http://www.abipet.org.br/index.html?

method=mostrarInstitucional&id=71
Garrafas - Fabricao
Fabricao das Garrafas e Frascos: o Sopro das Preformas

A transformao da resina PET em garrafas, frascos, potes ou outros tipos de embalagem, ocorre em 7 etapas distintas
e as trs ltimas so aquelas referentes produo da garrafa propriamente dita:
1 !ecagem
" Alimentao
# Plastificao
$ %n&eo
' Condicionamento
( Sopro
) Ejeo do produto.
5- No condicionamento a pr*+forma recebe um tratamento t*rmico diferenciado, aquecendo+se mais onde for
necess,rio - conforme o desen.o da embalagem + otimi/ando o sopro Esse condicionamento pode ser reali/ado de duas
maneiras diferentes, conforme o sistema adotado para o sopro das embalagens:

a0 um est,gio 1tamb*m con.ecido como integradoou ciclo quente0
b0 dois es t,gios 1tamb*m con.ecido comociclo frio0
2o sistema de um est,gio 1a0 * poss34el 4ariar mais a produo de formas e taman.os para os frascos e garrafas, embora
a produti4idade se&a inferior

2este sistema, a preforma segue do molde de in&eo diretamente para o condicionamento a uma temperatura emtorno
de 15567
2o sistema de dois est,gios 1b0 a prioridade * a 4elocidade de produo, assim, as preformas so in&etadas 1primeiro
est,gio0 em grandes quantidades e estocadas, sendo en4iadas posteriormentepara o local onde o sopro ser, feito
1segundo est,gio0 conforme a necessidade 2este sistema, a preforma * in&etada pre4iamente Para ser soprada, c.ega
fria do estoque e entra no forno, onde a regio a ser estirada ser, condicionada 8ma 4e/ atingida as temperaturas
ideais, a preforma est, preparada e otimi/ada para etapa seguinte
- No sopro, a pr*+forma * colocada, geralmente com o au93lio de rob:s, dentro do molde, cu&a ca4idade tem a forma
final da embalagem
8m pino penetra no gargalo da pr*+forma para estir,+la, e * soprado o ar comprimido no seu interior ; corpo da
preforma * inflado de forma controlada com a a&uda de uma .aste de estiramento <esta maneira, a pr*+forma * estirada,
orientando as mol*culas de PET nas dire=es radial e a9ial, isto *, bi+orientada, at* que encoste na ca4idade do molde
de sopro e adquira sua forma final
7- Fina!mente, a embalagem soprada * retirada ou e&etada da m,quina, pronto para o en4ase
A produo de >arrafas de PET * normali/ada pela Associao ?rasileira de 2ormas T*cnicas atra4*s da
2?@1'#A':"55( ; documento pode ser adquirido diretamente com a A?2T

A Abipet recomenda a leitura do guia <iretri/es para Pro&eto de >arrafa, dispon34el no site para doBnload
Preformas - "ariedade
Preformas de PE#: $ariedade para todos os fins
Antes da garrafa pronta, como a con.ecemos nos mercados, * necess,rio produ/ir uma P@EC;@DA Trata+se de
uma pea em forma de tubo - com rosca + que ser,, posteriormente, soprada para c.egar ao fomato final do
produto - um frasco, um pote, uma garrafa e a absoluta maioria das embalagens de PET e9istentes
7om * f,cil obser4ar em qualquer supermercado, ., uma grande 4ariedade de produtos en4asados em PET <esde
os tradicionais e pioneiros refrigerantes at* produtos de limpe/a, rem*dios e muitos outros 7ada produto e9ige
um determinado desempen.o de sua embalagem: resistncia mecEnica, transparncia, resistncia qu3mica e
taman.os 4ariados
Para atender tantas especifica=es, foram desen4ol4idas 4,rias preformas de PET e cada uma dar, origem a um
frasco, garrafa ou poe de caracter3sticas prFprias
7ada uma tem um tipo de finis. 1a parte da rosca da garrafa0, podem ser mais le4es, ter a boca larga 1adequadas
para potes0 e mais uma s*rie de caracter3sticas que fa/em de cada embalagem um e9erc3cio de tecnologia,
inteligncia e plane&amento 7om isso, gan.am consumidores, indstria e o meio ambiente, &, que o uso de
material ser, sempre racionalmente pensado para cada caso
A produo das Preformas de PET * normali/ada pela Associao ?rasileira de 2ormas T*cnicas atra4*s da
A?2T 2?@ 1''GG:"55G ; documento pode ser adquirido diretamente com a A?2T
A Abipet recomenda a leitura do guia <iretri/es para Pro&eto de >arrafa, dispon34el no site para leitura ou
doBnload 1linH para p,gina publica=es0
Preformas - Fabricao
% fabricao das preformas de PE#

Ao utili/armos uma embalagem de PET, no percebemos a tecnologia en4ol4ida no seu processo produti4o, tampouco
as 4,rias etapas necess,rias at* a obteno do produto final

Antes da garrafa, * necess,rio produ/ir uma P@EC;@DA Trata+se de uma pea em forma de tubo - com rosca + que
ser,, posteriormente, soprada para c.egar ao formato final do produto - um frasco, um pote, uma garrafa e a absoluta
maioria das embalagens de PET e9istentes

A transformao da resina PET em garrafas, frascos ou potes ocorre em 7 etapasdistintas, sendo que as $ primeiras
di/em respeito fabricao das preformas:
1 Seca&em
" %!imentao
# P!astificao
$ 'njeo
' 7ondicionamento
( !opro
) E&eo do produto

(- % seca&em da resina * uma das etapas mais importantes e cr3ticas PET * um material .igroscFpico, que absor4e ,gua
do meio ambiente durante seu arma/enamento A umidade dos gro de PET pode atingir n34eis ele4ados de at* 5,(I em
peso, se e9postos sem nen.uma proteo s intemp*ries por longos per3odos
2a pr,tica, se a resina for mantida em locais fec.ados por curtos per3odos de tempo, o 4alor de umidade * normalmente
menor, podendo ser inferior a 5,1I
!e a resina for submetida fuso com esses n34eis de umidade, sofre uma r,pida degradao 1.idrFlise0, redu/indo o
seu peso molecular, o que * refletido na perda da 4iscosidade intr3nseca 1J%0 e conseqKente perda de suas propriedades
f3sicas Portanto, a secagem cuidadosa e controlada das resinas PET * uma operao essencial antes de sua
transformao
As recomenda=es pr,ticas para se ter um processo de secagem eficiente e confi,4el so:
+ Danter a temperatura efeti4a dos gros entre 1(5 L 1G567 1medida na sa3da do secador0M
+ A temperatura do ar seco no de4e e9ceder 1A567 1medido na entrada do secador0 Esse limite de4e ser respeitado para
e4itar degradao termo+o9idati4a que * muito r,pida acima desta temperatura Este fen:meno, quando ocorre, *
percebido atra4*s do amarelamento do groM
+ ; ponto de or4al.o de4e ser inferior a #567 1medido na entrada do secador0M
+ 2ormalmente o secador * operado acima de # 2m#1cbicos0 de arLHg de PETL., na temperatura e ponto de or4al.o de
operaoM
+ ; tempo de residncia dos gros de4e ser superior a $. 2a fai9a de temperatura recomendada para a secagem, a
4elocidade de degradao termo+o9idati4a * bai9a, mas o uso de tempos muitos longos pode tornar essa degradao
significati4a

)- % a!imentao * a transio entre o silo que arma/ena a resina e a entrada do PET na in&etora 2esta etapa, quando
necess,rio, so dosados aditi4os resina PET 1protetores aos raios ultra4ioleta, concentrados de cor, etc0, atra4*s de
equipamentos espec3ficos para esta finalidade Aqui o material est, sFlido, seco e a uma temperatura, preferencialmente,
acima de 155 7
*- % p!astificao * muito importante e delicada 2esta etapa a resina PET muda de estado f3sico para ser in&etado Ele
* aquecido e plastificado dentro do can.o da in&etora com o au9ilio de um parafuso sem fim, com passo de rosca e
/onas de presso bem determinados
As temperaturas de trabal.o, geralmente controladas por resistncias, 4ariam conforme o equipamento e esto entre "('
e #5'o7
+- 'njeo, ou, a etapa de transfernciada resina PET plastificada para o molde de preformas ; molde de4e estar
abai9a temperatura, de4ido circulao em seu interior de ,gua gelada ; PET no molde de in&eo endurece
rapidamente de4ido a esta bai9a temperatura !e o resfriamento fosse lento, o PET poderia retornar parcialmente ao
estado cristali/ado, podendo debilitar algumas propriedades do produto final
Ao final desta etapa, a preforma est, pronta, com o gargalo em sua forma definiti4a e o corpo que, na etapa seguinte,
ser, transformado no corpo da embalagem final
A produo das Preformas de PET * normali/ada pelaAssociao ?rasileira de 2ormas T*cnicas atra4*s da A?2T
2?@ 1''GG:"55G ; documento pode ser adquirido diretamente com a A?2T

A Abipet recomenda a leitura do guia <iretri/es para Pro&eto de >arrafa, dispon34el no site para leitura ou doBnload
-esina PE# - .ist/ria
.ist/ria da -esina PE#
; Poli1Tereftalato de Etileno0, ou, simplesmente PET, * um pol3mero termopl,stico da fam3lia dos poli*steres Embora
se&a muito con.ecido. o&e atra4*s das garrafas pl,sticas, o material iniciou sua tra&etFria na indstria t9til

A primeira amostra da resina foi desen4ol4ida pelos ingleses N.infield e <icHson, em 1A$1 ApFs a !egunda >rande
>uerra, o desabastecimento afetou + tamb*m + a %ndstria t9til da *poca, ainda baseada em fibras como algodo, lin.o,
l, entre outras Assim, as pesquisas que le4aram produo em larga escala do poli*ster comearam logo apFs a
!egunda >rande >uerra nos E8A e Europa e basea4am+se nas aplica=es t9teis A id*ia era criar alternati4as 4i,4eis
para as fibras at* ento usadas, cu&os campos esta4am destru3dos pela guerra ; poli*ster apresentou+se como um
e9celente substituto para o algodo - funo que cumpre muito bem at* .o&e, inclusi4e a partir das garrafas recicladas

; PET continuou a ser desen4ol4ido e no4as aplica=es foram surgindo !ua resistncia mecEnica foi compro4ada
quando o poli*ster passou a ser utili/ado na indstria de pneus, em 1A("

As primeiras embalagens de PET surgiram nos Estados 8nidos - e logo apFs na Europa no in3cio dos anos )5

; PET c.egou ao ?rasil em 1AGG e seguiu uma tra&etFria semel.ante ao resto do mundo, sendo utili/ado primeiramente
na indstria t9til Apenas a partir de 1AA# passou a ter forte e9presso no mercado de embalagens, notadamente para os
refrigerantes Atualmente o PET est, presente nos mais di4ersos produtos
-esina PE# - Fabricao
Produo da -esina PE#
; Poli 1Etileno Tereftalato0, con.ecido pela sigla em ingls PET, * classificado quimicamente como um pol3mero
poli*ster termopl,stico
; PET * produ/ido industrialmente por esterificaodireta do ,cido tereft,lico purificado 1PTA0 com monoetileno glicol
1DE>0 ;use&a, esses dois elementos 1PTA e DE>0 so misturados, formando uma pasta que, durante o processo de
fabricao, reagiro entre si, passando por cristali/ao e formando o PET como con.ecemos: gros brancos e opacos
A resina PET para embalagens r3gidas * caracteri/ada por possuir uma 4iscosidade intr3nseca 1J%0 maior do que a do
PET para aplica=es de filmes e fibras A 4iscosidade intr3nseca, comumente e9pressa em dlLg, * diretamente
proporcional ao peso molecular
A resina PET * produ/idas em duas fases:
(- ; PET amorfo * obtido pela polimeri/ao no estado l3quido com J% em torno de 5,(
2esta etapa * formado o bis+"+.idro9ietil+tereftalato 1?OET0, tamb*m c.amado demon:mero da polimeri/ao 2esta
operao forma+se ,gua, que * retirada continuamente do meio
; mon:mero * ento transferido para a polimeri/ao, onde, sob alto 4,cuo, ocorre a policondensao l3quida
2esta operao, o glicol * eliminado da reao com o aumento da J% do pol3mero1reao "0
2este ponto, o pol3mero amorfo * retirado do polimeri/ador, resfriado, solidificado, cortado e ento arma/enado
)- 2a pFs+condensao no estadosFlido a resina PET amorfa + obtida na primeira fase de fabricao + * cristali/ada e
polimeri/ada continuamente 1reao #0 2esse processo, a J% do pol3mero * aumentada tipicamente a 5,GdlLg
A resina * ento embalada, estando pronta para ser comerciali/ada
C%-%C#E-0S#'C%S 12 PE#
Peso Dolecular:
+ A propriedade mais significati4a do PET ; peso * um indicati4o do nmero m*dio de unidades de repetio PET
indi4iduais que so agrupadas para formar uma corrente molecular nica
Jiscosidade intr3nseca do PET:
+ P o modo pelo qual podemos definir oseu peso molecular corretamente
% 3orfo!o&ia do PE#

A morfologia dos pol3meros en4ol4e o arran&o, o formato, o taman.o e o efeito do cristal no pol3mero sFlido Esta
morfologia * importante pelo seu efeito nas propriedades finais do pol3mero sFlido
;s pol3meros podem ser:
+ Amorfos: so aqueles que no possuem capacidade de cristali/ar, sendo amorfo sem qualquer condio ou .istFria
t*rmica
+ !emicristalinos: geralmente c.amados de pol3meros cristalinos, so pol3meros formados por regi=es amorfas e regi=es
cristalinas A regio amorfa * aquela caracteri/ada por completa desordem de mol*culas, ao contr,rio das regi=es
cristalinas, em que segmentos de cadeias moleculares esto estendidas, arran&adas de uma maneira ordenada, formando
um empacotamento regular c.amado cristalito 2ormalmente, os pol3meros nunca so 155I cristalinos ; PET
enquadra+se na categoria dos pol3meros semi+cristalinos
; modelo tradicional usado para 4isuali/ar a morfologia e e9plicar as propriedades dos pol3meros semi cristalinos * a
Dicela Cran&ada Em determinados trec.os, os segmentos de cadeias moleculares esto perfeitamente ordenados,
formando as regi=es cristalinas e em outros segmentos dessas mesmas mol*culas esto desordenados, correspondendo
s regi=es amorfas A mol*cula *, portanto, muito maior do que o comprimento do cristalito
As propriedades do PET dependem:
+ <a frao das regi=es cristalinas 1grau de cristali/ao0
+ Tipo e taman.o dos cristais
+ ;rientao das cadeias moleculares e dos cristais
A morfologia do PET depende das condi=es do processamento ; PET completamente amorfo ou com bai9o grau de
cristali/ao * obtido apFs r,pido resfriamento do pol3mero fundido, tal como acontece com o e9trudado do reator de
polimeri/ao e com a pr*+formas in&etadas
; PET amorfo obtido * um sFlido transparente com bai9as propriedades f3sicas 1bai9a barreira a gases0 e mecEnicas
1bai9a resistncia mecEnica e bai9o mFdulode elasticidade0
A morfologia do PET semi cristalino 4aria conforme o processo de obteno, e9istindo basicamente duas cristali/a=es
bem distintas:
+ 7ristali/ao t*rmica, e
+ 7ristali/ao indu/ida por tenso
A cristali/ao t*rmica * reali/ada por resfriamento lento do PET fundido ou por aquecimento formando cristais de
estrutura esferul3tica A cristali/ao esferul3tica resulta em um sFlido branco, opaco, fr,gil, com maior resistncia
t*rmica e mecEnica do que o PET amorfo
<e4ido o maior empacotamento das mol*culas, a cristali/ao aumenta a densidade e redu/ o 4olume do sFlido obtido
Caracter4sticas finais do produto

A resina PET * um dos mais recentes materiais para embalagem Embora se&a largamente utili/ada em todo o mundo
para a fabricao de embalagens, notadamente garrafas para bebidas carbonatadas 1refrigerantes, ,guas com g,s,
cer4e&as, etc0, tem 4,rias outras utilidades, sendo encontrada em di4ersos segmentos de mercado
; alto desempen.o em resistncia mecEnica, bril.o e transparncia, fa/ desse termopl,stico o preferido de muitos
setores
A le4e/a do PET permite produ/ir garrafas e frascos de alta capacidade 4olum*trica, com perfeita manuteno da
segurana em todas as etapas 1en4ase, empacotamento, distribuio, utili/ao final pelo consumidor0

;s benef3cios ambientais proporcionados pelas embalagens de PET no pr*+consumo so:
+ @eduo do desperd3cio de produtos e embalagens + &, que no se quebram mesmo apFs quedas consider,4eisM
+ E9trema reduo nas emiss=es durante o transporteM
+ Economia de ,gua no en4ase de refrigerantes e outras bebidas, por dispensar a la4agem de cascos 4a/ios - como
ilustrao, so necess,rios ( litros de ,gua para cada litro de refrigerante produ/ido em sistemas de embalagens
retorn,4eis, enquanto o sistema que utili/a as garrafas recicl,4eis de PET precisam de apenas " litros
2o pFs+consumo, a indstria do PET trabal.a incessantemente para desen4ol4er aplica=es para o PET reciclado Esse
trabal.o reflete+se no 3ndice brasileiro de reciclagem de PET, um dos maiores do mundo, e na 4asta gama de produtos
que utili/am o PET reciclado, sendo encontr,4eis no dia+a+dia das pessoas comuns inmeros itens como bancos de
:nibus, carpetes de carros, 4assouras, cordas, roupas, aparel.os de telefone celular, no4as embalagens entre muitos
outros
.ttp:LLptBiHipediaorgLBiHiLPETQ1plI7#IA1stico 0
Politereftalato de etileno, ou P!, um pomero termopstco, desenvovdo por dos
qumcos brtncos Whnfed e Dckson em 1941, formado pea reao entre o cdo
tereftco e o eteno gco, orgnando um pomero, termopstco. Utza-se prncpamente
na forma de fbras para teceagem e de embaagens para bebdas.
Possu propredades termopstcas, sto , pode ser reprocessado dversas vezes peo mesmo
ou por outro processo de transformao. Ouando aquecdos a temperaturas adequadas, esses
pstcos amoecem, fundem e podem ser novamente modados.
As garrafas produzdas com este pomero s comearam a ser fabrcadas na dcada de 70,
aps cudadosa revso dos aspectos de segurana e meo ambente.
No comeo dos anos 80, os Estados Undos e o Canad ncaram a coeta dessas garrafas,
reccando-as ncamente para fazer enchmento de amofadas. Com a mehora da quadade
do PET reccado, surgram apcaes mportantes, como tecdos, mnas e garrafas para
produtos no amentcos.
Mas tarde na dcada de 90, o governo amercano autorzou o uso destes matera reccado em
embaagens de amentos.
Reccagem

Uma garrafa PET demora no meo ambente cerca de 400 anos para se degradar.
Pode ser reccado, peo processo de termoreao, ou a quente, aonde a determnada
temperatura, o pomero fca qudo, podendo ento ser modado, extrusado, comprmdo ou
em outra forma.
As garrafas produzdas com este pomero podem permanecer na natureza por at 800 anos.
No comeo da dcada de 1980, os Estados Undos e Canad ncaram a coeta dessas garrafas,
reccando-as ncamente para fazer enchmento de amofadas.
Com a mehora da quadade do PET reccado, surgram apcaes mportantes, como tecdos,
mnas e garrafas para produtos no amentcos.
Mas tarde na dcada de 1990, o governo norte amercano autorzou o uso destes materas
reccados em embaagens de amentos.
A produo cresceu mas, a reccagem no acompanhou a produo, gerando uma nvaso de
garrafas de todos os tamanhos e formatos, ho|e a produo de pet avanou e um dos
maores ves do meo ambente, poundo matas, ros ecrregos |3| .
"ontaminantes
Os prncpas contamnantes do PET reccado so os adesvos pstcos A base ou ("base cup")
- a famosa base de aguns refrgerantes de Popropeno. A maora dos processos de avagens
no mpede que traos destes produtos ndese|ves permaneam no foco de PET.
A coa age como catasador de degradao hdrotca quando o matera submetdo ata
temperatura no processo de extruso, am de escurecer e endurecer o reccado. O mesmo
pode ocorrer com o pocoreto de vno (PVC), que compe outros tpos de garrafas e no pode
msturar-se com a sucata de PET, pos o PVC reage com o PET, transformando-o em outra
substnca.
O aumno exstente em agumas tampas s toerado com teor de at 50 partes por mho
no reccado.
#elec$%o
A seeco e pr-processamento da sucata muto mportante para a garanta de quadade do
reccado. A seeco pode ser feta peo smboo que dentfca o matera ou pea cor (crsta,
mbar ou verde). A separao pode segur processos manuas ou mecncos, como sensores
ptcos.
No pr-processamento, aps a prensagem, precso retrar os contamnantes, separando-os
por dferena de densdade em fuxo de gua (evgao) ou ar. Am do rtuo (poeteno de
ata densdade), devem ser retrados da sucata os resduos de refrgerantes e demas detrtos,
por meo de processos de avagem.
Os dferentes tpos de garrafas tambm podem ser um probema na reccagem. As garrafas
que so usadas para envase de bebdas carbonatadas, precsam de um ndce de vscosdade
maor que o de uma garrafa de gua, por exempo. Dependendo da apcao da resna
reccada, a mstura dos dos tpos de garrafas pode dar um efeto compcador no futuro
processamento.
&antagens da 'eciclagem
Reduo do voume de xo nos aterros santros e mehora nos processos de
decomposo de matras orgncas nos mesmos. O PET acaba por pre|udcar a
decomposo pos mpermeabza certas camadas de xo, no dexando crcuarem
gases e qudos.

Embaagens pstcas depostadas em aterro santro.
Economa de petreo pos o pstco um dervado.
Economa de energa na produo de novo pstco.
Gerao de renda e empregos.
Reduo dos preos para produtos que tm como base materas reccados.
No caso do PET de 2 tros, a reao entre o peso da garrafa (cerca de 54g) e o
contedo uma das mas favorves entre os descartves. Por esse motvo torna-se
rentve sua reccagem.
O matera no pode ser transformado em adubo. Pstco e dervados no podem ser
usados como adubo, pos no h bactra na natureza capaz de degradar rapdamente o
pstco.
atamente combustve, com vaor de cerca de 20 Mega|oues/quo , e bera gases
resduas como monxdo e dxdo de carbono, acetadedo, benzoato de vna e cdo
benzco. Esses gases podem ser usados na ndstra qumca.
muto dfc a sua degradao em aterros santros.
Produo de PET no Bras para garrafas

Uma garrafa PET derefrgerante.
Em toneadas
1994 - 80.000
1995 - 120.000
1996 - 150.000
1997 - 185.700
1998 - 223.600
1999 - 244.800
2000 - 255.100
2001 - 270.000
2002 - 300.000
2003 - 330.000
2004 - 360.000
2005 - 374.000
2006 - 402.000
2007 - 407.000
2008 - 469.700
Reccagem de PET no Bras
(fonte ABIPET)
ANO - RECICLAGEM ps-consumo|ndce
1994 - 13.000 ton | 18,80%
1995 - 18.000 ton | 25,40%
1996 - 22.000 ton | 21,00%
1997 - 30.000 ton | 16,20%
1998 - 40.000 ton | 17,90%
1999 - 50.000 ton | 20,42%
2000 - 67.000 ton | 26,27%
2001 - 89.000 ton | 32,90%
2002 - 105.000 ton | 35,00%
2003 - 141.500 ton | 43,00%
2004 - 167.000 ton | 47,00%
2005 - 174.000 ton | 47,00%
2006 - 194.000 ton | 51,30%
Referncas
1 R a b (em ngs) |. G. Speght, Norbert Adoph Lange, Lange's handbook of chemstry, McGraw-
H, 2005, 1610{{{1}}} Predefno:Abrvaton, 1623 Predefno:Abrevao dscreta ISBN
0071432205, Predefno:P.2.807 et 2.758Predefno:COnS bbographque
" SR a b c Record of Polyethylenterephthalat n the GESTIS Substance Database from the BGIA
# R Garrafas pet e ecooga
Po!iterefta!ato de eti!eno
%!erta sobre risco 5 sa6de

2ome %8PA7
polT1et.Tlene
terep.t.alate0
'dentificadores
2mero 7A! "'5#G+'A+A
Propriedades
<ensidade 1,# gUcm# 1"5 V70 W"X
Ponto de fuso
Y "'5 V7 W"X
!olubilidadeem ,gua praticamente insol4el W"X
7onduti4idade t*rmica 51' N m+1 Z+1 W1X
[ndice de
refraco 1n<0
\"5 ] 1') + 1'G W1X
Compostos re!acionados
Pol3merosrelacionados
Polinaftalato de
etileno 1PEN, formado por
,cido naftaleno
dicarbo93lico e
etilenoglicol0
Politereftalado de
trimetileno 1PTT, formado
por ,cido tereft,lico e
propano+1,#+diol0
^Politereftalato de
butileno 1PBT, formado
por ,cido tereft,lico e
butano+1,$+diol0
7ompostos
relacionados
_cido
tereft,lico e Etilenoglicol1
mon:meros0
E7cepto onde denotado, os dados referem-se a
materiais sob condi8es P#N
-efer9ncias e a$isos &erais sobre esta cai7a.
%!erta sobre risco 5 sa6de.
.ttp:LLenBiHipediaorgLBiHiLPolTet.TleneQterep.t.alate
Poyethyene terephthaate
Crom NiHipedia, t.e free encTclopedia
Pol(eth(lene terephthalate (sometmes wrtten poy(ethyene terephthaate)), commony
abbrevated P!, P!, or the obsoete PETP or PET-P, s a thermopastc poymer resn of
the poyester famy and s used n synthetc fbers; beverage, food and other qud contaners;
thermoformng appcatons; and engneerng resns often n combnaton wth gass fber.
Dependng on ts processng and therma hstory, poyethyene terephthaate may exst both as
an amorphous (transparent) and as a sem-crystane poymer. The semcrystane matera
mght appear transparent (partce sze < 500 nm) or opaque and whte (partce sze up to a
few mcrons) dependng on ts crysta structure and partce sze. Its monomer (bs--
hydroxyterephthaate) can be syntheszed by the esterfcaton reacton between terephthac
acd and ethyene gycowth water as a byproduct, or by transesterfcaton reacton
between ethyene gyco and dmethy terephthaate wth methano as a byproduct.
Poymerzaton s through a poycondensaton reacton of the monomers (done mmedatey
after esterfcaton/transesterfcaton) wth ethyene gyco as the byproduct (the ethyene
gyco s drecty recyced n producton).
The ma|orty of the word's PET producton s for synthetc fbers (n excess of 60%) wth botte
producton accountng for around 30% of goba demand. In dscussng texte appcatons, PET
s generay referred to as smpy "poyester" whe "PET" s used most often to refer to
packagng appcatons. The poyester ndustry makes up about 18% of word poymer
producton and s thrd after poyethyene (PE) and poypropyene (PP).
PET conssts of poymerzed unts of the monomer ethyene terephthaate, wth repeatng
C10H8O4 unts. PET s commony recyced, and has the number "1" as ts recycng symbo.
Uses
PET can be sem-rgd to rgd, dependng on ts thckness, and t s very ghtweght. It makes a
good gas and far mosture barrer, as we as a good barrer to acoho (requres addtona
"barrer" treatment) and sovents. It s strong andmpact-resstant. It s naturay cooress wth
a hgh transparency.
Pastc bottes made from PET are exceent barrer materas and are wdey used for soft
drnks (see carbonaton). For certan specaty bottes, PET sandwches an addtona poyvny
acoho to further reduce ts oxygen permeabty.
Baxay orented PET fm (often known by one of ts trade names, "Myar") can
be aumnzed by evaporatng a thn fm of meta onto t to reduce ts permeabty, and to
make t refectve and opaque (MPET). These propertes are usefu n many appcatons,
ncudng fexbe food packagng and therma nsuaton, such as "space bankets". Because of
ts hgh mechanca strength, PET fm s often used n tape appcatons, such as the carrer
for magnetc tape or backng for pressure senstve adhesve tapes.
Non-orented PET sheet can be thermoformed to make packagng trays and bsters. If
crystazabe PET s used, the trays can be used for frozen dnners, snce they wthstand both
freezng and oven bakng temperatures.
When fed wth gass partces or fbers, t becomes sgnfcanty stffer and more durabe. Ths
gass-fed pastc, n a sem-crystane formuaton, s sod under the
tradename '(nite, )rnite, *ostadur, and "rastin.
Whe most thermopastcs can, n prncpe, be recyced, PET botte recycng s more practca
than many other pastc appcatons. The prmary reason s that pastc carbonated soft drnk
bottes and water bottes are amost excusvey PET. PET has a resn dentfcaton code of 1.
One of the uses for a recyced PET botte s for the manufacture of poar feece matera. Among
ts many uses, companes such as Engsh Retreads use the PET matera to ne ther products.
It can aso make fber for poyester products.
Because of the recycabty of PET and the reatve abundance of post-consumer waste n the
form of bottes, PET s rapdy ganng market share as a carpet fber. Mohawk
Industres reeased everSTRAND n 1999, a 100% post-consumer recyced content PET fber.
Snce that tme, more than 17 bon bottes have been recyced nto carpet fber.|4| Pharr
Yarns, a supper to numerous carpet manufacturers ncudng Looptex, Dobbs Ms, and
Berkshre Foorng,|5| produces a BCF (buk contnuous fament) PET carpet fber contanng a
mnmum of 25% post-consumer recyced content.
PET, as wth many pastcs, s aso an exceent canddate for therma dsposa (ncneraton), as
t s composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, wth ony trace amounts of catayst eements
(but no sufur). PET has the energy content of soft coa.
PET was patented n 1941 by the Caco Prnters' Assocaton of Manchester. The PET botte was
patented n 1973 by Nathane Wyeth.|6
Intrnsc vscosty
One of the most mportant characterstcs of PET s referred to as ntrnsc vscosty (IV)|7|
The ntrnsc vscosty of the matera, measured n decters per gram (dl/g) s dependent upon
the ength of ts poymer chans. The onger the poymer chans, the more entangements
between chans and therefore the hgher the vscosty. The average chan ength of a partcuar
batch of resn can be controed durng poycondensaton.
The ntrnsc vscosty range of PET|8|
Fber grade
0.40 - 0.70 dl/g Texte
0.72 - 0.98 dl/g Technca, tre cord
Fm grade
0.60 - 0.70 dl/g BoPET (baxay orented PET fm)
0.70 - 1.00 dl/g Sheet grade for thermoformng
Botte grade
0.70 - 0.78 dl/g Water bottes (fat)
0.78 - 0.85 dl/g Carbonated soft drnk grade
Monofament, engneerng pastc
1.00 - 2.00 dl/g
Dryng
PET s hygroscopc, meanng that t naturay absorbs water from ts surroundngs. However,
when ths 'damp' PET s then heated, the water hydroyzes the PET, decreasng ts resence.
Ths means that before the resn can be processed n a modng machne, as much mosture as
possbe must be removed from the resn. Ths s acheved through the use of a desccant or
dryers before the PET s fed nto the processng equpment.
Insde the dryer, hot dry ar s pumped nto the bottom of the hopper contanng the resn so
that t fows up through the peets, removng mosture on ts way. The hot wet ar eaves the
top of the hopper and s frst run through an after-cooer, because t s easer to remove
mosture from cod ar than hot ar. The resutng coo wet ar s then passed through
a desccant bed. Fnay the coo dry ar eavng the desccant bed s re-heated n a process
heater and sent back through the same processes n a cosed oop. Typcay, resdua mosture
eves n the resn must be ess than 5 parts per mon (parts of water per mon parts of resn,
by weght) before processng. Dryer resdence tme shoud not be shorter than about four
hours. Ths s because dryng the matera n ess than 4 hours woud requre a temperature
above 160 C, at whch eve hydroyss woud begn nsde the peets before they coud be
dred out.
PET can aso be dred n compressed ar resn dryers. Compressed ar dryers do not reuse
dryng ar. Dry, heated compressed ar s crcuated through the PET peets as n the desccant
dryer, then reeased to the atmosphere.
Copoymers
In addton to pure (homopoymer) PET, PET modfed by copoymerzaton s aso avaabe.
In some cases, the modfed propertes of copoymer are more desrabe for a partcuar
appcaton. For exampe, cycohexane dmethano (CHDM) can be added to the poymer
backbone n pace of ethyene gyco. Snce ths budng bock s much arger (6 addtona
carbon atoms) than the ethyene gyco unt t repaces, t does not ft n wth the neghborng
chans the way an ethyene gyco unt woud. Ths nterferes wth crystazaton and owers the
poymer's metng temperature. Such PET s generay known as PETG (Eastman Chemca and
SK Chemcas are the ony two manufacturers). PETG s a cear amorphous thermopastc that
can be n|ecton moded or sheet extruded. It can be coored durng processng.
Another common modfer s sophthac acd, repacng some of the 1,4-(para-)
nked terephthaate unts. The 1,2-(ortho-) or 1,3-(meta-) nkage produces an ange n the
chan, whch aso dsturbs crystanty.
Such copoymers are advantageous for certan modng appcatons, such as thermoformng,
whch s used for exampe to make tray or bster packagng from co-PET fm, or amorphous
PET sheet (A-PET) or PETG sheet. On the other hand, crystazaton s mportant n other
appcatons where mechanca and dmensona stabty are mportant, such as seat bets. For
PET bottes, the use of sma amounts of sophthac acd, CHDM, DEG or other comonomers can
be usefu: f ony sma amounts of comonomers are used, crystazaton s sowed but not
prevented entrey. As a resut, bottes are obtanabe va stretch bow modng ("SBM"), whch
are both cear and crystane enough to be an adequate barrer to aromas and even gases,
such as carbon doxde n carbonated beverages.
Crystas
Crystazaton of poymers occurs when poymer chans fod up on themseves n a repeatng,
symmetrca pattern. Long poymer chans tend to become entanged on themseves, whch
prevents fu crystazaton n a but the most carefuy controed crcumstances. PET s no
excepton to ths rue; About 60% crystazaton s the upper mt for commerca products, wth
the excepton of poyester fbers. Besdes, about 60% crystane poymer about 40 % of the
poymer chans remanng amorphous. Therefore PET s commony caed a sem-crystane
poymer.
PET n ts natura state s a sem-crystane resn. Cear products can be produced by rapdy
coong moten poymer beow Tg gass transton temperature to form an amorphous sod.
Lke gass, amorphous PET forms when ts moecues are not gven enough tme to arrange
themseves n an ordery, crystane fashon as the met s cooed. At room temperature the
moecues are frozen n pace, but f enough heat energy s put back nto them by heatng
above Tg, they begn to move agan, aowng crystas to nuceate and grow. Ths procedure s
known as sod-state crystazaton.
Lke most materas, PET tends to produce spherutes contanng many sma crystates when
crystazed from an amorphous sod, rather than formng one arge snge crysta. Lght tends
to scatter as t crosses the boundares between crystates and the amorphous regons
between them. Ths scatterng means that crystane PET s opaque and whte n most
cases. Fber drawng s among the few ndustra processes that produce a neary snge-crysta
product.
Degradaton
PET s sub|ect to varous types of degradatons durng processng. The man degradatons that
can occur are hydroytc, therma and, probaby most mportant, therma oxdaton. When PET
degrades, severa thngs happen: dscooraton, chan scssons resutng n reduced moecuar
weght, formaton of acetadehyde and cross-nks ("ge" or "fsh-eye" formaton). Dscooraton
s due to the formaton of varous chromophorc systems foowng proonged therma treatment
at eevated temperatures. Ths becomes a probem when the optca requrements of the
poymer are very hgh, such as n packagng appcatons. The therma and thermooxdatve
degradaton resuts n poor processbty characterstcs and performance of the matera.
One way to aevate ths s to use a copoymer. Comonomers such as CHDM or sophthac
acd ower the metng temperature and reduce the degree of crystanty of PET (especay
mportant when the matera s used for botte manufacturng). Thus the resn can be pastcay
formed at ower temperatures and/or wth ower force. Ths heps to prevent degradaton,
reducng the acetadehyde content of the fnshed product to an acceptabe (that s,
unnotceabe) eve. See copoymers, above. Other ways to mprove the stabty of the poymer
s by usng stabzers, many antoxdants such as phosphtes. Recenty, moecuar eve
stabzaton of the matera usng nanostructured chemcas has aso been consdered.
)cetaldeh(de
Acetadehyde s normay a cooress, voate substance wth a fruty sme. It forms naturay n
frut, but t can cause an off-taste n botted water. Acetadehyde forms n PET through the
"abuse" of the matera. Hgh temperatures (PET decomposes above 300 C or 570 F), hgh
pressures, extruder speeds (excessve shear fow rases temperature) and ong barre resdence
tmes a contrbute to the producton of acetadehyde. When acetadehyde s produced, some
of t remans dssoved n the was of a contaner and then dffuses nto the product stored
nsde, aterng the taste and aroma. Ths s not such a probem for non-consumabes (such as
shampoo), for frut |uces (whch aready contan acetadehyde), or for strong-tastng drnks
ke soft drnks. For botted water, however, ow acetadehyde content s qute mportant,
because f nothng masks the aroma, even extremey ow concentratons (10-20 parts per
bon n the water) of acetadehyde can produce an off-taste.
Antmony
Antmony (Sb) s a catayst that s often used as antmony troxde (Sb2O3) or antmony
tracetate n the producton of PET. After manufacturng a detectabe amount of antmony can
be found on the surface of the product. Ths resdue can be removed wth washng. Antmony
aso remans n the matera tsef and can thus mgrate out nto food and drnks. Exposng PET
to bong or mcrowavng can ncrease the eves of antmony sgnfcanty, possby above
USEPA maxmum contamnaton eves.|9| The drnkng water mt n the USA for antmony s 6
parts per bon.|10| Athough antmony troxde s of ow toxcty when taken oray,|11| ts
presence s st of concern. The Swss Federa Offce of Pubc Heath nvestgated the amount
of antmony mgraton, comparng waters botted n PET and gass: the antmony
concentratons of the water n PET bottes were hgher, but st we beow the aowed
maxmum concentraton. The Swss Federa Offce of Pubc Heath concuded that sma
amounts of antmony mgrate from the PET nto botted water, but that the heath rsk of the
resutng ow concentratons s neggbe (1% of the "toerabe day ntake" determned by
the WHO). A ater (2006) but more wdey pubczed study found smar amounts of antmony
n water n PET bottes.|12| The WHO has pubshed a rsk assessment for antmony n drnkng
water.|11|
Frut |uce concentrates (for whch no gudenes are estabshed), however, that were produced
and botted n PET n the UK were found to contan up to 44.7 g/L of antmony, we above the
EU mts for tap water of 5 g/L.|13| |14
Possbe toxcty of PET
Commentary pubshed n Envronmenta Heath Perspectves n Apr 2010 suggested that PET
mght yed endocrne dsruptors under condtons of common use and
recommended|15| research on ths topc. Proposed mechansms ncude eachng
of phthaates as we as eachng of antmony. Other authors (FRANZ and WELLE) pubshed
evdence based on mathematca modeng, ndcatng that t s qute unkey that PET yeds
endocrne dsruptors n mnera water.|16|
Botte processng equpment
There are two basc modng methods for PET bottes, one-step and two-step. In two-step
modng, two separate machnes are used. The frst machne n|ecton mods the preform, whch
resembes a test tube, wth the botte-cap threads aready moded nto pace. The body of the
tube s sgnfcanty thcker, as t w be nfated nto ts fna shape n the second step
usng stretch bow modng.
In the second step, the preforms are heated rapdy and then nfated aganst a two-part mod
to form them nto the fna shape of the botte. Preforms (unnfated bottes) are now aso used
as contaners for candy, and by some Red Cross chapters to dstrbute to homeowners to store
medca hstory for emergency responders.|17|
In one-step machnes, the entre process from raw matera to fnshed contaner s conducted
wthn one machne, makng t especay sutabe for modng non-standard shapes (custom
modng), ncudng |ars, fat ova, fask shapes etc. Its greatest mert s the reducton n space,
product handng and energy, and far hgher vsua quaty than can be acheved by the two-
step system.
Poyester recycng ndustry
When recycng poyethyene terephthaate or PET or poyester, two ways generay have to be
dfferentated:
1. The chemca recycng back to the nta raw materas purfed terephthac acd (PTA)
or dmethy terephthaate (DMT) and ethyene gyco (EG) where the poymer structure s
destroyed competey, or n process ntermedates ke bs--hydroxyterephthaate
2. The mechanca recycng where the orgna poymer propertes are beng mantaned or
reconsttuted.
Chemca recycng of PET w become cost-effcent ony appyng hgh capacty recycng nes
of more than 50,000 tons/year. Such nes coud ony be seen, f at a, wthn the producton
stes of very arge poyester producers. Severa attempts of ndustra magntude to estabsh
such chemca recycng pants have been made n the past but wthout resoundng success.
Even the promsng chemca recycng n |apan has not become an ndustra break through so
far. The two reasons for ths are: at frst, the dffcuty of consstent and contnuous waste
bottes sourcng n such a huge amount at one snge ste, and, at second, the steady
ncreased prces and prce voatty of coected bottes. The prces of baed bottes ncreased
for nstance between the years 2000 and 2008 from about 50 Euro/ton to over 500 Euro/ton n
2008.
Mechanca recycng or drect crcuaton of PET n the poymerc state s operated n most
dverse varants today. These knds of processes are typca of sma and medum-szed
ndustry. Cost-effcency can aready be acheved wth pant capactes wthn a range of 5 000 -
20 000 tons/year. In ths case, neary a knds of recyced-matera feedback nto the matera
crcuaton are possbe today. These dverse recycng processes are beng dscussed hereafter
n deta.
Besdes chemca contamnants and degradaton products generated durng frst processng
and usage, mechanca mpurtes are representng the man part of quaty deprecatng
mpurtes n the recycng stream. Recyced materas are ncreasngy ntroduced nto
manufacturng processes, whch were orgnay desgned for new materas ony. Therefore,
effcent sortng, separaton and ceanng processes become most mportant for hgh quaty
recyced poyester.
When takng about poyester recycng ndustry, we are concentratng many on recycng of
PET bottes whch are meanwhe used for a knds of qud packagng ke water, carbonated
soft drnks, |uces, beer, sauces, detergents, househod chemcas and so on. Bottes are easy
to dstngush because of shape and consstency and separate from waste pastc streams
ether by automatc or hand sortng processes. The estabshed poyester recycng ndustry
conssts of three ma|or sectons:
PET botte coecton and waste separaton-waste ogstcs
Producton of cean botte fakes-fake producton
Converson of PET fakes to fna products-fake processng
Intermedate product from the frst secton s baed botte waste wth a PET content greater
than 90%. Most common tradng form s the bae but aso brcked or even oose, pre-cut bottes
are common n the market. In the second secton the coected bottes are converted to cean
PET botte fakes. Ths step can be more or ess compex and compcated dependng on
requred fna fake quaty. Durng thrd step PET botte fakes are processed to any knd of
products ke fm, bottes, fber, fament, strappng or ntermedates ke peets for further
processng and engneerng pastcs.
Besdes ths externa (post-consumer) poyester botte recycng, numbers of nterna (pre-
consumer) recycng processes exst, where the wasted poymer matera does not ext the
producton ste to the free market, and nstead s reused n the same producton crcut. In ths
way, fber waste s drecty reused to produce fber, preform waste s drecty reused to produce
preforms, and fm waste s drecty reused to produce fm.
P! bottle rec(cling
Main article: PET bottle recycling
|edt|Purification and decontamination
The success of any recycng concept s hdden n the effcency of purfcaton and
decontamnaton at the rght pace durng processng and to the necessary or desred extent.
Generay, the foowng appes: the sooner foregn substances are removed, n the process,
and the more thoroughy ths s done, the more effcent the process s.
The hgh pastczaton temperature of PET n the range of 280C s the reason why amost a
common organc mpurtes such as PVC, PLA, poyoefn, chemca wood-pup and paper
fbers, poyvny acetate, met adhesve, coorng agents, sugar and proten resdues are
transformed nto coored degradaton products whch, n ther turn, mght reease reactve
degradaton products addtonay. Then, the number of defects n the poymer chan ncreases
consderaby. Naturay, the partce sze dstrbuton of mpurtes s very wde, the bg partces
of 60-1000 m-whch are vsbe by naked eye and easy to fter-representng the esser ev
snce ther tota surface s reatvey sma and the degradaton speed s therefore ower. The
nfuence of the mcroscopc partces, whch-because they are many-ncrease the frequency
of defects n the poymer, s comparabe bgger.
The motto "What the eye does not see the heart cannot greve over" s consdered to be very
mportant n many recycng processes. Therefore besdes effcent sortng the remova of
vsbe mpurty partces by met ftraton processes s payng a partcuar part n ths case.
In genera, one can say that the processes to make PET botte fakes from coected bottes are
as versate as the dfferent waste streams are dfferent n ther composton and quaty. In vew
of technoogy there sn't |ust one way to do t. There are meanwhe many engneerng
companes whch are offerng fake producton pants and components, and t s dffcut to
decde for one or other pant desgn. Nevertheess there are processes whch are sharng most
of these prncpes. Dependng on composton and mpurty eve of nput matera, the genera
foowng process steps are apped.|18|
1. Bae openng, brquette openng
2. Sortng and seecton for dfferent coors, foregn poymers especay PVC, foregn
matter, remova of fm, paper, gass, sand, so, stones and metas
3. Pre-washng wthout cuttng
4. Coarse cuttng dry or combned to pre-washng
5. Remova of stones, gass and meta
6. Ar sftng to remove fm, paper and abes
7. Grndng, dry and / or wet
8. Remova of ow-densty poymers (cups) by densty dfferences
9. Hot wash
10. Caustc wash
11. Caustc surface etchng, mantanng ntrnsc vscosty and decontamnaton
12. Rnsng
13. Cean water rnsng
14. Dryng
15. Ar sftng of fakes
16. Automatc fake sortng
17. Water crcut and water treatment technoogy
18. Fake quaty contro
|edt|Impurities and material defects
The number of possbe mpurtes and matera defects whch accumuate n the poymerc
matera s ncreasng permanenty-when processng as we as when usng poymers-takng
nto account a growng servce fe tme, growng fna appcatons and repeated recycng. As
far as recyced PET bottes are concerned, the defects mentoned can be sorted n the foowng
groups:
1. Reactve poyester OH- or COOH- end groups are transformed nto dead or non-reactve
end groups, e.g. formaton of vny ester end groups through dehydraton or
decarboxyaton of terephthaate acd, reacton of the OH- or COOH- end groups wth
mono-functona degradaton products ke mono-carbonc acds or acohos. Resuts are
decreased reactvty durng re-poycondensaton or re-SSP and broadenng the moecuar
weght dstrbuton.
2. The end group proporton shfts toward the drecton of the COOH end groups but up
through a therma and oxdatve degradaton. The resuts are decrease n reactvty, and
ncrease n the acd autocataytc decomposton durng therma treatment n presence
of humdty.
3. Number of poy-functona macromoecues ncreases. Accumuaton of ges and ong-
chan branchng defects.
4. Number, concentraton and varety of non poymer-dentca organc and norganc
foregn substances are ncreasng. Wth every new therma stress, the organc foregn
substances w react by decomposton. Ths s causng the beraton of further
degradaton-supportng substances and coorng substances.
5. Hydroxde and peroxde groups bud up at the surface of the products made of
poyester n presence of ar (oxygen) and humdty. Ths process s acceerated by
utravoet ght. Durng an uteror treatment process, hydro peroxdes are a source of
oxygen radcas whch are source of oxdatve degradaton. Destructon of hydro
peroxdes s to happen before the frst therma treatment or durng pastczaton and
can be supported by sutabe addtves ke antoxdants.
Takng nto consderaton the above-mentoned chemca defects and mpurtes, there s an
ongong modfcaton of the foowng poymer characterstcs durng each recycng cyce,
whch are detectabe by chemca and physca aboratory anayss.
In partcuar:
Increase of COOH end groups
Increase of coor number b
Increase of haze (transparent products)
Increase of ogomer content
Reducton n fterabty
Increase of by-products content such as acetadehyde, formadehyde
Increase of extractabe foregn contamnants
Decrease n coor L
Decrease of ntrnsc vscosty or dynamc vscosty
Decrease of crystazaton temperature and ncrease of crystazaton speed
Decrease of the mechanca propertes ke tense strength, eongaton at break
or eastc moduus
Broadenng of moecuar weght dstrbuton
The recycng of PET-bottes s meanwhe an ndustra standard process whch s offered by a
wde varety of engneerng companes.|19|
|edt|Processing examples for rec(cled pol(ester
Recycng processes wth poyester are amost as vared as the manufacturng processes based
on prmary peets or met. Dependng on purty of the recyced materas poyester can be used
today n most of the poyester manufacturng processes as bend wth vrgn poymer or
ncreasngy as 100% recyced poymer. Some exceptons ke BOPET-fm of ow thckness,
speca appcatons ke optca fm or yarns through FDY-spnnng at > 6000 m/mn or
mcrofaments and mcro-fbers are produced from vrgn poyester ony.
|edt|#imple re+pelleti,ing of bottle fla-es
Ths process conssts n transformng botte waste nto fakes, by dryng and crystazng the
fakes, by pastczng and fterng, as we as by peetzng. Product s an amorphous re-
granuate of an ntrnsc vscosty n the range of 0.55-0.7 dl/g, dependng on how compete
pre-dryng of PET fakes has been done.
Speca feature are: acetadehyde and ogomers are contaned n the peets at ower eve; the
vscosty s reduced somehow, the peets are amorphous and have to be crystazed and dred
before further processng.
Processng to:
A-PET fm for thermoformng,
Addton to PET vrgn producton,
BoPET packagng fm,
PET Botte resn by SSP,
Carpet yarn,
Engneerng pastc,
Faments,
Non-woven,
Packagng strpes,
Stape fbre,
Choosng the re-peetzng way means havng an addtona converson process whch s at the
one sde energy ntensve, cost consumng and causes therma destructon. At the other sde
the peetzng step s provdng the foowng advantages:
Intensve met ftraton
Intermedate quaty contro
Modfcaton by addtves.
Product seecton and separaton by quaty
Processng fexbty ncreased
Ouaty unformzaton
|edt|.anufacture of P!+pellets for bottles /bottle to bottle0 and )+P!
Ths process s, n prncpe, smar to the one descrbed above; however, the peets produced
are drecty (contnuousy or dscontnuousy) crystazed and then sub|ected to a sod-state
poycondensaton (SSP) n a tumbng drer or a vertca tube reactor. Durng ths processng
step, the correspondng ntrnsc vscosty of 0.80 - 0.085 dl/g s rebud agan and, at the same
tme, the acetadehyde content s reduced to < 1 ppm.
The fact that some machne manufacturers and ne buders n Europe and USA make efforts to
offer ndependent recycng processes, e.g. the so caed botte-to-botte (B-2-B) process, such
as URRC or BHLER, ams at generay furnshng proof of the "exstence" of the requred
extracton resdues and of the remova of mode contamnants accordng to FDA appyng the
so caed chaenge test, whch s necessary for the appcaton of the treated poyester n the
food sector. Besdes ths process approva t s nevertheess necessary that any user of such
processes has to constanty check the FDA-mts for the raw materas manufactured by
hmsef for hs process.
|edt|1irect con2ersion of bottle fla-es
In order to save costs, one|who?| s workng on the drect use of the PET-fakes, from the
treatment of used bottes, wth a vew to manufacturng an ncreasng number of poyester
ntermedates. For the ad|ustment of the necessary vscosty, besdes an effcent dryng of the
fakes, t s possby necessary to aso reconsttute the vscosty through poycondensaton n
the met phase or sod-state poycondensaton of the fakes. The atest PET fake converson
processes are appyng twn screw extruders, mut-screw extruders or mut-rotaton systems
and concdenta vacuum degassng to remove mosture and avod fake pre-dryng. These
processes aow the converson of undred PET fakes wthout substanta vscosty decrease
caused by hydroyss.
Lookng at the consumpton of PET botte fakes, the man porton of about 70% s converted to
fbers and faments. When usng drecty secondary materas such as botte fakes n spnnng
processes, there are a few processng prncpes to obtan.
Hgh speed spnnng processes for the manufacture of POY normay need a vscosty of 0.62-
0.64 dl/g. Startng from botte fakes, the vscosty can be set va the degree of dryng. The
addtona use of TO2 s necessary for fu du or sem du yarn. In order to protect the
spnnerets, an effcent ftraton of the met s, n any case s necessary. For the tme beng the
amount of POY made of 100% recycng poyester s rather ow because ths process requres
hgh purty of spnnng met. Most of the tme a bend of vrgn and recyced peets s used.
Stape fbers are spun n an ntrnsc vscosty range whch rather es somewhat ower and
whch shoud be between 0.58 and 0.62 dl/g. In ths case too, the requred vscosty can be
ad|usted va dryng or vacuum ad|ustment n case of vacuum extruson. For ad|ustng the
vscosty, however, an addton of chan ength modfer ke ethyene gyco or dethyene gyco
can aso be used.
Spnnng non-woven - n the fne tter fed for texte appcatons as we as heavy spnnng
non-woven as basc materas, e.g. for roof covers or n road budng - can be manufactured
by spnnng botte fakes. The spnnng vscosty s agan wthn a range of 0.58-0.65 dl/g.
One fed of ncreasng nterest where recyced materas are used s the manufacture of hgh
tenacty packagng strpes, and monofaments. In both cases, the nta raw matera s a
many recyced matera of hgher ntrnsc vscosty. Hgh tenacty packagng strpes as we as
monofament are then manufactured n the met spnnng process.
|edt|'ec(cling bac- to the initial raw materials
|edt|3l(col(sis and partial gl(col(sis
The poyester whch has to be recyced s transformed nto an ogomer by addng ethyene
gyco or other gycos durng therma treatment. The am and advantage of ths way of
processng s the possbty of separatng the mechanca deposts drecty and effcent through
a progressve and stepwse ftraton. The ftraton fneness of the ast ftraton step has a
decsve effect on the quaty of the end product. Takng parta recycng wth
parta gycoyss as an exampe, t s to be demonstrated how botte waste can successfuy be
recyced n a contnuousy operatng poyester ne whch s manufacturng peets for botte
appcatons.
The task conssts n feedng 10-25% botte fakes whe mantanng the quaty of the botte
peets whch are manufactured on the ne. Ths am s soved by degradng the PET botte
fakes - aready durng ther frst pastczaton whch can be carred out n a snge- or mut-
screw extruder - to an ntrnsc vscosty of about 0.30 dl/g by addng sma quanttes of
ethyene gyco and by sub|ectng the ow vscosty met stream to an effcent ftraton drecty
after pastczaton. Furthermore, temperature s brought to the owest possbe mt. In
addton, wth ths way of processng, the possbty of a chemca decomposton of the hydro
peroxdes s possbe by addng a correspondng P-stabzer drecty when pastczng. The
destructon of the hydro peroxde groups s, wth other processes, aready carred out durng
the ast step of fake treatment for nstance by addng H3PO3.|20| The partay gycoyzed and
fney ftered recyced matera s contnuousy fed to the esterfcaton or prepoycondensaton
reactor, the dosng quanttes of the raw materas are beng ad|usted accordngy.
The treatment of poyester waste through tota gycoyss to convert the poyester to bs-beta
hydroxy-terephthaate, whch s vacuum dsted and can be used, nstead of DMT or PTA, as a
raw matera for poyester manufacture, has been executed on an ndustra scae n |apan as
expermenta producton.
|edt|*(drol(sis
Recycng processes, through hydroyss of the PET to PTA and MEG, are operatng under hgh
pressures under supercrtca condtons. In ths case, PET-waste w be drecty hydroyzed
appyng for nstance supercrtca water steam. Purfcaton of crude terephthac acd w be
carred out by re-crystazaton n acetc acd / water mxtures smar to PTA purfcaton.
Industra-scae nes based on ths chemstry have not been known to date.
|edt|.ethanol(sis
Methanoyss s the recycng process whch has been practced and tested on a arge scae for
many years n the past. In ths case, poyester waste s transformed wth methano nto DMT,
under pressure and n presence of cataysts. After ths an effcent ftraton of the methanoyss
product s apped. Fnay the crude DMT s purfed by vacuum dstaton. The methanoyss s
ony rarey carred out n ndustry today because poyester producton based on DMT shrunk
tremendousy and wth ths DMT producers dsappeared step by step durng the ast decade.
|21|
Notes
1 a b c d e f g h A.K. van der Vegt & L.E. Govaert, Poymeren, van keten tot kunstof, ISBN 90-407-
2388-5
2. a b |. G. Speght, Norbert Adoph Lange (2005). McGraw-H. ed. Lange's handbook of
chemistry (16 ed.). pp. 2.807-2.758. ISBN 0071432205.
3. a b c Record of Polyethylenterephthalat n the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA
$ 4 Carpet-nspectors-experts.com
' 4 Smpy Green Carpet - A Berkshre Foorng Brand
( 4 Nathane C. Wyeth "Baxay Orented Poy(ethyene terephthaate) Botte" US patent 3733309,
Issued May 1973
) 4 Urch K. Thee; Poyester Botte Resns, Producton, Processng, Propertes and Recycng, pp. 85
ff, Hedeberg, Germany,2007, ISBN 978-3-9807497-4-9
G 4 Stoyko Fakrov; Handbook of Thermopastc Poyesters, Chapter 7 by V.B. Gupta, Z. Bashr, p.
320, ISBN 978352730113
A 4 Cheng, X; Sh, H; Adams, CD; Ma, Y (2010). "Assessment of meta contamnatons eachng out
from recycng pastc bottes upon treatments.".Environmental science and polltion research
international 17 (7): 1323-30. do:10.1007/s11356-010-0312-4. PMID 20309737.
15 4 Consumer Factsheet on: Antmony, EPA
11. a b Gudenes for drnkng - water quaty
1" 4 Shotyk, Wam; Kracher, Mchae; Chen, Bn (2006). "Contamnaton of Canadan and
European botted waters wth antmony from PET contaners" (free access). !ornal of
Environmental Monitoring 5 (2): 288-92. do:10.1039/b517844b. PMID 16470261.
1# 4 Hansen, Caus; Tsrgotak, Aexandra; Bak, Sren Aex; Pergants, Spros A.; Strup,
Stefan; Gammegaard, Bente; Hansen, Hee Rsz (17 February 2010). "Eevated antmony
concentratons n commerca |uces". !ornal of Environmental Monitoring 16 (4): 822-
4. do:10.1039/b926551a.PMID 20383361.
1$ 4 Borand, Sophe (1. March 2010). "Frut |uce cancer warnng as scentsts fnd harmfu
chemca n 16 drnks". Day Ma.
1' 4 Sax, Leonard (Apr 2010). "Poyethyene Terephthaate May Yed Endocrne
Dsruptors". Environmental "ealth Perspectives 115 (4).do:10.1289.ehp.0901253.
1( 4 Franz, Roand and Wee, Frank (2009). "Can Mgraton of Endocrne Dsruptors from
Pastc Bottes be the Cause of Estrogenc Burden Recenty Determned n Botted Mnera
Water?". #etsche Lebensmittel-$ndscha 178 (5): 315.
1) 4 Red Cross "Va of Lfe" usng preform
1G 4 PET-Recycng Forum;"Current Technoogca Trends n Poyester Recycng"; 9th
Internatona Poyester Recycng Forum Washngton, 2006; Sao Pauo; ISBN 3-00-019765-6
1A 4 Urch K. Thee,"Poyester Botte Resns Producton, Processng, Propertes and
Recycng", pp. 259 ff, PETpanet Pubsher GmbH, Hedeberg, 2007, Germany ISBN 978-3-
9807497-4-9
"5 4 DE-Patent DE19503055
"1 4 Stoyko Fakrov; "Handbook of Thermopastc Poyesters", pp. 1223 ff; Wey-VCH,
Wenhem, 2002, ISBN 3-527-30113-5
Pol(eth(lene terephthalate

I9P)" name
poy(ethyene terephthaate)
'dentifiers
7A! number "'5#G+'A+A
Properties
Dolecular formula 1715OG;$0nW1X
<ensitT
1$ gLcm# 1"5 V70,W#X amorp.ous: 1#)5 gLcm#,W1X crTstalline: 1$''
gLcm#W1X
Delting point
Y "'5 V7,W#X "(5 V7W1X
!olubilitT inBater practicallT insolubleW#X
T.ermal conducti4itT 51' N m`1 Z`1,W"X 5"$ N m`1 Z`1W1X
@efracti4e inde9 1n<0 1')-1'G,W"X 1')'5W1X
#:ermoc:emistr;
!pecific .eat
capacitT, C
15 HaL1HgUZ0W1X
-e!ated compounds
@elatedDonomers
Terep.t.alic acid
Et.TleneglTcol
1B.at is t.isb0 14erifT0
E9cept B.ere noted ot.erBise, data are gi4en for materials in t.eir standard state 1at "' V7,
155 HPa0
%nfobo9 references
PE#
coungds modulus 1E0 "G55-#155 DPa
Tensile strengt.1et0 ''-)' DPa
Elastic limit '5-1'5I
notc. test #( HaLm"
>lass temperature )' V7
Jicat ? 1)5 V7
linear e9pansion coefficient 1f0 )g15`'LZ
Nater absorption 1A!TD0 51(
SourceW1
http://es.wi-ipedia.org/wi-i/Politereftalato:de:etileno
Tereftaato de poeteno
E !ereftalato de polietileno, politereftalato de
etileno, polietilentereftalato o polietileno !ereftalato (ms conocdo por sus sgas en
ngs PET, Polyethylene Terephtalate) es un tpo de pstco muy usado en envases
de bebdas ytextes. Agunas compaas manufacturan e PET y otros posteres ba|o
dferentes marcas comercaes, por e|empo, en os Estados Undos y Gran Bretaa usan os
nombres de .(lar y .elinex.
Oumcamente e PET es un pomero que se obtene medante una reaccn de
pocondensacn entre e cdo tereftco y e etengco. Pertenece a grupo de
materaes snttcos denomnados posteres.
Es un pomero termopstco nea, con un ato grado de crstandad. Como todos os
termopstcos puede ser procesado medante extrusn, nyeccn, nyeccn y
sopado, sopado de preforma y termoconformado. Para evtar e crecmento excesvo de as
esferutas y ameas de crstaes, este matera debe ser rpdamente enfrado, con esto se
ogra una mayor transparenca, a razn de su transparenca a enfrarse rpdo consste en que
os crstaes no acanzan a desarroarse competamente y su tamao no nterfere (scatterng
en ngs) con a trayectora de a ongtud de onda de a uz vsbe, de acuerdo con a teora
cuntca.
Propedades
Presenta como caracterstcas ms reevantes:
Ata transparenca, aunque admte cargas de coorantes.
Ata resstenca a desgaste y corrosn.
Muy buen coefcente de deszamento.
Buena resstenca qumca y trmca.
Muy buena barrera a CO2, aceptabe barrera a O2 y humedad.
Compatbe con otros materaes barrera que me|oran en su con|unto a cadad barrera
de os envases y por o tanto permten su uso en mercados especfcos.
Reccabe, aunque tende a dsmnur su vscosdad con a hstora trmca.
Aprobado para su uso en productos que deban estar en contacto con productos
amentaros.
Las propedades fscas de PET y su capacdad para cumpr dversas especfcacones tcncas
han sdo as razones por as que e matera haya acanzado un desarroo reevante en a
produccn de fbras textes y en a produccn de una gran dversdad de envases,
especamente en a produccn de boteas, bande|as, fe|es y mnas.
|edtar|Hstora
Fue producdo por prmera vez en 1941 por os centfcos brtncos Whnfed y Dckson,
quenes o patentaron como pomero para a fabrcacn de fbras. Se debe recordar que su
pas estaba en pena guerra y exsta una apremante necesdad de buscar susttutos para
e agodn provenente de Egpto.
A partr de 1946 se empez a utzar ndustramente como fbra y su uso text ha prosegudo
hasta e presente. En 1952 se comenz a empear en forma de fme para envasar amentos.
Pero a apcacn que e sgnfc su prncpa mercado fue en envases rgdos, a partr de 1976.
Pudo abrrse camno gracas a su partcuar apttud para a fabrcacn de boteas para bebdas
poco sensbes a oxgeno como por e|empo e agua mnera y os refrescos carbonatados.
Desde prncpos de os aos 2000 se utza tambn para e envasado de cerveza.
|edtar|Aspectos postvos de uso de tereftaato de poeteno
Como agunos de os aspectos postvos que encontramos para e uso de este matera,
prncpamente empeado en envases de productos destnados a a venta, podemos destacar:
Oue acta como barrera para os gases, como e CO2, humedad y e O2
Es transparente y crstano, aunque admte agunos coorantes
Irrompbe
Lvano
Impermeabe
No txco, cuadad necesara para este tpo de productos que estn a acance de
pbco en genera (Aprobado para su uso en productos que deban estar en contacto
con productos amentaros)
Inerte (a contendo)
Resstenca esfuerzos permanentes y a desgaste, ya que presenta ata rgdez y dureza
Ata resstenca qumca y buenas propedades trmcas, posee una gran
ndeformabdad a caor
Totamente reccabe
Superfce barnzabe
Estabdad a a ntempere
Ata resstenca a pegado y ba|a absorcn de humedad que o hacen muy adecuado
para a fabrcacn de fbras
PE#
Cormula Dolecular 1715OG;$0n
<ensidad amorfa 1,#)5 gLcm#
<ensidad cristalina 1,$'' gLcm#
DFdulo de coung 1E0 1E0 "G55-#155 DPa
PresiFn1et0 ''-)' DPa
h3mite el,stico '5-1'5I
notc. test #,( HaLm"
>lass temperature )' V7
Punto de fusiFn "(5 V7
Jicat ? 1)5 V7
7onducti4idad t*rmica 5,"$ NL1mUZ0
7oeficiente de dilataciFn lineal 1f0 )g15`'LZ
7alor espec3fico 1c0 1,5 HaL1HgUZ0
AbsorciFn de agua 1A!TD0 5,1(
[ndice de refracciFn 1,')'5
7oste 5,'-1,"' iLHg
Source: %.<. $am der "e&t = >.E. Go$aert, Po!;meren, $an ?eten tot ?unstof, 'S@N AB-+B7-)*CC-
5