Aqusisi Laut dan Darat serta Dasar Dasar Pengolahan Data SEISMIK REFLEKSI

Principles of Seismic Reflection Method Data Acquisition/Processing and

Interpretation Mapping

Reflection Seismic Geophysics

Marine Aqusition

Surface Seismic Exploration Cycle

Drill here

ACQUISITION

PROCESSING

INTERPRETATION

2D Surveys

2D Reconnaissance Survey

2D Detailed Survey

Raypaths and Wavefronts

shot receive rs shot receive rs

Reflectio n points
interfac e

Raypaths
Rays perpendicular to wavefronts Simple to use Ray trace modelling

Wavefronts

How waves actually travel Surface of equal travel time Surface of equal phase

Source to Receiver Ray Path

Ray Paths

Ray Paths

Ray Paths

Ideal Seismogram
The seismic data recorded should give us the Earths reflectivity sequence:
Surface Time

Depth

Marine
Source Receiver Vessels Equipment Handling

Acquisition sequence 4C Q

Marine Acquisition System

Boat Sea Surface Source (Airguns) Incident waves Cable with hydrophones

Reflected waves

Sea bed Sedimentary Layers

Marine - Recording Equipment

Streamer

Marine Acquisition
Sea bottom

Subsurface interface

Common Shot gather

Marine Acquisition

Sea bottom

Subsurface interface

Marine Acquisition

Common Mid Point (CMP) gather

Common Midpoint Gather

Primary reflections

Common Mid Point (CMP) gather

Reflection Seismic Geophysics

Land Aqusition

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 1

Where are the shots and receivers located? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Geometry Definition

Depth

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 2

Where has all the source energy gone?
Geometry Definition
Amplitude Recovery

Depth

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 3

How do we remove the noise?
Offset

Geometry Definition
Amplitude Recovery Velocity Filtering

Time

Direct wave 1500 m/s Refractor 1800 m/s

Mud Roll 500 m/s

Reflector 2000 m/s

Multiple < 2000 m/s

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 4

How do we improve the resolution?
Geometry Definition
Amplitude Recovery Velocity Filtering Deconvolution

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 5

How do we order the data?
Geometry Definition
Amplitude Recovery Velocity Filtering Deconvolution CMP Gather

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 6

How do we correct for time differences due to offset within the CMP gather?
Offset

Geometry Definition
Amplitude Recovery Velocity Filtering

Time Time Difference

Deconvolution CMP Gather

NMO Correction

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 7

How do we get a normal incidence section?
Geometry Definition
Amplitude Recovery Velocity Filtering Deconvolution CMP Gather

NMO Correction
CMP Stack

Surface Seismic Processing Sequence Step 8

How do we get the events in the right place?
Midpoint location

Geometry Definition
Amplitude Recovery Velocity Filtering Deconvolution CMP Gather

NMO Correction
Actual reflection point CMP Stack Migration

Ideal Seismogram
The recorded seismic data should give us the earths reflectivity sequence
Surface Depth Time

Seismic Waves - Generation

Marine Vibroseis Land Vibroseis Explosive

Vibrational

Dynamite (Land) Airguns (Marine)

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Recording Seismic Data

Seismic Waves
Surface Waves

Body Waves

Body Wave Types

2 types defined by the direction of particle motion
wave direction
1. P-waves Particle motion parallel to wave propagation

2. S-waves

Particle motion perpendicular to wave propagation

Surface Waves
Wave direction

Particle motion is complex, may be elliptical Surface waves are noise Low velocity, less than S-waves Ground roll in land surface seismic

Wave Energy
On land, the energy division can be as poor as:

P-wave 6%
S-wave 26% Surface waves 68%

Wavefronts
surface wave

Reflection points

Wavefronts
How waves actually travel Surface of equal travel time Surface of equal phase

Raypaths
Rays perpendicular to wavefronts Simple to use Ray trace modelling

Flat Earth Primary Reflections

Source Receiver

Ideal Primaries Trace

Flat Earth - Primary Section

Source Receiver

Ideal Primary Traces

Layer Cake - Common Shot Gather

Source Receivers Ideal Offset Traces

Flat Earth - Common Mid Points

Source
Receivers

3,1 4,2 5,3 6,4

Layer Cake - Common mid-point gather

Common mid-point

Source

Receiver

Ideal cmp Traces