PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

UNITED NATIONS 1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY STATE IMMUNITY GESTIONIS" (JURE IMPERII a ! JURE

Composition: All members of the UN (as of 1996: 18 member !tates" Function: The #A ma$ %&s'(ss a)$ *(est&o) or matter +&th&) the s'o,e of the Charter or relat&)- to the ,o+ers a)% f()'t&o)s of a)$ other or-a). It &s also /este% +&th 0(r&s%&'t&o) o/er matters 'o)'er)&)- &)ter)al ma'h&)er$ a)%s o,erat&o)s of the UN. 2. SECURITY COUNCIL

Or&-&)all$2 ()%er '(stomar$ &)ter)at&o)al la+ the %o'tr&)e of absol(te state &mm()&t$ a,,l&e%2 'o/er&)- all areas of !tate a't&/&t$ a)% re'o-)&>&)- o)l$ /er$ )arro+ e:'e,t&o)s. No+a%a$s2 the r(le &s to a%o,t a doctrine of qualified immunity -that &s2 &mm()&t$ &s -ra)te% to fore&-) !tates o)l$ &) res,e't of the&r -o/er)me)tal a'ts (a'ts jure imperii"2 )ot &) res,e't of the&r 'ommer'&al a'ts (a'ts jure gestionis".

Composition: 1 members: a" Perma)e)t 1embers (Ch&)a2 3ra)'e2 U42 U!2 R(ss&a" b" 15 )o)6,erma)e)t: ele'te% for 7 $ear terms b$ the #e)eral Assembl$. Function: the ma&)te)a)'e of &)ter)at&o)al ,ea'e a)% se'(r&t$. Q: What is the "double veto"? A: I) all non-procedural matters2 ea'h ,erma)e)t member &s -&/e) a 8/eto8 6 a !e'(r&t$ Co()'&l %e'&s&o) &s &)effe't&/e &f e/e) o)e ,erma)e)t member /otes a-a&)st &t. The /eto %oes )ot or%&)ar&l$ a,,l$ to Procedural matters. 9o+e/er2 a ,erma)e)t member ma$ e:er'&se a 8%o(ble /eto8 +he) &t /etoes a)$ attem,t to treat a *(est&o) as ,ro'e%(ral2 a)% the) ,ro'ee% to /eto a)$ %raft resol(t&o) %eal&)- +&th that *(est&o).

DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY ;&,lomat&' Imm()&t$ &s a ,r&)'&,le of '(stomar$ &)ter)at&o)al la+ that -ra)ts &mm()&t$ to %&,lomat&' re,rese)tat&/es2 &) or%er to (,hol% the&r %&-)&t$ as re,rese)tat&/es of the&r res,e't&/e states a)% to allo+ them free a)% ()ham,ere% e:er'&se of the&r f()'t&o)s. I) the Ph&l&,,&)es2 &mm()&t$ &s 'la&me% b$ re*(est of the fore&-) state for e)%orseme)t b$ the ;e,artme)t of 3ore&-) Affa&rs. The %eterm&)at&o) b$ the e:e'(t&/e %e,artme)t &s 'o)s&%ere% a ,ol&t&'al *(est&o) that &s 'o)'l(s&/e (,o) Ph&l&,,&)e Co(rts (=bl(e9 ". INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS Us(all$2 a-reeme)ts bet+ee) !tates a)% fore&-) 'or,orat&o)s 'o)ta&) st&,(lat&o)s as to +h&'h )at&o)al le-al s$stem -o/er)s the 'o)tra't. O''as&o)all$2 ho+e/er2 &) 'ase of ,o+erf(l m(lt&)at&o)al 'om,a)&es2 s('h 'o)tra'ts are ,la'e% )ot ()%er a)$ s&)-le s$stem of m()&'&,al la+2 b(t ()%er &)ter)at&o)al la+2 -e)eral ,r&)'&,les of la+2 or the ,ro/&s&o)s of the 'o)tra't &tself. The reaso) for 'o)'l(%&)- these so6'alle% internationalized contracts &s to establ&sh a bala)'e bet+ee) the ,art&es a)% ,re/e)t the !tate ,art$ from e/a%&)- &ts obl&-at&o)s ()%er the 'o)tra't b$ 'ha)-&)- &ts o+) &)ter)al la+. Th&s &s mostl$ se'(re% b$ a) arb&trat&o) 'la(se referr&)- %&s,(tes ()%er the a-reeme)t to a) &)ter)at&o)al bo%$.

3. 4.

SECRETARIAT 6 C9IE3 A;1INI!TRATI<E OR#AN O3 T9E UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 6 or-a) 'har-e% +&th ,romot&)- so'&al ,ro-ress a)% better sta)%ar%s of l&fe &) lar-er free%om TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL 6 or-a) 'har-e% +&th a%m&)&strat&o) of I)t8l Tr(steesh&, !$stem. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 6 0(%&'&al or-a) of the UN.

5. 6.

#$a% a&' %$' ()*+a,,'! Ma !a%'( a ! T&-(% T'&&.%)&.'(/ USE OF FORCE U)%er Art&'le 7(=" of the UN Charter2 all member !tates are bo()% to refra&) from the threat or (se of for'e a-a&)st the terr&tor&al &)te-r&t$ or ,ol&t&'al &)%e,e)%e)'e of a !tate. Re'o-)&>e% e:'e,t&o)s: 1" self6%efe)se 7" m&l&tar$ a't&o) ta?e) or a(thor&>e% b$ the UN or 'om,ete)t Re-&o)al or-a)&>at&o)s (s('h as NATO". A CALVO CLAUSE &s a ,ro/&s&o) &)serte% &) 'o)tra'ts2 &) +h&'h the fore&-)er a-rees &) a%/a)'e )ot to see? the %&,lomat&' ,rote't&o) of h&s )at&o)al !tate. I) -e)eral2 I)ter)at&o)al Co(rts ha/e %&sre-ar%e% s('h 'la(ses2 as the r&-ht to %&,lomat&' ,rote't&o) &s a r&-ht +h&'h belo)-s to a !tate2 a)% +a&/er from a) &)%&/&%(al %oes )ot b&)% h&s !tate. The 1a)%ates +ere the o/erseas ,ossess&o)s of the %efeate% states of #erma)$ a)% T(r?e$ +h&'h +ere ,la'e% b$ the Lea-(e of Nat&o)s ()%er the a%m&)&strat&o) of ma)%ator&es to ,romote the&r %e/elo,me)t a)% (lt&mate &)%e,e)%e)'e. (9arr&s2 Case a)% 1ater&als o) I)ter)at&o)al Las2 th e%.2 ,. 1@1." Whe) the U)&te% Nat&o)s re,la'e% the Lea-(e of Nat&o)s2 the s$stem of 1a)%ates +as re,la'e% b$ the !$stem of Tr(st Terr&tor&es. D)'( %$' U .%'! Na%.) ( '0'&+.(' ()1'&'.2 %3 )1'& %$' %'&&.%)&.'(/ I %$' a44.&5a%.1'6 $)7 .( %$.( 8-&.(!.+%.) '0'&+.('!/ The U)&te% Nat&o)s e:er'&se% res&%(ar$ so/ere&-)t$ o/er the Tr(st Terr&tor&es thro(-h the Tr(stee Po+ers2 +ho e:er'&se% the ,o+ers of so/ere&-)t$ s(b0e't to s(,er/&s&o) a)% a''o()tab&l&t$ to the U)&te% Nat&o)s. (O,,e)he&m6La(ter,a'ht2 I)ter)at&o)al La+2 <ol. 12 Ath e%.2 ,,. 71@671=." (!&)'e there are )o more Tr(st Terr&tor&es2 th&s &s 0(st a matter of h&stor&'al &)terest."

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

BAR :O) O'tober 1@2 75512 members of Al& Baba2 a ,ol&t&'al e:trem&st or-a)&>at&o) base% &) a)% ()%er the ,rote't&o) of Co()tr$ B a) es,o(s&)- /&ole)'e +orl%+&%e as a mea)s of a'h&e/&)- &ts ob0e't&/es2 ,la)te% h&-h6,o+ere% e:,los&/e a)% bombs at the I)ter)at&o)al Tra%e To+er (ITT" &) Ce+el C&t$ &) Co()tr$ D2 a member of the U)&te% Nat&o)s. As a res(lt of the bomb&)- a)% the 'olla,se of the 1556stor$ t+&) to+ers2 abo(t 7555 ,eo,le2 &)'l(%&)- +ome) a)% 'h&l%re)2 +ere ?&lle% or &)0(re%2 a)% b&ll&o)s of %ollars &) ,ro,ert$ +ere lost. Imme%&atel$ after the &)'&%e)t2 Al& Baba2 s,ea?&)- thro(-h &ts lea%er B&) ;er%a)%at2 a%m&tte% a)% o+)e% res,o)s&b&l&t$ for the bomb&)- of ITT2 sa$&)- that &t +as %o)e to ,ress(re Co()tr$ D to release 'a,t(re% members of the terror&st -ro(,. Al& Baba threa%e% to re,eat &ts terror&st a'ts a-a&)st Co()tr$ D &f the latter a)% &ts all&es fa&le% to a''e%e to Al& BabaEs %ema)%s. I) res,o)se2 Co()tr$ B %ema)%e% to the -o/er)me)t a(thor&t&es of Co()tr$ D for the ,(r,ose of tr&al a)% F&) the )ame of 0(st&'e.G Co()tr$ B ref(se% to a''e%e to the %ema)% of Co()tr$ D. What a't&o) or a't&o)s 'a) Co()tr$ D le-all$ ta?e a-a&)st Al& Baba a)% Co()tr$ B to sto, the terror&st a't&/&t&es of Al& Baba a)% %&ss(a%e Co()tr$ B from harbor&)- a)% -&/&)- ,rote't&o) to the terror&st or-a)&>at&o)H !(,,ort $o(r a)s+er +&th reaso)s. ( I" 1. Co()tr$ D ma$ e:er'&se the r&-ht of self6%efe)se2 as ,ro/&%e% ()%er Art&'le 1 of the UN Charter F()t&l the !e'(r&t$ Co()'&l has ta?e) meas(re )e'essar$ to ma&)ta&) &)ter)at&o)al ,ea'e a)% se'(r&t$G. !elf6 %efe)se e)ables Co()tr$ D to (se for'e a-a&)st Co()tr$ B as +ell as a-a&)st the Al& Baba or-a)&>at&o). It ma$ br&)- the matter to the !e'(r&t$ Co()'&l +h&'h ma$ a(thor&>e se't&o)s a-a&)st Co()tr$ B2 &)'l(%&)meas(re &)/o?&)- the (se of for'e. U)%er Art&'le = of the UN Charter2 Co()tr$ D ma$ (se for'e a-a&)st Co()tr$ B as +ell as a-a&)st the Al& Baba or-a)&>at&o) b$ a(thor&t$ of the UN !e'(r&t$ Co()'&l. BAR: !tate E,s&lo)2 %(r&)- ,ea'e t&me2 has allo+e% fore&-) sh&,s &))o'e)t ,assa-e thro(-h 1a)tra)as !tra&t2 a stra&t +&th&) E,s&lo)Es terr&tor&al sea +h&'h has bee) (se% $ fore&-) sh&,s for &)ter)at&o)al )a/&-at&o). !('h ,assa-e e)able% the sa&% sh&,s to tra/erse the stra&t bet+ee) o)e ,art of the h&-h seas to a)other. O) C()e A2 199A2 a +arsh&, of !tate Beta ,asse% thro(-h the abo/e6 )ame% stra&t. I)stea% of ,ass&)- thro(-h 'o)t&)(o(sl$ a)% e:,e%&t&o(sl$2 the sh&, %ela$e% &ts ,assa-e to re)%er ass&sta)'e to a sh&, of !tate #amma +h&'h +as %&stresse% +&th )o o)e )earb$ to ass&st. Whe) 'o)fro)te% b$ E,s&lo) abo(t the %ela$2 eta e:,la&)e% that the %ela$ +as %(e to for'e ma0e(re &) 'o)form&t$ +&th the ,ro/&s&o) of Art&'le 18(7" of the 1987 Co)/e)t&o) o) the La+ of the !ea (UNCLO!". !e/e) mo)ths later2 E,s&lo) s(s,e)%e% the r&-ht of &))o'e)t ,assa-e of +arsh&,s tho(-h 1a)tra)as !tra&t +&tho(t -&/&)- a)$ reaso) therefore. !(bse*(e)tl$2 a)other +arsh&, of Beta ,asse% thro(-h the sa&% stra&t2 a)% +as f&re% (,o) b$ E,s&lo) %ra+&)- atte)t&o) to the e:&st&)- '(stomar$ &)ter)at&o)al la+ that the re-&me of &))o'e)t ,assa-e (e/e) of tra)s&t ,assa-e" &s )o)6s(s,e)%able. E,s&lo) 'o()tere% that 1a)tra)as !tra&t &s )ot a )e'essar$ ro(te2 there be&)- a)other s(&table alter)at&/e ro(te. Resol/e the abo/e6me)t&o)e% 'o)tro/ers$2 E:,la&) $o(r a)s+er (=I" 9EL;: Ass(m&)- that E,s&lo) a)% Beta are ,art&es to the UNCLO!2 the 'o)tro/ers$ ma$ be resol/e% as follo+s: U)%er the UNCLO!2 +arsh&,s e)0o$ a r&-ht of &))o'e)t ,assa-e. It a,,ear&)- that the ,ort&o) of E,s&lo)Es terr&tor&al sea &) *(est&o) &s a stra&t (se% for &)ter)at&o)al )a/&-at&o)2 E,s&lo) has )o r&-ht ()%er &)ter)at&o)al la+ to s(s,e)% the r&-ht of &))o'e)t ,assa-e. Art&'le = (7" of the UNCLO! &s 'lear &) ,ro/&%&)- that there shall be )o s(s,e)s&o) of &))o'e)t ,assa-e thro(-h stra&ts (se% for &)ter)at&o)al )a/&-at&o). O) the ass(m,t&o) that the stra&ts &) *(est&o) &s )ot (se% for &)ter)at&o)al )a/&-at&o)2 st&ll the s(s,e)s&o) of &))o'e)t ,assa-e b$ E,s&lo) 'a))ot be effe't&/e be'a(se s(s,e)s&o) &s re*(&re% ()%er &)ter)at&o)al la+ to be %(l$ ,(bl&she% before &t 'a) ta?e effe't. There be&)- )o ,(bl&'at&o) ,r&or to the s(s,e)s&o) of &))o'e)t ,assa-e b$ BetaEs +arsh&,2 E,s&lo)Es a't a'*(&res )o /al&%&t$. 1oreo/er2 E,s&lo)Es s(s,e)s&o) of &))o'e)t ,assa-e ma$ )ot be /al&% for the reaso) that there &s )o sho+&)- that &t &s esse)t&al for the ,rote't&o) of &ts se'(r&t$. The a't(at&o) of BetaEs +arsh&, &) resort&)- to %ela$e% ,assa-e &s for 'a(se re'o-)&>e% b$ the UNCLO! as e:'(sable2 &.e.2 for the ,(r,ose of re)%er&)- ass&sta)'e to ,erso)s K sh&, &) %&stress2 as ,ro/&%e% &) Art&'le 18(7" of the UNCLO!. 9e)'e2 BetaEs +arsh&, 'om,l&e% +&th the &)ter)at&o)al la+ )orms o) r&-ht of &))o'e)t ,assa-e.

7.

G.1' %$' %$&'' 5-,%.,a%'&a, +) 1' %.) ( ) H-5a R.2$%( a!)9%'! - !'& %$' !.&'+% a-(9.+'( )4 %$' U .%'! Na%.) (/ (2:" The follo+&)- are m(lt&lateral 'o)/e)t&o)s o) 9(ma) R&-hts a%o,te% ()%er the %&re't a(s,&'es o the U)&te% Nat&o)s. 1. I)ter)at&o)al Co/e)a)t o) C&/&l a)% Pol&t&'al R&-htsJ 7. Co)/e)t&o)s o) the El&m&)at&o) of All 3orms of ;&s'r&m&)at&o) a-a&)st Wome)J @. Co)/e)t&o) o) the R&-hts of the Ch&l%J =. Co)/e)t&o) a-a&)st Tort(re a)% Other Cr(el2 I)h(ma) or ;e-ra%&)- Treatme)t or P()&shme)tJ . I)ter)at&o)al Co)/e)t&o) o) the El&m&)at&o) of All 3orms of Ra'&al ;&s'r&m&)at&o)J 6. Co)/e)t&o) o) the Pre/e)t&o) a)% P()&shme)t of the Cr&me of #e)o'&%eJ a)% A. I)ter)at&o)al Co)/e)t&o) o) E'o)om&'2 !o'&al2 a)% C(lt(ral R&-hts

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 1" ;O9%.) a, C,a-('; of the ICC: As a r(le2 the ICC 'a) o,erate o)l$ o) the bas&s of the 'o)se)t of !tates to &ts 0(r&s%&'t&o). !('h ma$ ta?e the form of a (9'+.a, a2&''5' % bet+ee) !tates to s(bm&t a) existing %&s,(te before the Co(rt (&.e. compromis". 9o+e/er2 ()%er the <)9%.) a, +,a-('< (art. @6(7"2 ICC !tat(te"2 a !tate ma$ %e'lare in advance that the$ re'o-)&>e the 0(r&s%&'t&o) of the Co(rt as 'om,(lsor$ ipso facto a)% +&tho(t )ee% of s,e'&al a-reeme)t2 &) relat&o) to a)$ other !tate a''e,t&)- the same obl&-at&o)2 &) all le-al %&s,(tes 'o)'er)&)-: a. the &)ter,retat&o) of a treat$J b. a)$ *(est&o) of &)ter)at&o)al la+ '. e:&ste)'e of a)$ fa't +h&'h2 &f establ&she%2 +o(l% 'o)st&t(te brea'h of &)ter)at&o)al obl&-at&o)J a)% %. )at(re or e:te)t of re,arat&o) to be ma%e for brea'h of &)ter)at&o)al obl&-at&o). U !'& .%( S%a%-'6 2.1' %7) ,.5.%a%.) ( ) %$' 8-&.(!.+%.) )4 %$' I %'& a%.) a, C)-&% )4 J-(%.+' (2:" The follo+&)- are the l&m&tat&o)s o) the 0(r&s%&'t&o) of the I)ter)at&o)al Co(rt of C(st&'e ()%er &ts !tat(te: 1. O)l$ states ma$ be ,art&es &) 'ases before &t. (Art&'le @=". 7. The 'o)se)t of the ,art&es &s )ee%e% for the 'o(rt to a'*(&re 0(r&s%&'t&o) o/er a 'ase. (Art&'le @6"

7556 BAR: I) 19852 the U)&te% !tates f&le% +&th the I)ter)at&o)al Co(rt of C(st&'e a 'om,la&)t a-a&)st Ira) alle-&)- that the latter &s %eta&)&)- Amer&'a) %&,lomats &) /&olat&o) of I)ter)at&o)al la+. E:,la&) ho+ the &)ter)at&o)al 'o(rt of 0(st&'e 'a) a'*(&re 0(r&s%&'t&o) o/er these 'o)te)%&)- 'o()tr&es. 9el%: Art&'le @6 of the ICC stat(tes states that both ,art&es m(st a-ree to s(bm&t themsel/es to the 0(r&s%&'t&o) of the &)ter)at&o)al 'o(rt of 0(st&'e.

C()e 172755A )otes: the seat of &)ter)at&o)al 'o(rt of 0(st&'e &s at the 9a-(e or else+here as &t ma$ %e'&%e2 e:'e,t %(r&)- the 0(%&'&al /a'at&o)s the %ates a)% %(rat&o) of +h&'h &t shall f&: (ICC !tat(te Art 77"67556 Bar L(est&o) C()e 172755A )otes: the 'o(rt &s 'om,ose% of 1 members +ho m(st be of h&-h moral 'hara'ter a)% ,ossess the *(al&f&'at&o)s re*(&re% &) the&r res,e't&/e 'o()tr&es for a,,o&)tme)t to the h&-hest 0(%&'&al off&'e or are 0(r&s'o)s(lts of re'o-)&>e% 'om,ete)'e &) &)ter)at&o)al la+ (art 72 ICC stat(te"67556 Bar L(est&o)

2" STARE DECISIS =bl(e9 : &t %oes )ot a,,l$ to the ICC. U)%er the stat(te of the ICC2 ,re/&o(s %e'&s&o)s ha/e )o b&)%&)for'eJ &) ,ra't&'e2 ho+e/er2 the Co(rt al+a$s ta?es ,ast %e'&s&o)s &)to a''o()t. Q: What does it mean to decide a case EX EQ!" E# $"%"? : It &s to r(le &) 0(st&'e a)% fa&r)ess 66 e*(&t$ o/err&%es all other r(les of la+. The ICC has )o ,o+er to %e'&%e a 'ase ex aequo et bono2 ()less all ,art&es a-ree thereto Mart. @8(7"2 ICC !tat(teN. Q: Who has standing before the &'(? : O)l$ !tates ma$ be ,art&es &) 'o)te)t&o(s ,ro'ee%&)-s before the ICC (art @=2 ICC !tat(te".