Ziaur Rahman

Ziaur Rahman

President of Bangladesh In office 21 April 1977 30 May 1981 Mashiur Rahman (Acting) Prime Minister Shah Azizur Rahman Preceded by Abu Sa at M!hamma Say"m Succeeded by Ab us Sattar Personal details 19 #anuary 193$ %agbari& %"ngal 'r"si "ncy& %ritish Born (n ia (n!) %!gra& %angla "sh) 30 May 1981 (ag" *+) Died ,hittag!ng& %angla "sh Political party %angla "sh -ati!nalist 'arty Spouse(s) .hal" a /ia 01 #1 Sci"nc" ,!ll"g" Alma mater 'a2istan Military Aca "my ,!mman an Sta33 ,!ll"g"

Profession Religion

Military 433ic"r& '!litician (slam Military ser ice 'a2istan Allegiance %angla "sh 'a2istan Army Ser ice!branch %angla "sh Army 19+31971 ('a2istan)& "ears of ser ice 19711977 (%angla "sh) Ran# 5i"ut"nant 6"n"ral Ziaur Rahman& %ir 7ttam& (%"ngali8 Ji-yaur Rhman) (19 #anuary 193$ 30 May 1981)& a car""r military !33ic"r 9" 3!rm" an )as c!mman "r !3 th" ,"ntral S"ct!r& %0: S"ct!r 11& uring th" nati!ns )ar !3 in "p"n "nc" in 19711 5at"r turn" p!litician& h" 3!rm" !n" !3 th" larg"st p!litical parti"s& th" %-'& an b"cam" th" s";"nth 'r"si "nt !3 %angla "sh in 19771 0uring th" in "p"n "nc" )ar in 1971& h" )as 3irst s"ct!r c!mman "r !3 %0: S"ct!r 1& b"3!r" b"ing p!st" t! <"l hala1 5at"r in August& h" !rganis" a s"parat" unit& / :!rc"& a3t"r his 3irst initial& an c!mman " it al!ng )ith S"ct!r 11 until 4ct!b"r 10& 19711 A highly "c!rat" an acc!mplish" military !33ic"r& h" )as a)ar " %ir 7tt!m& th" high"st gallantry a)ar 3!r a li;ing !33ic"r 3!r his )artim" s"r;ic"s& an r"tir" 3r!m th" %angla "sh Army as a 5i"ut"nant 6"n"ral1=1> 9" lat"r b"cam" th" s";"nth 'r"si "nt !3 %angla "sh 3r!m 1977 until 19811 0uring his a ministrati!n& h" 3!un " th" %angla "sh -ati!nalist 'arty (%-')& !n" !3 th" t)! larg"st p!litical parti"s in th" c!untry1 9" is p!pularly 2n!)n as Shah"" 'r"si "nt /ia& m"aning ?martyr" /ia&? in r"3"r"nc" t! his 1981 assassinati!n1 9" p"rs!nally in3!rm" Mu@ibur Rahman ab!ut th" pr!bl"ms in military ran2s& m!ral" an all"gianc"&1=2>

$arly life
/iaur Rahman& p!pularly 2n!)n as /ia& )as th" s"c!n s!n !3 Mansur Rahman an #ahanara .hatun1 9is 3ath"r )as a ch"mist )h! sp"cialis" in pap"r an in2 ch"mistry an )!r2" 3!r a g!;"rnm"nt "partm"nt at Arit"rBs %uil ing in .!l2ata1 As a chil /iaur Rahman& nic2nam" .!m!l& )as r"s"r;" & shy& Cui"tly sp!2"n& an int"ns" in many r"sp"cts1 9" )as rais" in a ;illag" nam" 6abt!li& in %!gra& %ritish (n ia1 (n 19*$& Mansur Rahman& 3!r a sh!rt stint& "nr!ll" /ia in !n" !3 th" l"a ing b!ys sch!!ls !3 ,alcuttaD9ar" Sch!!lD)h"r" /ia stu i" until th" iss!luti!n !3 th" %ritish Empir" in S!uth Asia an cr"ati!n !3 (n ia in 19*71 4n 1* August 19*7& Mansur Rahman& b"cam" a citiz"n !3 'a2istan& li2" many Muslims )!r2ing 3!r th" 3!rm"r %ritish g!;"rnm"nt in (n ia& "F"rcis" his !pti!n t! b"c!m" a citiz"n !3 a muslim ma@!rity 'a2istan an m!;" t! .arachi&=3> th" 3irst capital !3 'a2istan l!cat" in Sin h& A"st 'a2istan1 /ia& at th" ag" !3 11& ha b"c!m" a stu "nt in class $(siF) at th" Aca "my Sch!!l in .arachi in 19*71 /ia sp"nt his a !l"sc"nt y"ars in .arachi an by ag" 1+ c!mpl"t" his s"c!n ary " ucati!n 3r!m that Sch!!l in 19+11

(n 19+1& /ia )as a mitt" int! th" 01#1 ,!ll"g" in .arachi1 A3t"r alm!st t)! y"ars !3 stu i"s th"r"& in 19+3& at th" ag" !3 17 an a hal3& h" @!in" th" 'a2istan Military Aca "my at .a2ul as an !33ic"r ca "t1 /iaBs charact"r an styl" as !n" !3 th" m!st "33"cti;" l"a "rs in th" c!l!nis" )!rl )as larg"ly shap" by th" issu"s& attitu "s& an ";"nts uring his y"ars at th" Aca "my Sch!!l1

$%cel in Pa#istani Military

6ra uating 3r!m th" 'a2istan Military Aca "my at 12th 'MA l!ng c!urs" =*> in 18 S"pt"mb"r 19++ in th" t!p 10G=+> !3 his class& /iaur Rahman )as c!mmissi!n" as a s"c!n li"ut"nant in th" 'a2istan Army1(n th" army& h" r"c"i;" c!mman ! training& b"cam" a paratr!!p"r an r"c"i;" training in a sp"cial int"llig"nc" c!urs"1 =$> /ia )"nt t! East 'a2istan !n a sh!rt ;isit an )as amaz" by th" n"gati;" attitu " !3 th" %"ngali mi l" class t!)ar s th" military& )hich c!nsum" a larg" chun2 !3 th" c!untryBs r"s!urc"s1 <h" l!) r"pr"s"ntati!n !3 th" %"ngalis in th" military )as larg"ly u" t! iscriminati!n&=7> but /iaur Rahman 3"lt that th" %"ngali attitu " t!)ar s th" military p"rhaps pr";"nt" pr!mising y!ung %"ngali 3r!m s""2ing military car""rs1 As a %"ngali army !33ic"r h" b"cam" a staunch a ;!cat" !3 military car""rs 3!r %"ngali y!uth1 /ia argu" that %"ngali attitu "s )!ul chang" )h"n th"y )"r" in a p!siti!n t! shar" th" r"s!urc"s an p!)"r !3 th" military )hich )as tra iti!nally "n@!y" by A"st 'a2istanis& particularly th!s" 3r!m th" 'un@ab an -!rth)"st :r!nti"r pr!;inc"s1 A3t"r s"r;ing 3!r t)! y"ars in .arachi& h" )as trans3"rr" t! th" East %"ngal R"gim"nt in 19+71 9" att"n " A"st 6"rmany an 7. military training sch!!ls1 9" als! )!r2" in th" military int"llig"nc" "partm"nt 3r!m 19+9 t! 19$*1

Marriage to &haleda Ma'umder

(n August 19$0& his marriag" )as arrang" t! .hal" a Ma@um "r& th" 1+Hy"arH!l aught"r !3 (s2an ar Ma@um "r an <aiyaba Ma@um "r 3r!m th" 0ina@pur 0istrict& in a simpl" c"r"m!ny1 /iaur Rahman& a ,aptain in th" th"n 'a2istani Army )h! )as p!st" at that tim" as an 433ic"r !3 th" 0"3"nc" :!rc"s1 9is 3ath"r& Mansur Rahman c!ul n!t att"n th" marriag" c"r"m!ny&=9> as h" )as in .arachi1 /iaBs m!th"r ha i" "arli"r1 <h" )" ing r"c"pti!n t!!2 plac" a3t"r !n" y"ar in th" th"n 9!t"l Shahbag& )hich lat"r b"cam" th" '6 9!spital (n!) %SMM7)1

Role model for aspiring Bengali army officers

Ayub .hanBs highly succ"ss3ul military rul" 3r!m 19+8 t! 19$8 3urth"r c!n;inc" /ia !3 th" n"" 3!r a 3un am"ntal chang" in th" %"ngali attitu " t!)ar s th" military1 0uring

that p"ri! /ia !33"r" a r!l" m! "l 3!r %"ngali y!uth& "Fc"lling in his army car""r1 0uring th" (n !H'a2istani Aar !3 19$+& /iaur Rahman ma " his mar2 as a ;aliant 3ight"r )hilst s"r;ing in th" .h"m2aran s"ct!r in 'un@ab as th" c!mman "r !3 a c!mpany unit !3 300+00 s!l i"rs1 <h" s"ct!r )as th" sc"n" !3 th" m!st int"ns" battl"s b"t)""n th" ri;al armi"s1 /iaBs unit )!n !n" !3 th" high"st numb"rs !3 gallantry a)ar s 3!r h"r!ic p"r3!rmanc"s1 /iaur Rahman hims"l3 )!n th" istinguish" an pr"stigi!us 9ilalH"H #urat=10> (,r"sc"nt !3 ,!urag") m" al& 'a2istanIs s"c!n high"st military a)ar & an his unit )!n 2 SitaraH"H#urat (Star !3 ,!urag") m" als& th" thir high"st military a)ar & an 9 <amghaH"H#urat (M" al !3 ,!urag") m" als& 3!urth high"st a)ar & 3r!m th" Army 3!r th"ir bra;" r!l"s in th" 19$+ Aar )ith (n ia1 (n 19$$& /ia )as app!int" military instruct!r at th" 'a2istan Military Aca "my& lat"r g!ing !n t! att"n th" pr"stigi!us ,!mman an Sta33 ,!ll"g" in Ju"tta& 'a2istan& )h"r" h" c!mpl"t" a c!urs" in c!mman an tactical )ar3ar"1 A ;!cating that th" 'a2istan Army ma2" gr"at"r "33!rts t! r"cruit an "nc!urag" %"ngali military !33ic"rs& /ia h"lp" rais" t)! %"ngali battali!ns call" th" 8th an 9th %"ngals=11> uring his stint as instruct!r1 Ar!un th" sam" tim"& his )i3" .hal" a /ia& n!) 23& ga;" birth t! th"ir 3irst chil <ariCu" Rahman (m!r" p!pularly 2n!)n as <ar"C /ia& in r"minisc"nt !3 his 3ath"rBs main nam") !n 20 -!;"mb"r 19$71 K"ry s!!n /iaur Rahman& th" 3ath"r& )!ul ha;" t! c!mbin" his n")3!un pat"rnal instinct )ith his military "Fp"rtis" 3!r a l!ngsu33"ring "pri;" nati!n hungry 3!r @ustic"1 <rain" 3!r highHran2ing c!mman p!sts& /ia @!in" th" 2n East %"ngal r"gim"nt as its s"c!n HinHc!mman at #!y "bpur in 6azipur istrict& n"ar 0ha2a& in 19$91 Alth!ugh s"ctarian t"nsi!ns b"t)""n East an A"st 'a2istan )"r" int"nsi3ying& /ia tra;"ll" t! A"st 6"rmany t! r"c"i;" a ;anc" military an c!mman training )ith th" 6"rman Army=12> an lat"r !n sp"nt 3") m!nths )ith th" %ritish Army1=13>

Pre()iberation
/ia r"turn" t! 'a2istan th" 3!ll!)ing y"ar& an )itn"ss" p!litical turm!il an r"gi!nal i;isi!n1 7p!n his r"turn& /ia attain" th" ran2 !3 Ma@!r an )as trans3"rr" in 4ct!b"r 1970 t! th" 8th East %"ngal r"gim"nt stati!n" in ,hittag!ng t! s"r;" as its s"c!n HinH c!mman 1=1*> East 'a2istan ha b""n ";astat" by th" 1970 %h!la cycl!n"& an th" p!pulati!n ha b""n "mbitt"r" by th" sl!) r"sp!ns" !3 th" c"ntral g!;"rnm"nt1 <h" p!litical c!n3lict b"t)""n 'a2istanBs t)! ma@!r parti"s& Sh"i2h Mu@ibur RahmanBs A)ami 5"agu"& an /ul3iCar Ali %hutt!Bs '''1 <h" 1970 'a2istan 'arliam"ntary "l"cti!ns )hich Maulana %hasani a ;is" Mu@ib n!t t! call !r participat" in& th" 'a2istan A)ami 5"agu" ha )!n a ma@!rity1 'a2istan 'r"si "nt Lahya .han an ''' chair /ul3i2ar Ali %hutt! ha br!ught s"ctarian t"nsi!ns t! a climaF1 Sh"i2h Mu@ib lai claim t! 3!rm a g!;"rnm"nt& but Lahya .han p!stp!n" th" c!n;"ning !3 th" l"gislatur" un "r pr"ssur" 3r!m %hutt!Bs party1

)iberation *ar of +,-+

:!ll!)ing th" 3ailur" !3 lastH itch tal2s& Lahya .han "clar" martial la) an !r "r" th" army t! crac2 !)n !n %"ngali p!litical acti;iti"s an arr"st" Sh"i2h Mu@ib b"3!r" mi Hnight 2$ March 1971& an ta2"n t! <"@ga!n (nt"rnati!nal Airp!rt an 3l!)n t! A"st 'a2istan1 /ia )h! alr"a y by th"n g"ar" t! r";!lt against th" g!;"rnm"nt !3 'a2istan& )as pr"paring t! "3"ct& an lat"r arr"st" an "F"cut" his c!mman ing !33ic"r 5t1 ,!l1 #an@ua&=1+> r";!lt" =1$> an br!a cast th" ann!unc"m"nt !3 th" 0"clarati!n !3 (n "p"n "nc" !n th" ";"ning h!urs !3 27 March 1971=17>=18> 3r!m th" captur" .alurghat=1$> ra i! stati!n in ,hittag!ng )hich r"a 8

Ma@!r /iaur Rahman in May 1971& minut"s b"3!r" an un "rc!;"r !p"rati!n1 This is Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra. I, Major Ziaur Rahman, here y de!lare that Inde"enden!e o# the $eo"le%s Re"u li! o# Bangladesh, in the name o# our great leader Shei&h Muji ur Rahman. I !all u"on all Bengalees to rise against the atta!& y the 'est $a&istani (rmy. 'e shall #ight to the last to #ree our motherland. )i!tory is, y the *ra!e o# (llah.=19> /ia !rganis" an in3antry unit gath"ring all %"ngali s!l i"rs 3r!m military an E'R units in ,hittag!ng1 9" "signat" it S"ct!r -!1 1 )ith its 9J in Sabr!!m1 A 3") )""2s lat"r& it )as r"structur" !33icially un "r %angla "sh :!rc"s as th" s"ct!r in th" ,hittag!ng an 9ill <racts ar"a& un "r 6"n"ral M1 A1 61 4smani& th" Supr"m" ,!mman "r !3 %angla "sh :!rc"s& !3 th" 'r!;isi!nal 6!;"rnm"nt !3 %angla "sh 9JB at 8 <h"atr" R!a & ,alcutta& A%& (n ia1 4n 30 #un" 1971 /ia )as app!int" th" c!mman "r !3 th" 3irst c!n;"nti!nal briga " !3 th" %angla "sh :!rc"s& )hich )as nam" ?/ :!rc"?& a3t"r th" 3irst initial !3 his nam"& 3!ll!)" by .H3!rc"s in August an SH3!rc" in S"pt"mb"r& nam" a3t"r Ma@!r .hal" Musharra3 an Ma@!r Sha3iullah r"sp"cti;"ly1 9is briga " c!nsist" !3 1st& 3r an 8th East %"ngali r"gim"nts& =20> "nabling /ia t! launch ma@!r attac2s !n 'a2istani 3!rc"s1 9a;ing "arn" a r"putati!n 3!r c!urag"!us l"a "rship uring th" c!urs" !3 th" )ar an r"a ing th" "clarati!n !3 in "p"n "nc" !3 %angla "sh in a critical tim"& /ia )as a)ar " th" %ir 7tt!m& th" s"c!n Hhigh"st military h!n!ur (an th" high"st 3!r li;ing !33ic"rs) by th" 6!;"rnm"nt !3 %angla "sh1

Assassination of Mu'ib in +,-. and its aftermath

4n 1+ August 197+ Sh"i2h Mu@ibur Rahman an his 3amily )"r" 2ill" in a 3ir"3ight )ith a gr!up !3 military !33ic"rs& )h! )"nt t! arr"st Mu@ib& 3" up )ith th" i;isi!n an is"nchantm"nt )ith A)ami 5"agu"Bs unch"c2" an 3ascist rul"s& that r"sult" in rampant l!!ting& rap"& ill"gal lan grabbing& ci;il is!r "r& la) an !r "r "t"ri!rati!n1 4n" !3 Sh"i2h Mu@ibur RahmanBs cabin"t minist"rs an l"a ing c!nspirat!rs .h!n a2"r M!staC Ahma gain" th" pr"si "ncy1 9" subs"Cu"ntly app!int" th" th"n "puty chi"3 !3 army sta33 Ma@!r 6"n"ral /iaur Rahman as th" army chi"3 a3t"r r"m!;al !3 Ma@!r 6"n"ral . M Sha3iullah1 9!)";"r& th" c!up !3 1+ August caus" a p"ri! !3 instability an unr"st in %angla "sh an m!r" s! acr!ss th" ran2s an 3il"s !3 th" army1 %riga i"r .hal" M!sharra3 an th" 0ha2a %riga " un "r ,!l!n"l Sha3at #amil ma " a c!unt"rH c!up !n 3 -!;"mb"r 197+& an /iaur Rahman )as 3!rc" t! r"sign an )as put un "r h!us" arr"st1 A mutiny )as stag" by th" #S0 un "r r"tir" 5i"ut"nant ,!l!n"l Abu <ah"r an a gr!up !3 s!cialist military !33ic"rs an supp!rt"rs !3 th" l"3tH)ing -ati!nal S!cialist 'arty !n 7 -!;"mb"r& call" th" ?-ati!nal R";!luti!n an S!li arity 0ay? (Si"oy-Janata Bi"lo ) (S!l i"rs an '"!pl"Bs ,!up)1=21> .hal" M!sharra3 )as 2ill" an ,!l!n"l #amil arr"st" & )hil" 5t1 /iaur Rahman )as 3r"" by th" 2n Artill"ry r"gim"nt un "r 5t1 ,!l1 Rashi an r"Happ!int" him as army chi"31 :!ll!)ing a ma@!r m""ting at th" army h"a Cuart"rs& an int"rim g!;"rnm"nt )as 3!rm" )ith #ustic" Abu Sa at M!hamma Say"m as chi"3 martial la) a ministrat!r an /ia& Air Kic" Marshal M1 61 <a)ab an R"ar A miral M1 91 .han as his "puti"s1=22> 9!)";"r& isciplin" in th" army ha t!tally c!llaps" an it )as i33icult t! isarm th" s!l i"rs an put th"m bac2 t! th" barrac2s1 :"aring that Abu <ah"r& )h! ha actually plann" t! grab p!)"r thr!ugh an!th"r !rganis" r";!lt& /ia !r "r" his arr"st1 :!ll!)ing a s"cr"t trial in a military c!urt& /ia auth!ris" th" "F"cuti!n !3 <ah"r !n 21 #uly 197$1 /ia b"cam" th" chi"3 martial la) a ministrat!r 3!ll!)ing #ustic" Say"mBs "l";ati!n t! th" pr"si "ncy !n 19 -!;"mb"r 197$1 9" tri" t! int"grat" th" arm" 3!rc"s& gi;ing r"patriat"s a status appr!priat" t! th"ir Cuali3icati!ns an s"ni!rity1 Ahil" this ang"r" s!m" ;"t"rans !3 th" in "p"n "nc" )ar& )h! ha rapi ly r"ach" high p!siti!ns 3!ll!)ing lib"rati!n in 1971& /ia "3us" p!t"ntial thr"ats 3r!m isc!nt"nt" !33ic"rs by s"n ing th"m !n ipl!matic missi!ns abr!a =!itation needed>1

President of Bangladesh
Ma@!r 6"n"ral /iaur Rahman b"cam" th" 7th 'r"si "nt !3 %angla "sh !n 21 April 1977 3!ll!)ing #ustic" Say"mBs r"signati!n !n gr!un s !3 ?ill h"alth?& )hich many b"li";" )as simply a pr"t"Ft 3!r /iaBs ris" t! p!)"r )ith armyBs bac2ing1 Alth!ugh Say"m ha h"l th" titl" !3 pr"si "nt& hist!rians b"li";" it )as /ia )h! "F"rcis" r"al p!)"r 3r!m his !33ic"1 Say"m ha pr!mis" "arly "l"cti!ns& but /ia p!stp!n" th" plans1 <h" y"ars !3 is!r "r ha l"3t m!st !3 %angla "shBs stat" instituti!ns in isarray& )ith c!nstant thr"ats !3 military c!ups ami st stri2"s an pr!t"sts1 Assuming 3ull c!ntr!l !3 th" stat"& /ia bann" p!litical parti"s& c"ns!r" th" m" ia& r"Himp!s" martial la) an !r "r" th" army t! arr"st issi "nts1 Martial la) r"st!r" !r "r acr!ss th" c!untry t! a larg" m"asur" an as /ia crush" s";"ral att"mpt" uprisings )ith ruthl"ss m"asur"s1=!itation needed>

(n lat" S"pt"mb"r 1977& a gr!up !3 #apan"s" R" Army t"rr!rists hi@ac2" an airplan" an 3!rc" it t! lan in 0ha2a1 4n 30 S"pt"mb"r& )hil" th" att"nti!n !3 th" g!;"rnm"nt )as ri;"t" !n this ";"nt& a mutiny br!2" !ut in %!gra1 Alth!ugh th" mutiny )as Cuic2ly Cu"ll" !n th" night !3 2 4ct!b"r& a s"c!n mutiny !ccurr" in 0ha2a by %A:1 <h" mutin""rs unsucc"ss3ully attac2" /iaBs r"si "nc"& captur" 0ha2a Ra i! 3!r a sh!rt tim" an 2ill" a g!! numb"r !3 air 3!rc" !33ic"rs an airm"n at <"@ga!n (nt"rnati!nal Airp!rt& )h"r" th"y )"r" gath"r" 3!r n"g!tiati!ns )ith th" hi@ac2"rs1 Aing ,!mman "r M1 9ami ullah .han %'(S"ct!r ,!mman "r %0: S"ct!r 11)& th"n %A:6r!un 0"3"ns" ,!mman "r& Cuic2ly put !)n th" r"b"lli!n )ithin th" Air :!rc"& but th" g!;"rnm"nt )as s";"r"ly sha2"n1 AKM A6 Mahmu r"app!int" Aing ,!mman "r 9ami ullah as 'r!;!st Marshal !3 %angla "sh Air :!rc"1 6!;"rnm"nt int"llig"nc" ha 3ail" an /ia pr!mptly ismiss" th" 06:( chi"3& AKM Aminul (slam .han %A:& 3!rm"rly !3 960 'A:& an als! th" 06H-S(1 Sp"cial tribunals "alt harshly )ith th" larg" gr!ups !3 ban its& smuggl"rs an gu"rrilla ban s !p"rating acr!ss th" c!untry1 =!itation needed> <h" siz" !3 %angla "shi p!lic" 3!rc"s )as !ubl" an th" str"ngth !3 th" army incr"as" 3r!m +0&000 t! 90&000 s!l i"rs1=23> Ah"n /iaur Rahman assum" th" pr"si "ncy& h" r";i;" th" multiparty syst"m an r"st!r" 3r"" !m !3 th" pr"ss1 (n 1978 h" app!int" 9ussain Muhamma Ersha as th" n") ,hi"3 !3 Army Sta33& pr!m!ting him t! th" ran2 !3 5i"ut"nant 6"n"ral1 Ki")" as a pr!3"ssi!nal s!l i"r )ith n! p!litical aspirati!ns (b"caus" !3 his impris!nm"nt in 3!rm"r A"st 'a2istan uring th" %angla "sh Aar !3 (n "p"n "nc") )h! p!ss"ss" a s!3t c!rn"r 3!r (n ia1 Jui"tly Ersha r!s" t! b"cam" /iaBs cl!s" p!litic!Hmilitary c!uns"l!r1=2*>

Domestic and foreign policies

/ia ha ta2"n a 3!r)ar h"a start charg" !3 a nati!n su33"ring 3r!m illit"racy& s";"r" p!;"rty& chr!nic un"mpl!ym"nt& sh!rtag"s an "c!n!mic stagnati!n1 Mu@ib initiat" stat" c!mmitm"nt t! s!cialism& 3!ll!)ing (n iraBs a ;ic" un "r th" S!;i"t bl!c )as 3!r"g!n" )ith1 /ia ann!unc" a ?19Hp!int pr!gramm"? !3 "c!n!mic "mancipati!n )hich "mphasis" s"l3Hr"lianc"& rural ";"l!pm"nt& "c"ntralisati!n an p!pulati!n c!ntr!l1 /ia )!r2" "n"rg"tically an sp"nt much !3 his tim" tra;"ling thr!ugh!ut th" c!untry& pr"aching th" ?p!litics !3 h!p"? by c!ntinually urging all %angla "shis t! )!r2 har "r an t! pr! uc" m!r"1=2+> /ia 3!cus" !n b!!sting agricultural an in ustrial pr! ucti!n& "sp"cially in 3!! an grains& an t! int"grat" rural ";"l!pm"nt thr!ugh a ;ari"ty !3 pr!grams& !3 )hich p!pulati!n planning )as th" m!st imp!rtant1 A!r2ing )ith th" pr!p!sals !3 int"rnati!nal l"n ing ag"nci"s& h" launch" an ambiti!us rural ";"l!pm"nt pr!gram in 1977& )hich inclu " a highly ;isibl" an p!pular 3!! H3!rH)!r2 pr!gram1 =2+> 9" pr!m!t" pri;at" s"ct!r ";"l!pm"nt& "Fp!rts gr!)th an th" r";"rsing !3 th" c!ll"cti;isati!n !3 3arms1 9is g!;"rnm"nt r" uc" Cu!tas an r"stricti!ns !n agricultur" an in ustrial acti;iti"s1=!itation needed> /ia launch" ma@!r pr!@"cts t! c!nstruct irrigati!n canals& p!)"r stati!ns& ams& r!a s an !th"r public )!r2s1 0ir"cting his campaign t! m!bilis" rural supp!rt an ";"l!pm"nt& /ia "stablish" *ram Sar&ar ()illage +oun!ils) syst"m !3 s"l3Hg!;"rnm"nt an th" ?Killag" 0"3"nc" 'arty? syst"m !3 s"curity an crim" pr";"nti!n1 'r!gramm"s t! pr!m!t" primary an a ult " ucati!n !n a mass scal" )"r"

initiat" an 3!cus" mainly acr!ss rural %angla "sh1 0uring this p"ri! & %angla "shBs "c!n!my achi";" 3ast "c!n!mic an in ustrial gr!)th1=2$> /ia b"gan r"!ri"nting %angla "shBs 3!r"ign p!licy& a r"ssing th" c!nc"rns !3 th" m!stly staunch rightists c!upl" )ith s!m" r"n"ga " l"3tist )h! b"li";" that %angla "sh )as r"liant !n (n ian "c!n!mic an military ai 1 /ia )ith r") 3r!m his pr" "c"ss!rsB a33inity )ith th" S!;i"t bl!c& ";"l!ping cl!s"r r"lati!ns )ith th" 7nit" Stat"s an A"st"rn Eur!p"1 /ia als! m!;" t! harm!nis" ti"s )ith Sau i Arabia an th" '"!pl"Bs R"public !3 ,hina& )h! ha !pp!s" %angla "shBs cr"ati!n an ha n!t r"c!gnis" it until 197+1 /ia als! r!pp" th" "man s !3 r"parati!ns an an !33icial ap!l!gy "man " by Sh"i2h Mu@ib an m!;" t! n!rmalis" r"lati!ns )ith 'a2istan1 Ahil" istancing %angla "sh 3r!m (n ia& /ia s!ught t! impr!;" ti"s )ith !th"r (slamic nati!ns1 /iaBs m!;" t!)ar s (slamic stat" p!lici"s impr!;" th" nati!nBs stan ing in th" Mi l" East1 =27> /ia als! pr!p!s" an !rganisati!n !3 th" nati!ns !3 S!uth Asia t! b!lst"r "c!n!mic an p!litical c!H!p"rati!n at a r"gi!nal l";"l1=28> <his pr!p!sal mat"rializ" in 198+ un "r th" 'r"si "ncy !3 9ussain Muhamma Ersha )ith th" cr"ati!n !3 th" S!uth Asia Ass!ciati!n 3!r R"gi!nal ,!!p"rati!n in 0ha2a1 9is ;isi!n has "arn" him a p!sthum!us a)ar 3r!m th" !rganizati!n1=29>=30>

Islam and nationalism

/ia m!;" t! l"a th" nati!n in a n") ir"cti!n& signi3icantly i33"r"nt 3r!m th" i "!l!gy an ag"n a !3 Sh"i2h Mu@ib1=2+> 9" isc!;"r" %angla "sh li2" n";"r b"3!r"1 9" 3!un that th" massi;" s"cti!n !3 th" p!pulati!n )as su33"ring 3r!m an i "ntity crisis& b!th r"ligi!us an as a p"!pl"& )ith a ;"ry limit" s"ns" !3 s!;"r"ignty1 9" issu" a pr!clamati!n !r "r am"n ing th" c!nstituti!n& un "r )h!s" basis la)s )!ul b" s"t in an "33!rt t! incr"as" th" s"l3 2n!)l" g" !3 r"ligi!n an nati!n1 (n th" pr"ambl"& h" ins"rt" th" salutati!n ,Bismillahir-Rahmaanir-Rahim, (?(n th" nam" !3 Allah& th" %"n"3ic"nt& th" M"rci3ul?)1 (n Articl" 8(1) an 8(1A) th" stat"m"nt ?abs!lut" trust an 3aith in Almighty Allah?B )as a " & r"placing th" s!cialist r"ligi!us 3r"" c!mmitm"nt t! s"cularism1 S!cialism )as r" "3in" as ?"c!n!mic an s!cial @ustic"?1 =31> (n Articl" 2+(2)& /ia intr! uc" th" principl" that B?th" stat" shall "n "a;!ur t! c!ns!li at"& pr"s"r;" an str"ngth"n 3rat"rnal r"lati!ns am!ng Muslim c!untri"s bas" !n (slamic s!li arity1?1 =32> /iaBs " its t! th" c!nstituti!n r" "3in" th" natur" !3 th" r"public 3r!m th" s"cularism lai !ut by Sh"i2h Mu@ib an his supp!rt"rs1=31> 5at"r Ersha intr! uc" (slamic r"ligi!us " ucati!n as a c!mpuls!ry sub@"ct in %angla "shi sch!!ls& )ith pr!;isi!ns 3!r n!nH Muslim stu "nts t! l"arn !3 th"ir !)n r"ligi!ns1=!itation needed> (n public sp""ch"s an p!lici"s that h" 3!rmulat" & /ia b"gan "Fp!un ing ?%angla "sh -ati!nalism?& its ?S!;"r"ignty?& as !pp!s" t! Mu@ibBs ass"rti!n !3 a %"ngali i "ntity bas" un "r A)ami 5"agu" s!cial p!lici"s an m"mb"rship1 /ia "mphasis" th" nati!nal r!l" !3 (slam as gui " t! li3"Bs principl"1 ,laiming t! pr!m!t" an inclusi;" nati!nal i "ntity& /ia r"ach" !ut t! n!nH%"ngali min!riti"s such as th" Santals& 6ar!s& Manipuris an ,ha2mas& as )"ll as th" 7r uHsp"a2ing p"!pl"s !3 %ihari !rigin1 9" ";"n am"n " th" c!nstituti!n t! chang" th" nati!nality !3 th" citiz"ns 3r!m %"ngali& an "thnic i "ntity& t! %angla "shi& a nati!nal i "ntity& un "r s!;"r"ign all"gianc" n!t p!litical b"li"3 !r party

a33iliati!n1=!itation needed> (n an "33!rt t! pr!m!t" cultural assimilati!n an "c!n!mic ";"l!pm"nt& /ia app!int" a ,hittag!ng 9ill <racts 0";"l!pm"nt ,!mmissi!n in 197$& but an initiat" h!l ing a p!litical ial!gu" )ith th" r"pr"s"ntati;"s !3 th" hill trib"s !n th" issu" !3 aut!n!my an cultural s"l3Hpr"s"r;ati!n1 =!itation needed> 4n 2 #uly 1977 /iaur Rahman !rganis" a tribal c!n;"nti!n t! pr!m!t" a ial!gu" b"t)""n th" g!;"rnm"nt an tribal gr!ups=!itation needed>1 A3t"r th" 3!rmati!n !3 %angla "sh -ati!nalist 'arty& /ia t!!2 initiati;" 3!r 3!rmati!n !3 p!litical institut"s an sp!ns!r" )!r2sh!ps 3!r th" y!uth t! g"t acti;" p!litical l"ss!ns !n %angla "shi nati!nalism1 (n such a )!r2sh!p in S"pt"mb"r 1980& /ia sp!2" t! th" l"arn"rs&=33>

Indemnity
As %angla "shBs rul"r& /ia "nact" s";"ral c!ntr!;"rsial m"asur"s& s!m" t! isciplin" th" army& s!m" t! s!li i3y his p!)"r an s!m" t! )in th" supp!rt !3 3arHright gr!ups inclu ing (slamic p!litical parti"s1 9!)";"r& h" t!!2 n! acti!n against A)ami 5"agu" l"a "rs )h! )"r" in3am!us 3!r c!rrupti!n "Fc"pt EF1'r"si "nt .h!n a2"r M!staC Ahma & )h!m" h" s"nt @ail 3!r th"3t charg"s1 Ah"n h" r"Hintr! uc" multyHparty p!litics& h" all!)" Sh"i2h 9asina& th" "Fil" aught"r !3 Sh"i2h Mu@ibur Rahman t! r"turn t! %angla "sh in 19811 9" als! all!)" "arli"r bann" #amaatH"H(slami& l"a "rs t! ! p!litics un "r i33"r"nt party nam" as (slamic 0"m!cratic 5"agu" ( (05 )1 As /iaBs hist!ry as 3r"" !m 3ight"r this m"asur" is highly criticiz" as #amaatH"H(slami c!llab!rat" )ith th" 'a2istani army& )hich c!mmitt" )ar crim"s& an in unsucc"ss3ully pr";"nting %angla "shBs in "p"n "nc"1 6!lam Azam& th" "Fil" chi"3 !3 th" #ammatH"H (slami& )as all!)" t! c!m" bac2 an ;isit his ill m!th"r t! %angla "sh in #uly 1978 )ith a 'a2istani passp!rt !n a ;isit!rBs ;isa& an h" r"main" in %angla "sh 3!ll!)ing its "Fpiry1 -! c!urt cas" )as l! g" 3!r his trial !;"r his all"g" r!l" in c!mmitting )artim" atr!citi"s1 Als!& s!m" )arHcriminals )"r" app!int" in minist"rial p!sts1 9" als! 3acilitat" th" c!m"bac2 !3 !th"r antiHlib"rati!n p!litical "ntiti"s li2" Muslim 5"agu" an !th"r (slamic parti"s1 /ia als! r"luctantly ma " highly c!ntr!;"rsial antiHin "p"n "nc" 3igur" Shah Azizur Rahman ()h! )as "arli"r r"l"as" 3r!m @ail by Sh"i2h Mu@ibur Rahman in 1973 =3*>) prim" minist"r in th" su "n "mis" !3 m!r" p!t"ntial can i at" Mashiur Rahman #a u Mia =3+> an ga;" 3!r"ign app!intm"nts t! s";"ral m"n accus" !3 mur "ring Sh"i2h Mu@ib1 <h" (n "minity 4r inanc" pr!claim" by 'r"si "nt MustaCu" )as rati3i" in th" 'arliam"nt )h"n /iaBs party %-' ha a lan sli " ;ict!ry in th" nati!nal "l"cti!n !3 19791 <h" !r inanc" th"r"by b"cam" (n "mnity Act1=3$> 0uring th" t"nur" !3 'r"si "nt 9ussain Muhamma Ersha & th" (n "mnity Act )as inc!rp!rat" as th" +th am"n m"nt t! th" c!nstituti!n& l"galising th" military c!ups& rul" un "r martial la) an !th"r p!litical ";"nts b"t)""n 197+ t! 19791 /ia als! ga;" Sh"i2h Mu@ibBs assassins Ma@!r 0alim& Ma@!r Rashi & an Ma@!r :aru2 @!bs in th" Ministry !3 :!r"ign A33airs& an in subs"Cu"nt y"ars th"y )"r" app!int" ambassa !rs !3 %angla "sh t! A3rican an Mi l" East"rn nati!ns1 Shah Azizur Rahman )as app!int" %angla "shBs prim" minist"r& s"r;ing thr!ugh /iaBs t"nur" in th" pr"si "ncy1=!itation needed>

Assassination

0uring his t"rm !3 p!)"r& /ia )as criticiz" 3!r ruthl"ss tr"atm"nt !3 his army !pp!siti!n1=37> Alth!ugh h" "n@!y" !;"rall p!pularity an public c!n3i "nc"& /iaBs r"habilitati!n !3 s!m" !3 th" m!st c!ntr!;"rsial m"n in %angla "sh ar!us" 3i"rc" !pp!siti!n 3r!m th" supp!rt"rs !3 th" A)ami 5"agu" an ;"t"rans !3 its Mu2ti %ahini1 Ami st sp"culati!n an 3"ars !3 unr"st& /ia )"nt !n t!ur t! ,hittag!ng !n 29 May 1981 t! h"lp r"s!l;" an intraHparty p!litical isput" in th" r"gi!nal %-'1 /ia an his "nt!urag" stay" !;"rnight at th" ,hittag!ng ,ircuit 9!us"1 (n th" "arly h!urs !3 th" m!rning !3 30 May& h" )as assassinat" by a gr!up !3 army !33ic"rs1 Als! 2ill" )"r" siF !3 his b! yguar s an t)! ai "s1=38> (t is !3t"n sai that alm!st 2 milli!n =39>=*0> p"!pl" att"n " 'arliam"nt SCuar"1 th" 3un"ral h"l at th"

/riticism and legacy

/iaur Rahman is c!nsi "r" as !n" !3 th" b"st p!litical l"a "rs !3 %angla "sh sinc" in "p"n "nc"1=2+> 'r"si "nt /ia intr! uc" a multiHparty "m!cracy in %angla "sh a3t"r Sh"i2h Mu@ibur Rahman& r"s!rt" t! " 3act! !n"Hparty rul" thr!ugh %A.SA5 in 197+1 As pr"si "nt& 6"n"ral /ia l"gislat" th" (n "mnity %ill& par !ning th" subs"Cu"ntly c!n;ict" 2ill"rs !3 'r"si "nt Sh"i2h Mu@ibur Rahman =2> in August 197+1 Als! ""ply c!ntr!;"rsial is /iaBs r"habilitati!n !3 p"rs!ns an p!litical gr!ups that ha c!llab!rat" )ith th" 'a2istani army1 /ia is als! criticis" 3!r cr"ating a ?magna "m!cracy?& )hich r"main" larg"ly b"h!l "n t! his p!litical party1 %"caus" !th"r p!litical parti"s li2" A)ami 5"agu" has int"rnal t"nsi!n barring its gr"at"r participati!n in p!litics1 =*1> (n a ;"r ict pass" !n 30 August 200+ th" 0ha2a 9igh ,!urt "clar" th" s"izur"s !3 p!)"r by military c!ups b"t)""n 197+ an 1979& inclu ing /iaBs military r"gim" as ?unla)3ul an unc!nstituti!nal1? /iaBs martial la) "cr""s& his asc"n ancy t! th" pr"si "ncy in 1977 an th" r"3"r"n um h"l in 1978 )"r" "clar" ?un2n!)n t! th" c!nstituti!n1? <h" c!urt ruling !;"rrul" th" (n "mnity Act by )hich th"s" ;"ry ";"nts )"r" acc!r " a l"gal status an "nshrin" in th" c!nstituti!n1 :!rm"r 7S 'r"si "nts #immy ,art"r =*2> an R!nal R"agan prais" him 3!r his l"a "rship an 'r"si "nt R!nal R"agan sai that ?<h" 7nit" Stat"s in "" th" )!rl ha c!m" t! r"sp"ct 'r"si "nt /iaBs pr!3!un an c!mpassi!nat" c!mmitm"nt t! a b"tt"r li3" 3!r his p"!pl" an his " icati!n t! th" rul" !3 la)1 9is )is !m in int"rnati!nal a33airs )ill b" s!r"ly miss" ?1=*3> Ahil" cr" it" 3!r "n ing th" is!r "r !3 th" 3inal y"ars !3 Sh"i2h Mu@ibBs rul"& /ia is assail" by his critics 3!r suppr"ssing !pp!siti!n1 =*1> 9!)";"r& /iaBs "c!n!mic r"3!rms ar" cr" it" )ith r"buil ing th" "c!n!my an his m!;" t!)ar s (slamisati!n br!ught him th" supp!rt !3 !r inary %angla "sh p"!pl"1=*1> 9is nati!nalist ;isi!n als! app"al" t! many )h! r"s"nt" th" nati!nBs strat"gic allianc" )ith (n ia an th" S!;i"t 7ni!n1 M!;ing a)ay 3r!m Mu@ibBs s"cularism& /ia ass"rt" an (slamic p!litical i "ntity 3!r %angla "sh an !3 m"mb"rship in th" )i "r c!mmunity !3 Muslim nati!ns1=!itation needed> 9!)";"r& th"s" m"asur"s als! is!lat" an "mbitt"r" many "thnic an r"ligi!us min!riti"s in %angla "sh=!itation needed>& laying in th" !pini!n !3 many hist!rians=who-> th" 3!un ati!ns !3

3utur" c!mmunal an "thnic c!n3licts1=!itation needed> (t is g"n"rally ac2n!)l" g" that h" li;" a simpl" li3"& )hich inclu " !pting t! ha;" his 3!! suppli" 3r!m th" army cant""n1=!itation needed> /iaur Rahman is sur;i;" by his )i3" %"gum .hal" a /ia an his s!ns <ar"C Rahman an Ara3at Rahman1 %"gum .hal" a /ia b"cam" th" h"a !3 th" %-' an !rganis" a c!aliti!n !3 p!litical parti"s !pp!s" t! Ersha Bs r"gim"1 (n "l"cti!ns h"l in 1991& %"gum .hal" a /ia l" th" %-' t! ;ict!ry an b"cam" prim" minist"r1 Sh" l!st th" 199$ "l"cti!ns t! th" A)ami 5"agu"Bs Sh"i2h 9asina Aa@" & th" aught"r !3 Sh"i2h Mu@ibur Rahman& but r"turn" t! p!)"r in 20011 <ar"C Rahman s"r;"s as %-' s"ni!r @!int s"cr"tary& r"gar " by many as th" archit"ct !3 th" %-'Bs 2001 "l"cti!n ;ict!ry1 /ia has b""n th" nam"sa2" !3 many public instituti!ns& such as 3!rm"rly th" /ia (nt"rnati!nal Airp!rt in 0ha2a& )hich is th" busi"st airp!rt in th" nati!n1 /ia has als! b""n h!n!ur" by th" S!uth Asian Ass!ciati!n 3!r R"gi!nal ,!!p"rati!n 3!r his stat"smanship an ;isi!n1=**>=*+>

References
11 0ump up 1 ?%angabhaban %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman g"tting pr!m!t" t! th" ran2 !3 5i"ut"nant 6"n"ral?1 %angabhaban1g!;1b 1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 21 M #ump up t!8 a b an subs"Cu"ntly pr"s"nt" a thr"at ass"ssm"nt 31 0ump up 1 ?Encycl!p" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman 3amily m!;ing t! .arachi?1 Encycl!p" ia1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 *1 0ump up 1 9ar!!n R Si iCiIs1 ?/iaur Rahman at 'MA&.a2ul&S"pt"mb"r&19++?1 <h"3ri aytim"s1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 +1 0ump up 1 ?Encycl!p" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur RahmanBs c!mmissi!ning r"ults?1 Encycl!p" ia1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 $1 0ump up 1 ?%angabhaban %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur RahmanBs c!mman ! an paratr!!p"r c!urs"?1 %angabhaban1g!;1b 1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 71 0ump up 1 ?Encycl!p" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing iscriminati!n !n %"ngaliBs?1 Encycl!p" ia1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 81 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur RahmanBs )!r2ing in th" military int"llig"nc"?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H 02H181 91 0ump up 1 Ziaur Rahamn%s #ather not attending marriage !eremony1 %!!2s1g!!gl"1c!1u21 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 101 0ump up 1 ?/iaur Rahman g"tting 9ilalN"N#urat?1 -cml1pag"1tl1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 111 0ump up 1 ?Encycl!p" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman raising %"ngali r"gim"nts?1 Encycl!p" ia1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 121 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman training )ith 6"rman Army?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181

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0ump up 1 ?%angabhaban %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman training )ith %ritish Army?1 %angabhaban1g!;1b 1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 1*1 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman ,hittag!ng p!sting?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 1+1 0ump up 1 Ziaur Rahman &illing +ol.Janjua1 %!!2s1g!!gl"1c!m1b 1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 1$1 M #ump up t!8 a b '!st" by A min1 (2011H03H20)1 ?Ma@!r /iaur RahmanBs r";!lt )ith 8 East %"ngal R"gim"nt at ,hittag!ng?1 -")sb 711bl!gsp!t1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 171 0ump up 1 #L4<( SE- 67'<A& -ALA 'R4.AS9& 20$& %(09ASARA-(& ,A5,7<<AH$& :(RS< E0(<(4-& 197*& ,9A'<ERH1+& 'A6EH32+ an 32$1 .IST/R0 /1 1R223/M M/)2M24T I4 B(4*5(32S., 678967:9; S/M2 I4)/5)2M24T1 181 0ump up 1 Kirtual %angla "sh %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman "claring (n "p"n "nc" !3 %angla "sh th" s"c!n tim" )ith Sh"i2h Mu@ibBs nam" 191 0ump up 1 #L4<( SE- 67'<A& -ALA 'R4.AS9& 20$& %(09ASARA-(& ,A5,7<<AH$& :(RS< E0(<(4-& 197*& ,9A'<ERH1+& 'A6EH32+ an 32$1 .IST/R0 /1 1R223/M M/)2M24T I4 B(4*5(32S., 678967:9; S/M2 I4)/5)2M24T1 201 0ump up 1 ?/ :!rc" !rgan!gram?1 ' 3cast1!rg1 2012H07H121 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 211 0ump up 1 (slam& Sy" S"ra@ul (31 August 200$)1 ?<h" Stat" in %angla "sh un "r /ia (197+81)?1 Asian Sur;"y& K!l1 2*& -!1 + (May 198*)1 pp1 ++$+731 R"tri";" 31 August 200$1 221 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman b"c!m" 0,M5A?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 231 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia %i!graphy sh!)ing /iaur Rahman str"ngth"ning th" Army?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 2*1 0ump up 1 ?Ersha b"c!ming Army chi"3?1 Encycl!p" ia1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 2+1 M #ump up t!8 a b c d ?<h" /ia R"gim" an (ts A3t"rmath& 1977H82?1 ,!untrystu i"s1us1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 2$1 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia !cum"nt sh!)ing /iaur Rahman r"gim" achi";ing 3ast"r gr!)th?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H02H 181 271 0ump up 1 %anglap" ia !cum"nt /iaur Rahman r"lati!n )ith Mi l" East1 281 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia !cum"nt /iaur Rahman !n r"gi!nal c!H!p"rati!n?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 291 0ump up 1 ?K!ic" !3 Am"ricaH/iaur Rahman t! r"c"i;" SAAR, p!sthum!us a)ar ?1 K!abangla1c!m1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 301 0ump up 1 0ipl!matic ,!rr"sp!n "nt (200+H11H13)1 ?<h" 0aily StarH /iaur Rahman r"c"i;" SAAR, p!sthum!us a)ar ?1 <h" ailystar1n"t1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181

M #ump up t!8 a b ,harl"s ."nn" y& ,raig %aFt"r (11 #uly 200$)1 *o<ernan!e and $oliti!s in South (sia1 p1 2381 (S%- 0H8133H3901H*1 R"tri";" 11 #uly 200$1 321 0ump up 1 'r!31 Sira@ul (slam1 ?%anglap" ia !cum"ntH/iaur Rahman c!nstituti!n 3un am"ntal chang" 3!r Muslim c!untri"s r"lati!ns?1 %anglap" ia1!rg1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 331 0ump up 1 Aham" & Ema@u inO (slam& Ma@i ulO M!!hmu & Shau2atO Si2 "r& Ab ul 9ai (2010)1 Tari=ue Rahman; /"e&&haye Bangladesh1 0ha2a8 /iaur Rahman :!un ati!n1 p1 3891 (S%- 98*H7$0H1*1H01 3*1 0ump up 1 Sh"i2h Mu@ibur Rahman 3r""ing Shah Azizur Rahman 3+1 0ump up 1 ?Mashiur Rahman #a u Mia "ath?1 #a umia1c!m1 1979H03H 121 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 3$1 0ump up 1 ?(n "mnity? ('9')1 12 S"pt"mb"r 200$1 R"tri";" 12 S"pt"mb"r 200$1 371 0ump up 1 ,!untry Stu i"s& %angla "sh (12 S"pt"mb"r 200$)1 ?/iaBs rul"?1 R"tri";" 12 S"pt"mb"r 200$1 381 0ump up 1 ?/iaBs assassinati!n? ('9')1 Time1 10 S"pt"mb"r 200$1 R"tri";" 10 S"pt"mb"r 200$1 391 0ump up 1 <h" 'ittsburgh 'r"ss #un" 2P1981 r"p!rt *01 0ump up 1 ?-")s)""2 Magazin" #un" 1+P1981?1 R"tri";" 2013H02H181 *11 M #ump up t!8 a b c 9aCu"& Azizul (31 August 200$)1 ?%angla "sh 19798 ,ry 3!r a S!;"r"ign 'arliam"nt?1 Asian Sur;"y& K!l1 20& -!1 2& A Sur;"y !3 Asia in 19798 'art (( (:"bruary 1980)1 pp1 217301 R"tri";" 31 August 200$1 *21 0ump up 1 :!rm"r 7S 'r"si "nt #immy ,art"r !n 'r"si "nt /iaur Rahman *31 0ump up 1 ?M"ssag" t! Acting 'r"si "nt Ab us Sattar !3 %angla "sh !n th" 0"ath !3 'r"si "nt /iaur Rahman?1 31 May 19811 R"tri";" $ May 20071 **1 0ump up 1 %angla "shBs /iaur Rahman <! R"c"i;" '!sthum!us SAAR, A)ar H 200*H07H21 *+1 0ump up 1 <ariCu" Rahman r"c"i;"s 1st Saarc A)ar 3!r 5at" 'r"si "nt /iaur Rahman 311