Waste charges.

Waste-processing charges such as land-fill and incineration costs are likely to increase, based on the principle of "polluter pays." The prevention of waste and emissions, re-use and recycling will consequently become more economic. The project team should list improvement options on the DfE Improvement Options Worksheet, grouping them according to a classification based on the seven DfE Strategies. The Improvement Options Worksheet can also be reformatted to include the DfE Sub-Stratgies. (DfE STRATEGIES) After listing the improvement options, the team can then use the DfE Strategy Wheel Worksheet to visualize the main areas for product improvement. DfE involves design procedures that minimize material and energy consumption while maximizing the possibility for reuse and recycling. Effective recycling closes the life cycle loop and returns energy and materials back to circulation. At every stage of the product life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to the end of use phase, Nokia is looking for ways to reuse and recycle materials as well as dispose of waste safely. In product design we begin with the end. Clearly, greater eco-efficiency can be achieved when product design teams work closely with recyclers and others involved in end-of-life treatment.

Material choice Liquid residues Product delivery Product use Refurbishment, recycling, disposal

For the infrastructure stage (lc1), energy and solid waste were considered to be the two dominant environmental factors. The Supporting Information shows that the matrixes for the manufacturing stages (lc2, lc3, and lc4) are similar to each other, with energy, hazardous materials, and air emissions as the dominant factors and with energy and air taken as the most important. (Note: Because anodizing process B represents a significant improvement in the area of hazardous material choice, this relative ranking will tend to downplay the advantage of B over anodizing process A.) For process termination, lc5, the residues and energy use are taken to be the major factors, with solid waste as the principal factor. For lc6, energy use is the predominant factor, followed by hazardous materials and the residues. The company has an incentive to reduce the use of metals and plastics, reduce the amount of energy used in operation and recycle what is used because that will reduce their costs, even while they still get paid for providing the service.

To enhance component reuse and material recycle, engineers must embed strategic modularity into the product and reduce the cost to the recycling organizations. The key issue is the up front 121 ANNALS OF THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA 2005 TOME III. Fascicole 2 consideration of recycle modularity at the early stages of product design that addresses product families and its generations.

DfE practices are different ways of designing improved environmental performance into a product. Several of the more common ones are described below.

Material Substitution: Replacing product constituents with substitute materials that are superior in terms of increased recyclability, reduced energy content, etc.

Waste source reduction: Reducing the mass of the product or its packaging, thus reducing the resulting quantity of waste matter per product unit.

Substance use reduction: Reducing or eliminating the types and amounts of undesirable substances (e.g., toxics or CFCs) that are either incorporated into the product or used in its manufacturing process.

Energy use reduction: Reducing the energy required to produce, transport, store, maintain, use, recycle, or dispose of the product and its packaging

Life extension: Prolonging the useful life of a product or its components, thus reducing the associated waste stream (see below under design for reusability)

Design for separation and disassembly: Simplifying product disassembly and material recovery using techniques such as snap fastening of components and color coding of plastics

Design for recycling: Ensuring both high levels of recycled content in product materials and maximum recycling, i.e., minimum waste, at end of product life

Design for disposal: Assuring that all non-recyclable materials and components can be safely and efficiently disposed (e.g., ink/pigment restrictions)

Design for reuse: Enabling some components of a product to be recovered, refurbished, and reused

Design for remanufacture: Enabling recovery of post-industrial or post-consumer waste for recycling as input to the manufacture of new products

Design for energy recovery: Extraction of energy from waste materials, e.g., through incineration

Life cycle DfE strategies Specific strategies Raw materials Material use Optimization Design for resource conservation - Reduction of material use - Use renewable material - Use recycled and recyclable Design for low impact material - Avoid toxic or hazardous sub. - Use of lower energy content Manufacturing Clean manufacturing Design for cleaner production - Minimize the variety of material - Avoid waste of material - Select low impact ancillary materia and process Distribution Efficient distribution Design for efficient distribution - Reduce the weight of product - Reduce the weight of packaging - Ensure re-usable and recyclable transport packaging - Ensure efficient distribution Product Use Clean use/operation Design for energy efficiency Design for material conservation

Design for minimal consumption Avoidance of waste Design for low-impact use/operation Design for durability End of Life End of Life optimization Design for re-use Design for re-manufacturing Design for disassembly Design for recycling Design for safe disposa