ECEN 5134 Lecture 01 AJG 082613 PDF

ECEN 5134 Electromagnetic Radiation and Antennas
Professor Albin J. Gasiewski

Lecture #1 August 26, 2013 ECOT 246 303-492-9688 (O) al.gasiewski@colorado.edu Classes: ECCS 1B14 MW 12:00-1:15 PM
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
Antenna: A device that converts guided electromagnetic waves to free-space radiating waves
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas
Fall 2013
University of Colorado at Boulder
Antennas Facilitate:
Broadcasting Radio (FM, AM, SSB) Television (Analog, Digital) Satellite (voice, video, internet) Point-to-point Telecommunications Over-the-horizon radio links Cellular telephony Wireless networking Voice, video, and data trunking Satellite control & up/downlinking Identification (RFID) Remote Sensing Radiometry (Radioastronomy, Earth remote sensing, all weather vision) Radar - Real & Synthetic Aperture, Monostatic & Bistatic (Weather, defense, air traffic, Earth & planetary science, astronomy) Radiolocation Direction finding (VOR) Geolocation (DME, GNSS: GPS, Galileo, GLONASS)
Fall 2013
Fall 2013
Course Overview
(see Course Information on D2L)
Fall 2013
Course Objective: To provide a baseline level of understanding necessary for successful research and development in the area of antenna engineering. This is a graduate level electromagnetic course with an exclusive focus on antenna theory and design. The course covers a number of aspects of antenna engineering, including theory of operation, design and analysis procedures, feed, matching, and coupling techniques, and underlying antenna physics. Prerequisites: Undergraduate level electromagnetics (ECEN 3410, Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission, or equivalent). Familiarity with complex numbers, trigonometry, vector algebra, coordinate systems, and integro-differential calculus is essential. Familiarity with one of MATLAB / MATHCAD / Mathematica or equivalent computational environments is helpful. Course Credit: Total 3 credit hours (ABET: 1.5 engineering science, 1.5 engineering design).
Fall 2013
Textbook:
Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd edition, by Constantine A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
Additional References (on reserve): An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic Radiation, by Glenn S. Smith, Cambridge University Press, 1997. Antennas, John D. Kraus and Ronald Marhefka, McGraw Hill, 2002. Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, by Robert E. Collin, McGraw Hill, 1985. Antenna Theory and Design (2nd edition), by Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele, John Wiley and Sons, 1998. Microwave Antenna Theory and Design, by Samuel Silver (ed.), Peter Peregrinus, Ltd., UK, 1984.
Fall 2013
Course Requirements: Attendance of lectures is required. Grades will be based upon the completion of approximately seven homework sets, two midterm exams, a final exam, and a term paper. Term paper topics will be selected from a list of current areas of research in antenna engineering, and will include a brief in-class presentation at the end of the semester. Distance learning students will present their papers by teleconferencing. Homeworks. The objective of homework assignments is to provide increased understanding of the course material and practice at solving engineering problems in antenna engineering. Approximately 4 problems per homework set will be assigned. Solutions will be available on D2L upon completion. Unless otherwise excused in advance, late homeworks and other assignments will be accepted for grading at the discretion of the instructor. Exams. The objective of the two midterm exams and final exam is to gauge the ability to use concepts studied in the course on problems in antenna theory and design. Review questions to be used in preparation for the exams are available on a CD ROM provided with the textbook. The final exam will be comprehensive. (contd)
Fall 2013
(contd) Term Paper Project. The objective of the term paper is to provide experience in identifying key engineering problems in antennas, performing research in the general areas of the antenna theory, design, and/or application, documenting findings, and disseminating them in a professional setting. A one-page proposal for a term paper topic will be due approximately one month before the end of the semester. Full project reports of ~10 pages plus references will be due near the end of the semester, after which term papers will be presented in conference style format. Templates for the proposal and final project will be provided.
Fall 2013
D2L: All materials for the course will be posted in electronic form on the CU Desire Learn site for ECEN 5134. Use your CU Connect ID and password to log in. It is suggested that you check the CULearn site regularly for course updates and new material. CAETE: Video recording of course lectures will be regularly made through CU CAETE for both distance learning and in-class students. All lecture access is available through the CAETE website at http://cuengineeringonline.colorado.edu . Please use your CU Identikey and password to log in. Software: Many homework assignments are facilitated by the use of computational environments such Matlab or Mathematica. Use of these environments and the Matlab source code contained within the multimedia CD-ROM that comes with the text is highly encouraged. Matlab and Mathematica are both available for use by students on computers within the CU ITS Computing Laboratories (see http://www.colorado.edu/its/labs/ ). The student version of Matlab can be obtained for ~$100 through the Mathworks or the CU bookstore (see http://www.mathworks.com/academia/student_version/ ).
Cell phones and PDAs: The course lectures will be recorded for distance learning students, therefore, it is mandatory that cell phones or other devices with annunciators or other disturbing audio capabilities be turned off before entering the classroom. Calculators may be used during exams, but personal digital assistants or other devices with communications capabilities are not permitted.
Electronic Communication: Questions on the course material, schedule, or policies may be e-mailed to the instructor at the above-listed address. E-mailed questions will be addressed as soon as possible, although given the volume of e-mail received by the instructor a delay of up to several days may occur. All course-related e-mails should include the course number in the subject line. Voice mailed questions will be handled similarly but with e-mailed responses.
ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas - Fall 2013 Semester Professor A.J. Gasiewski ECOT 246 al.gasiewski@colorado.edu
Schedule of Lectures, Assignments, and Exams (Revised 8/26/13) Lectures ECCS 1B14 MW 12:00-1:15 PM Grader: TBD Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
26 FDOC Lecture #1 Course overview Antenna types and properties: radiated fields, Poynting vector, radiation patterns, beamwidths Directivity, effective area Friis transmission formula 2 Labor Day 27 28 Lecture #2 Time-harmonic Maxwells equations Plane wave solutions Polarization Radiation integrals: sources, vector and scalar potentials, solution for A,F,E,H HW#1 Issued 4 Lecture #3 Hertzian electric dipole antenna Near and far fields Charge continuity & dipole fields Physical interpretation Radiation resistance, matching 11 Lecture #5 Radiation zones and approximations Wire antenna patterns Directivity, radiation resistance, and efficiency Short dipole limit 18 Lecture #7 Integral equation solutions Induced EMF method Boundary conditions Image theory Ground planes vertical polarization 25 Lecture #9 Loop antennas Duality Hertzian magnetic dipole N turn loop HW#2 Due, HW#3 Issued 29
Sunday
25 August
Friday
30
Saturday
31
1 September
15
22
9 Lecture #4 Stored/radiated energy Poynting theorem Ohmic loss, radiation efficiency Reciprocity and effective length Wire antenna currents 16 Lecture #6 Half wavelength dipole Effect of feed gap Effect of non-zero radius Pocklingtons equation Hallens integral equation HW#1 Due, HW#2 Issued 23 Lecture #8 Vertical monopoles Ground planes horizontal polarization Lossy ground planes Folded dipole
10
12
13
14
17
19
20
21
24
26
27
28
Fall 2013
29
30 Lecture #10 Electrically large loop antennas Nonuniform loop current Polygonal antennas Ferrite loaded loop
1 October
2 Lecture #11 Travelling wave wire antennas V Antenna Rhombic Helical
7 Midterm Exam #1 (Open Book & Notes, In-Class)
13
20
27
14 Lecture #13 Hansen Woodyard endfire arrays Array directivity Nonuniform amplitude arrays Binomial arrays Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays 21 Lecture #15 Array synthesis: Superdirectivity Schelkunoff, Fourier, WoodwardLawson line current synthesis Taylor-Tschebyscheff design HW#4 Due, HW#5 Issued 28 Lecture #17 Yagi-Uda arrays Spiral antennas Log periodic arrays 4 Lecture #19 Main beam efficiency Aperture efficiency Babinets principle Slot antennas Fourier transform relationships
15
9 Lecture #12 Uniform linear arrays Array & element factors Broadside arrays Endfire arrays Scanning arrays HW#3 Due, HW#4 Issued 16 Lecture #14 Dolph-Tschebyscheff array design Planar arrays Circular arrays
10
11
12
17
18
19
22
23 Lecture #16 Broadband antennas: Biconical, bowtie, discone, monopole Matching Baluns
24
25
26
29
30 Lecture #18 Aperture antennas Field equivalence principles Rectangular, circular apertures HW#5 Due, HW#6 Issued 6 Lecture #20 Asymptotic Spectral Evaluation Geometrical Theory of Diffraction Horn antennas: E-plane, H-plane Term Paper Proposals Due
31
1 November
7 Midterm Exam #2 (Open Book & Notes, 7:00-8:15 PM Location TBD)
Fall 2013
10
11 Lecture #21 Horn antennas: pyramidal, conical Corrugated feedhorns Aperture matched horns Multimode horns Feed horn phase center
12
17
18 Lecture #23 Feed networks Mutual coupling Method of Moments HW#6 Due, HW#7 Issued 25 Break 2 Lecture #25 Microstrip antennas: Cavity model (radiation) Directivity, beamwidth Circular patch Bandwidth Mutual coupling Circular polarization 9 Lecture #27 Feed Patterns and Design Reflector Systems Shaped Reflectors Cassegrain, Gregorian, Spherical Reflector Surface Roughness 16 Finals Week
19
24 1 December
26 Break 3
13 Lecture #22 Aperture admittance Vivaldi antenna Lens antennas Gaussian beams Luneberg lens Rotman lens Butler matrix 20 Lecture #24 Microstrip antennas: Patch radiation principles Coupling Transmission line model (impedance) Radiation resistance 27 Break 4 Lecture #26 Reflector antennas: Corner reflectors Parabolic reflectors Analysis Methods: Aperture Distribution, Induced Current Density Reflector Antenna Directivity Aperture Efficiency 11 Lecture #28 Antenna pattern measurement Far field antenna ranges Compact antenna ranges Near field antenna ranges Frequency allocations HW#7 Due 18 Final Exam ECCS 1B14 4:30-7:00 PM (Open Book &Notes)
14
15
16
21
22
23
28 Break Thanksgiving 5
29 Break 6
30 7
10
12
13 LDOC Term Paper Presentations 8:00 AM 5:00 PM 20
14
15
17
19
21
Fall 2013
Biosketch
Fall 2013
Albin J. Gasiewski is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder and Director of the CU Center for Environmental Technology. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1989. Previously, he received the M.S. and B.S. degrees in electrical engineering and the B.S. degree in mathematics from Case Western Reserve University in 1983. From 1997 through 2005 he worked for the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Environmental Technology Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, USA, where he was Chief of ETLs Microwave Systems Development Division. From 1989 to 1997 he was a faculty member within the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology where he became an Associate Professor. He has developed and taught courses on electromagnetics, remote sensing, instrumentation, and wave propagation theory. His technical interests include passive and active remote sensing, radiative transfer, antennas and microwave circuits, electronic instrumentation, meteorology, and oceanography. Prof. Gasiewski is a Fellow of the IEEE and Past President (2004-2005) of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. He is a member of the American Meteorological Society, the American Geophysical Union, the International Union of Radio Scientists (URSI), Tau Beta Pi, and Sigma Xi. He currently serves as Vice Chair of USNC/URSI Commission F. He served on the U.S. National Research Council's Committee on Radio Frequencies (CORF) from 1989-1995. He was the General Co-chair of IGARSS 2006, in Denver, Colorado, and a recipient of the 2006 Outstanding Service Award from the GRSS. He is author or co-author of 50 peer reviewed journal articles, three chapters, over 400 conference presentations on EM and remote sensing. University of Colorado at Boulder ECEN book 5134 EM Radiation and and Antennas Fall 2013
Antenna Types and Properties
Fall 2013
Wire Antennas
Fall 2013
Omnidirectional pattern
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Omnidirectional pattern
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Circularly polarized, directional pattern
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Aperture Antennas
Fall 2013
Broad directional pattern, often used to feed reflectors
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Broad directional pattern, often used to feed reflectors
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Microstrip Antennas
Fall 2013
Conformal to surfaces
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Reflector Antennas
Fall 2013
Prime Focus system
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Lens Antennas
Fall 2013
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Antenna Arrays
Fall 2013
Broadband array of dipoles
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Frequency Ranges
Fall 2013
Radio Band Designations

Band Designation Frequency
Antennas operating at frequencies up to ~300 THz (~1 m) have been fabricated ! 40
from Balanis, 2005
Microwave Band Designations

Band
P L S C X Ku K Ka Q U V E W F D G -
(IEEE Standard 521-1984) Frequency Wavelength

250 - 500 MHz 1 - 2 GHz 2-4 4-8 8 - 12 12 - 18 18 - 26.5 26.5 - 40 30 - 50 40 - 60 50 - 75 60 - 90 75 - 110 90 - 140 110 - 170 140 - 220 172 - 260 220 - 330 GHz 60 - 120 cm 15 - 30 cm 7.5 - 15 3.25 - 7.5 2.5 - 3.25 1.67 - 2.5 1.13-1.67 0.75 - 1.13 0.6 - 1.0 cm 5.0 - 7.5 mm 4.0 - 6.0 3.3 - 5.0 2.7 - 4.0 2.1 - 3.3 1.8 - 2.7 1.4 - 2.1 1.2 - 1.7 0.9 - 1.4 mm
41
Microwave Waveguide Bands
* courtesy Virginia Diodes, Inc.
42
Spherical Coordinates and Solid Angle
Fall 2013
Planar Angle: Radians
l = r = l/r d = dl/r
Fall 2013 University of Colorado at Boulder
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Solid Angle: Steradians

z
r y x
from Balanis, 2005
Example: For a sphere of radius r find the solid angle A of a cap on the surface of the sphere over the north pole region and defined by the spherical angles: 0<< 30o, 0<< 360o Solution:
Fall 2013
Radiated EM Fields and Poynting Theorem
Fall 2013
EM Field Quantities
E(r,,) = electric field intensity (V/m) H(r,,) = magnetic field intensity (A/m) D(r,,) = electric flux density (C/m2) B(r,,) = magnetic flux density (T or V-s/m2) J(r,,) = current density (A/m2) (r,,) = charge density (C/m3) Wav(r,,) = Re(E GH*) = time average Poynting power flux (W/m2) Linear isotropic constitutive relationships: D=E and B=H
Radiation Patterns
Fall 2013
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Field Amplitude Pattern

(10 element linear endfire array)
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Total Radiated Power & Radiation Intensity
Urad = Wavr r2 (W/st)

from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Beamwidths: Half-Power (3-dB) First Null Directivity
Fall 2013
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Fall 2013
from Balanis, 2005
Directivity: Ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions Urad(,) Wav(r,,) D(,) = = 2 (Prad/4) (Prad/4r ) Dmax= 4Umax Prad (dimensionless)
Isotropic source: D=1 (0 dB)
Fall 2013
Effective Area and Friis Transmission Formula
Fall 2013
Antenna Effective Area: Ratio of available power at the terminals of an antenna to the power flux density of a plane wave incident from a given direction Ae(,) = Pr Wav(,) (m2)
Pr = power available to load (W) Wav=incident power flux (W/m2) (assumes perfect match to load)
Received Power over Link (Friis): Pr = Pmax Dt(r, 2 et(1-|t| ) 2 4r r) Ae(r, r) (1-|r|2)ep
Ae(r,r) =
2 2 Dr(r, r) er = Gr(r,r) 4 4
Pmax = maximum power available from source Gr(r,r) = gain of receiver in direction (r,r) et, er = transmitter, receiver efficiencies ep = polarization mismatch between transmitter and receiver
Next Lecture
Time-harmonic Maxwells equations Plane wave solutions Polarization Radiation integrals: sources, vector and scalar potentials, solution for A,F,E,H
Fall 2013

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ECEN 5134 Electromagnetic Radiation and Antennas

Professor Albin J. Gasiewski

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

2 Lecture #11 Travelling wave wire antennas V Antenna Rhombic Helical

7 Midterm Exam #1 (Open Book & Notes, In-Class)

7 Midterm Exam #2 (Open Book & Notes, 7:00-8:15 PM Location TBD)

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

13 LDOC Term Paper Presentations 8:00 AM 5:00 PM 20

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

Antenna Types and Properties

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

from Balanis, 2005

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

from Balanis, 2005

Circularly polarized, directional pattern

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

from Balanis, 2005

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

Broad directional pattern, often used to feed reflectors

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

from Balanis, 2005

Broad directional pattern, often used to feed reflectors

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

from Balanis, 2005

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

from Balanis, 2005

ECEN 5134 EM Radiation and Antennas

University of Colorado at Boulder

from Balanis, 2005