Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Course 13 Seismic design of reinforced concrete structures

Course notes are available for download at http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/AurelStratan/

Design concepts
Low-dissipative structural behaviour Dissipative structural behaviour Eurocode 8 - three ductility classes:
L (low dissipative): q 1.5, design to Eurocode 2 M (medium): designed to provide energy dissipation capacity and an overall ductile behaviour H (high):

P100-1/2006 - two ductility classes:

M (medium): H (high): designed to provide energy dissipation capacity and an overall ductile behaviour

Dissipative structural behaviour (classes M and H): buildings designed, dimensioned and detailed in accordance with specific earthquake resistant provisions, enabling the structure to develop stable mechanisms of dissipation of hysteretic energy under repeated reversed loading, without suffering brittle failures

Structural types
Frame system: both the vertical and lateral loads are mainly resisted by spatial frames whose shear resistance at the building base exceeds 70% of the total shear resistance of the whole structural system Ductile wall system (coupled or uncoupled): both vertical and lateral loads are mainly resisted by vertical structural walls, either coupled or uncoupled, whose shear resistance at the building base exceeds 70% of the total shear resistance of the whole structural system Dual system (frame or wall equivalent): support for the vertical loads is mainly provided by a spatial frame and resistance to lateral loads is contributed to in part by the frame system and in part by structural walls, coupled or uncoupled

Structural types
Torsionally flexible system: dual or wall system not having a minimum torsional rigidity (structures irregular in plan). Examples: structures with a central core

Inverted pendulum system: 50% or more of the mass is in the upper third of the height of the structure, or in which the dissipation of energy takes place mainly at the base of a single building element

Behaviour factors
Reference values of behaviour factor q
Structural type Frames, dual coupled walls Walls Torsionally flexible system Inverted pendulum system systems, q Ductility class H 5u/1 4 u/1 3.0 3.0 Ductility class M 3.5 u/1 3.0 2.0 2.0

Reference values reduced (20%) for structures with vertical irregularity

Behaviour factors
u/1 1.6 - redundancy
Frame and frame-equivallent systems: one storey: u/1 = 1.15 multistorey, one-bay frames: u/1 = 1.25 multistorey, multi-bay frames: u/1 = 1.35 Wall- or wall-equivalent systems:
wall systems with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal direction: u/1 = 1.0 other uncoupled wall systems: u/1 = 1.15 wall-equivalent dual, or coupled wall systems: u/1 = 1.25

Ductility of r.c. structures

Material ductility Curvature (section) ductility Element ductility Joints Structural ductility

Material ductility
Unconfined concrete:
Negligible tensile strength Higher compressive strength (fck) lower ductility Ultimate strain cu=0.0035 (EC 2)

Reinforcing steel:
Higher strength lower ductility Elongation at maximum force: uk0.075 for DCH (EC2 & P100-1/2006) uk0.050 for DCM (EC2 & P100-1/2006)

Material ductility - confined concrete

Concrete compressive stress levels approaching crushing strength high lateral tensile strains Lateral restrain provided by transverse (together with longitudinal) reinforcement confinement Effect of confinement:
tensiune, f

beton confinat
c

higher compressive strength higher ductility (of the order cu=0.005)

beton simplu

deforma ie specific, c

Section (curvature) ductility

Rotation in plastic hinges - the most desirable source of inelastic deformations Curvature - rotation per unit length under bending moment Yield curvature: yielding of reinforcement or attainment of high concrete strains (c=0.0015)

Section (curvature) ductility

Ultimate curvature - corresponding to significant reduction of moment capacity (below 85% of maximum bending moment - EC8), usually controlled by attainment of ultimate concrete strain cu Section ductility: =m/y Factors affecting section ductility:
Ultimate concrete strain cu: higher cu higher ductility Higher axial force: increases depth of the compression zone at yield and ultimate strain increases yield curvature y and reduces ultimate curvature m reduces section ductility Higher concrete compression strength: reduces depth of the compression zone at yield and ultimate strain reduces yield curvature y and increases ultimate curvature m increases section ductility Higher reinforcement yield strength: increased yield strain y reduces section ductility

Element (displacement) ductility

Rotations in plastic hinges - distributed over a finite length: plastic hinge length Element ductility: =/y Displacements y and can be obtained by integrating the curvature over its height

Element ductility - beams - influence of shear force

Shear failure - brittle High shear causes pinching of hysteresis loops Avoid shear failure using capacity design

Element ductility - beams - reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement: top and bottom (moment reversal) Inclined reinforcement for shear resistance not appropriate (moment reversal) Transverse reinforcement in plastic hinge regions:
confine concrete core prevent inelastic buckling of longitudinal reinforcement resist shear force

< 50 mm

s Lcr Lcr

Element ductility - columns

Strong column - weak beam design philosophy However, plastic hinges in columns not precluded completely columns should be detailed for ductile behaviour in potential plastic hinges (column ends) Columns: bending, shear force, axial force Ductility provided by:
confinement by transverse and longitudinal reinforcement
intermediate longitudinal reinforcement longitudinal bars fixed with stirrups and ties 135 bent stirrups for good anchorage in confined concrete closer spacing of transversal reinforcement

prevention of shear failure avoiding of splices in potential plastic hinges

Element ductility - columns

Example: damage of columns of the same building (Olive View Hospital) during the San Fernando earthquake, California, USA, from February 9, 1971

adequate transverse reinf.

inadequate transverse reinf.

Element ductility - walls

Most structural walls in multistorey buildings - slender walls (height to width ratio >2) - behaviour similar to cantilever beams Measures to assure ductility in plastic hinge regions:
Limit the maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement Provide adequate resistance for the maximum shear force (brittle failure mode) Do not provide lap splices in the plastic hinge region Use boundary elements or flanges

Beam-column joints
Subjected to high shear forces and bending moments Two mechanism contribute to the shear resistance of the joint:
diagonal strut (concrete contribution) truss mechanism (transverse reinforcement contribution)

Appropriate detailing necessary to allow development of the diagonal strut mechanism Anchorage length for longitudinal reinforcement

Structure ductility - frames

Promote global plastic mechanism:
maximum possible number of plastic zones uniform distribution of ductility demands in the structure avoid plastic hinges in columns - elements more important for overall structural stability

Strong column - weak beam concept:

Rc

1.3 M Rb

MRc - sum moment resistances of columns framing into the joint. Account shall be taken of the axial force present in the column in the seismic design situation MRb - sum moment resistances of beams framing into the joint

MRc2 MRb1 MRc1 MRb2

Structure ductility - coupled walls

Coupled walls: two or more single walls, connected by ductile beams ("coupling beams") Plastic mechanism: yield of coupling beams, followed by yielding of wall Coupling beams: high shear forces - diagonal reinforcement shown to provide a ductile response

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