Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
, G.B. Marin
Universiteit Gent, Laboratorium voor Chemische Technologie, Krijgslaan 281, S5, Gent 9000, Belgium
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 23 December 2009
Received in revised form 1 September 2010
Accepted 5 September 2010
Available online 21 September 2010
Keywords:
GasSolid ow
EulerianLagrangian
EulerianEulerian
Stochastic differential equations (SDEs)
Finite Volume
Reynolds Average
a b s t r a c t
A EulerianLagrangian method is implemented to simulate turbulent two-phase gassolid riser ow,
using a mean-eld/probability density function (PDF) method. The mean-eld method is applied to the
gas phase while the PDF method is applied to the solid phase. Using the PDF method for the solid phase is
advantageous as there is no need for closure models for the convection termin the momentumequation
contrary to the situation where the mean-eld method is used. The present method is implemented to
investigate the inuence of a side inlet on the owpattern in a dilute gassolid riser conguration. When
applying the EulerianLagrangian method, a perfect correspondence with the experimental observations
is obtained. On the contrary, when using the EulerianEulerian method signicant differences with the
experimental data are observed.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Simulation of gassolid ow is vital in the chemical indus-
try to describe processes such as Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
(Das, Baudrez, Marin, & Heynderickx, 2003), adsorption of stack
gases (Das, De Wilde, Heynderickx, Marin, Vierendeels, et al., 2004;
Vegendla, Heynderickx, & Marin, 2009), and coal combustion (Van
de Velden, Baeyens, Dougan, & McMurdo, 2007). In circulating u-
idized beds, the gas phase is the carrier phase while the solid
particles behave as a dispersed phase. De Wilde, Van engelandt,
Heynderickx, and Marin (2005) and Van engelandt, De Wilde,
Heynderickx, and Marin (2007) provide experimental observations
in a dilute gassolid cold ow riser with side inlets and abrupt T-
outlets. To simulate the riser ow and to design riser geometries,
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the major tools.
To model gassolid riser ow, two types of approaches are
frequently found in the literature. The rst approach is the
EulerianEulerian (two-uid model) method, the second approach
is the EulerianLagrangian method. In both methods, the gas
phase or carrier phase is considered to be a continuous phase.
The EulerianEulerian method is implemented in the work of
Gidaspow (1994), De Wilde, Heynderickx, Vierendeels, Dick, and
Marin (2002), De Wilde, Marin, and Heynderickx (2003), De Wilde,
Vierendeels, et al. (2005), DeWilde, Vanengelandt, et al. (2005), Das
gs
drag co-efcient (kgm
3
s
1
)
z
p
solids particle response time (s)
turbulent dissipation energy for gas phase (m
2
s
3
)
g/s
gas (or) solid volume fraction of the riser
(m
3
gas/solid
m
3
reactor
)
standardized joint normal random vector
bulk viscosity (kgm
1
s
1
)
0 granular temperature (m
2
s
2
)
granular dissipation of energy (m
2
s
3
)
o
k
, o
(1)
The Reynolds stresses appearing in the time averaged gas momen-
tumequation are modeled using the standard k model (see Eqs.
(4) and (5) in Table 1) (Launder and Spalding, 1974).
2.1.2. Solid phase
The solid phase conservation equations are derived from the
KTGF (Gidaspow, 1994). The complete set of turbulent solid phase
equations are reported in Table 2. An extensive discussion of these
equations is found in De Wilde, Vierendeels, et al. (2005) and De
Wilde, Van engelandt, et al. (2005). The constitutive equations for
the calculation of the gas and solid phase properties are summa-
rized in Table 3. An extensive discussion of these equations is found
in De Wilde et al. (2002, 2003), De Wilde, Vierendeels, et al. (2005),
De Wilde, Van engelandt, et al. (2005) and Benyahia et al. (2003,
2005).
1194 S.N.P. Vegendla et al. / Computers and Chemical Engineering 35 (2011) 11921199
Table 1
Flow model: gas phase conservation equations.
Continuity equation
(T 1.1)
t
(g g ) +
y
.(g g u) = 0
Momentum equations (x, y, z)
(T 1.2)
t
(g g u) +
y
.(g g uu) =
(P+(2]3)g k)
ij
y
y
.(g sg ) + g g g gs(u v)
(T 1.3) where sg = s
m
g
+ s
t
ij
=
_
_
g
2
3
g
__
.u
y
_
+
_
g +
t
g
_
_
_
u
y
_
+
_
u
y
_
1
__
Turbulent kinetic energy equation
(T 1.4)
t
(g g k) +
y
(g g uk) =
y
_
g
g +
t
g
o
k
k
y
_
+
_
g
t
g
_
_
u
y
_
+
_
u
y
_
1
__
:
_
u
y
_
g g
Turbulence dissipation equation
(T 1.5)
t
(g g ) +
y
(g g u) =
y
_
g
g +
t
g
o
y
_
+ C
1
k
_
g
t
g
_
_
y
u
_
+
_
y
u
_
1
_
:
_
y
u
_
_
C
2
g g
2
k
Table 2
Flow model: solid phase conservation equations.
Continuity equation for solid phase
(T2.1)
(ssp)
t
+
(sspv)
y
= 0
Momentum equations (x, y, z)
(T 2.2)
(sspv)
t
+
(sspvv)
y
=
Ps
y
(sss)
y
+ sspg + gs(u v)
(T 2.3) where ss =
_
_
s
2
3
s
__
y
.v
_
+ s
_
_
v
y
_
+
_
v
y
_
1
__
Granular temperature equation
(T 2.4)
3
2
_
t
(ssp0) + (ssp0 v)
= (p
k
+ ^c ) : v (q
k
+q
c
) +c
_
1
2
mC
2
_
+ gsu
_1
2
.v
_
Radial distribution function
(T 3.2) g
0
= 1 +4s
_
1+2.5s+4.5904
2
s
+4.515439
3
s
_
1((s]s,max))
3
.67802
_
Solid phase pressure
(T 3.3) Ps =[1+2(1+e)sg
0
]ss0
Bulk viscosity solid phase
(T 3.4) s =
4
3
ssdpg
0
(1 + c)
_
0
(T 3.7)
k
s
= 1.016
5
16
m
dp
2
_
0
2
s
g
g
(dps)
2
+1.75
sg
dps
u v
(T 3.10) If g : 0.80, gs =
3
4
C
d
sg
dps
g
u v
g
2.65
(T 3.11) Rcp =
g g dp
uv
g
(T 3.12)
C
d
= 0.44 for Rcp : 1000
C
d
=
24
Rcp
(1 +0.15Rcp
0.687
) for Rcp - 1000
S.N.P. Vegendla et al. / Computers and Chemical Engineering 35 (2011) 11921199 1195
2.2.2. Solid phase
The hydrodynamic properties of the solid phase are obtained
from the transported velocity PDF equation as discussed in Minier
and Peirano (2001).
The state vector Z for the solid phase is dened as:
Z = [V, y] (2)
The PDF j
v
(V; y, t) is dened as the probability of observing the
event that the values of the particle velocities v at a time t and
a position y are found in the differential neighborhood of given
values of the sample space V:
j
v
(V; y, t)dV = P[V - v V + dV] (3)
The one-point transported velocity PDF equation is dened as
(Chibbaro & Minier, 2008; Minier & Peirano, 2001):
(j
V
)
t
+ V
(j
V
)
y
+
(A
p
j
V
)
V
P
=
V
s
[^
s
|(y, V
p
, V
s
)j
V
] (4)
where represents the ensemble average, based onspecied num-
ber of samples, and where A
p
is an acceleration term given by:
A
p,i
=
V
s,i
V
p,i
z
p
+ g
i
(5)
In Eq. (4), the rst termon the Left Hand Side (LHS) corresponds
to the time rate of change of the velocity probability, the second
term corresponds to convection due to the mean particle velocity
in physical space and the third term represents the acceleration of
the solidparticles inthe particle velocityspace. The Right HandSide
(RHS) corresponds to the rate of change of the gas phase velocity
seen along the particle trajectories.
2.2.2.1. Model equations for solid phase. The stochastic differential
equation (SDE) to determine the position y
p,i
of a particle is dened
as:
dy
p,i
= V
p,i
dt (6)
The SDE to determine the velocity V
p,i
of a particle is dened as:
dV
p,i
=
V
s,i
V
p,i
z
p
dt (7)
The SDE to determine the gas velocity V
s,i
seen by the solid
particles is dened as:
dV
s,i
=
1
g
P
y
i
dt+(V
p,j
U
g,j
)
U
g,i
y
j
dt
1
1
L,i
(V
s,i
U
g,i
)dt
+
(C
0
b
i
k
k
+
2
3
_
b
i
k
k
1
_
dW
i
x (8)
dW
i
=
i
_
dt (9)
where dW
i
is the Wiener-diffusion term characterized by a Gaus-
sian process with a zero mean and a variance dt (Fox, 2003; Pope,
1985).
The time scales in the longitudinal and transverse directions are
given by:
1
L,i
=
1
L
_
1 +
2
(V
r,i
2
](2k]3))
(10)
where is the ratio of the Lagrangian to Eulerian time scale (T
L
/T
E
),
and V
r,i
is the relative velocity of the gas velocity seen by the solid
particles and the velocity of the solid particles.
The Lagrangian time scale is given by:
1
L
=
1
(1]2 +3]4C
0
)
k
(11)
b
i
=
1
L
1
L,i
(12)
k =
3
2
3
i=1
b
i
u
2
g,i
3
i=1
b
i
(13)
The transported velocity PDF equation (Eq. (4)) needs to be
solvedfor a large number of notional particles that covers the entire
computational domain of the cold ow riser, in order to obtain an
accurate estimate of the mean velocity eld, V
V
l
=
N
l
n=1
m
n
l
v
n
l
N
l
n=1
m
n
l
(14)
where m
n
l
is the unit mass of a notional particle and V
n
l
is the
velocity vector for the nth particle in a given mesh cell l.
3. Notional-particle approach
When performing a 3D simulation of a riser ow, the trans-
ported velocity PDF equation to be solved is a function of 3
independent variables (x, y, z), and of the velocity vector for the
solid phase V. As a result, it is computationally prohibitive to solve
the transported velocity PDF equation accounting for all indepen-
dent variables (position and velocity vectors), using conventional
numerical techniques such as a FV and/or a FD technique, as dis-
cussed in the introduction. On the other hand, the Monte-Carlo
particle mesh technique provides an efcient way to solve such
a large number of equations. In these methods, the transported
velocity PDF equationfor all independent variables are represented
by a large number of notional particles, which can be randomly
or uniformly distributed over the ow domain (Fox, 2003). These
notional particles represent the particle properties such as posi-
tion and velocity. The position of these so-called notional particles
in physical space (Eq. (6)) and their velocity vector (Eqs. (7) and (8))
are determined by solving a set of SDEs. The SDEs for the notional
particles are the replicas of the transported velocity PDF equation
(Eq. (4)). From the solution of the SDEs for the notional particles,
the solution of the transported velocity PDF equation (Eq. (4)) is
obtained.
Lagrangian tracking of the notional particles consists of the fol-
lowing three steps: (1) determine the cell a notional particle is
locatedin, (2) interpolate the eldvariables at the notional-particle
location, and (3) update the position and velocity vector of the
notional-particle according to Eqs. (7 and 8), using a time integra-
tion method (Kolhapure, Fox, Daiss, & Maehling, 2005).
During time integration, the notional particles will freely move
in the physical riser space, during each time step. To determine the
position of a grid cell a notional particle is located in, the modied
brute force search algorithm is implemented as described by Apte,
Mahesh, Moin, and Oefelein (2003) and Vegendla et al. (2009). The
Eulerian properties of the gas phase need to be updated prior to
the interpolation of the position of the notional particles using a
tri-linear inverse distance weighting method (Sadarjoen, Walsum,
Hin, & Post, 1997). Next, to update the position and the velocity of
a notional particle, a rst-order explicit forward Euler scheme is
implemented (Vegendla et al., 2009).
4. Hybrid algorithm
As seen in Fig. 1, the hybrid algorithm applies the FV technique
to solve the gas phase equations and the Monte-Carlo technique to
follow the solid phase notional particles through the grid. Before
starting the simulation, the gas and the solid phase hydrodynamic
properties are initialized. Gas phase simulations are performed
until the required convergence is achieved. Next, the properties of
1196 S.N.P. Vegendla et al. / Computers and Chemical Engineering 35 (2011) 11921199
Iterate PDF code
Start
Initialize FV and PDF code
Iterate FV code until
convergence
Interpolate gas flow properties
No
t>t
sim
Yes
Stop
V
Fig. 1. Simulation procedure for cold ow riser.
the gas phase are interpolated to the position of the solid notional
particles as discussed above. The simulation continues, until the
specied number of time steps is achieved. The solid phase proper-
ties are averaged over a grid cell (Eq. (14)). The obtained averaged
solid velocity is used to calculate the solid phase contribution to
the gas phase conservation equations, such as the drag term in the
gas phase momentum equation. The overall combination of itera-
tions is alternated using the FV method and the PDF method until
the specied convergence is achieved. The time-average method is
implemented, using 2000 time steps, once a statistically stationary
state is reached.
5. Results and discussion
The riser geometry and the operating conditions for the pre-
sented simulation results are collected in Table 4. A schematic
diagram of the pilot plant riser is given in Van engelandt et al.
(2007). The riser has one solids side inlet having a 35
angle with
the riser axis. The solids inow is oriented downward as seen in
Fig. 2. The presented results are obtained by simulating the bot-
tom of the riser with a free top outlet, to limit the computational
time. The center of the side inlet is positioned at 0.5mriser height.
Limiting the simulations to the bottompart of the riser is validated
i ii
YZ-plane
-0.05 m
+0.05 m
Side inlet
Top-view
XZ-plane
+0.05 m
-0.05 m
35
0
YZ-plane
0.5 m
1 m
Air
Solids
0.51 m
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the riser (i) side view and (ii) top view.
by the fact that the inlet and outlet effects are quickly dissipated
and do not inuence one another in small diameter risers. More-
over, in the dilute owcase, no downward owhas been observed
in the riser (Chan, Seville, Parker, & Baeyens, 2010; De Wilde, Van
engelandt, et al. 2005). On the other hand, when the solids loading
fromthe side inlet increases (L-valve recycling), a downward solids
velocity component, prior to the particle pick-up by the gas stream,
was observed by Chan, Seville, Fan, and Baeyens (2009).
In the present work, the simulation results obtained using
the EulerianEulerian (two-uid model) method and the
EulerianLagrangian method, are compared with the experi-
mental results of Van engelandt et al. (2007). The experimental
observations of Van engelandt et al. (2007) show that there is
bypassing of the solids near the solids side inlet, with steep
gradients of the solids velocities. However, it was also observed
that these side inlet effects are quickly dissipated in the small
diameter riser.
As seen in Fig. 3, the simulated solids velocity radial pro-
les presented at a riser height of 0.52m (just above the top of
the side inlet) in the YZ-plane (see Fig. 2), calculated using the
EulerianLagrangian method agree very well with the obtained
experimental data. On the other hand, the EulerianEulerian simu-
lation results considerably deviate from the experimental data. In
the latter simulation, a fast diffusion of the solids over the entire
riser cross section near the side inlet is calculated as compared to
the experimental observations. This diffusion gives a more uniform
solids fraction in the YZ-plane resulting in a higher solids velocity
inthat plane. Thus, the solids velocity is overpredictedas compared
to the experimental data. An incorrect numerical diffusion of the
results due to the use of EulerianEulerian method is at the origin
of the overprediction.
As seen in Fig. 3, the solids velocity near the side inlet is low
as compared to the solids velocity near the riser wall opposite to
the solids inlet. The latter is mainly due to side inlet effects. As
seen in the Fig. 4(i), the experimental solids velocities near the riser
wall opposite to the solids inlet are somewhat higher than the inlet
supercial gas velocity (5.31ms
1
). These higher solids velocities
are mainly due to the fact that the gas pushes the solids towards
this side wall, resulting in a rise of the gas and the solids velocities.
InFig. 4, thesimulated(i) solids volumefraction, (ii) solids veloc-
ityand(iii) RMS solids velocityuctuationradial proles, are drawn
at a riser height of 0.52m in the XZ-plane (see Fig. 2). As seen
in Fig. 4, near the side inlet, bypassing of the solids is observed
and the solids velocity is high at the off-center of the riser. The
Fig. 3. Comparison of the simulated and the measured radial proles of the solid
velocities across the YZ-plane (see Fig. 2) at a riser height of 0.52m (symbols: cir-
cles, experiment; dashed line, EulerianLagrangian (see equations in Table 1 and Eq.
(7)) and solid line, EulerianEulerian (see equations in Tables 13)). Conditions: see
Table 4.
S.N.P. Vegendla et al. / Computers and Chemical Engineering 35 (2011) 11921199 1197
Table 4
Operating conditions.
Experiments Simulations
Riser diameter (m) 0.1 0.1
Side inlet position at riser height (m) 0.5 0.5
Outlet surface area (m
2
) 0.00785 0.00785
Inlet surface area for gas (m
2
) 0.00785 0.00785
Inlet solids mass ux in riser (kgm
2
s
1
) 3 (7% side valve opening of 0.005m
2
) 3 (side inlet area 0.005m
2
)
Gas ow rate (m
3
h
1
) 150 150
Density of the solid (kgm
3
) 1550 1550
Diameter of the solid particles (m) 77 77
uo (ms
1
) [0,0, 5.31] [0,0, 5.31]
vo (ms
1
) (side inlet) 35