayan Muarabara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia (unpublished report), Exploration Department PT Straits Consultancy Services Cloke, I.R., Moss, S.J. and Craig, J., 1997, Structural Controls on the Evolution of the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan on www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk/seasia Djunarjanto, W., Baroto, T.I., Prijanto, P.E., Alam, F., 2009, Geologi PT Jembayan Muarabara Separi, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia (Internal Report A 002), PT Straits Consultancy Services Land, D.H. and Jones, C.M., 1987, Coal Geology and Exploration of Part of the Kutei Basin in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In : Coal and Coal bearing Strata: Recent Advances (Editor A.C. Scott), Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc., London, No. 32, p. 235 255. Putra, S., 1988, Geological Map Samarinda Block Scale 1:250.000, Kaltim Prima Coal

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