BJT Transistor Modeling

Transistor Modeling
A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC characteristics of the transistor. It uses circuit elements that approximate the behavior of the transistor. There are 2 models commonly used in small signal AC analysis of a transistor: hybrid equivalent model

Important Parameters
Zi, Zo, Av, Ai are important parameters for the analysis of the AC characteristics of a transistor circuit.

Input Impedance, Zi
To determine Ii: insert a sensing resistor

Zi =

Vi Ii

then calculate Ii:

Ii =

Vs Vi R sense

Output Impedance, Zo
To determine Io: insert a sensing resistor

Zo =

Vo Io

then calculate Io:

Io =

V Vo R sense

Voltage Gain, Av
Av =
Vo Vi

Vo Vi

For an amplifier with no load:

A VNL =

R L = (opencircuit)

Note: the no-load voltage gain (AVNL) is always greater than the loaded voltage gain (AV).

Current Gain, Ai
Ai = Io Ii

The current gain (Ai) also be calculated using the voltage gain (Av):

A i = A v

Zi RL

Phase Relationship
The phase relationship between input and output depends on the amplifier configuration circuit. Common Emitter : Common - Base : Common Collector: 180 degrees 0 degrees 0 degrees

Hybrid Equivalent Model

The hybrid parameters: hie, hre, hfe, hoe are developed and used to model the transistor. These parameters can be found in a specification sheet for a transistor. hi = input resistance hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo) hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii) ho = output conductance

General h-Parameters for any Transistor Configuration

hi = input resistance hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo) hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii) ho = output conductance

Simplified General h-Parameter Model

The above model can be simplified based on these approximations: hr 0 therefore hrVo = 0 and ho

Common-Emitter h-Parameters

h ie =

25mV h fe 25mV I BQ I EQ

h fe = ac

Common-Base h-Parameters

h ib =

25mV I EQ

h fb = ac 1

BJT Small-Signal Analysis

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output impedance with a high voltage and current gain.

Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors

Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Determine hfe, hie, and hoe: hfe and hoe: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a curve tracer. hie: calculate hie using DC analysis:

h ie =

25mV 25mV h fe I BQ I EQ

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi = R B || h ie

Zi h ie
Output Impedance:

R B 10h ie

Zo = R C ||

1 h oe

Zo R C

1/h oe 10 R C

Gain Calculations

Voltage Gain (Av):

Av =

vo h (R || 1/h oe ) = fe C vi h ie

Av =

h fe R C h ie

1/h oe 10R C

Current Gain (Ai):

Ai =

io h fe R B (1/h oe ) = i i (1/h oe + R C )(R B + h ie )

A i h fe
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

1/h oe 10R C , R B 10 h ie

A i = A v

Zi RC

Phase Relationship

The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.

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CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

You still need to determine hfe, hie, and hoe.

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi = R || h ie

R = R 1 || R 2 =

R 1R 2 R1 + R 2

Output Impedance: Z o = R C ||

1 h oe

Zo R C

1/h oe 10R C

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Gain Calculations

Voltage Gain (Av):

Av =

vo R || 1/h oe = h fe C vi h ie

Av

h fe R C h ie

1/h oe 10R C

Current Gain (Ai): A i =

io h fe R (1/h oe ) = i i (1/h oe + R C )(R + h ie )

Ai

h fe R R + h ie

1/h oe 10R C

A i h fe 1/h

oe 10R C ,

R 10h ie

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

A i = A v

Zi RC

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

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CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed RE

Again you need to determine hfe, hie.

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi = R B || Z b

Z b = h ie + (h fe + 1)R E
Z b h fe R E (h
fe +1)R E

>> h ie , h fe >> 1

Output Impedance:

Zo = R C

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Gain Calculations

Voltage Gain (Av):

Av =

vo h R = fe C vi Zb

Av

RC RE

Z b h fe R E

Current Gain (Ai):

Ai =

io h R = fe B ii R B + Zb

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

A i = A v

Zi RC

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

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Emitter-Follower Configuration

You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same circuit. Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.

Hybrid Equivalent Model

You still need to determine hfe and hie.

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Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi = R B || Z b

Z b = h ie + (h fe + 1)R E
Z b h fe R E (h
fe +1)R E

>> h ie , h fe >> 1

Impedance Calculations (contd)

Output Impedance:

Z o = R E ||
Zo h ie h fe

h ie h fe + 1

(h fe +1)R E >> h ie , h fe >> 1

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Gain Calculations

Voltage Gain (Av):

Av =

vo RE = v i R E + h ie /( h fe + 1)

Av 1

(h fe +1)R E >> h ie

Current Gain (Ai):

Ai

io h R fe B ii R B + Zb

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

A i = A v

Zi RE

Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

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Common-Base (CB) Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.

Hybrid Equivalent Model

You will need to determine hfb and hib.

h ib =

h ie 25mV = h fe + 1 I EQ

h fb = ac 1

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Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

Zi = R E || h ib

Zo = R C

Gain Calculations

Voltage Gain (Av):

Av =

v o h fb R C R C = vi h ib h ib

Current Gain (Ai):

Ai =

io = h fb 1 ii

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Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

CE Collector Feedback Configuration

This is a variation of the CE Fixed-Bias configuration.

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Hybrid Equivalent Model

You will need to determine hfe and hie.

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi =

h ie 1 + h fe RC RF

Output Impedance:

Z o R C || R F

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Gain Calculations

Voltage Gain (Av):

Av =

Vo h R = fe C Vi h ie

Current Gain (Ai):

Ai =

Io h fe R F = Ii R F + h fe R C
Ai = Io R F Ii R C

Example
hfe = hFE = 200 ICO = 0 A VBE = 0.7 V VCEsat = 0 V

According to the figure above

Perform DC analysis and find the Q-point. Evaluate the voltage gain Avs and the current gain Ai. Sketch vo on the AC+DC load line graph when
vs = 100 sin(wt) mV. vs = 900 sin(wt) mV.

ICQ = 0.39 mA VCBQ = 6.8 V

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