\Ontn_CnCy, !

C_CmOny,
\nVCrsJty
\OntcmQOIuIy uO_ucs On thc cIt

|uditl Iutlcr, Irncsto laclau and Slavoj Zizck
| O ]UD!IH
JO 3SK 3UCI lhC uCW gtOunU8 C tC3IZ3Dl|] t nC| | C 3k 3lCl |hC `CuU
0 QOlC 3s 3 8I0tC Cl lCCCOgIC3 CCnCu8Cn. [tCumC lh3| Ihc QOut
0 hCgCmOny Cn WhCh WC mght concur is QCCsC] lhC tUC3 O QO8-
UdI( |h3I CXCCCU CVC 3||CmQl 3l 3 |mal realization, ODC whCh gau
|I VlI3| QtCCC] tCm Ils nCD-CCtnCtUCuCC wIlh 3n [tCCu| reip.
m3KCs |h non-coincidencc vta| s ll CQatl|] to CQCD u uCw
UCO C QCssIDI{ 8nd, |hus to Inl hCQC WhCtC a CD8c of al3p is
8wa |htC8tCnn_ lC 0OC GOWu QCI|IC3 lInk:ug atOgcIhct.
atcUa md uVem w Ue @FacUce u O8aUuU
1his InCOmmCnut8UI| gVCD 3U CC_3N| Cmul8|Cn n Lac|au's
wCtk, WCtC l CCDIrC8 OD |hC CgC3 tncCmQ3lDd | o| |C QaI|Cu| at
8nG lC unVCt8 , 8nO lhC U8C8 C IhC OgC3| mQCIUl] O snlhCsI
|h3I _U8C8 lhC hC_CmCnC QrOCC. 8C8U 3CCOun| CI |DC CmCtgCDCC o|
|C COnCcQ| O tO IwO sCUtCCs D 3tX. ODC wC 3suuC
|h3| 3 Q3t| Cu8I C d88 Wm DCCCmC GCnliHCd wth uUVC|3 gO3s, 3HG
3nOlhCt WCh 8ssumCs |hal lC DCOmmCUUt3bd!y UClWCCn 3 Q3ttCU-

C3 3nG Il8 uUVCt8| 8Qt3lCU Wu OCC38IOn aD OQCu-CDOCO

QrOCCs O| CCmOC!8lZaIOn. hC sCCODO Otmu8IOn guICC8 his GCu
ICn C OOtC, tOI8ky, Hege| 3nG Ll3mC, whCh cODCuOC WIh lDC
OOWIDg Cl O C3n.
thc hcgcmOnc ua|tosa|iq cUcOts 8tC gO_ lO Ut8GI8IC Om 8 ]arh-
a|r 1Cc|Ot n OcCQ |hCy cUnO| bc rcduccd tO mC Org8nualiOn C
pamcmaq 8rOunO Its OwD ntCtCst8, which W DCC0atuy bC cOtQCt8-
UV0. lhC h0gCmOny Ot a ]m/ar sOcm scOtOr dcpcnds OI uCCC8 OD
QtCs0n|Dg |s Ow ams as mOsc UC uatma/ s O mC COm-
mun{, l ts clC8r |hat lh dcDmcatOn s |C mQ|C QrOODg8lIOn O
an msumbOnm systcm Ol dOmm3lCn but that, CD lhC CCnUj, 8 Cj0u
OU O lh0 aI|cr
[
rc1uQpOscs lC sUCCC8 Ih8l 3HCul8UOn bctWCCn
UDVCts| 8UU Qat|CUl8t| [IC. 8 hcgmOnIc VctOry). lL, p
PlhCug |C QUOllIOn 3DCVC s OCrCO as u[QCt| Ot lhC CCnlt3I] O
thC nlCbCClu3 lUnCltOD n QtCVIUug lhC nCCCs3t] ' tlICul3IOD' ,
CMlLTl NO UNl VLKSALl Tl E5 | 1
t here to taise d duerent sort of question. !t is unc|ear to me that given
socia| sectors Or, mdeed, gven socia| movements are necesatJy pattIc
ulaDtIC [tior tc the mcment in which they artcu|ate their own us as
tbc ams of the genera| commuHity. !ndeed, oCIal DOVCHCul Dj we||
constitute communities that operate wth notions of uuiveraliQ which
bear on|y a famiIy resemb|ance to ctheI UICutVC attiCu|atIouS
Veraity !n these cases, the prob|em is not to rendet tbc QartICulat as
representative of thc uDVCt3, Du! lC agudicale among CODQetin

notions of unIVetaliq
L Course, u wc tteat unVcrsaij as a purc|y ogiCa C3tCgOj - by
which I mean that lor which a forma| and symboZab|e formu|ation is
possib|c - thcn therc can be nO competing Vetsion of uniVersa iq Yet
Laclau woul J probab|y agree that thc articu|ation of unIVer8a|q Uoes
cbaUgc over time and chaDgcs, in part, prccsc|y Dy lhe knds cf c|ams
that arc madc undcr rubrC which have not been understood as parl
C its puri cw. Such claims cxposc thc CCntingent !ml Cl univcrsaIiza-
liCD, nU mkC us mnUu| !h3! no 3hIstoriCa concept of thc unversa|
wi|| work as a gaugc for what docs or does not be|ong wthn ts lctD8. !
agrcc wholchcartcdy wth LaC3u's 3CCCuDl Cl Gramsci. ' the on|y unI-
VCt8I| oCic can ChICVC a hcgemonic UDIvers3Ity - a univcraity
CCn!3mD3LCU U Q3tlICu3!y` [L p. 5 l ) . I wou|d uggCt, !hCu_D - and
hopc lC h3VC sCW u my 5rst cssay for this volumc - that Hegel wou|d
whochearledIy agree wth this |ormulaton as wc|| . But f various mcvc-
mcnts spc3k in the name of wh3l is unversa||y true for a|| humans, and
DCl Cuy UC nol agree on the substantve normatve issue of what that
good , but a|so understand thct te|ation to this [ostuted univcrsa| in
Cm3DlC3ly dissonant discourses, then it seems that one task Ior lhC
CCD!CmQCr3( D!CCC!u I IC hnd out how to navi

ate, with a critica|

DClICD C tran8aton at hand, among these coDpeling kinds cf c|aims
on universa|zation.
ul does it mKe sense to accept as a heuristic pont cI dcpa!lUte that
the pC|ItCa| 5e|d ought to be dvded among those social sectcrs which
make partcu| r, corporatist C|aims, and a discourse o| univctality
which tipu|ate ue knds of c|ams that w be admitted mto thc process
of demccratizatcn We can see hcw the notion of 'sovereignty', which
operaled pc|ticaly n the most recent Ba|kan war in a varieq c
U1 ]UDl TH 8UTLR
cOmpettng way:, cOud nOt bc subgcctcd tO a sng|c cXtcOgraphca dcl-
i nittOn. O dO uat wOud havc bccn tO miss the po|iuca| satcncc OI tbc
categoj as it d nvOkcd by bObOdan NtOscV, by Oam Lhomsky
by thc ItIan SluOeul mOvemcnt agatnst t was nOt uscd hc
3mC W3y Dy cach O thcsC speakers, and yet it IuncttOncd tn an mpas
OnCU W3 as thc !e sp|tt bctwccn tntcrcnttOnst and pacGst wtngs.
Indeed, Onc ughl undCstand sOmc OI tbc cOntct tO bc bctwccn an
internat|ona| consensus tbat thc sOvcrcigty o| natons s lC bc prO-
tccleU against incursion by OrCi_ pOWes_ anU 3nOlhCr tnlCrn8lOn3
COD8CB8u8 that CC|3In lO!m8 Ol mutUCtOu8 n]uslILC cOuntcrcd
by thc inlctnaltona communi[ ptCCsc|y Vrtuc o| ccrtatn intcrn3
tiona| obgaIiOns_ more or |ess cOdthcd, tbat wc bcar tOwards Onc
anOthcr, Ccspi tc nattOna| t tj bOtb makc ccrtatn ktnds OI ` untvcrsa'
c| atms, and thcrc dOcs nOt appcar tO bc any casy way OI adudtLttng
bclecn these cOmpcting universa|isms.
Iow wou|d expect that Lac|au mght say that What tCmaIns Impor
tant Ol hC_Cmony is to tCcO_nize thal thcsc arC particuar c|aims about
what unversa|ity Ougbt tO bc, and tbat thcsc patttcua catms w mc
ther bid |or thC 8l3tu8 o| a universa|. What w bc tmpOr|ant, thcn, s
hOw a cOnscnsus can bc achtcvcd, and whtcb Onc, ctthcr, LoDc tO
bc tdcnttca, |n a transient la8bIong wm tbc untvcrsa ttsct acau mtgbI
38O dIstIngisb bclwccn the process OI untvcrsatzatOn tbat cbaractcr
tzcs us VC 8lOgglC and tbc cOnttngcnt vcrstOns OI untvcrsatq dat arc
strugging |or cOnceptua| GCmIu3lIOu WIlhIu thC cOntcmpOrary pOtttca
scenc- rescIIng tbc tcrm ` untvcrsatzattOn` |or lbc acttvc prOccss
WhICh Ih8 contcsl proc0cds, and `untvcrsat{' |or 8pecuc cOntcndcrs IOr
thC hC_CmOnIC catm, thIs hrst term exempts tsc IrOm bcng Onc Ol dc
cOntcndcrs, and sccms to supp!y a IramcwOrk wtthtn whcb a cOn
tcnttOn lakes pacco t sccms c|ear, hOwcVcrg that even tbc Opcn-cndcd
nOttOn OI unvcrsazattOn upon whtcb Lac|au,
_
zck, and agrCC s nOt
Iu|y CCmQ3lIDC wth Othcr vcrsOns OI untvcrsa|tzattOn whcb arc
|ound n Othcr Orms ol NarXtst tbcOj 3ODC OI whtCh aOau has Oul
|tncd IOr us, and in tbcra tbcOry [tncudmg abcrmas's nOrmauvc vtcw
OI !hC universalization O lhC uncOnstratncd spcccb act n whcb arc to
DC lOunC princtp cs O rcctprOct| wbcb |orm the tdca cOnscnsu
tOwards whtch any 3uC a|| contention ts sad imQtctt|y tO strivc). Thus,
COMFETl NC UNl VER8ALlTl E8 OJ
even the theoretica| eort to name and drect thc process o unvcrsa|-
zaton wn| be subjcct to contention - which is, o coursc, no rcason not
to propose it and to makc it as persuasve as possb|e to accept.
!n !acIau's position, the second view which emphasiZes the inCom-
mensurabi|iq bcoccn particuar and universa| mp|cs that ' universal
emanctpation is achieved on|y through its transicnt idcntiEcation with
thc aims ot a particu|ar socia| scctor o . . a toa|tgta/ universaIIp CODsti
tUtve|y reQuuin Qo|itCa mediation and reations representaton'
EI, p. 5 l ) . This | ast not only nccessitates the rc|e o the inte||ectua| as
the mCdi attng |ink, but sQecies that role as onc ot logical analy8is We
!cturn to thc status ot logical rc|ations n a momcnt, but hrst I
ou|d luc to considcr thc particuar task o mcdiation that s required
Il hcgcmony s tc work, the particu|ar must come to represent some-
thing othcr than itse|f As !aclau begins to peCiy ths ptobIeu ol
represcntation in his e8s3y he makes a turn away |rom MarXan analy-
sis towards phenomeno|ogy, structura|ism and poststructuraism as tbey,
n consonant ahion, distn

ush betwccn the sgme: and the sgmed

Jhus, the arbitrary re|ation uat governs signmcation s cQuated wth the
contingency upon which hcgcmony depends. The inte||ectua| ehort to
bring ths contInency into vew, to expose what is necessa] as contin-
gent, and to mobI|Zc an nsght nto the po|itica| uscs ot ths
contingcncy assumes the orm o structuta| anyss of langagc itse|F
And a|though some wou|d sure|y argue that tDs move sacricCs thc
matcrast traditon of Marsm to a form ol mgustc nqu, aCu8
pont s to show that tbis problcm o| reptesentation has bcen at the
heart of matera|ism, ol thc probIcm of hegcDonj and of the articuIa-
tion o powerfu| and persuasive rcsistance to tbe reihed |orms that the
o|tica| e|d assumcs
Much o lac|au's argmcnt here rests on the operatVe ssuDptou
that given soca scctors and po|itica| |ormatons that have not yet
demonstrated the unVrsaiZng eBects of thCit demands are 'particular'.
Jhc politca| held s dvided Irom the start, t seems, between thosc
modcs o resistance that are partiCu|aI and those that successuBy make
thc c|am to unversa|q Those that make thc | atter c|am do not losc
thcir status as paItcular but they do engage in a certan practice ol rep-
resentationa| inccmmensurabi|ity whereby the pattICUar comcs to s|aa4
]0D! IU BLTLLR
{ t he uaiversal without becoming ioentca| wth t . Jhus the particu|ar
which ccusti tutes on|y one part or sector o| the sociopolitical Ge|d, nev-
crthe|ess comes to represent the universa|, wh|ch means that the
possibi|iq |or the princip|es o| equa|q and ustice that denc the po|t
ica| Gel d within 3 nomina||y democratic context seems now to depcnd
upon thc actua|izaticn o| thc goas o| the 'partcu|ar' sector. !t is not the
case that the particu|r now postures as the universa| , usurping the uni-
versa| u |s name, but tbat the universa| comes to be regarded as
insubstantial unless the c|ams o| the partcu|ar are included within ts
purew
Tbis descrption sure|y Gts some o| the representationa| dilemmas o|
movcmcnts o| po|itica| enranch|8ement, but there are some po||tica|
d|emmas o| representation that t cannot |u||y address. For nst3ncc
thoc cses where the ' universa| ' |oses its emp
q
8I3Iu 3nd comcs to
represeut an ethnical|y restrctve onception o| community and citi-
zcnship !srae|), or bcccmcs cquatcd with ccrtain organizatons oI
kinship the nuc|ear, heterosexua| |amy), or wth ccrtain t3C3 dCnl-
catons, then |t is nct just n thc namc o thc cxcIudcd p3niculars that
po|iticization occurs, but in the name o| 3 dCrCnI Knd ol unVCt83lQ
!ndeed, may bc that these a|ternative V8IOD8 Ol unVCt83Iy atc
embedded in so-ca||ed p3rticu|ar politica| totatons o| rcsstacc to
begn with, and that they |ess un|versa| than those that happcn to
enoy hegemonic acceptance. The dCmOCt8UC 8ttuggC 8 thus not pri-
mari|y one o| persuasive synecdoche, whereby the p3rtcu|3r comcs to
stand compe||ing|y, |or the whol e. Nether s the prob|em pure|y 3 |og-
ica| one in whi ch, by denition, the particu|ar is cxc|udcd rcm thc
universa| , and this excluson becomes the conditon |or the re|aton o|
representation that the particu| ar per|orms n re|ation to the un|versa| .
For | the 'particu|ar 8 actua|ly studied in its parucu|ar|ty, may bc that
a ccrtain cOmQCtng version o| unversa||q is |ntrnsic to thc particu|ar
movement itsel | It may be that |eminism, |or instance, maintains a vcw
o| univcrsa|iq that mp|cs |orms o| sexua| ega|itariansm which gurc
womeu wthin a new conception ol universa|ization. Or l may be that
8!O__lC8 |or equaity have wthin thcm lrom the start a cOnCCQlOn
o| universa| en|ranchisement that s nextricable |rom 3 strong concep-
ton o| mu|tcu|tura| communiq. r that strugg|e8 against sexual anU
CMlEJ! NO UNl VERSALl T! ES OJ
gender discrimination invo|ve promoting ncw notions of rccdom of
assemb|y or frCedom of 388CC3lICn that are unversa| n ch3ractCr cvcn
as they, by mpicaton, seek to throv o some of the specihc shacHes
under which sexual minorities |ive, and cCu|O, Uy cxtcnsion, Questiou mc
cXCU8VC lCCk |egitimacy that conventional family structures
maintainv
Thus, the qus\on for such DOVcDcnI8 W not be how to rcIatc a
partiCul0r c|aim to one that is universa, where thC uniVcrsal is hgteU
anterior to the particu|ar, and where the presumption is tbat a lC_C3l
incommensurabilip govcrns the re| aton bctccn tbc to tcrma may
be, rather, onc o eIaU|i8hIng ret|icts |reos/e|ieo amon_ compcting
notions o unVcIlJ!ty which, Ocspite any apparcnt |OgiCal incomQalI
blity, m3y ncvcrtbc|css Dc|on_ to an ovcr|appng sct of socal and
po|itcal aims. BUCCO t sccms to mc tbat one ol the ta8ks of thc QIC8-
cnt !ch s precse|y to see what basis o| commonalq thCtc mI_hl Dc
among cxistng movcmcnts, but to hnd such a D388 WtthOut rccoursc to
transccndcnta| cIams. nc m!_ht arguc - and !aclau very QC88IUy
Wou|O - that w0atcvcr sct o dcbatcs or tranl8tiVe Qto]ecl8 cuCtgc
amOng dIVctgcnt 3lQCCt8 Ol uc Leh, they w vc lOI hcgCmoEy uuOct
lc DUtIC Ol an cmQp 8gDCI, 3nU th3t thC Qarticu|ar 3uU substantivc
c|aims 3DOut uUVCI83lIty n3dy tac placc undcr yct anotbcr IuDtlC
of univcra|iQ onc which is ramcay cmpty, irrcducblc to spccc con-
tcnt, signi[ng HOthu_ Olhcr than tbc ongoing dcbatc ovcr its pos8iDc
mcanings. 8ut s sucb a notion Ol unvCrsality cvcr as Cujj 8 Il s
pCsitCO to be r s there a spechc Ctm o univcrsa|I[ whcb !3y8
c|am to bcing cmpjr To quotc Zizck again, n tbc spirt of tC_Cl 'tbc
u|tmate QucshoD is. which specdc contcnt bas tO Uc cxc|udcd 8o tDt thC
vcry [ o universa|ity cmcrgcs as thc "battlcc|d" for hcgc-
mony And is l| tru|y empty, or OCCs it car tbc tracc o lhC CCuOCU
in spectra| lorm as an intcrnal dsruption o its own ormalism !aclau
himself gives support or tbis vcw when he writes in his hrst contribu-
tion to this volume. A theo o bcgcmony is not, m mat CuC, a ncutra|
descrption of wha is going on in the world, but a descrption Who8c
vcp conOL On cf possibi|ity is a normativc clcmcnt governing, |rom thC
ve be_nnng, whatcvet apprChcnsioD of "facts" act tbere coud
OC L p. BO) .
bb jUl TH BUTLLR
0C0D and Mouhc bavc argcd tbat onc task or tbc CH | s t o cstab-
|isb 0 cbain ol cquiva|cncc 0mCug compcting groups, so tbat cacb s, by
virtuc o its ovn contingcnt and incomplctc artcuIation, structura|ly
simIar to tbc otbcr, and tbs structural|y common 'lack' bccomcs tbc
basis Ior a rccognition o a common constitutvc condtion. lt is not
c|car to mc tbat cach o tbc compctng groups on tbc C is prmaruy
slructurcd by tbc lack wbcb s sad to bc consttutivc o dcntiq sncc t
s not cIcar to mc tbat sucb groups arc organizcd around mc conccpt
oI dcntq A s|ruggIe against racism s not ncccssarUy groundcd n an
dcntip-tascd sct o c|ams, tbougb l may bavc somc o tbosc claims
part o ts movcmcnt. Smdarly, a struggIc to cnd bomopbobia may not
bc an IdCulll0tI0u projcct . t may bc onc tbat makcs clams bascd on a
widc rangc ol scxua| practiccs, rathcr man idcnutcs. Wbat rcmans
dmcuIt to achicvc, bowcvcr, is a strong coaIition among mnonq com-
munitcs and poIitcal ormatons tbat is bascd n a rccogntion o an
ovcrlapping sct o goaIs. Can a transIaton bc madc bctwccn tbc strug-
glc against racsm, or nstancc, and tbc strugg|c agamst bomophoba,
tbc strugg|c against tbc N in Sccond and Jbrd World cconomcs
whicb involvcs making grcatcr c|ams to sovcrcig scl-dctcrmnauon
among tbosc discn|rancbiscd and gttcd statc cconomcs and countcr
nationa|ist movcmcnts tbat scck to distngusb scl-dctcrminauon rom
vio|cnt Iorms oI xcnopbobia and domcstic racsm?
Jbcrc arc univcrsaI c|aims intrinsc to tbcsc partcuIar movcmcnts
that nccd to tc articulatcd in tbc contcxt o| 0 translativc projcct, but tbc
trans|ation w|| bavc to tc onc in wbicb tbc tcrms in qucstion arc not
smp|y rcdcscrbcd by a dominant dscoursc. lor tbc trans|aton to bc in
tbc scrcc oI tbc struggIc or bcgcmony, tbc domnant discoursc wll
bavc to altcr by virtuc o admitting tbc 'orcign' vocabu|ary into lls Icx-
icon. Jbc unvcrsalzing cccts o lhC movcmcnt or tbc scxua|
cnIrancbscmcnt o scxua| minoritics bavc to mvo|vc a rctbnkng oI
univcrsaliq tsc|I, a sundcring oI tbc tcrm into ts compcting scmantic
opcrations and tbc orms o lilc tbat tbcy indcatc, and a thrcading
togctbcr o tbosc compctng tcrms nto an unwicldy movcmcnt wbosc
'unity' W bc mcasurcd ts capacty to sustam, wtbout domcstcatmg,
ntcrnal dihcrcnccs tbat kccp ts own dchnton n do bcIcvc
tbat, cns Zzck, tbc knds oI translations tbat arc nccdcd poIitically
CCV!|II MG OlI VIRSALl Jl ES
nvclvc an active engagement wth lorms o| multcu|turalsm, 0nO lh0l
t wOuO Uc a mistakc tC tCOuCC thc QOllC8 o| uutiCullutaln lO lC
QclItcs Cl p0tllCu|0ti[. t !s DCttct uuOCt8lCCU, DClCVC, as a QOtlC oI
trans|ation in tbc scrcc Ol adjudicatmg and CCupCslng a nCCuCul Cl
CCmpCtlng anC ovctappug unIVCt0llm.
1e gtacWce u u@tc Ue @uOcs u 0scuUe
d e@tOaO@ Oe B
dO nOl DClCVC lbal lhC IulCllCCtu3l C3u DC 3t 3 r0OiC3I d8l0DCc ltCu
8uCh mOvcuCnt8, 0lthOugb ! am uCl surc C3u tcturu lC t3m8CIs
nCtiOn Ct tbc Org3uIC lnlCllCClu3l, DuCh as l tC8gCc| lhC CCulCDQCI3ry
CItCul3tCu C! u0l mCdcl in thc WCtk 0nd m tbc pcrson Ol Agc|a L3V8.
ut 3u [3[ to t n tbs rcspcct. ! do not tbink lh0t thc mIc Ol thC
InlCllCClu3 l8 lC t3KC ncw sCc uCVcucul8 08 OD]cCt8 Cl intc||cctuaI
mQulQ 3ud OCtlVC ltCu thcm lhc |ogca lCatutC Ol lhctI Cl3Iu~ukIu_
CXCtCI8C8, WllhCul actua||y studyng UC c|ams thcmsc|vcs to scc whcthct
thc |ogic ln QuCtlOn ult thc phcnomcna at hand. Whcn vc makc
C3u8 3DCul lhC CCuUlCn8 Ol Qos8!bIIty Cl uCh mOVCmCnt, 3uU scck
tO 8hCW that thcy arc a|| COntltutcd tu lhC 83uC W3y, 3uO D38C Cut
C3u8 Cn thC HatutC o| an_u3_C It8Cl, tDCu WC uC longcr uccU tO takc
lhC8C sCC3 uCVCuCnls 0 Our CD]CCl8, lCt WC C3u IC8tOCt Cut8CVC8 lC uc
thco ot anagc. Jhts is nCt to 83y lD3l thCCtIc Ol 3ngu3gC 0tC DOl
tmQCrtaut lC h

tIng Out thC IcQtCscutatlCnal OCuu38 Cl ncw sCcI0|

mOvcmcnts. Jhcy uanle8tly 0tC. ut lt 8ccm8 luQctlanl nOt IO 3uDc
that thc Qa!|ICu|a! Ch3CngC8 lCt 3tlICul3tICu tDat govcrn thc cD I8
VC| `COnOltOn Ol QOsslUB| 0tC, Ol nCCc8I] CXacUy thC 80DC 0 lhc
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