1 GalondeGLP(70/30)esiguala 2.

65Mts3deGas Natural
A propsito de un articulo publicado en Diario Libre sobre el precio que tendr en el pas de manera inicial el Gas Natural y como dicho articulo no aclara correctamente las equivalencias entre el Gas Natural y el GLP traigo a este blog el tema de las equivalencias reales de este combustible. De acuerdo a la Alternate nergy !ystems el valor calor"ico del Gas Natural es #$%#& btu por pies c'bicos$ lo que equivale a ()$*(+.,* btu-m(. .eniendo en cuenta que el GLP es una me/cla de di"erentes gases$ siendo estos principalmente Propano y 0utano. !i tomamos como real la in"ormacin de 1ndustria y 2omercio en el 3eglamento (%*4%#$ capitulo 511$ 2alidad de los 2ombustibles$ de la Ley de 6idrocarburos ##&4%%$ que estipula que el GLP importado al pas debe tener una composicin de *%-(%$ que quiere decir mnimo *%7 de propano y m8imo (%7 de 0utano. 9btendremos los siguientes resultados: ;n galn de Propano tiene <#$=<% 0.;$ si lo multiplicamos por .*% esto resulta en =,$#+( 0.; para el equivalente al contenido de propano de un galn de GLP en el pas. A esto hay que agregarle el butano$ segundo componente en importancia y volumen en el GLP$ el cual contiene #%&$%(& 0.; por galn$ si multiplicamos esto por .(%$ resulta que tendramos disponibles (%$=%<.=% 0.; para completar el galn de GLP disponible en el pas. 9 sea una galn de GLP en 3ep'blica Dominicana debe tener apro8imadamente <,$*<& 0.;. >.*% de Propano ? .(% de 0utano @ # galon de GLPA. !i dividimos <,$*<& entre los 0.; que tiene el metro cubico de Gas Natural que son ()$*(+$ esto equivale a un "actor multiplicador de &.=)$ para calcular equivalencias. 9 sea en otras palabras podemos decir que un galn de GLP equivale a &.=) metros c'bicos de Gas Natural. Lo que al precio actual equivaldra a decir que para tener el mismo rendimiento de un galn de GLP que cuesta =*.&< tendramos que comprar 47.93 de Gas Natural. De la misma manera obtendramos que la equivalencia con relacin a la gasolina es de (.)+* Bts( de Gas Natural por galn de Gasolina. !era una ilusin pensar que los precios anunciados en este articulo sern permanentes. De manera que lo importante es recordar el "actor de conversin para el equivalente del metro cubico de gas natural a GLP$ multiplicar por &.=) y para el equivalente del metro cubico de gas natural a la gasolina por (.)*+. l punto principal que tenemos que destacar$ a mi entender$ sobre este anuncio4articulo$ es el hecho de que el gas natural para vehculos sera vendido por Betros 2'bicos en este pas. Algo que no se haba anunciado de"initivamente. A pesar de todo lo que se ha hablado sobre el gas natural en el pas$ no se tenia un conocimiento e8acto sobre el tipo de unidad de volumen que se utili/ara para comerciali/arlo para los vehculos. Ademas ahora tenemos una idea mas clara sobre el precio a que se estar comerciali/ando inicialmente este combustible. Cilmag 2asado

Gasoline gallon equivalent

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Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG) is the amount of alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline. In 1994 the !.". #ational Institute of "tandards and $echnology or #I"$ defined %gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) means &.''( )ounds of natural gas.%*1+ GGE allo,s consumers to com)are the energy content of com)eting fuels against a commonly kno,n fuel-gasoline. .om)ressed natural gas (.#G) for e/am)le is a gas rather than a liquid. It can 0e measured 0y its volume in cu0ic feet (ft1) 0y its ,eight in )ounds (l0) or 0y its energy content in 2oules (3) or 4ritish thermal units (4$!) or kilo,att-hours (k56h). It is difficult to com)are the cost of gasoline ,ith other fuels if they are sold in different units. GGE solves this. 7 GGE of .#G and a GGE of electricity all have the same energy content as one gallon of gasoline. .#G sold at filling stations is )riced in dollars )er GGE. 8ne im)ortant )oint that some,hat clouds the )ractical utility of a GGE for com)aring different fuels to each other is that machines ,hich run on them )roduce usa0le energy from different fuels at different efficiencies.

Contents

# .able o" GG & 2ompressed natural gas ( thanol , !ee also ) 3e"erences

[edit] Table of GGE

Fuel GGE BTU/unit Gasoline >baseAG&H # ;! gallon ##,$%%% 0.;-gal Gasoline >conventional$ %.<<= ;! gallon ##,$)%% 0.;-gal ((.)= summerAG&H I Gasoline >conventional$ JinterA #.%#( ;! gallon ##&$)%% 0.;-gal (&.<* G&H I Gasoline >re"ormulated #.%#< ;! gallon ###$+(= 0.;-gal (&.*+ gasoline$ ethanolAG&H I Gasoline >re"ormulated #.%#< ;! gallon ###$+## 0.;-gal (&.** gasoline$ .0 AG&H I Gasoline >re"ormulated #.%&% ;! gallon ###$*,) 0.;-gal (&.*) gasoline$ B.0 AG&H I Gasoline >#%7 B0. AG(H #.%& ;! gallon ##&$%%% 0.;-gallon (&.+( G,H Gasoline >regular unleadedA # ;! gallon ##,$#%% 0.;-gal ((.,, Diesel K&G,H %.++ ;! gallons #&<$)%% 0.;-gal (*.<) G,H 0iodiesel >0#%%A %.<= ;! gallons ##+$(%% 0.;-gal 0io Diesel >0&%AG,H %.<% ;! gallons #&*$&)% 0.;-gal #.)(=& ;! Liquid natural gas >LNGAG,H *)$%%% 0.;-gal gallons 2ompressed natural gas >2NGA #&=.=* cu "t <%% 0.;-cu "t G,H >(.)+* m(A 6ydrogen at #%#.(&) EPa ()*.(* cu "t (#< 0.;-cu "tG)H %.<<* Eg >&.#<+ ##<.< BF-Eg >)#$)%% 6ydrogen by Jeight lbAG=H 0.;-lbAG*H Lique"ied petroleum #.() ;! gallons +,$(%% 0.;-gal gas>propaneA >LPGAG,H Bethanol "uel >B#%%AG,H &.%# ;! gallons )=$+%% 0.;-gal thanol "uel > #%%AG,H #.)%% ;! gallons *=$#%% 0.;-gal G,H thanol > +)A #.(< ;! gallons +#$+%% 0.;-gal Fet "uel >naphthaAG+H %.<* ;! gallons ##+$*%% 0.;-gal G+H Fet "uel >EeroseneA %.<% ;! gallons #&+$#%% 0.;-gal Nitromethane L&.( ;! Gallons L,*$%%% 0.;-gal kWh/U nit ((.,#

((.,% EiloJatt4 ($,#( 0.;->ECMhA hours I Icalculated based on ##,$%%% 0.;-gal base gasoline lectricity

G<HG#%H

[edit] Compressed natural gas

8ne GGE of natural gas is 19'.': cu0ic feet (;.&<: m ;) at standard conditions. $his volume of natural gas has the same energy content as one !" gallon of gasoline (0ased on lo,er heating values= 9(( 4$!>cu ft of natural gas and 11& ((( 4$!>gal of gasoline).*11+ 8ne GGE of .#G )ressuri?ed at 9 4(( )si (1: @Aa) is (.:: cu0ic foot (91.< liters). $his volume of .#G at 9 4(( )si has the same energy content as one !" gallon of gasoline (0ased on lo,er heating values= 14< 144 4$!>cu ft of .#G and 11& ((( 4$!>gal of gasoline. *11+ !sing 4oyleBs Ca, the equivalent GGE at ; '(( )si (9& @Aa) is (.&1 cu0ic foot (14.4 C or ;.<9 actual !" gal). $he #ational .onference of 5eights D @easurements (#.5@) has develo)ed a standard unit of measurement for com)ressed natural gas defined in the #I"$ Eand0ook 44 7))endi/ F as follo,s= %1 Gasoline *!"+ gallon equivalent (GGE) means 9.&': kg (&.''( l0) of natural gas.% *19+ 5hen consumers refuel their .#G vehicles in the !"7 the .#G is usually measured and sold in GGE units. $his is fairly hel)ful as a com)arison to gallons of gasoline.

[edit] Ethanol
8ne GGE of ethanol is 1.& gallons. $his volume of ethanol has the same energy content as one !" gallon of gasoline. $his is 0ecause a gallon of ethanol has a lo,er heat value or energy content (:' 1(( 4$!) ,hen com)ared to a gallon of gasoline (114 1(( 4$!). 7 9((' !niversity of .alifornia 4erkley study after analy?ing si/ se)arate studies concluded that )roducing ethanol from corn uses much less )etroleum than )roducing gasoline.*1;+ 8rdinary consumers driving a %fle/-fuel% vehicle may e/)erience a dro) (G1&H) in fuel mileage ,hen using <&H ethanol )roducts (the com)ression ratio is fi/ed mechanically and electronic sensors can only modify the timing of the s)ark and allo, the electronic fuel in2ectors to )rovide more of the reduced energy-content fuel). *citation

Molar volume of a gas

It is equally as im)ortant to indicate the a))lica0le reference conditions of tem)erature and )ressure ,hen stating the molar volume of a gas *;1+ as it is ,hen e/)ressing a gas volume or volumetric flo, rate. "tating the molar volume of a gas ,ithout indicating the reference conditions of tem)erature and )ressure has no meaning and it can cause confusion. $he molar gas volumes can 0e calculated ,ith an accuracy that is usually sufficient 0y using the universal gas la, for ideal gases. $he usual e/)ression is= PV I nRT J,hich can 0e rearranged thus=

,here (in "I metric units)=

@ the absolute pressure o" the gas$ in Pa >pascalA n @ amount o" substance$ in mol V @ the volume o" the gas$ in m( T @ the absolute temperature o" the gas$ in N @ the universal gas laJ constant o" +.(#,) R ( m MPa->molMNA P

or ,here (in customary !"7 units)=

P @ the absolute pressure o" the gas$ in psi n @ number o" moles$ in lbmol V @ the volume o" the gas$ in "t(-lbmol @ the absolute temperature o" the gas absolute$ T in O3 @ the universal gas laJ constant o" R #%.*(#= "t(Mpsi->lbmolMO3A

$he molar volume of any ideal gas may 0e calculated at various standard reference conditions as sho,n 0elo,=

V-n @ +.(#,) #%#.(&) EPa V-n @ +.(#,) V-n @ +.(#,) #%#.(&) EPa V-n @ +.(#,) #%% EPa

P &*(.#) - #%#.(&) @ &&.,#, m(-Emol at % O2 and P &*(.#) - #%%.%%% @ &&.*## m(-Emol at % O2 and #%% EPa P &<+.#) - #%#.(&) @ &,.,== m(-Emol at &) O2 and P &<+.#) - #%%.%%% @ &,.*<% m(-Emol at &) O2 and

V-n @ #%.*(#= P )#<.=* - #,.=<= @ (*<.,+ "t(-lbmol at =% OD and #,.=<= psi >or about %.+(== "t(-gram moleA V-n @ #%.*(#= P )#<.=* - #,.*(% @ (*+.=# "t(-lbmol at =% OD and #,.*( psi

$he technical literature can 0e confusing 0ecause many authors fail to e/)lain ,hether they are using the universal gas la, constant R ,hich a))lies to any ideal gas or ,hether they are using the gas la, constant Rs ,hich only a))lies to a s)ecific individual gas. $he relationshi) 0et,een the t,o constants is Rs I R / M ,here M is the molecular ,eight of the gas. $he !" "tandard 7tmos)here uses <.;14;9 m;6Aa>(mol6K) as the value of R for all calculations. ("ee Gas constant)