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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad-Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No 1.0 2.0 Introduction Managed Flow Issues 2.1 2.2 Measurement of Current River Flow Uses of Water 2.2.1 Water Quality 2.2.2 Waterborne Diseases 2.3 2.4 2.5 Aquatic Ecology Downstream Hazards Pollution Load Study 2.5.1 Study Reach 2.5.2 River Flow 2.5.3 Selection of Model 2.5.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling 2.5.5 Water Quality Modeling 2.5.6 Water Quality Forecast for Alaknanda River 2.5.7 Conclusions & Recommendations Description Page No 1-57 1-57 2-57 4-57 8-57 14-57 17-57 41-57 42-57 43-57 46-57 48-57 48-57 49-57 51-57 56-57

Environment & Ecology

Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad-Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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List of Tables
Table No 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.2.10 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7 2.3.8 2.3.9 2.3.10 2.3.11 2.3.12 Description Historical Flow of River Alaknanda Lean Season Flow of the Tributaries of Alaknanda Officials Consulted to identify Future Water Plan Surface Water Quality Monitoring Location Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring Ground Water Quality Monitoring locations Results Ground Water Quality Monitoring Results of Ground Water Quality Monitoring Diseases recorded at PHC Chamoli, 2006--2008 Diseases recorded in CHC Joshimath, 2006-2008 Fish fauna found in the Alaknanda River Diversity index of periphyton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S1 Diversity index of phytoplankton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site Diversity index of zooplankton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S1 Diversity index of benthos in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S1 Fish fauna found in the Patalganga (S2) Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of periphyton in S2 Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of phytoplankton in S2 Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S2 Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S2 Fish fauna found in the Garur Ganga Diversity index of Periphyton at Sampling site S3

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad-Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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Table No 2.3.13 2.3.14 2.3.15 2.3.16 2.3.17 2.3.18 2.3.19 2.3.20 2.3.21 2.3.22 2.3.23 2.3.24 2.3.25 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6

Description Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S3 Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S3 Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S3 Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S4 Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S4 Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S4 Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S4 Fish fauna found in the Birahi River Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S5 Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S5 Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S5 Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S5 Riparian vegetation along the Alaknanda river and its tributaries Water depth and spread downstream of dam in the event of Dam break List of Villages likely to be affected in case of Dam Failure Salient features of the Tributaries Cross-Sections Available discharges in the Tributaries Existing Inflows (February 2009) in Alaknanda River (study stretch) Calibrated Parameters for Water Quality Modeling Future inflows during construction phase (Without Sewage Treatment) Future inflows during construction phase (With Secondary Treatment & Chlorination)

2.5.7

Future inflows during implementation phase (Without any treatment)

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document: 2008026/EC Draft Managed River Flow Report

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1.0 INTRODUCTION The 444MW Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-electric Project (VPHEP) is proposed on Alaknanda River near village Helong in Chamoli District. It envisages construction of diversion dam with low height spillway. VPHEP will utilize the drop in water level between the outfall of Tapovan Vishnugad Project and the confluence of Birahi and Alaknanda. The water of the river Alaknanda will be diverted through a water conductor system to an underground power house near village Haat, which is 28 km downstream of the proposed Vishnugad dam. The damsite is located 10.44 km downstream of Joshimath town. The reservoir will have a gross storage capacity of 3.63 Mm3 at FRL 1267m. The deepest bed level is at EL 1227m. After generation of power the water will be diverted in the Alaknanda River. The length of the head race tunnel (HRT) is proposed to be 13.4 km and that of tail race tunnel (TRT), 3.07 km. The underground power house will have a gross head of 237 m and net head, 211 m. Total catchment area of Alaknanda River above VPHEP is 4672 sq.km and the catchment area above Joshimath town is 4508 sq.km out of which 2896 sq.km is snow bound area. Between Joshimant and VPHEP the catchment is drained by the following streams: Vishnugad joining the right bank about 5 km u/s of proposed dam site Animath Nala joining on left bank about 3 km u/s of the dam site Karmanasha Nala joining on left bank about 1 km u/s of the dam site Kalpaganga joining on right bank about 1 km u/s of the dam site.

These are relatively small tributaries and do not have significant snow feeding. 2.0 MANAGED FLOW ISSUES Need for the study It has been anticipated that the stretch of the Alaknanda River between the proposed intake structure and the tail race outlet of VPHEP may have adverse impact on the aquatic ecology, water availability and downstream water requirements, particularly in the lean season, and this may require special release of water in the stretch to maintain minimum environmental flow. A study was therefore carried out to asses and analyzes the managed flow requirements in the study stretch. Studies conducted The following components were considered to study and assess the managed flow requirements in the study stretch: i. Measurement of Current River Flow ii. Water Use, Quality & Water Borne Diseases

Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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iii. iv. v.

Aquatic Ecology Downstream Hazards Pollution Load Study

These are discussed here section wise. 2.1 MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT RIVER FLOW The Gauge & Discharge (G&D) Data of Alaknanda is maintained by Central Water Commission (CWC). To understand the changes in the river flow profile over the course of time, historical flow data of River Alaknanda is given for 33 years (from 1971-72 to 2003-2004) at Dam site in the table below Table 2.1.1: Historical Flow of River Alaknanda
Year 1971-72 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 Q (Min.) (in m3/s) 35.99 36.39 37.65 40.29 33.07 36.54 31.07 38.18 27.59 25.59 14.13 16.48 32.11 28.21 35.43 45.03 35.64 35.96 28.24 30.03 28.25 45.91 19.52 16.5 15.76

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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Year 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Q (Min.) 3 (in m /s) 18.35 31.68 42.52 55.26 8.66 32.59 51.36 42.73

The minimum flow of the river Alaknanda at Dam site from the year 1972 to 2004 ranged from 8.66 m3/s to 51.36 m3/s. Average discharge in the river at dam site is 182.70 m3/s. The 10 Daily (Average) Discharge at Joshimath in River Alaknanda is given as Annex-2.1. The snow bound area of the Alaknanda River is 2896 sq.km. The snow melt contribution is about 59% of the total flow and remaining 41% is rainfed. The flow discharge for various tributaries- Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi Ganga of River Alaknanda in the Project stretch was measured for 12 months. The flow of the tributaries for peak discharge and lean season is presented in the table below. Table 2.1.2: Lean Season Flow of the Tributaries of Alaknanda
Month Patal Ganga
Av. Discharge 3 (m /s)

Garur Ganga
Av. Discharge 3 (m /s)

Maina Gad
Av. Discharge 3 (m /s)

Birahi Ganga
Av. Discharge 3 (m /s)

March April May June July August September October November December January February Average Lean Flow (Nov-May)

5.85 6.13 4.01 7.83 16.13 42.46 3.20 1.20 0.68 3.27 3.51

0.82 1.17 0.94 0.91 1.99 4.96 3.13 1.29 0.84 0.34 0.20 0.51 0.72

12.84 11.79 19.21 28.48 50.00 48.02 28.47 21.25 7.43 2.94 1.21 7.026 9.24

6.92 8.51 17.32 34.15 55.18 102.49 60.15 24.65 11.77 4.63 2.32 4.62 8.58

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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Maximum flow was observed in the month of August in all the tributaries. Birahi Ganga recorded the maximum discharge 102.49 m3/s. Minimum discharge was observed in the month of January and minimum flow 0.20 m3/s was observed in Garur Ganga. The average lean flow of the tributaries from November to May months ranged from 0.72 3/s to 9.24 m3/s. Inlet Tributaries in River Alaknanda There are 26 of inlet rivulets/ streams in the project area in the river Alaknanda within the project area (27 km). Most of the rivulets/ streams remain dry for major part of the year. However during rainy season these rivulets exhibit flooding nature. Photographs were taken at 15 days interval in the month November and December in the lean season. The details of the inlet rivulets/ streams are presented as Annex 2.2. 2.2 USES OF WATER The natural springs and streams are the key sources of water for people living in the area for their consumption, livestock use and irrigation purposes. The main requirement of water in the project area is for drinking purpose. Jal Nigam / Jal Sanathan is the department responsible for water supply and has laid down pipelines to connect the natural springs (at upper reaches) to the households through storage tanks for water supply after providing primary treatment. The water of the Alaknanda is not used for drinking, the source of drinking water of the villages in the project area is attached as Annex 2.3. The project area falls in pilgrim route to Badrinath, there is influx of tourist in the area during summer season for 6 months. During the tourist season the water demand goes up to meet the requirement of the tourist. The drinking water sources in the area is shown in the figure below 1. Name of the place :Belakuchi Location : N30 28 50.8 E 079 28 12.2

2. Name of the place :Pipalkoti Location : N30 26 25.2 E 079 25 48.0

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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3. Name of the place :Pipalkoti Location : N30 25 57.8 E 079 25 55.9

4. Name of the place :Gadora Location : N30 25 65.7 E 079 25 39.6

5. Name of the place :Mayapur Location : N30 24 48.8 E 079 25 04.2

6. Name of the place :Kodiya Location : N30 24 46.7 E 079 24 26.9

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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7. Name of the place :Birahi Location : N30 24 33.3 E 079 23 20.4

8. Name of the place :Chinka Location : N30 24 44.2 E 079 21 55.6

The water of the Alaknanda is not used for irrigation, agriculture is depended on rain and there is no organized irrigation system in the area. Canals & gulls are the major sources of irrigation in the district, only 15% of the land of the district is irrigated. There are no industries in the area and hence there is no industrial water demand. The construction of the project will not have any impact on drinking water and irrigation system of the project area as the water of Alaknanda River is not utilized for the same. There are only two places where the slope of embankment of Alaknanda is low and people have utilized these two places. One is in the confluence point of Birahi Ganga and river Alaknanda and another is at Kshetralpal which is two kilometer downstream of project end point. The details of the river bed utilization are presented below. 1. Confluence point of Birahi Ganga and Alaknanda River Name of the Place Position Location Type of Utilization : Birahi : Left Bank of Alaknanda : N30 24 32.4 E 079 23 14.3 : Hot Mix Plant

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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2.

Kshetralpal Name of the Place Position Location Type of Utilization : Kshetralpal : Left Bank of Alaknanda : N30 24 41.2 E 079 22 26.4 : Stone Crusher Plant

The construction of the project will not impact the riverbed utilization. The sites are D/S of the dam site and are not likely to be altered by the project There is no future proposal or plan for the use of water of Alaknanda River in the area. Consultation was held with concerned Government official and local people to find out if any future use/project is planned on the River in the project area. The officials consulted are given below. Table 2.2.1: Officials Consulted to identify Future Water Plan
S.No 1. Official Chief Engineer Department Uttarakhand Irrigation Department (Ganga Valley Circle), Yamuna Colony - Dehradun Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. UJWAL
Environment & Ecology Department

2.

Executive Engineer

Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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S.No

Official

Department Maharani Bag Dehradun

3.

Executive Director, Projects

4. 5. 6. 7.

Executive Engineer Nodal Officer/CCF Divisional Forest Officer Deputy Director (Planning)

Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Ltd. 7-B Vasant Vihar Enclave Dehradun Rural Engineering Department Tapovan Enclave Near Doordarshan Dehradun Land Survey Directorate, Indranagar Forest Colony - Dehradun PCCF Office Dehradun Uttarakhand Decentralized Watershed Development Project, Indranagar Forest Colony Dehradun Wadia Institute of Himalayn Geology, GMS Road Dehradun Central Soils & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute Kaulagarh Road - Dehradun

8.

Scientist

9.

Principal Scientist

The Project will not have any impact on future water use/ projects as there is no planning for use of water from Alaknanda River in the area. 2.2.1 Water Quality Drinking water quality of the area is good. Drinking water monitoring was been done for surface water in 15 villages in the month of June 2008, the list is given below Table 2.2.2: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Location
S.No Name of Village 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gadi Gaun Birahi Koriya Tenduli Pakhi Akthalla Jaisal Durgapur Siyasain River Bank L L L R L L R R R R Latitude (N) 30 23 08.5 30 24 30.9 30 24 45.6 30 26 28.8 30 27 43.1 30 25 34.8 30 25 08.1 30 24 39.4 30 24 54.7 30 25 18.2 Longitude(E) 079 25 08.1 079 23 20.5 079 24 35.0 079 25 38.8 079 26 41.5 079 25 46.0 079 24 15.5 079 23 12.7 079 24 19.3 079 24 53.0 Sample Number SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5 SW-6 SW-7 SW-8 SW-9 SW-10

10 Haat

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S.No Name of Village 11 Ratoli 12 Langsi 13 Patalganga 14 Dwing 15 Helong

River Bank L L L R L

Latitude (N) 30 25 20.3 30 29 25.8 30 29 11.2 30 29 17.1 30 31 23.6

Longitude(E) 079 26 04.0 07928 51.1 07929 10.3 079 27 44.5 079 30 0.8

Sample Number SW-11 SW-12 SW-13 SW-14 SW-15

The analysis of results show that the water quality is good with high DO above 6 for all sites and low BOD 2.3. The heavy metals were undetectable. The results are given below. The Water Quality Standards prescribed by CPCB is attached as Annex 2.4. Table 2.2.3: Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring
SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Parameter and Unit Temperature (C) Odour Taste Turbidity (NTU) pH Conductivity (mhos/cm) DO (mg/L) BOD (3 days at 27C) (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) TSS (mg/L) TDS (mg/L) Oil and Grease (mg/L) Free Ammonia (mg/L as NH3) Cyanide (mg/L as CN) Phenol (mg/L as C6H5OH) Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) Chloride (mg/L as Cl) Sulphate (mg/L as SO4) Nitrate (mg/L as NO3) Phosphate (mg/L as PO4) Fluoride (mg/L as F) Sodium (mg/L as Na) Potassium (mg/L as K) Calcium (mg/L as Ca) Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) Iron (mg/L as Fe) Zinc (mg/L as Zn) Boron (mg/L as B) Arsenic (mg/L as As) SW1 18.6 Unob Normal 4 7.1 70 7.8 1.9 2.1 32 BDL 49 BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 8.5 33 19.7 3.9 3.6 BDL 16 5.4 7.2 5.0 1.3 BDL BDL BDL Monitoring location SW2 SW3 SW4 19.5 20.0 18.5 Unob Unob Unob Normal Normal Normal 6 5 7 7.0 7.4 7.5 76 74 69 7.6 8.0 7.7 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.4 34 41 40 BDL BDL BDL 54 52 49 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 41 44 47 7.9 51 14.2 5.3 3.0 BDL 24 6.8 6.8 5.6 1.4 BDL BDL BDL 7.5 49 19.4 4.8 2.6 BDL 19 5.0 7.9 5.4 2.1 BDL BDL BDL 6.9 43 27 5.8 3.7 BDL 16 6.0 8.2 4.9 1.3 BDL BDL BDL SW5 20.1 Unob Normal 9 7.0 72 8.0 2.0 2.2 39 BDL 51 BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 7.2 40 28 6.4 4.3 BDL 15 5.8 7.8 5.3 1.6 BDL BDL BDL

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Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

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SN 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Parameter and Unit Mercury (mg/L as Hg) Lead (mg/L as Pb) Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) Chromium (mg/L as Cr) Selenium (mg/L as Se) Percent Sodium (%) Sodium Absorption Ratio BDL- Below Detection Limit

SW1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 10.4 1.45

Monitoring location SW2 SW3 SW4 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 23.4 17.4 20.5 0.954 0.756 0.867

SW5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 18.5 0.989

SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Table 2.2.4: Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring Monitoring location Parameter and Unit SW6 SW7 SW8 SW9 SW10 19.3 20.3 20.0 18.7 17.8 Temperature (C) Odour Unob Unob Unob Unob Unob Taste Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Turbidity (NTU) 3 4 6 8 7 pH 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.6 7.3 72 75 72 70 69 Conductivity (mhos/cm) DO (mg/L) 8.0 8.2 8.4 7.9 8.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.7 2.1 BOD (3 days at 27C) (mg/L) COD (mg/L) 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.5 Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 30 25 44 37 41 TSS (mg/L) BDL <0.1 <0.1 BDL BDL TDS (mg/L) 56 50 48 44 46 Oil and Grease (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Free Ammonia (mg/L as NH3) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Cyanide (mg/L as CN) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phenol (mg/L as C6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Total Hardness (mg/L as 42 37 39 40 35 CaCO3) Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.0 6.4 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 37 56 41 39 35 Sulphate (mg/L as SO4) 21 12.3 16.2 25 23 Nitrate (mg/L as NO3) 4.6 4.9 5.2 4.7 4.5 Phosphate (mg/L as PO4) 4.0 3.1 1.8 2.1 3.9 Fluoride (mg/L as F) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 BDL Sodium (mg/L as Na) 12 29 21 19 17 Potassium (mg/L as K) 3.9 7.2 5.9 6.5 6.9 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 8.0 7.9 8.4 8.0 8.8 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 4.9 4.6 3.9 4.0 4.3 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 0.2 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Boron (mg/L as B) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Arsenic (mg/L as As) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Mercury (mg/L as Hg) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Lead (mg/L as Pb) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Chromium (mg/L as Cr) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Selenium (mg/L as Se) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Percent Sodium (%) 12.4 26.5 18 21.9 19.9
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SN

Parameter and Unit

38. Sodium Absorption Ratio

SW6 1.31

Monitoring location SW7 SW8 SW9 1.23 0.567 0.675

SW10 0.879

SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Table 2.2.5: Results of On-site Surface Water Quality Monitoring Monitoring location Parameter and Unit SW11 SW12 SW13 SW14 SW15 19.5 20.2 19.7 19.8 19.9 Temperature (C) Odour Unob Unob Unob Unob Unob Taste Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Turbidity (NTU) 6 8 7 9 8 pH 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.5 76 70 69 65 70 Conductivity (mhos/cm) DO (mg/L) 6.9 7.2 7.8 7.5 7.8 1.7 2.1 1.7 2.0 2.3 BOD (3 days at 27C) (mg/L) COD (mg/L) 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.9 Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 40 41 38 36 35 TSS (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL TDS (mg/L) 42 50 49 43 48 Oil and Grease (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Free Ammonia (mg/L as NH3) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Cyanide (mg/L as CN) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phenol (mg/L as C6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Total Hardness (mg/L as 35 38 41 40 34 CaCO3) Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) 8.1 7.7 7.2 7.1 7.0 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 30 48 46 40 39 Sulphate (mg/L as SO4) 17.3 16.2 20 31 26 Nitrate (mg/L as NO3) 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.9 Phosphate (mg/L as PO4) 3.9 3.5 3.9 4.1 3.9 Fluoride (mg/L as F) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Sodium (mg/L as Na) 13 23 18 14 21 Potassium (mg/L as K) 5.0 5.2 4.7 5.4 5.1 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 7.0 6.3 6.9 7.9 7.1 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.9 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Boron (mg/L as B) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Arsenic (mg/L as As) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Mercury (mg/L as Hg) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Lead (mg/L as Pb) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Chromium (mg/L as Cr) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Selenium (mg/L as Se) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Percent Sodium (%) 11.1 20.3 14.3 17.4 16.9 Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.987 0.878 0.978 1.57 1.65

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The monitoring of ground water drinking sources was done at 8 locations. The list of sampling locations is given below Table 2.2.6: Ground Water Quality Monitoring locations
SN GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 Name of Village Belkuchi Pipalkoti Pipalkoti Gadora Mayapur Kodiya Birahi Chinka Latitude (N) 30 28 50.8 30 26 25.2 30 25 57.8 30 25 65.7 30 24 48.8 30 24 46.7 30 24 33.3 30 24 44.2 Longitude(E) 079 28 12.2 079 25 48.0 079 25 55.9 079 25 39.6 079 25 04.2 079 24 26.9 079 23 20.4 079 21 55.6 Sample Number GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 GW-8

The analysis of results shows that the ground water quality is good. The total Hardness and Alkalinity is within permissible limit, all the parameters are within permissible limit for drinking water quality standards. The heavy metals were undetectable. The results are given in the table below. Table 2.2.7- Results Ground Water Quality Monitoring
S N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Parameter and Unit Temperature (C) Odour Taste Turbidity (NTU) pH Conductivity (mhos/cm) TSS (mg/L) TDS (mg/L) Cyanide (mg/L as CN) Phenol (mg/L as C6H5OH) Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) Chloride (mg/L as Cl) Sulphate (mg/L as SO4) Nitrate (mg/L as NO3) Phosphate (mg/L as PO4) Fluoride (mg/L as F) Sodium (mg/L as Na) Potassium (mg/L as K) Calcium (mg/L as Ca) Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) Iron (mg/L as Fe) Zinc (mg/L as Zn) GW1 22.5 Odorless Normal 1.0 7.70 1200 BDL 890 BDL BDL 345 145 24 44 1.0 BDL 0.76 87 12 60.5 29.8 1.4 BDL Monitoring location GW2 GW3 21.4 22.1 Odorless Odorless Normal Normal BDL 1.1 7,43 7.90 1100 1223 BDL BDL 789 654 BDL BDL BDL BDL 400 387 165 167 19.7 30 56 62 0.8 1.0 0.75 0.54 0.85 1.0 66 59 37 12.4 64.3 59.4 34.5 43.7 0.6 0.5 BDL BDL GW4 21.0 Odorless Normal 1.0 7.65 899 BDL 545 BDL BDL 290 150 25 67 1.2 0.42 0.8 80 26.4 56.5 48.9 0.5 BDL

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S Parameter and Unit N 24 Boron (mg/L as B) 25 Arsenic (mg/L as As) 26 Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 27 Lead (mg/L as Pb) 28 Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 29 Chromium (mg/L as Cr) 30 Selenium (mg/L as Se) 31 Percent Sodium (%) 32 Sodium Absorption Ratio BDL indicates below detection limit

GW1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 25.6 1.45

Monitoring location GW2 GW3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 29.7 26.7 1.59 0.675

GW4 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 30.2 0.987

Table 2.2.8- Results of Ground Water Quality Monitoring


S Parameter and Unit N 1 Temperature (C) 2 Odour 3 Taste 4 Turbidity (NTU) 5 pH 6 Conductivity (mhos/cm) 7 TSS (mg/L) 8 TDS (mg/L) 9 Cyanide (mg/L as CN) 10 Phenol (mg/L as C6H5OH) 11 Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) 12 Total Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) 13 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 14 Sulphate (mg/L as SO4) 15 Nitrate (mg/L as NO3) 16 Phosphate (mg/L as PO4) 17 Fluoride (mg/L as F) 18 Sodium (mg/L as Na) 19 Potassium (mg/L as K) 20 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 21 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 22 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 23 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 24 Boron (mg/L as B) 25 Arsenic (mg/L as As) 26 Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 27 Lead (mg/L as Pb) 28 Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 29 Chromium (mg/L as Cr) 30 Selenium (mg/L as Se) 31 Percent Sodium (%) 32 Sodium Absorption Ratio BDL indicates below detection limit GW5 20.3 Odorless Normal BDL 7.32 1198 BDL 798 BDL BDL 343 148 22 45 1.1 BDL 0.80 85 10 60.0 26.5 1.2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 24.2 1.64 Monitoring location GW6 GW7 22.5 20.7 Odorless Odorless Normal Normal BDL 1.0 7.34 7.67 1134 1165 BDL BDL 813 756 BDL BDL BDL BDL 397 378 160 159 18.9 28.7 54 60 0.9 0.8 0.75 BDL 0.85 0.9 60 64 34 16.9 59.7 53.2 30.2 38.2 0.5 1.0 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 27.8 25.5 0.978 0.878 GW8 21.4 Odorless Normal 1.0 7.90 789 BDL 554 BDL BDL 310 146 24 65 1.1 0.42 1.0 76 23.5 54.3 44.5 0.8 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 28.8 1.62

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2.2.2

Waterborne Diseases Water borne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. Contaminated drinking water, used in the preparation of food, can be the source of food borne disease through consumption of the same microorganisms. The most common water borne disease is diarrhea. The record of water borne diseases of the project area was collected from Community Health Centre in Joshimath and Public Health Center in Chamoli for the year 2006, 2007 and 2008 and given in the table below. Table 2.2.9: Diseases recorded at PHC Chamoli, 2006--2008

Name of Disease PHC Chamoli 2008 1. With Loose Dehydrate water 2. No Dehydrate stool 3. With Blood in Jaundice Unusual Symptom Death & Hospitalization Fever Cough with/without fever Total PHC Chamoli 2007 1. With Loose Dehydrate water 2. No Dehydrate stool 3. With Blood in Jaundice Unusual Symptom Death & Hospitalization Fever Cough with/without fever Total PHC Chamoli 2006 1. With Loose Dehydrate water 2. No Dehydrate stool 3. With Blood in Jaundice Unusual Symptom Death & Hospitalization Fever Cough with/without fever Total

Jan 3

Feb 6

Mar 7

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec 2

61

47

23

19

11

23

20 8 31 18 10

18 10 34

16 20 43

40 4 44 40 36 2

45 12 57 10 5

20 3 32 8 12

160 221 49 65

109 156 55 69 15

140 163 53 87 1

68 87 1 5

38 55 104 11 4

100 90 215 21 22

6 5 14 7 12

12 7 25 8 15

10 15 32 5 14

34 2 36 9 12

38 11 49 5 25

12 1 22 6 26

154 215 12 23

100 147 12 14

138 161 12 15

60 79 15 25

36 50 97 18 8

97 89 211 18 10

93 27 139

16 25 64

106 10 135

78 5 104

64 15 109

90 2 126

122 8 168

190 10 227

210 15 254

38 18 96

28 25 79

42 10 80

Table 2.2.10: Diseases recorded in CHC Joshimath, 2006-2008


Name of Disease CHC Joshimath 2008 Loose 1. With water Dehydrate Jan 18 Feb Mar Apr 40 May 10 Jun 8 Jul 49 Aug 55 Sep 53 Oct 1 Nov 11 Dec 21

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30 30 70 3

19 15 34 6

80 80 7

88 119 245

55 35 95

34 16 62

66 73 204

99 111 294

133 169 390

20 55 80

116 70 190

56 37 115 2

61

47

23

19

11

23

25 11 39

18 5 29 8

67 74

86 115 201 29 25 13

50 30 80 12 27 5

30 11 89 32 71 22 3

64 66 191 137 110 6

99 102 248 158 72 11

127 169 319 180 124 78 1

14 45 78 28

112 93 216 13

50 29 104 8 9

25

11

25 5 55

16 31 66

63 63

62 143 272

115 169 328

62 59 249

122 216 591

127 312 680

168 302 853

47 47 122

15 18 46

117 130 264

The record of Joshomah and Chamoli shows that Fever and cough are the common diseases in the area. However no cases of deah due to fever or other symptoms was observed in the area. It was observed that the occurance of water borne disease (Loose Water Stool) was highest in rainy season. There is no definite trend (increase or decreae) in the occurance of the disease. In Chamoli highest 61 cases of water borne diseases were reported in July 2008, 141 in Sep 2007 and 40 in October 2006. No cases of Jaundice were reported in Chamoli from 2006-2008. In Joshimath highest 141 cases water borne diseases were reported in September 2008, 61 in July 2007 and 383 in September 2006. In Joshimath the occurance of the disease was highest in the year 2006 - 128, 253, 241 and 383 cases fom June to September. Total 10 cases of Jaundice were also reported in 2006. The occurance of disease may be due to contamination of water sources during rainy season, drinking of unfilter water etc. Health is an important concern and it will be taken care that people are aware of safe drinking water and take precaution during rainy season. The villages are not depended on River Alaknanda for drinking purpose. The project will have no impact on the health of the people. The water supply is mainly
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through pipes from streams flowing in the area. The water collection tanks must be cleaned properly before monsoon every year and chorination must be done. Occurrence of various vector borne diseases and adequacy of local vector control and curative measures need to be monitored in Operation Phase. Impact on Water Quality The settlements/villages are located on higher elevations and there are no settlement on the bank of the river in the project stretch hence no impact is envisaged on the health of local residents due to the diversion of the water from the river and change/degradation in water quality during construction and operation period. In construction phase the water quality is likely to be affected due to extraction of construction material by increasing the turbidity levels. The construction camps are also likely to pollute the water bodies by disposing waste. The increase in water fringe area provides suitable habitats for the growth of vectors of various diseases and they are likely to increase the incidence of water-related diseases. During operation phase water quality is likely to affect due to Disruption of hydraulic regime The river stretch downstream of the dam site upto the confluence point of tail race discharge will have reduced flow. The total length of the affected stretch of the river will be about 17 km. Effluent from project colony. Sedimentation & siltation risks Impacts on D.O. due to increased residence time in reservoir Eutrophication risk Mitigation Measures Silt fencing may be provided near water bodies to avoid spillage of construction material. Discharge of waste from construction/ labour camp into water bodies must be strictly prohibited. Adequate drainage system to dispose storm water drainage from the labour colonies should be provided Vaccination and immunization facilities should be provided for workers at the construction site. Labour camps should be located at least at least 200m away from water bodies and settlements.

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The equipments required for excavation and transportation of excavated spoil must be maintained in secured area and care must be taken to avoid spillage of oil or any toxic material including paints, anticorrosive agents etc. into water bodies. Construction methodologies with minimum or no impact on water quality to be adopted, disposal of construction wastes at designated sites and adequate drainage system may be provided. Organise health camp may be organized in the area, awareness may be given on water borne and other communicable disease Water quality monitoring must be conducted during construction phase In operation phase proper waste and water management plan must be prepared for the colony area. Discharge of waste directly into the water body must be strictly prohibited. Malaria control measures which aim at destroying the habitat and interrupting the life cycle of mosquitoes by mechanical or biological or chemical means need to be implemented. The anti-malarial operations can be coordinated by various Primary Health Centers (PHC) in the nearby villages and Hospital at District Headquarters in association with the project proponents 2.3 AQUATIC ECOLOGY The study was carried out at various construction sites and on the major tributaries meeting the Alaknanda river between dam construction site and powerhouse construction site including the site downstream powerhouse to observe the aquatic biodiversity as well as the fauna found in the catchment area of the river. The survey consist of five sampling sites i. ii. iii. iv. v. Sampling Site S1 : Sampling Site S2 : Sampling Site S3 : Sampling site S4 : Sampling Site S5 : Dam Construction Site Patal Ganga Garur Ganga Power House Construction Site Birahi River:

The aquatic ecological analysis of the study stretch including all the major tributaries in the stretch were made following the methods outlined in Wetzel and Likens (1991) and APHA (1998). Periphyton were collected using a timed scrapping technique following Ward (1974) with the help of a sharp knife for each replicated sample. The upper surfaces of at least cobble sized rock were scrapped using a five-minute period. For enumeration of plankton population, bulk water samples were collected in polythene jars. For obtaining, plankton from water samples 10 litre bulk water was filtered through 50m net and was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10-minute period. The sediment of the centrifuge tube was made to concentrate and was used for enumeration of plankton population. A plankton chamber of 0.5 ml capacity was used for counting of plankton under the inverted compound microscope. The total number of planktons present in a litre of water sample was calculated using the following formula:

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Number of plankton (ind. l -1 ) =

Number of plankters in 0.5 ml aliquot x 0.5 x 1000 Volume of sediment concentrate x Volume of water centrifuged

Macrozoobenthos colonizing the substrate were collected with the help of Surber Sampler (0.50mm mesh net) and by hand picking with the help of forceps and brush from stones. Quantitative estimation of macrozoobenthos was based on numerical counting (ind.m-2). The surface area of the stones of the sampled area was estimated using following formula: S= n/3(LW+LH+WH) Where, L= length; W = width; H = heinght of each stone to the nearest of 0.5 cm. The species diversity index (Shannon-Weiner Index) of general diversity ( H ) was computed using the following formula:
s ni ni H = log 2 N i 1 N Where, H = Shannon-Weiner index of diversity; ni = total number of individuals of the

species and N= total number of individuals of all species. Sampling Site S1 (Dam Construction Site): The first sampling site was selected near dam construction site (longitude 3003109N longitude 7902940.3) at Alaknanda river in a stretch of 100 meter. This site was located between the very hard rocks. The bottom structure included big and small boulders, sharp edge pebbles with sand and rich in gravels. The east bank was open up to approximately 30 meters and no riparian vegetation was found in this stretch. After 30m sparse vegetation was notices. Some rapids and pools were also noticed in this stretch. Juveniles of Schizothorax species were also noticed from a pool at the site. The river was flowing in North-South direction at this site. The samples of fish, microbiota and benthic invertebrates were collected from the site during the study period.

Pool having juveniles of fish at the dam construction site

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Sampling Site S2 (Patal Ganga): The second sampling site (S2) was selected on the Patalganga (1372m above m.s.l. latitude 3002914.3N longitude 7902916.1E), a snowfed tributary of the river Alaknanda in a stretch of 100 m after the preliminary observation of the site. This site was represented by big and small boulders. The bottom structure comprises small cobbles, pebbles, sand and gravels. The stream has good water discharge and offers good feeding and spawning grounds to the fishes. The river course was north-south. There was sparse Sampling of plankton at Patalganga riparian vegetation along the stream course. The site representative samples of microbiota, macroinvertebrates and fish were collected from the area. Sampling Site S3 (Garur Ganga): The third sampling site (S3) was selected on Garur Ganga, a spring-fed tributary of Alaknanda river near village Pakhi (1319 m. above m.s.l.; latitude 3002742.1N longitude7902641). The bottom substrate was dominated by big boulders. However, big and small cobbles were also found at the bottom of the river. Riparian cover was found to be good along the stream bank. A good water discharge was noticed. The periphyton, plankton and macrozoobenthos were collected form this site Sampling site S4 (Power House Construction Site): The forth sampling site (S4) was selected downstream on Alaknanda river (1056 m above m.s.l. latitude 30025 08.3 N and longitude 7902447.8E) near the village Haat, where the construction of the power house is proposed. The bottom substrate includes the medium to small cobbles, sand and silt. The river course was South -North. The east bank was open upto 100 m dominated by big and small boulders. South bank was characterized by hard rocks and boulders. No riparian vegetation was found near the river course in the stretch of 100 m. Different biological parameters of the Sampling of macrozoobenthos near sampling site were collected at this site powerhouse construction site Approximately 700 m away on the east side a muck deposition site was available. Sampling Site S5 (Birahi River): The fifth sampling site (S5) was selected on the Birahi river (1028 m above m.s.l.; latitude 3002428.1N and longitude 7902320.8E), a tributary of the river Alaknanda downstream the powerhouse construction site near village Birahi. The substrate was dominated by big boulders. The bottom structure was represented by some big and small cobbles with sand and gravel. Anthropogenic disturbance like extraction of building material (stones, gravel, sand, etc.) was noticed from this site. However, the site was rich in water discharge. Some riffles and ponds were also
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reported. Frequent fishing activities were also noticed at this site. The scrap marks by the bottom feeder herbivorous and omnivorous fishes were also noticed from the site. Sparse riparian cover was found in this stretch. RESULTS Sampling Site S1 (Dam Construction Site): The aquatic ecological study of the dam construction site (S1) near village Helong was done. The biological parameters recorded from the sampling site were recorded as follows: Fish Fauna: Fish fauna was collected from the study area with the help of the local fishermen. Additional information about fishes available near the dam site was collected from the local fishermen, local inhabitants, fish consumers and the available published literature. It was found that near the dam construction area and submergence area a total of 20 fish species were found to occur in the Alaknanda river. Snowtrout (Schizothorax richardsonii Gray) was found to be the dominant and abundant fish species (>70% of total catch) of the Alaknanda river in the study area. Among all the 20 species Mahseers (Tor tor Hamilton and Tor putitora Hamilton) were endangered and migratory species which appear in the Alaknanda river in the month of March and live there up to the month of October-November. They come from the foothills in search of suitable spawning and feeding grounds. Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland and Pseudocheneis sulcatus were also noticed from the area having a conservation status as vulnerable species. However, other species were assigned as lower risk. This categorization is based on IUCN categories (1994). Some spawning grounds were also reported in the study area which is also supported by the presence of the juveniles (fry) of Snow trouts. Table 2.3.1: Fish fauna found in the Alaknanda River
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Zoological Name Schizothorax richardsonii Gray Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland Tort tor Hamillton Tor putitora Hamilton Crossocheilus latius latius Garra gotyla gotyla Garra lamta Barilius bendelisis Hamilton Barilius bola Hamilton Barilius vagra Hamilton Barilius barna Hamilton Puntius sophore Puntius chilinoides Glyptothorax pectinopterus Day Conservation Status Abundant Vulnerable Endangered Endangered Lower Risk Abundant Lower Risk Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Lower Risk Lower Risk Abundant

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S.No. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Zoological Name Glyptothorax madraspatanum Pseudocheneis sulcatus Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Noemacheilus bevani Gunther Noemacheilus multifasciatus Day Noemacheilus zonatus McClelland

Conservation Status Lower Risk Vulnerable Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant

Periphytons: Periphytons are the microscopic aquatic plants found on the periphery of the stones or rocks at the bottom of the stream. They constitute the major food of herbivorous and omnivorous fishes. 18 species of 3 families were found to occur in the Alaknanda river near the dam construction site. Family Bacillariophyceae constituted the major group among periphyton. The genera from family Chlorophyceae and Mixophyceae also showed their presence at the site. Tabellaria, Fragillaria, Navicula, Gomphonema, Cladophora and Phormidium were having the maximum frequency (80%). Navicula species contributed maximum (310 ind.m2) towards the total density (1995 ind m-2). The Shannon-Weiners diversity index was found to be 3.642545 which indicate the healthy water condition at the site.

Table 2.3.2: Diversity index of periphyton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S1


Name of the species Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Meridion Nitzschia Navicula Cymbella Synedra Gomphonema Denticula Diatoma Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Zygnema Cladophora Closterium 60 60 40 60 80 40 35 25 45 30 2.67 2.33 2.5 3 1.5 0.113088 0.102331 0.079177 0.123391 0.091057 80 80 60 60 80 60 60 80 40 60 240 230 50 210 310 240 45 225 15 100 14 15.5 16 3 11.25 1.5 6.67 12 11.5 0.367553 0.359317 0.133291 0.341887 0.417381 0.367553 0.123391 0.355082 0.053047 0.216457 Frequency (%) Density (ind.m-2) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

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Name of the species Spirogyra Myxophyceae Phormidium Oscillatoria Total

Frequency (%) 60

Density -2 (ind.m ) 80

Abundance 5.33

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) 0.186075

80 40

50 25 1995

2.5 2.5

0.133291 0.079177

H = 3.642545

Phytoplanktons: Phytoplanktons are the microscopic plants floating on the surface of water. 8 species from three families of phytoplankton were found to float in the water of the Alaknanda river at S1. Fragillaria and Ulothrix were the most frequent species while Fragillaria was also most abundant species at the site. Total density of phytoplankton was found to be 17.8 ind.m-2 and diversity was found to be 2.840426. Table 2.3.3: Diversity index of phytoplankton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S1
Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Nitzschia Gomphonema Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Spirogyra Myxophyceae Oscillatoria Total 40 1 17.8 2.5 0.23336 80 60 60 1.4 1.6 3.2 1.8 2.7 5.3 0.288524 0.312425 0.445076 60 80 60 60 2.8 4.4 2 1.4 4.7 5.5 3.3 2.3 0.419745 0.498412 0.35436 0.288524 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.840426

Zooplankton: The zooplankton are the aquatic surface of water. The population of zooplankton However, 5 species of zooplankton were found in zooplankton was found to be 12 ind.m-2 and the 2.262336 at the dam construction site

microscopic animals floating at the was scanty in the Alaknanda river. the Alaknanda water. The density of diversity index was computed to be

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Table 2.3.4 : Diversity index of zooplankton in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S1


Zooplankton Cladocerans Daphnia Ceriodaphnia Copepods Cyclops Rotifera Keratella Asplanchna Total 40 40 1.6 3 12 4 7.5 0.387585 0.5 60 3.4 5.67 0.515505 40 60 2.2 1.8 5.5 3 0.448701 0.410545 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.262336

Benthic Insects: Bottom dwelling aquatic macrozoobenthos of the Alanknanda river at S1were represented by 15 species from 4 families (Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera). Ephemeroptera dominated the site. Heptagenia as found to be the most frequent species (100%) as well as it contributed maximum (415 ind.m -2) towards the total density of macrozoobenthos. Total density of benthic insects was found to be 1625 ind.m -2. However, the diversity index was calculated to be 3.468908 indicating a healthy condition of the water of Alaknanda river at S1.. Table 2.3.5: Diversity index of benthos in Alaknanda river at Sampling site S1
Benthic Insects Ephemeroptera Baetis niger Baetis rhodoni Caenis Centroptilum Ephemerella Heptagenia Trichoptera Brachycentrus Glossosoma Hydropsyche Leptocella Philopotamus Diptera Antocha Chironomus 60 40 70 25 4.67 2.5 0.195437 0.092652 80 80 60 40 60 150 90 75 35 40 7.5 4.5 5 3.5 2.67 0.317299 0.231196 0.204803 0.119257 0.131552 80 60 60 60 60 100 235 115 135 65 65 415 11.75 7.67 9 4.33 4.33 16.6 0.403435 0.27039 0.298197 0.185754 0.185754 0.502918 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

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Benthic Insects Tendipes Coleoptera Amphizoa Total

Frequency (%) 60

Density -2 (ind.m ) 60

Abundance 4

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) 0.175729

40

50 1625

0.154534

H = 3.468908

Sampling Site S2 (Patal Ganga): Fish Fauna: The inventory of fish fauna found to occur in the stretch of Patal Ganga, a tributary of river Alaknanda has been given in Table 6. A total of 17 species of fishes were found to occur in the Patal Ganga. Endangered species of Mahseers (Tor tor and Tor putitora) also appeared in the Patal Ganga as it also offers a suitable habitat and spawning and feeding ground for Mahseer. The conservation status of these fishes has already given in the table. Table 2.3.6: Fish fauna found in the Patalganga (S2)
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Zoological Name Schizothorax richardsonii Gray Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland Tort tor Hamillton Tor putitora Hamilton Crossocheilus latius latius Garra gotyla gotyla Barilius bendelisis Hamilton B. bola Hamilton B. barila Hamilton B. barna Hamilton Puntius sophore Puntius chilinoides Glyptothorax pectinopterus Day Glyptothorax madraspatanum Pseudocheneis sulcatus Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Noemacheilus multifasciatus Day Conservation Status Abundant Vulnerable Endangered Endangered Lower Risk Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Lower Risk Lower Risk Abundant Lower Risk Vulnerable Abundant Abundant

Periphyton: 18 species of 3 families (Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Mixophyceae) were reported from the Paltal Ganga. Tabellaria, Fragillaria, Navicula, Gomphonema Anabaena, and Closterium were having the maximum frequency (80%) at this site. Navicula was the most abundant species at the site. Bacillariophyceae
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contributed maximum towards the total density (2210 ind.m -2) of the periphyton. The diversity index was computed to be 3.785163 indicating the favourable condition of the water for the growth of periphyton. Navicula also contributed maximum in the diversity of periphyton. Table 2.3.7: Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of periphyton in S2
Periphyton Frequency (%) Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Meridion Nitzschia Navicula Cymbella Synedra Gomphonema Denticula Diatoma Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Zygnema Cladophora Closterium Spirogyra Myxophyceae Phormidium Oscillatoria Total 60 60 25 45 2210 1.67 3 0.073145 0.114393 60 80 60 60 80 60 70 140 45 45 40 110 4.67 7 3 3 2 7.33 0.157755 0.252161 0.114393 0.114393 0.104758 0.215444 80 80 60 60 80 60 60 80 40 60 260 245 60 225 315 230 65 170 30 90 15 15.75 15.33 4.33 8.5 3 6 13 12.25 0.363231 0.351779 0.141256 0.335571 0.400609 0.339728 0.149631 0.284649 0.084203 0.188062 Density (ind.m )
-2

Abundance

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 3.785163

Phytoplankton: A total of 8 species of phytoplankton were recorded form the Patal Ganga. Tabellaria was the most abundant species at this site. Family Bacillariophyceae contributed maximum towards the total density (19.6 ind.l-1) of phytoplankton. The diversity index was found to be moderate (2.730288).

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Table 2.3.8: Diversity index (Shannon and Weiner) of phytoplankton in S2


Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Nitzschia Navicula Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Spirogyra Myxophyceae Oscillatoria Total 40 0.4 19.6 1 0.114586 60 60 60 2.2 0.8 2.2 3.7 1.3 3.7 0.354164 0.188356 0.354164 60 60 60 60 5.4 3.6 2.6 2.4 9 6 4.3 4 0.512400 0.449042 0.386587 0.370989 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.730288

Zooplankton: 5 species of zooplankton were collected form the Patal Ganga. Daphnia was found to be most abundant species at this site. The total density of zooplankton was found to be 11 ind.l-1. However, the diversity index was computed to be 2.167121. Table 2.3.9: Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S2
Zooplankton Cladocerans Daphnia Ceriodaphnia Copepods Cyclops Rotifera Keratella Asplanchna Total 40 40 1.2 2 11 3 5 0.348698 0.447169 40 2.6 6.5 0.491854 60 60 4 1.2 6.67 2 0.530702 0.348698 Frequency (%) Density (ind.m-2) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.167121

Benthic Insects: 18 species from 4 orders of benthos were found dwelling in the Patal Ganga. Trichoptera dominated the study stretch. The frequency of occurrence was highest (10%) of Heptagenia. Total density of macrozoobenthos was found to be 1655 ind. m -2. Heptagenia contributed maimim (250 ind. m -2) towards the total density of macrozoobenthos. The diversity index was computed to be 3.736740 .

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Table 2.3.10: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S2


Benthic Insects Ephemeroptera Baetis niger Baetis rhodoni Centroptilum Ephemerella Heptagenia Trichoptera Brachycentrus Ecnomus Glossosoma Hydropsyche Leptocella Limnephilous Philopotamus Diptera Antocha Atherix Chironomus Simulium Tendipes Coleoptera Amphizoa Total 60 65 1655 4.33 0.183424 60 45 3 0.14141 40 60 60 40 45 45 4 3 3 0.129805 0.14141 0.14141 80 40 80 60 60 60 60 180 30 55 55 40 220 70 9 3 2.75 3.67 2.67 14.67 4.67 0.348119 0.104877 0.163214 0.163214 0.129805 0.386995 0.193011 80 60 60 60 100 205 155 50 105 250 10.25 10.33 3.33 7 10 0.373228 0.319973 0.15253 0.252404 0.411908 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 3.736740

Sampling Site S3 (Garur Ganga): Fish Fauna: No fishing activities were noticed from Garur ganga near Paki village. The fish species of Alaknanda can not reach in this stream as there exists a fall of more than 5 meters after covering a distance of 1 km from village Pakhi before its confluence with the Alaknanda. However, some small fishes of family Cyprinidae and Cobitidae were found to occur in this stream. A few species of Barilius and Noemacheilus were found in the Garur Ganga. Table 2.3.11: Fish fauna found in the Garur Ganga
S.No. 1. Zoological Name Barilius bendelisis Hamilton Local Name Fulra Conservation Status Abundant
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S.No. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. 8. 9. 10.

Zoological Name B. bola Hamilton B. barila Hamilton B. vagra Hamilton B. barna Hamilton Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Noemacheilus rupicola McClelland Noemacheilus savona Hamilton Noemacheilus multifasciatus Day Noemacheilus zonatus McClelland

Local Name Fulra Fulra Fulra Fulra Gadiyal Gadiyal Gadiyal Gadiyal Gadiyal

Conservation Status Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant

Periphyton: 18 species of 3 families of periphyton were recorded from the Garur Ganga. Bacillariophyceae contributed maximum to the total density (2175 ind.m-2) of peripyton in this stream. Tabellaria and Navicula were having the maximum frequency (80%) at this site. However, Fragillaria, Nitzschia and Gomphonema were the abundant species. A good value of the diversity index (3.939392) was calculated form the Garur Ganga indicating its healthy environment. Table 2.3.12: Diversity index of Periphyton at Sampling site S3
Name of the species Frequency (%) Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Meridion Nitzschia Navicula Cymbella Synedra Gomphonema Denticula Diatoma Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Zygnema Cladophora Closterium 60 60 40 60 60 110 100 45 65 50 7.33 6.67 4.5 4.33 3.33 0.217746 0.204273 0.115758 0.151351 0.125125 80 60 60 60 80 60 60 60 60 60 300 190 70 190 195 180 70 190 55 85 15 12.67 4.67 12.67 9.75 12 4.67 12.67 3.67 5.67 0.394204 0.307227 0.159552 0.307227 0.311952 0.297513 0.159552 0.307227 0.134161 0.182795 Density (ind.m )
-2

Abundance

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

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Name of the species

Frequency (%)

Density (ind.m ) 155


-2

Abundance

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

Spirogyra Myxophyceae Phormidium Oscillatoria Grand Total

60

10.33

0.271565

60 60

70 55 2175

4.67 3.67

0.159552 0.132609

H = 3.939392

Phytoplankton: 8 species from 03 families of phytoplankton were recorded form the Garur Ganga. Nitzschia was the most frequent (80%) and abundant species. The total density of phytoplankton was found to be 23 ind.l-1 in the Garur Ganga however, the diversity index was computed to be 2.84646. Table 2.3.13: Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S3
Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Nitzschia Cymbella Navicula Gomphonema Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Spirogyra Myxophyceae Oscillatoria Total 40 1.2 23 3 0.222288 40 60 1.6 2.4 4 4 0.267512 0.340229 60 80 60 60 80 2.4 5.8 2.4 4 3.2 4 7.3 4 6.7 4 0.340229 0.501198 0.340229 0.43888 0.395894 Frequency (%) Density (ind.m-2) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.84646

Zooplankton: Sparse population of zooplankton was notices from the stream Garur Ganga. Cyclops was most abundant among zooplankton. Total density of zooplankton was found to be 10 ind.l-1 while the diversity index was calculated to be 2.229415. Table 2.3.14: Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S3
Zooplankton Cladocerans Daphnia 60 2.2 3.67 0.480573 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

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Zooplankton Ceriodaphnia Copepods Cyclops Rotifera Keratella Asplanchna Total

Frequency (%) 60

Density -2 (ind.m ) 1.8

Abundance 3

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) 0.445308

60

3.2

5.33

0.526034

40 60

1 1.8 10

2.5 3

0.332193 0.445308

H = 2.229415

Benthic Insects: 20 species form 4 orders of benthic insects were recorded from the Garur Ganga. Baetis, Heptogenia and Brachycentrus were found to be most frequent species at this site. Trichoptera dominated the stretch of Garur Ganga. The total density of benthic insects was calculated to be 2080 ind. m-2 .Baetis niger contributed maximum to the total density of macrozoobenthos. The Shannon-Weiner index of species diversity was found to be high (3.967209) indicating very good quality of water and a suitable environment for benthic growth. Table 2.3.15: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S3
Benthic Insects Ephemeroptera Baetis niger Baetis rhodoni Centroptilum Ephemerella Heptagenia Ironodes Trichoptera Brachycentrus Ecnomus Glossosoma Hydropsyche Isogenus Leptocella Limnephilous Philopotamus Diptera Antocha 40 40 4 0.109624 100 40 80 80 60 60 80 60 220 30 80 160 45 40 75 40 8.8 3 4 8 3 2.67 3.75 2.67 0.342799 0.088204 0.180786 0.284649 0.119651 0.109624 0.172844 0.109624 100 80 60 60 100 80 300 170 50 105 250 160 12 8.5 3.33 7 10 8 0.402916 0.295291 0.129291 0.217477 0.367378 0.284649 Frequency (%) Density (ind.m-2) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

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Benthic Insects Atherix Chironomus Simulium Tendipes Plecoptera Perla Total

Frequency (%) 80 60 60 60

Density -2 (ind.m ) 90 40 85 45

Abundance 4.5 2.67 5.67 3

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) 0.196032 0.109624 0.188511 0.119651

60

55 2080

3.67

0.138584

H = 3.967209

Sampling Site S4 (Power House Construction Site): Fish Fauna: 21 fish species were recorded form the stretch of Alaknanda river between the dam construction site and the powerhouse construction site. The inventory of the fishes has already been given in the fish fauna of the dam construction site. Periphyton: 16 species from 3 families were reported from the Alaknanda river under the present study. Fragillaria and Navicula were the most frequent (80%) species at this site while Cymbella was found to be the most abundant speices. Bacillariophyceae contributed maximum towards the total density (1970 ind.m -2) of periphyton in the Alaknanda river near powerhouse construction site. The species diversity index was found to be good (3.724676) which indicate the healthy ecosystem. Table 2.3.16: Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S4
Name of the species Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Nitzschia Navicula Chaetomorpha Cymbella Gomphonema Diatoma Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Zygnema Cladophora Closterium Spirogyra 60 60 40 60 60 60 110 85 40 40 80 135 7.33 5.67 4 2.67 5.33 9 0.232431 0.195655 0.114153 0.114153 0.187698 0.265009 60 80 60 80 40 60 60 60 240 245 225 185 40 220 160 60 16 12.25 15 9.25 4 14.67 10.67 4 0.370001 0.37401 0.35751 0.320472 0.114153 0.353186 0.294177 0.153414 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

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Name of the species Myxophyceae Phormidium Oscillatoria Total

Frequency (%) 60 60

Density -2 (ind.m ) 55 50 1970

Abundance

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) 0.144134 0.134521

3.67 3.33

H = 3.724676

Phytoplankton: 7 species from two families of phytoplankton were found from the Alaknanda river. Fragillara was having maximum frequency (80%) at this site. However, Navicula was most abundant species. The total density of the phytoplankton was calculated to be 20.8 ind. l-1. However, the diversity index of phytoplankton was computed to be 2.748786. Table 2.3.17: Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S4
Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Nitzschia Navicula Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Spirogyra Total 40 60 60 2.4 2.8 1.8 20.8 6 4.7 3 0.359478 0.389454 0.305525 60 80 60 60 3.2 3.6 2.4 4.6 5.3 4.5 4 7.7 0.415452 0.437974 0.359478 0.481425 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.748786

Zooplankton: A low density (9 ind.l-1) of zooplankton was found in the Alaknanda river. However, the diversity index was calculated to be 2.203817. Table 2.3.18: Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S4
Zooplankton Cladocerans Daphnia Ceriodaphnia Copepods Cyclops Rotifera 60 3 5 0.528321 40 60 1.2 1.6 3 2.67 0.387585 0.442996 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

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Zooplankton Keratella Asplanchna Total

Frequency (%) 40 60

Density -2 (ind.m ) 1.4 1.8 9

Abundance 3.5 3

Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) 0.417589 0.427326

H = 2.203817

Benthic Insects: 15 species from 5 families of benthic invertebrates were found to occur in the Alaknanda river near powerhouse construction site. The total density of benthos was computed to be 1110 ind.m -2. Baetis niger, Ephemerella, Heptagenia and Tendipes was having maximum frequency (80%) at this site. The highest value of abundance was of Heptagenia. Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera contributed mostly to the diversity of the benthos. The species diversity index was computed to be 3.480735 which also reflects the good condition of water and favourable environment for benthic growth. Table 2.3.19: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S4
Benthic insects Ephemeroptera Baetis niger Baetis rhodoni Centroptilum Ephemerella Heptagenia Trichoptera Brachycentrus Glossosoma Hydropsyche Leptocella Philopotamus Diptera Antocha Chironomus Tendipes Coleoptera Amphizoa Hemiptera Water bug Total 60 50 1110 3.33 0.201463 60 25 1.67 0.123254 40 60 80 65 140 35 6.5 9.33 1.75 0.239737 0.376746 0.15725 60 60 60 60 60 50 50 75 30 40 3.33 3.33 5 2 2.67 0.201463 0.201463 0.262671 0.140796 0.172772 80 40 60 80 80 170 60 55 80 235 8.5 6 3.67 4 11.75 0.414578 0.227538 0.214797 0.273471 0.474198 Frequency (%) Density (ind.m-2) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 3.480735

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Sampling Site S5 (Birahi River): Fish Fauna: Frequent fishing activities were seen at this site. A total of 25 fish species were found in the Birahi river. Mahaseer the endangered fish was also found in the Birahi river which also gets suitable habitat for spawning and feeding in the stream. The inventory of the fish found to occur in the Birahi Ganga along with their conservation status has been given in Table 20. Schizothorax richardsonii was found to be the dominant species in addition to the Barilius and Noemacheilus speices in the Birahi River. Table 2.3.20: Fish fauna found in the Birahi River
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Zoological Name Schizothorax richardsonii Gray Schizothorax plagiostomus Hamilton Schizothoraichthys progastus McClelland Tort tor Hamillton Tor putitora Hamilton Crossocheilus latius latius Garra gotyla gotyla Garra lamta Barilius bendelisis Hamilton B. bola Hamilton B. barila Hamilton B. vagra Hamilton B. barna Hamilton B. shacra Hamilton Puntius sophore Puntius ticto Puntius chilinoides Glyptothorax pectinopterus Day Glyptothorax madraspatanum Glyptothorax conirostris Steindachner Pseudocheneis sulcatus Noemacheilus montanus McClelland Noemacheilus savona Hamilton Noemacheilus multifasciatus Day Noemacheilus zonatus McClelland Conservation Status Abundant Abundant Vulnerable Endangered Endangered Lower Risk Abundant Lower Risk Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Lower Risk Lower Risk Lower Risk Abundant Lower Risk Lower Risk Vulnerable Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant

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Periphyton: 17 species from 3 families of periphyton were collected from the Birahi River. Bacillariophyceae dominated the site. The total density was calculated to be 2080 ind.m-2 in the Birahi River. Nitzschia contributed maximum (340 ind.m-2) to the total density of periphyton. Tabellaria, Nitzschia and Gomphonema were having the maximum frequency (80%) and were also found to be abundant at this site. The species diversity index was computed to be 3.748502 indicating a healthy ecosystem of Birahi River during the study period. Table 2.3.21: Diversity index of periphyton at Sampling site S5
Name of the species Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria Fragillaria Nitzschia Navicula Chaetomorpha Cymbella Gomphonema Denticula Diatoma Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Zygnema Cladophora Closterium Spirogyra Myxophyceae Phormidium Oscillatoria Total 40 60 50 70 2080 5 4.67 0.129291 0.164671 60 60 60 60 60 40 115 105 20 65 30 55 7.67 7 1.33 4.33 2 5.5 0.230933 0.217477 0.064427 0.15625 0.088204 0.138584 80 60 80 60 60 60 80 60 60 255 190 340 170 95 145 235 45 95 12.75 12.67 17 11.33 6.33 9.67 11.75 3 6.33 0.371223 0.315374 0.427121 0.295291 0.20336 0.267864 0.355421 0.119651 0.20336 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (ShannonWeiner)

H = 3.748502

Phytoplankton: 10 species from 3 families of phytoplankton were found to occur in the water of Birahi River. Bacillariophyceae dominated the phytoplankton present in the water. Nitzschia was found to be the most frequently occurring specie contributing highest (6.6 ind.l-1) towards the total density of phytoplankton 17.8 ind.m-2. The diversity index was computed to be of moderate value (2.819839).

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Table 2.3.22: Diversity index of phytoplankton at Sampling site S5


Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Diatoma Tabellaria Fragillaria Nitzschia Cymbella Navicula Chlorophyceae Ulothrix Anabaena Spirogyra Myxophyceae Oscillatoria Total 60 2.6 27 4.3 0.325132 80 60 60 3.2 0.6 2.4 4 1 4 0.36466 0.122041 0.310387 60 60 80 100 80 60 2.8 2.8 4.4 6.6 4 3 4.7 4.7 5.5 6.6 5 5 0.339055 0.339055 0.426537 0.496814 0.408131 0.352214 Frequency (%) Density -2 (ind.m ) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.819839

Zooplankton: 5 species of 3 families of zooplankton were found to occur in the Birahi River stretch near Birahi. Cyclops and Keratella were abundant speicies. Daphnia species contributed highest (3.2 ind.l-1) towards the total population density (12 ind.l-1) of zooplankton. The species diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) of zooplankton was found to be 2.296521. Table 2.3.23: Diversity index of zooplankton at Sampling site S5
Zooplankton Cladocerans Daphnia Ceriodaphnia Copepods Cyclops Rotifera Keratella Asplanchna Total 60 60 2.4 2.2 12 4 3.67 0.464386 0.448701 60 2.4 4 0.464386 60 60 3.2 1.8 5.33 3 0.508504 0.410545 Frequency (%) Density (ind.m-2) Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner)

H = 2.296521

Benthic Insects: 22 species from 5 families of macorzoobenthos were recorded form the Birahi River. Baetis and Heptagenia were the most frequent and abundant species among benthos in Birahi River. The total population density of aquatic
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macroinvertebrates was found to be 1560 ind.m-2 in the Birhai stretch and the ShannonWeiner diversity index was found to be high 3.975914 indicating a healthy ecosystem of Birahi river during the study period). Table 2.3.24: Diversity index of benthos at Sampling site S5
Benthos Ephemeroptera Baetis niger Baetis rhodoni Caenis Centroptilum Ephemerella Heptagenia Ironodes Leptophlebia Psephenus Trichoptera Glossosoma Hydropsyche Isogenus Leptocella Limnephilous Philopotamus Rhyacophila Diptera Antocha Atherix Chironomus Simulium Plecoptera Perla Neuroptera Corydalus Total Frequency (%) 100 80 60 60 80 100 80 80 40 80 80 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 80 Density -2 (ind.m ) 205 95 45 40 105 200 105 90 25 75 110 20 40 90 20 50 40 40 40 40 30 55 1560 Abundance Diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) 0.38475 0.245872 0.147562 0.135523 0.262035 0.379933 0.262035 0.237431 0.095568 0.210505 0.26978 0.080582 0.135523 0.237431 0.080582 0.159086 0.135523 0.135523 0.135523 0.135523 0.109624 0.170146

8.2 4.75 3 2.67 5.25 8 5.25 4.5 2.5 3.75 5.5 2 2.67 6 1.33 3.33 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 1.5 2.75

H = 3.975914

The riparian vegetation present along the river is given in the table below Table 2.3.25: Riparian vegetation along the Alaknanda river and its tributaries
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Name of the riparian plant species Ageratum conzoides Anagallis arvensis Phyla nudiflora Ranunculus scleratus Rumex hastatus Artemisia nilagarica Stephmia eligans Conservation status Common Common Common Common Common Common Common
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S.No. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Name of the riparian plant species Urtica dioica Drymasia cordata Bistortia vacenifolia Polygonum numbenus Viola canescens Nasturtium officinalis Potentilla sundarica Acorus calamus Cypres rotundus Cypres iria Phragmites kakara Stellaria media Saccharum arundinaceum Cirsium arvense Eclipta prostrate Mazus pumilus Aeginetia indica (Saprophyta) Sorghum miliaceum Eupatorium adscendensce Equisetum sp.

Conservation status Common Common Common Common Rare Common Common Rare Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common

Impact on Aquatic Ecology The construction of the proposed Vishnugad-Pipalkoti hydroelectric would involve large scale extraction of different types of construction material from the river bed including boulders, stones, gravel, sand, etc. Extraction of gravel and sand causes considerable damage to fish stocks and other aquatic life by destabilizing the sub-stratum, increasing the turbidity of water, silting of the channel bottom and modifying the flow which in turn may result in erosion of the river channel. These alterations are likely to upset the composition and balance of aquatic organisms. The material at the river sub-stratum like stones and pebbles often provide anchorage and home to the invertebrates which remain attached in a fast flowing stream. The fauna and flora of this region may be affected by the dam construction activities mainly at the dam construction site and the powerhouse construction site. Other areas are not likely to be affected severely During fish spawning season, the fertilized eggs are laid amidst the gravel so that eggs are not washed away in fast flowing stream. The eggs of almost all species are sticky in nature, which provide additional safety. The turbidity in excess of 100 ppm brought by suspended solids chokes the gills of young fish. Fine solids in concentration greater than 25 mg/l, adversely affects the development of fish eggs and fish.
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During construction a huge quantity of debris will be generated. The debris site located close to river and may flow down the river during heavy precipitation. Such a condition can adversely affect the development of aquatic life. The inadequate system for dumping of debris can lead to many undesirable impacts. Amongst the aquatic animals, it is the fish life, which would be, most affected. The migratory fish species, e.g. Tor tor, Tor putitora and Schizothorax are likely to be adversely affected due to obstruction created by the proposed dam. Tort tor Hamillton and Tor putitora Hamilton are categorized as endangered species and Schizothoraichthys progastus and Pseudocheneis sulcatus as vulnerable species as per IUCN categorization These fish species undertakes annual migration for feeding and breeding. The obstruction created by the dam would hinder the migration. With the completion of dam, flow in the downstream stretch of the river would be reduced considerably more so during the lean period segment of river between dam site and tail race disposal at certain places may retain some water in shallow pools subjecting the fish to prey by birds and other animals. Such situations are likely to facilitate the locals to catch fish indiscriminately. Mitigation measures The dam construction will block the migration route of Mahseer (Tor tor, Tor putitora). But, other tributaries like Patalganga, Garur Ganga and Birahi Ganga may assist in supporting the population of Mahseers in the area. Mahseer breeding and rearing hatchery may be established in the area. Scientific management of the existing stock needs to be adopted for Conservation of Schizothorax, Pseudocheneis sulcatus. The stocking program can be done annually by the Fisheries Department, State Government of Uttarakhand. Tributaries like Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga and Birahi are perennial streams and have sufficient water discharge in addition to rich aquatic biodiversity, which may be able to support the aquatic biodiversity by providing suitable breeding, spawning and feeding grounds to the most of the fishes found in the Alaknanda River. There seems no possibility of drying of the downstream area between the dam site and powerhouse site as some seasonal and perennial tributaries such as Tapon Gad, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi having good discharge, meet the Alaknanda river between these sites. If the same is not available from streams in the intervening stretch, then possibility of downstream releases from the Dam needs to be explored. It will be mandatory for the project authorities to maintain the minimum flow for the survival and propagation of invertebrates and fish. In order to avoid the possible loss of aquatic life, a minimum flow of 3 cumecs shall always be released from the dam. Ban on fishing must be enforced in the affected stretch of river during lean season and spawning period of the fish.

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The muck disposal plan may be implemented properly in the project area as the sites are close to the river Alaknanda and possibilities of sliding of muck into the river may be avoided. Impacts due to discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony The proposed hydro-power project would envisage temporary and permanent residential areas to accommodate labour and staff engaged in the project. This would result in emergence of domestic waste water which is likely to be discharged into the river. Mitigation measures Due to perennial nature of river Alaknanda, it maintains sufficient flow through out the year. The available flow is sufficient to dilute the sewage and as mentioned earlier, no adverse impacts on water quality are anticipated. During project construction phase, measures need to be implemented to ameliorate the problem of water pollution from various sources. The sewage generated from various labour camps shall be treated before discharging into river Alaknanda or nearby surface water body. The septic tanks shall be located so as not to pollute the drinking water sources The construction activities would require a crusher to crush large lumps of rocks to the requisite size for coarse as well as fine aggregates. The effluent generated from these crushers will have high suspended solids. The effluent shall be treated before disposal. Settling tanks of appropriate size for treatment of effluent from various crushers shall be provided. Desired flow may be maintained downstream of the dam for survival of aquatic life In the project operation phase, a plant colony with 300 quarters is likely to be set up. It is recommended to commission a suitable Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) to treat the sewage generated from the colony The completion of Vishnugad-Pipalkoti hydroelectric Project would bring about significant changes in the riverine ecology, as the river transforms from a fast-flowing water system to a quiescent lacustrine environment. Such an alteration of the habitat would bring changes in physical, chemical and biotic life. Amongst the biotic communities, certain species can survive the transitional phase and can adapt to the changed riverine habitat. There are other species amongst the biotic communities, which, however, for varied reasons related to feeding and reproductive characteristics cannot acclimatize to the changed environment, and may disappear in the early years of impoundment of water. Tributaries like Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga and Birahi are perennial streams and have sufficient water discharge in addition to rich aquatic biodiversity, which may be able to support the aquatic biodiversity by providing suitable breeding, spawning and feeding grounds to the most of the fishes found in the Alaknanda River

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2.4

DOWNSTREAM HAZARDS The downstream hazards which may occur due to failure of the dam are flooding of the river bank and triggering of landslide. The downstream hazards are assessed for worst case scenario when the Dam gets washed away. The water spread and depth of water at various level is as given below Table 2.4.1: Water depth and spread downstream of dam in the event of Dam break
Distance from dam(km) 3.7 10.2 11.5 15.8 18.4 20.0 Max. elevation above MSL (m) 1200 1080 1050 1030 1010 1000 River bed (m) 1223.44 1104.39 1071.96 1060.57 1044.20 1038.33 level Water (m) 23.44 24.39 21.96 30.57 34.20 38.33 depth Water Spread width (m) 86.1 114.8 72.0 110.7 172.2 229.6

The water will flow with force eroding the banks and causing damage to life and property located at the elevation given in the table. Most of the villages are located at higher elevations and there are no villages located close to the bank of the river Alaknanda. The villages which are located at lower elevation and may suffer some lose of property and life are identified and given below. Table 2.4.2: List of Villages likely to be affected in case of Dam Failure
S.No Name of Village River Bank Latitude (N) Longitude(E) Elevation (m) Approx. Distance from the Dam 3 3 6 8 10 12 13 15 16 16

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Tapon Langsi Tirosi Hyuna Guniyala Tenduli Pipalkoti Hat Siyasain Batula

R L R R R R L R R L

30 29 43.2 30 29 25.8 30 29 15.5 30 28 23.4 30 27 32.1 30 26 34.5 30 26 04.8 30 25 18.8 30 24 58.7 30 24 47.5

079 28 25.4 079 28 57.1 079 28 02.2 079 26 20.7 079 25 30.3 079 25 30.1 079 25 41.6 079 24 53.7 079 24 29.8 079 25 00.5

1280 1345 1126 1117 1213 1220 1259 1075 1069 1160

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S.No

Name of Village

River Bank

Latitude (N)

Longitude(E)

Elevation (m)

11. 12.

Durgapur Birahi

R L

30 24 38.6 30 24 31.8

079 23 14.2 079 25 46.3

1063 1071

Approx. Distance from the Dam 20 20

Mitigation Measures Formulate and implement an Emergency Action Plan to minimize the probable loss of life and damage to property in the event of failure of dam An effective communication system and a downstream warning system are essential for the success of an emergency preparedness plan. Evacuation plan may be formulated, this must include Demarcation / prioritization of areas to be evacuated Notification procedures and evacuation instructions Safe routes, transport and traffic control Safe areas/ shelters The Evacuation team may be comprised of the District Collector, Superintendent Police / Nominated Police Officer, Chief Medical Officer, Sarpanch of identified Villages and Project in charge of VPHEP Establish an effective Dam Safety Surveillance and monitoring programme Rapid analysis and interpretation of instrumentation and observation data Periodic inspection and safety reviews/evaluation. A regular maintenance program that includes mowing, inspection and repair of minor problems

2.5

POLLUTION LOAD STUDY After the construction of dam, as per the minimum flow requirement to maintain the river ecosystem, it has been suggested to release minimum flow of 3 m3/s in downstream. However, low flows conditions coupled with the sewage generated by the project workers, hired for construction and operation of the project, can worsen the quality of river in terms of coliforms, DO & BOD. Therefore, water quality modeling studies were proposed to predict the effect of the pollution load discharged by the workers on the water quality of river. The objective of the study is to establish and calibrate a model for the Alaknanda River system from the dam site to outfall of TRT and also headrace tunnel, to simulate and
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quantify the effect of selected scenarios with respect to pollution generation during construction and implementation and furthermore reduced pollution loading by implementing sewage treatment schemes. This study focused on the most obvious water quality parameters such as BOD, DO, and Faecal Coliforms. 2.5.1 Study Reach The dam site of the project is located at Helong village and TRT outfall is at the confluence of Birahi river and Alaknanda river, which is at a distance of 18.32 km from the dam site. The study area covers the Alaknanda river reach from dam site to TRT outfall site. The average slope of river in this reach is 1/95 with bed level at dam site 1224 m and at TRT outfall 1024 m. The banks of the river are very steep and average width of the river is of the order of 30 m. Tributaries joining the Alaknanda in the study reach are Tapan nala, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi Ganga (see Fig. 2.5.1). A line diagram of river and its tributaries along with location of new settlements at Gulab Kothi, Langsi, Guniyala village and Maypur Batola are shown in Fig. 2.5.1. Chainages from dam site of tributaries with their Latitude, longitude are also shown in Fig. 2.5.1. Power house is located at downstream of Hat village. Photographs of Alaknanda River at dam site and TRT outfall and of tributaries are shown in Figures 2.5.2. The cross-section of the tributaries i.e., Tapan nala, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi Ganga at their confluence with Alaknanada were measured and approximated as trapezoidal channel The salient features of these X-sections are reported in the Table 2.5.1.

Table 2.5.1: Salient features of the Tributaries Cross-Sections


Tributaries Tapan Nala Patal Ganga Garur Ganga Maina Gad Birahi River Bed Width (m) 2 9 12 10 15 Left Side Slope (V:H) 1:1.5 1:2 1:4 1:2.7 1:2 Right Side Slope (V:H) 1:1.5 1:6.9 1:1.4 1:2.7 1:2

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Fig. 2.5.1: A line sketch of study reach

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(a) Dam site of the project site

(b) Upstream view of Alaknanda at Dam

(c) D/s view of Alaknanda at Dam site

(d) Tapan Nala at its confluence with Alaknanda

(e) Patal Ganga at its confluence with Alaknanda

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(f) Garur Ganga at its confluence with Alaknanda Alaknanda

(g) Maina Gad at its confluence with

(h) Confluence of Birahi Ganga with Alaknanda (i) Birahi Ganga at its confluence with Alaknanda
Fig. 2.5.2 Photographs of Alaknanda River at dam site and TRT outfall and of tributaries

2.5.2

River Flow 10-daily discharge data of Alaknanda river at the dam site for the period 1971 to 2004 are available. Average discharge in the river at dam site is 182.70 m3/s. Flow duration curve as shown in the Fig. 2.5.3 depicts that dependable flow at 50%, 75% and 90% are 88.6 m3/s, 42.5 m3/s, and 28.5 m3/s respectively. 10-daily discharge data for 33 years (1971-2004) for each month is also calculated and plotted with month in Fig. 2.5.4 with average, maximum and minimum values. Thus for each month, there are three discharges for day 1-10, 11-20 and 21-30. Low flow of the order of 35 m3/s occurs in the river in the month of January, February and March. and More than 25 m3/s and less than 100 m3/s discharges are available in months November, December and April. More than 100 m3/s are available in months from May to October.
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1400

1200

1000

Discharge (m /s)

800

600

400

200

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of time

Fig. 2.5.3: Flow duration curve at dam site

1400 Average 1200 Maximum Minimum

1000 Discharge (m3/s)

800

600

400

200

0 17-May

6-Jul

25-Aug

14-Oct

3-Dec Period

22-Jan

13-Mar

2-May

21-Jun

Fig. 2.5.4: Temporal variation of 10- daily (Average) discharges at Proposed dam site

Discharge data for twelve months in tributaries namely Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi are available and reported in Table 2.5.2. Discharge data in Tapan Nala is not available; however, local enquiry during site visit indicates that the nala is dry in non-monsoon months. Birahi is the major tributaries in this reach. The discharge in Patal Ganga and Maina Gad are of same order. Garur Ganga is a small tributary. Lean flow occurs in the months of Jan, Feb and March.

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Table 2.5.2: Available discharges in the Tributaries


Month March April May June July August September October November December January February Average discharge (m3/s) in Tributaries Patal Ganga Garur Ganga Maina Gad 5.85 6.13 4.01 7.83 16.13 42.46 NA NA 3.20 1.20 0.68 3.27 3.51 0.82 1.17 0.94 0.91 1.99 4.96 3.13 1.29 0.84 0.34 0.20 0.51 0.72 12.84 11.79 19.21 28.48 50.00 48.02 28.47 21.25 7.43 2.94 1.21 7.026 9.24

Tapan Nala NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Average, Q

Birahi River 6.92 8.51 17.32 34.15 55.18 102.49 60.15 24.65 11.77 4.63 2.32 4.62 8.58

2.5.3

Selection of Model QUAL 2K MODEL The selection of QUAL 2K for this modelling study been based on the high technical level of the software combined with a user-friendly user-interface and a high level of presentation facilities. The model is numerically accurate and includes an updated kinetic structure for most conventional pollutants. The input and output data structures are designed in user friendly format. The Qual 2K is a one-dimensional mathematical model available as free-use software to predict the water quality of a fluvial system. It is a versatile model for determining the quality of flowing waters, allowing the simulation of up to 15 parameters associated to water quality in any combination chosen by the user. The model is applicable to well mixed streams and considers the transport mechanisms dispersion and advection significant only along the main direction of flow (longitudinal direction). Its use extends to the presence of multiple polluting discharges, withdrawal points and tributaries flowing to the stream under study. The model is limited to simulations in periods of time for which both the flow of the stream and the discharges of effluent in the basin are constant. In this context, the model can be used in steady and dynamic states. In steady state, the model may be used to assess the impact of polluting loads (magnitude, quality and localization) on the receiving body. Dynamically, the model allows investigating both the effects of diurnal variations of the meteorological data on water quality as well as of changes in dissolved oxygen caused by algae growth and respiration. This makes the modeling system suitable for detailed analysis of monitoring data and effect of action taken to improve the condition as well as for prediction of future scenarios. These capabilities of the Qual 2K model ensure that the tool can act now and in future as a powerful tool for the water quality management for the Alaknanda River.

2.5.4

Hydrodynamic Modeling The hydrodynamic model was run for the computation of the water surface profile in the study reach from Chainage 0 to 18.34 km to study water quality in the Alaknanda river.
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QUAL 2K model, which simulate one-dimensional steady-state non-uniform flow is used for this purpose. The model simulates Alaknanda River as main stem and tributaries as point sources. There are no abstractions in the study reach except evaporation, infiltration etc. The study reach is divided into a number of segments and in each segment uniform flow is assumed and discharge is computed using continuity equation. The cross-section of the river is approximated trapezoidal in each reach. The Mannings coefficient was estimated using Golbutsov (1969) empirical equation, which is generally used for the boulder streams: n = 0.222 S0.33 (1)

in which S is the longitudinal slope of the river and the equation is valid for S varying from 0.4% to 20 %. The average slope of the study reach is 1/95, for this value of S, Mannings n as per the above equation is 0.050. Knowing channel size, bed slope, Mannings roughness coefficient, the depth of flow in each segment is calculated using Mannings equation. The model was run for lean discharge equal to 60 m3/s in the river at dam site. This discharge was available in the month of February 2009. During this month, the discharges in tributaries were 0.0, 3.27, 0.51, 7.026 and 4.62 m3/s in Tapan Nala, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi, respectively. These discharges were considered as point source in the model. The computed flow and velocity are shown in the following figures 2.5.5.

Figure 2.5.5: Simulated Discharge and velocity for the River

2.5.5

Water Quality Modeling The WQ-model set-up uses the same boundaries and lateral inflows as described for the hydrodynamic (HD) model in previous section. Water quality parameters and discharge at dam site in Alaknanda River is taken as upstream boundary to the model. February is considered as one of the representative low flow month on the basis of available discharge data.

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Water quality parameters and discharges in tributaries are considered as point source at different chainages of study reach. Water samples from all tributaries were collected in the month of February 2009 and analyzed for different Parameters. Table 2.5.3: Existing Inflows (February 2009) in Alaknanda River (study stretch)
Point Tributaries (Location from upstream) Inflow Name Tapan Nala Patal Ganga Garur Ganga Maina Nadi Birahi Ganga Location (km) 2.69 3.80 7.23 9.48 18.32 m3/s 0.50 0.68 0.20 1.21 2.32 mean mg/L 9.50 8.90 9.30 9.00 9.20 mean mgC/L 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 mean cfu/100ml 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dissolved Oxygen Slow CBOD Pathogen Indicator Bacteria

The water quality model is calibrated utilizing the hydrodynamic results file. A very good calibration of the WQ-model has been carried out for the month of February 2009 based on the measured levels of pollutants. As a consequence the WQ-model simulated the correct levels of pollutants that are observed in February 2009. The simulated and measured concentration of DO & BOD is illustrated in Figure 2.5.6 for selected station in the Alaknanda stretch. Simulations of pathogens were not conducted as the observed values were nil in all tributaries as well as in the river. As it is shown in Figure 6 that water quality is excellent in the stretch. Due to the sparse population and negligible sewage and non-point sources inflows to the river. For the SBOD and FBOD decay a first order decay rate of 0.23 day-1 (at 20 oC) & 0.1 day-1 have been used. Standard O'Connor-Dobbins was used for model reaeration. For simulating pathogens (future scenarios) decay rates 1.5 day-1 and settling rates 1.0 day-1 were used. The eutrophication model was not used due to high bed slope and high velocity in the river. Similarly, sediment oxygen demand is also neglected due to the pristine quality of the river. The calibration parameters are given in Table 2.5.4. Table 2.5.4: Calibrated Parameters for Water Quality Modeling
Parameter Oxygen: Reaeration model Temp correction Slow CBOD: Hydrolysis rate Temp correction Fast CBOD: Oxidation rate 0.1 1/d
Environment & Ecology Department

Value

Units

O'Connor-Dobbins 1.024

0.23 1.047

1/d

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Parameter Temp correction Pathogens: Decay Temp correction Settling velocity

Value 1.047

Units

1.5 1.07 1

1/d

m/d

The results of calibration are as follows

Fig. 2.5.6: DO & BOD Calibrations of the river

2.5.6

Water Quality Forecast for Alaknanda River SCENARIO-1 The model has been used for forecasting the water quality conditions in the Alaknanda River for the following scenarios: No Sewage Treatment scheme for construction workforce, with direct discharge into the river. The release of minimum 3 m3/s freshwater from dam site The future lateral loadings are summarized in Table 7. The inflows are 80 % of 135 L.cap.day water supply, DO is assumed as Zero, BOD & Fecal Coliform values of 250 mg/L & 107 MP/100 ml was based on various sewage analysis data of Uttarakhand towns.

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Table 2.5.5: Future inflows during construction phase (Without Sewage Treatment)
Camp/village Location (km) Point Dissolved Oxygen mean mg/L Fast BOD mean mg/L Pathogen indicator Bacteria mean cfu/100ml

Inflow Name D/s Dam site Camp-1: No. of Person m /s


3

Labour Gulab Koti Labour Langsi

1.49

3000.00

0.0038

0.0000

250.0000

10000000.00

Camp

2:

3.35

1200.00

0.0015

0.0000

250.0000

10000000.00

Labour Camp Guniyala Village Labour Batula Camp

3:

10.01

1200.00

0.0015

0.0000

250.0000

10000000.00

4:

15.83

2800.00

0.0004

0.0000

250.0000

10000000.00

Figure 2.5.7: Water Quality Predictions for Scenario-1

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Scenario results (Fig. 2.5.7) shows that, although there would be not much change in DO concentrations, but there was a little change in BOD and severe deterioration of water quality in terms of fecal coliforms. The fast BOD would be increased to 3.5 mg/L and Slow BOD to 1.2 mg/L which results in unaesthetic conditions. High coliform concentrations in the order of 16,000 MPN/100 ml render the river water ineffective for drinking. Strong objections would be raised and this kind of situation would be totally unacceptable. Therefore, complete sewage treatment to secondary level alongwith chlorination is mandatory to discharge the treated wastewater from construction camps to the river. SCENARIO- 2 The model has been used for forecasting the water quality conditions in the Alaknanda River for the following scenarios: Secondary Sewage Treatment + Chorination for construction workforce, with direct discharge into the river. The release of minimum 3 m3/s freshwater from dam site. The future lateral loadings are summarized in Table 2.5.6. The inflows are 80 % of 135 L/cap.day water supply, DO is assumed as Zero, BOD value of 30 mg/L was based secondary treated sewage standards, and 100 MPN/100ml coliform value was based on analysis of secondary treated chlorinated sewage from various parts of India. Table 2.5.6: Future inflows during construction phase (With Secondary Treatment & Chlorination)
Camp/village Location (km) D/s Dam site 1.49 Point Inflow No of Person 3000.00 m3/s 0.0038 Dissolved Oxygen mean mg/L 0.0000 Fast BOD mean mg/L 30.0000 100.00 Pathogen indicator Bacteria mean cfu/100ml

Name Labour Camp1: Gulab Koti Labour 2: Langsi Labour Village Labour 4: Batula Camp Camp Camp

3.35

1200.00

0.0015

0.0000

30.0000

100.00

3:Guniyala 10.01 1200.00 0.0015 0.0000 30.0000 100.00

15.83

2800.00

0.0035

0.0000

30.0000

100.00

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Scenario results show that (Figure 2.5.8), there was almost insignificant change in the river quality in terms of BOD, DO & coliforms, hence it is acceptable. However, due to attachment of religious sentiments, it would be recommended to reuse the treated sewage instead of discharging it to the river. To achieve the aero-discharge, there are two options, either all the secondary treated sewage would be discharge to soak pit or the sewage should be treated by using advanced sewage treatment technology such as Membrane Bioreactors and then easily reuse for non-potable purposes. Membrane bioreactors are capable in achieving < 3 mg/L BOD and almost nil coliforms.

Figure 2.5.8: Water Quality Predictions for Scenario-2

SCENARIO- 3 The model has been used for forecasting the water quality conditions in the Alaknanda River for the following scenario: After the construction of dam site : 300 permanent technical staff working for power house directly discharge into the river near village Siyasen. The release of minimum 3 m3/s freshwater from dam site. The future lateral loadings are summarized in Table 9. The inflows are 80 % of 135 L/cap.day water supply, DO is assumed as Zero, BOD & Fecal Coliform values of 250 mg/L & 107 MP/100 ml was based on various sewage analysis data of Uttarakhand towns.

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Table 2.5.7: Future inflows during implementation phase (Without any treatment)
Camp/village Point Dissolved Oxygen Location (km) Name D/s Dam site Village Haat 1.49 No of Person 300.00 0.00038 0.0000 250.0000 10,000,000.00 m3/s mg/L mg/L cfu/100ml Inflow mean Fast BOD mean Pathogen indicator Bacteria mean

Scenario results (Figure 2.5.9) show that, there was almost insignificant change in the river quality in terms of BOD, DO, but fairly can increased coliforms concentrations, rendering it unsafe for direct potable use. Therefore, sewage treatment with chlorination is strictly recommended for permanent resident population. However, due to religious sentiments, it would be recommended to reuse the treated sewage instead of discharging into the river. To achieve the complete reuse/zero-discharge, the best option would be the treatment of sewage by advanced sewage treatment technology such as Membrane Bioreactors and then easily reuse for non-potable purposes. Membrane Bioreactors are capable in achieving < 3 mg/L BOD and almost nil coliforms.

Figure 2.5.9: Water Quality Predictions for Scenario-3 Environment & Ecology Department

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2.5.7

Conclusions & Recommendations

1. 33 years (1971-2004) 10 daily discharge data of Alaknanda River at dam site is analyzed. The average discharge in the river at dam site is 182.7 m3/s. Dependable flow at 50%, 75% and 90% are 88.6 m3/s, 42.5 m3/s, and 28.5 m3/s respectively. Low flow of the order of 35 m3/s occurs in the river in the month of January, February and March. Less than 100 m3/s and more than 25 m3/s discharges are available in months of November, December and April. 2. 12 months discharge data of the tributaries are measured. Birahi was found to be the major tributary in this reach, while Garur Ganga & Tapan Nala are small tributaries. Very low discharge are available in months of Jan-Feb-March. Therefore, a representative low flow month (February 2009) was selected for water quality modeling. 3. Average width & bed slope of the river in the study reach are 30 m & 1/95 respectively. Manning roughness coefficient was found to be 0.05. The hydrodynamic model was run by using US EPA Qual 2K software for lean discharge = 60 m3/s in the river at the dam site and the discharges in Tapan Nala, Patal Ganga, Garur Ganga, Maina Gad and Birahi tributaries were 0.0, 3.27, 0.51, 7.026 and 4.62 m 3/s respectively. The depth of the flow varies between 1-2 m while the velocity in the order of 2 m/s within the study stretch. 4. The water quality model was set-up to establish baseline water quality conditions in the study reach. By calibrating the SBOD and FBOD decay of 0.23 day-1 (at 20 oC) & 0.1 day-1 , pathogens decay rates 1.5 day-1 and settling rates 1.0 day-1 and applying standard O'Connor-Dobbins reaeration equation, the WQ-model simulated the pollutant data observed in February 2009. 5. The model was simulated considering anticipated future pollution loading from labor camps. The inflows from labor camps are based on the assumption of 80 % sewage generation by supplying 135 L/cap.day water supply. BOD, DO & Coliforms values are based on the data collection and analysis of sewage quality of various towns of Uttarakhand. Scenario 1 results shows that, although there would be not much change in DO concentrations, but there was a little change in BOD and severe deterioration of water quality in terms of fecal coliforms. The fast BOD would be increased to 3.5 mg/L and Slow BOD to 1.2 mg/L results is unaesthetic conditions and high coliform concentrations in the order of 16,000 MPN/100 ml render the river water ineffective for drinking. Strong objections would be raised and this kind of situation would be totally unacceptable. Therefore, complete sewage treatment to secondary level along with
Environment & Ecology Department

Project : Environmental Studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro-Electric Project Document : 2008026/EC Draft Managed Flow Report

Page: 57 of 57 Date: March 2009 Revision: R0

chlorination is mandatory to discharge the treated wastewater from construction camps to the river. 6. Scenario 2 was conducted for secondary treated sewage + Chlorination of the construction workforce with direct discharge into the river. Minimum 3 m3/s freshwater is assumed to be released from d/s of dam. The simulation results suggested that there was almost insignificant change in the river quality in terms of BOD, DO & coliforms, hence it is acceptable. However, due to attachment of religious sentiments, it would be recommended to reuse the treated sewage instead of discharging it to the river. To achieve the zero-discharge, there are two options, either all the secondary treated sewage would be discharge to soak pit or the sewage should be treated by using advanced sewage treatment technology such as Membrane Bioreactors and then easily reuse for non-potable purposes. Membrane bioreactors are capable in achieving < 3 mg/L BOD and almost nil coliforms. 7. Scenario 3 was conducted to forecast the water quality conditions in the Alaknanda River by the untreated pollution load of 300 permanent technical staff working for power house residing near the Village. Minimum 3 m3/s freshwater is assumed to be released from d/s of dam. Scenario results shows that, although there was almost insignificant change in the river quality in terms of BOD, DO, but can increase coliforms concentrations fairly, rendering it unsafe for direct potable use. Therefore, sewage treatment with chlorination is strictly recommended for permanent resident population. However, due to religious sentiments, it would be recommended to reuse the treated sewage instead of discharging it to the river. To achieve the zero-discharge, the best option would be the treatment of sewage by advanced sewage treatment technology such as Membrane Bioreactors and then easily reuse for non-potable purposes. Membrane bioreactors are capable in achieving < 3 mg/L BOD and almost nil coliforms.

Environment & Ecology Department

ANNEXURE 2.1

10 Daily (Average) Discharge in Cumec Day of GD Site at Joshimath on River Alaknanda

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

Year

(1-10)

(11-20) (21-30) (1-10)

(11-20)

(21-31)

(1-10)

(11-20)

(21-31)

(1-10)

(11-20) (21-30)

(1-10)

(11-20) (21-31) (1-10)

(11-20) (21-30) (1-10)

(11-20) (21-31) (1-10) (11-20) (21-31) (1-10)

(11-20) (21-29) (1-10)

(11-20) (21-31) (1-10)

(11-20) (21-31)

(1-10)

(11-20)

(21-31)

1971-72 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

259.15 247.04 235.52 131.47 149.73 170.18 188.49 298.53 245.56 149.54 228.92 175.45 261.23 378.66 455.60 295.00 233.38 229.26 202.80 142.48 365.09 370.28 370.56 486.07 151.68 311.35 535.00 309.15 434.42 555.57 178.17 186.11 286.98 106.14 201.46 205.51 246.99 188.42 273.52 488.06 476.76 436.51 236.58 286.40 364.13 176.30 408.62 635.80 299.98 328.92 384.28 356.05 301.89 534.87 284.43 246.98 283.49 314.34 350.29 512.50 350.76 409.13 447.12 195.78 326.33 377.80 269.29 371.53 321.19 284.42 282.23 422.03 312.85 492.59 204.58 309.88 481.14 626.42 158.20 188.59 343.85

230.55 266.16 257.87 228.90 401.53 333.15 550.31 559.38 471.59 566.20 292.78 320.12 353.28 473.95 351.40 501.90 525.89 540.50 293.87 473.55 524.89 283.44 369.86 438.50 370.36 409.06 389.25

173.96 187.77 258.73 331.70 577.11 477.63 603.23 481.79 564.93 641.31 354.20 348.46 323.95 373.03 431.90 571.77 475.81 637.85 436.15 517.57 461.62 373.39 425.31 456.18 506.94 568.80 470.45

250.77 192.09 268.25 391.53 501.26 573.17 546.40 511.86 516.65 666.58 415.19 349.99 507.98 458.07 418.39 697.52 635.05 709.58 539.68 409.61 533.49 422.56 355.28 544.35 515.71 594.37 568.57

251.81 199.87 241.73 367.10 528.17 535.47 592.32 598.66 501.86 619.53 389.41 399.73 532.86 452.82 409.19 606.75 519.01 580.80 339.15 421.95 416.53 431.96 399.77 415.35 531.65 606.52 401.19

239.07 217.00 256.96 337.71 552.83 411.43 473.83 450.76 480.76 431.17 346.55 357.83 623.82 497.87 472.80 590.40 473.75 543.87 370.14 427.51 362.05 402.53 352.40 351.38 365.89 618.25 342.31

211.96 204.48 228.95 269.36 483.74 382.92 398.18 437.92 381.44 378.99 217.65 285.95 548.43 467.72 447.08 413.87 528.73 454.35 444.05 345.71 337.37 371.69 341.85 381.64 363.17 422.98 262.76

177.10 136.65 297.91 297.69 214.75 212.22 230.06 188.67 417.88 324.97 396.96 300.15 375.99 241.71 336.81 261.68 340.80 193.15 290.22 151.92 179.86 173.13 155.84 126.98 437.91 349.18 388.69 292.14 350.12 268.48 381.36 256.17 434.05 338.82 351.24 231.89 297.41 211.62 351.98 278.93 319.45 252.05 339.27 305.00 298.96 243.93 327.37 214.94 358.69 236.09 404.77 294.73 280.46 215.99

122.39 113.74 109.92

87.15

88.04

61.05 87.62 72.41 68.40 76.16 69.02 62.15 69.59 52.04 48.12 34.57 26.34 49.08 53.75 64.59 74.70 69.77 85.17 52.14 77.74 67.83 92.21 45.67 35.91 48.36 46.05 46.48

50.12 73.71 62.44 59.67 69.69 64.36 54.61 68.47 45.23 39.64 28.97 21.64 42.88 45.99 55.36 63.26 55.41 71.24 45.18 66.12 62.90 83.57 39.06 27.02 36.84 38.29 43.45

45.49 68.38 55.39 52.56 67.82 59.55 49.06 62.94 41.06 33.36 21.07 20.72 37.10 35.84 49.07 56.14 51.76 58.99 40.05 50.44 59.09 73.71 36.06 24.67 27.60 34.84 41.01

46.49 68.01 55.81 46.10 56.58 52.71 41.80 61.60 36.21 27.69 17.71 20.34 37.08 33.74 43.79 51.56 50.03 45.86 37.66 41.32 49.19 65.78 29.26 22.23 26.09 30.67 38.42

41.27 42.89 53.01 46.50 53.43 45.81 41.47 38.90 49.76 41.51 46.92 41.45 36.45 35.72 54.77 44.47 33.56 32.58 26.52 26.80 15.94 14.94 17.52 16.71 36.19 35.74 31.23 30.67 40.38 40.27 50.62 48.57 47.58 50.22 39.98 33.32 33.98 31.18 38.29 35.28 43.75 41.57 57.80 53.81 25.90 24.61 19.29 16.99 22.88 19.09 26.59 24.10 36.31 33.47

44.28 44.32 40.68 36.99 35.07 39.54 34.25 42.25 31.63 24.06 13.35 16.38 35.50 28.56 38.14 47.32 43.54 29.88 29.18 32.62 37.23 53.81 24.61 16.38 17.88 21.77 32.69 50.26 54.37 9.01 32.14 50.80 55.08

38.76 40.39 43.32 38.66 32.12 39.25 33.41 40.24 30.60 26.13 13.63 16.17 33.73 27.70 36.85 46.38 40.02 30.43 28.91 30.41 33.84 46.99 19.99 16.50 17.57 20.67 35.53 46.80 54.18 8.35 32.27 51.71 50.11

36.20 36.59 39.79 40.83 31.91 36.42 31.50 38.63 29.18 24.69 13.70 16.15 33.11 27.30 34.86 45.04 37.34 38.91 27.50 29.89 28.79 46.14 19.40 16.31 15.98 19.31 33.82 41.99 53.45 9.50 31.67 49.56 52.23

37.53 36.35 38.61 38.88 32.97 35.25 29.98 36.84 27.38 28.47 14.98 16.06 30.99 27.22 34.40 44.00 34.39 34.88 27.99 29.59 29.67 49.59 18.83 16.44 15.21 18.28 32.75 42.42 53.32 8.86 31.45 52.38 52.62

34.73 37.20 36.33 39.24 33.12 38.98 33.32 38.19 26.62 29.75 14.37 15.90 31.65 28.87 34.33 43.80 37.41 34.70 27.25 28.98 27.25 45.40 20.39 16.28 15.96 17.70 30.57 41.03 55.56 8.70 33.89 52.87 54.50

34.74 35.11 41.02 41.47 34.96 40.31 35.81 37.77 27.92 28.79 16.66 17.60 36.83 33.55 34.19 43.45 44.35 38.96 28.55 31.07 31.36 44.30 19.34 15.92 17.74 18.18 36.08 42.53 54.96 15.18 47.92 56.36 41.23

35.63 40.23 45.16 43.83 35.21 42.45 38.92 42.28 27.06 31.84 16.26 20.06 35.34 32.66 35.73 43.63 55.69 39.63 31.35 38.06 38.46 45.88 22.28 16.93 26.22 18.16 39.68 42.90 53.37 12.53 57.44 55.04 45.96

42.51 44.88 52.02 56.02 40.63 49.38 39.00 50.69 29.97 35.50 22.02 22.90 45.36 36.23 35.80 47.43 58.04 42.24 35.85 47.32 41.79 49.13 26.16 22.57 41.03 18.43 40.96 44.29 54.09 22.28 60.22 59.27 51.09

45.33 52.92 63.33 83.83 46.55 56.75 42.39 63.10 36.60 39.49 34.69 28.24 40.49 37.63 39.86 55.22 66.43 51.55 39.66 49.36 44.76 51.97 36.28 20.29 39.61 21.54 60.99 50.56 82.17 18.96 68.63 77.72 52.72

61.42 61.30 70.17 82.93 59.20 47.01 69.51 88.01 43.48 34.59 47.47 32.60 48.21 58.84 58.92 54.70 102.63 58.08 67.89 58.03 65.24 76.04 38.18 24.93 81.41 26.09 71.56 72.30 89.23 26.45 86.28 106.41 55.31

63.86 109.01 93.06 124.85 114.22 56.06 74.48 122.64 63.14 50.74 59.22 35.05 56.87 72.78 81.40 79.52 120.94 61.58 103.95 98.84 102.91 149.92 35.87 52.49 109.12 50.83 143.34 157.46 109.63 72.28 102.84 139.19 63.75

75.03 211.19 156.34 140.84 121.80 63.65 146.70 142.37 151.47 116.19 67.46 47.98 116.61 92.14 131.10 83.46 157.35 68.75 115.61 153.46 119.72 223.76 93.84 85.77 143.13 63.10 157.90 185.97 182.65 116.86 111.73 157.95 55.63

130.84 154.15 137.22 224.31 170.31 86.34 267.52 169.64 184.83 126.56 66.56 112.40 235.40 119.02 239.91 79.75 211.03 146.28 271.62 209.59 183.57 140.23 102.45 199.04 152.11 48.18 181.69 182.47 306.47 281.88 161.28 228.88 73.81

163.38 135.86 115.25 213.00 208.08 110.88 317.45 122.26 216.55 166.23 77.36 115.35 344.96 246.13 149.40 118.99 328.48 219.26 308.59 261.56 167.51 236.95 273.39 165.49 241.85 104.40 403.61 278.52 368.58 245.79 219.52 298.59 131.66

171.25 139.48 157.84 116.56 103.96 211.45 133.44 89.44 74.65 94.54 68.18 75.76 92.39 75.86 78.16 82.15 61.55 56.20 41.80 29.42 54.86 64.48 79.86 85.74 72.73 99.83 63.99 88.71 95.14

169.57 140.42 135.46

217.65 182.51 149.62 116.14 182.47 140.40 102.33 172.30 106.59 88.00 87.01 84.40

211.88 159.33 120.53 104.69 113.84 124.10 113.58 128.91 78.18 95.68 80.67 51.63 95.75 80.06 65.95 39.46 99.35 87.92 68.20 66.97 54.57 33.34 70.08 88.01

239.00 122.95 145.06 106.56

210.91 174.51 151.39 103.12 213.39 147.95 126.64 274.89 150.00 100.62 97.44 80.58

236.82 132.25 116.87 114.41 173.77 116.24 88.91 78.70

233.02 166.50 148.59 113.21 192.22 164.77 139.63 104.37

204.93 180.98 135.45 121.38 104.19 176.81 131.16 103.65 134.92 123.31 173.18 176.25 137.19 103.13 202.77 137.74 103.27 143.46 93.93 77.99 91.48 76.22 61.25 75.88 66.53 63.16 49.28 52.18 60.07 57.49

437.32 397.01 874.49 1158.41 1262.20 1198.62 1192.31 1083.62 1148.71 1062.16 995.40 1013.49 908.16 847.06 911.79 852.40 495.54 386.42 376.43 368.57 168.15 54.36 179.63 335.08 476.84 352.34 419.64 406.13 628.80 436.30 503.68 282.75 357.07 435.30 378.98 387.18 386.40 458.69 375.25 691.47 569.66 405.50 443.90 460.52 715.13 615.94 411.94 398.11 461.91 738.26 503.28 474.83 425.19 180.95 624.60 499.21 533.85 389.77 132.36 560.41 343.50 517.40 318.72 136.91 436.25 289.95 504.11 254.17 247.57 135.10 78.16 232.11 140.53 31.30 151.70 20.70 95.49 84.13 38.93 69.22 73.05 14.58 44.72 59.15 69.55 40.54 91.78 52.28 50.38 37.13 85.41 47.48 31.62 30.90 75.52 90.55 50.50 24.33 27.67 63.73 82.46 66.51 22.38 26.13 58.08 71.50 60.16 54.98 21.27 13.19 25.20 27.09 54.76 50.80 63.45 59.75

316.92 236.47 268.01 224.15 485.34 426.92

140.09 105.29 107.34 111.16

346.31 215.72 183.30 171.34 108.25 100.56

Annex 2.2

Inlet Tributaries in River Alaknanda 1. Name of Inlet Tributary: Animath Nala Location : N30 32' 03.2. E 079 31' 15.5. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Animath, Paini Discharge : 3.12 Ltr/Sec

2.

Name of Inlet Tributary: Karmanasha Nala Location : N 30 31' 36.4. E 079 30' 29.1. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Helong Discharge : 3.01 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Dwarl Dhar Location : N30 31' 33.3. E 079 30' 23.4. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Helong Discharge : 5.62 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Unknown Location : N30 30' 38.8. E 079 29' 28.5. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Gulabkoti Discharge : 0.15 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Unknown Location : N30 30' 30.5. E 079 29' 29.5. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Gulabkoti Discharge : 0.21 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Belakuchi Nala Location : N30 28' 55.2. E 079 28' 12.1. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Tangni talli Discharge : 0 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Tapon Nala Location : N30 29' 42.6. E 079 28' 27.6. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Tapon Name of Inlet Tributary: Pagal Nala Location : N30 28' 40.3. E 079 28' 01.3. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Tangni talli

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Discharge : 0.28 Ltr/Sec 9. Name of Inlet Tributary: Unknown Location : N30 27' 54.5. E 079 27' 26.6. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Jalgwar, Tangni Discharge : 5.59 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Mangni Gad Location : N30 25' 56.6. E 079 25' 57.3. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Pipalkoti, Naurakh Discharge : 5.26 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Akthalla Nala Location : N30 25' 34.2. E 079 25' 43.0. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Akthalla Discharge : 0 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Ghat Gad Location : N30 25' 09.8. E 079 25' 50.9. Position : Left Bank Near Village(s) : Gadora, Akthalla Discharge : 3.16 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Durgapur Nala Location : N30 24' 42.9. E 079 23' 25.7. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Durgapur Discharge : 0.12 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Unknown Location : N30 24' 44.4. E 079 24' 09.3. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Jaisal Discharge : 1.36 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Unknown Location : N30 24' 45.1. E 079 24' 30.0. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Jaisal, Siyasen Discharge : 1.48 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Ghan Pani Location : N30 27' 06.7. E 079 25' 16.7. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Math Discharge : 3.12 Ltr/Sec Name of Inlet Tributary: Hat Nala

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Location : N30 25' 23.7. E 079 25' 04.3. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Hat Discharge : 0.22 Ltr/Sec 18. Name of Inlet Tributary: Ram Nala Location : N30 25' 18.5. E 079 24' 15.2. Position : Right Bank Near Village(s) : Hat Discharge : 0 Ltr/Sec

Annex 2.3
Name of Villages River Bank Elevation (m) Name of Panchayat Name of Block Name of Tehsil

SL

Drinking water Comes

Garigaon

1277

Birahi

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Janeu Kanom ,Distance village is 2 Km

Birahi

1071

Birahi

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Shera Pani ,Distance village is appx. 2 km

Kauriya

1200

Koriya

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes 100 m above village

Sirkot

1307

Batula

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 500 m above village

Sirkot-2

1311

Birahi

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 500 m above village

Digoli

1375

Mayapur

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 1 km above village

Luhan

1413

Luhan

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 500 m above village

Kyontha

1364

Luhan

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 2.5 km above village

Gadora

1324

Gadora

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes 3 km above village

10

Gadi

1306

Pipalkoti

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Samma nala, Distance from village appx. 500 m

11

Akthalla

1307

Pipalkoti

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Samma nala,Distance from village appx. 500 m

12

Retoli

1419

Ratoli

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes 500 m above village

13

Nargoli

1407

Ratoli

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 300 m above village

Page 1 of 5

Annex 2.3

14

Amarpur

1220

Gadora

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 100 m above village

15

Bheerd

1450

Gadora

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 200 m above village

16

Chantoli

1290

Kiroli

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 1.5 km above village

17

Kiroli-1

1331

Kiroli

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 200 m above village

18

Kiroli-2

1359

Kiroli

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 200 m above village

19

Kunri

1320

Kiroli

Dasoli

Chamoli

water comes from 2 km above village

20

Raancoat

1308

Kiroli

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 500 m above village

21

Dhan Gwar

1467

Pakhi

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from 6 km above village

22

Jal Gwar

1645

Pakhi

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from distance village is 3 km

Chatna,

23

Pakhi

1372

Pakhi

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from Garurganga River

24

Siyasen

1069

Jaensal

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Nagra,Distance village is 1.5 km

25

Jaisal

1255

Jaensal

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Nagra,Distance village is 1.5 km

26

Hat

1075

Haat

Dasoli

Chamoli

Comes of water is Thani which is appx. 1 km above village

27

Tangni Talli

1470

Tangni

Dasoli

Chamoli

water comes from 50 m above village (little water fall) & also through pipeline which is 6 km above village

Page 2 of 5

Annex 2.3

28

Tangni Malli

1547

Tangni malli

Dasoli

Chamoli

water comes from 200 m above village (little water fall) & also through pipeline which is 6 km above village

29

Langsi

1345

Langsi

Dasoli

Chamoli water comes from 2 km above village

30

Palada

1299

Langsi

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from 3 km above village

31

Gulab Koti

1507

Gulabkoti

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from 100mt above village

32

Patalgan ga

1451

Ganai

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from 8 km above village

33

Noligolat

1451

Ganai

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from 8 km above village

34

Kona

1451

Ganai

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from 5 km above village

35

Darmi

1557

Ganai

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from 7 km above village

36

Durgapur

1063

Bowla

Dasoli

Chamoli Water comes from 5 km above village

37

Tapon

1280

Dweeng

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from Kolgad (Kimana) , Distance from villlage 6 km

38

Dweeng

1550

Dweeng

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from Kolgad (Kimana) Distance village is 6km

39

Pokhani

1471

Lanji

Joshimath

Joshimath Hyuna nala

40

Lanji

1376

Lanji

Joshimath

Joshimath Hyuna nala

41

Hyuna

1117

Lanji

Joshimath

Joshimath Hyuna nala

Page 3 of 5

Annex 2.3

42

Tanduli

1220

Bemru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes through pipeline

from

Pipalkoti

43

Maath

1479

Bemru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Ganpani nala

44

Helong

1507

Helong

Joshimath

Joshimath

Karmanasha Nala

45

Pipalkoti

1259

Naurakh

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 200 meter above village

46

Batula

1160

Mayapur

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 1 km above village

47

Kamyar

1406

Kamyar

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 500 m above village

48

Pagnau

1510

Pagnau

Joshimath

Joshimath

water comes from 2 KM village

above

49

Mayapur

1240

Batula

Dasoli

Chamoli

water comes from 1 km above village

50

Naurakh

1310

Naurakh

Dasoli

Chamoli

water comes from 200 meter above village

51

Seun

1447

Seun

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from 500 meter above village

52

Dharagi

1550

Pakhi

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from 500 meter above village

53

Premnag ar

1529

Pakhi

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from Garurganga River

54

Naulli/ Kawna

1451

Ganai

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes 8 km above village

55

Ganai Talli

1802

Ganai

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from 8 km above village

Page 4 of 5

Annex 2.3

56

Ganai Malli

1879

Ganai

Joshimath

Joshimath

Water comes from 8 km above village

57

Tirosi

1126

Lanji

Joshimath

Joshimath Water comes from Kolgad (Kimana),Distance village 8 KM

58

Kimana

2438

Kimana

Joshimath

Joshimath water comes from 2 km above village

59

Palla

2471

Palla

Joshimath

Joshimath water comes from 2 km above village

60

Guniyala

1213

Baimru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Ludaun Gadera,Distance village is 5 km

61

Baimaru

1588

Baimru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Water comes from Chanmoga, Distance village is 4 km

62

Surenda

1545

Baimru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Ganpani nala

63

Kanda

1875

Baimru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Ganpani nala

64

Bedumat hal

1739

Baimru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Ganpani nala

65

Bajni

1739

Baimru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Ganpani nala

66

Jharita

1680

Baimru

Dasoli

Chamoli

Ganpani nala

Page 5 of 5

Annex 2.4
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Tolerance Limits for Inland Surface Waters (as per IS:2296) Parameter and Unit Class-A Class-B Class-C Class-D Colour (Hazen Units) 10 300 300 Odour Unobject Taste Tasteless pH (max) (min:6.5) 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 o 1000 Conductivity (25 C) (mhos/cm) DO (mg/L)(min) 6 5 4 4 o BOD (3 days at 27 C) (mg/L) 2 3 3 Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 50 500 5000 TDS (mg/L) 500 1500 Oil and Grease (mg/L) 0.1 0.1 Mineral Oil (mg/L) 0.01 Free Carbon Dioxide (mg/L CO2) 6 Free Ammonia (mg/L as N) 1.2 Cyanide (mg/L as CN) 0.05 0.05 0.05 Phenol (mg/L C6H5OH) 0.002 0.005 0.005 Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) 300 Chloride (mg/L as Cl) 250 600 Sulphate (mg/L as SO4) 400 400 Nitrate (mg/L as NO3) 20 50 Fluoride (mg/L as F) 1.5 1.5 1.5 Calcium (mg/L as Ca) 80 Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) 24.4 Copper (mg/L as Cu) 1.5 1.5 Iron (mg/L as Fe) 0.3 50 Manganese (mg/L as Mn) 0.5 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 15 15 Boron (mg/L as B) Barium (mg/L as Ba) 1 Silver (mg/L as Ag) 0.05 Arsenic (mg/L as As) 0.05 0.2 0.2 Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 0.001 Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.1 0.1 Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 0.01 0.01 Chromium (VI) (mg/L as Cr) 0.05 0.05 0.05 Selenium (mg/L as Se) 0.01 0.05 Anionic Detergents (mg/L MBAS) 0.2 1 1 PAH (mg/L) 0.2 Absent Pesticides (g/L) Insecticides (mg/L) Absent -6 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Alpha Emitters (10 c/mL) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Beta Emitters (10-6c/mL) Percent Sodium (%) Sodium Absorption Ratio Class-E 8.5 2250 2100 600 1000 2 0.001 0.01 60 26

Class-A: Class-B: Class-C: Class-D: Class-E:

Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection. Outdoor bathing. Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection. Fish culture and wild life propagation. Irrigation, industrial cooling and controlled waste disposal.

Environment & Ecology Department

Annex 2.4
Drinking Water Quality Standards (as per IS:10500) Parameter and Unit Desirable Limit

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Colour (Hazen units) Odour Taste Turbidity (NTU) pH Total Coliforms (MPN/100 mL) Pathogenic Organisms or Virus TDS (mg/L) Mineral Oil (mg/L) Free Residual Chlorine (mg/L) Cyanide (mg/L as CN) Phenol (mg/L C6H5OH) Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) Total Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) Chloride (mg/L as Cl) Sulphate (mg/L as SO4) Nitrate (mg/L as NO3) Fluoride (mg/L as F) Calcium (mg/L as Ca) Magnesium (mg/L as Mg) Copper (mg/L as Cu) Iron (mg/L as Fe) Manganese (mg/L as Mn) Zinc (mg/L as Zn) Boron (mg/L as B) Aluminium (mg/L as AL) Arsenic (mg/L as As) Mercury (mg/L as Hg) Lead (mg/L as Pb) Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) Chromium (VI) (mg/L as Cr) Selenium (mg/L as Se) Anionic Detergents (mg/L MBAS) PAH (mg/L) Pesticides (g/L) -6 Alpha Emitters (10 c/mL) -6 Beta Emitters (10 c/mL)

5 Unobjectionable Agreeable 5 5-8.5 nil nil 500 0.01 0.2 0.05 0.001 300 200 250 200 45 1 75 30 0.05 0.3 0.1 5 1 0.03 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.2 nil Absent nil nil

Permissible Limit in Absence of Alternate Source 25 10 No relaxation 2000 0.03 No relaxation 0.002 600 600 1000 400 100 1.5 200 100 1.5 1 0.3 15 5 0.2 No relaxation No relaxation No relaxation No relaxation No relaxation No relaxation 1 0.001 0.0001 0.001

Environment & Ecology Department

Annex 2.4
General Standards for Discharge of Effluents [as per Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986] Inland Public Land for Surface Sewers Irrigation Water o 1. Temperature ( C) # 2. Colour and Odour $ $ 3. pH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 o 4. BOD (3 days at 27 C) (mg/L) 30 350 100 5. COD (mg/L) 250 6. Bio-assey (% 96-hrs Survival) @ @ @ 7. TSS (mg/L) 100 600 200 8. SS Particlesize(pass IS Sieve) 850 9. Oil and Grease (mg/L) 10 20 10 10. Total Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 1 11. Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L as N) 10 12. Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/L N) 50 50 13. Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L as N) 100 14. Free Ammonia (mg/L as N) 5 15. Cyanide (mg/L as CN) 0.2 2 0.2 16. Phenol (mg/L C6H5OH) 1 5 17. Fluoride (mg/L as F) 2 15 18. Sulphide (mg/L as S) 2 19. Dissolved Phosphate (mg/L P) 5 20. Copper (mg/L as Cu) 3 3 21. Iron (mg/L as Fe) 3 3 22. Manganese (mg/L as Mn) 2 2 23. Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 5 15 24. Nickel (mg/L as Ni) 3 3 25. Vanadium (mg/L as V) 0.2 0.2 26. Arsenic (mg/L as As) 0.2 0.2 0.2 27. Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 0.01 0.01 28. Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.1 1 29. Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 2 1 30. Chromium (VI) (mg/L as Cr) 0.1 2 31. Chromium (Total) (mg/L as Cr) 2 2 32. Selenium (mg/L as Se) 0.05 0.05 -6 33. 0.1 0.1 0.01 Alpha Emitters (10 c/mL) 1 34. 1 0.1 Beta Emitters (10-6c/mL) o # Shall not exceed 5 C above the receiving water temperature. $ All efforts should be made to remove colour and unpleasant odour as far as practicable. @ 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent. * For cooling water effluent 10% above TSS of influent. & (a) Floatable solids 3 mm, (b) Settleable solids 850 micron. Sl. No. Parameter and Unit Marine Coastal Water # $ 5.5-9.0 100 250 @ 100* & 20 1 20 50 100 5 0.2 5 15 5 3 3 2 15 5 0.2 0.2 0.01 1 2 1 2 0.05 0.1 1

Environment & Ecology Department

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