UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY III ( CPE 612 )

NAME

IHSAN SABRI BIN ROSLI HAZWANI BINTI BASRI

(2010562001) (2010386877)

GROUP EXPERIMENT SEMESTER PROGRAMME/ CODE SUBMIT TO

: : : : :

EH221 5A SEPARATION OF AMMONIA AND WATER 5 EH221 DR SALAM

No. 1 2 3 4 Theory

Title Abstract/Summary Results and Calculations Discussion TOTAL MARKS

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CONTENTS

Pages 1.0 Abstract 2.0 Theory 3.0 Results 4.0 Calculations 5.0 Discussion 2 3 5 6 12

1.0

ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to understand the separation process of ammonia and

water. A mixture of ammonia and water in the vapour phase, saturated at 250 psia and containing 80 wt% ammonia, is passed through a condenser at a flow rate of 10,000 Ib/h where heat is removed at the rate of 5.8 x 106 Btu/hr. Its effluent is expanded to a pressure of 150 psia and fed into a flash vessel. This process used SRK Equation of State fluid package. From the given data, we have to determine the composition of the liquid stream leaving the separator. Based on the results, it shows that the vapour leaving out from the separator is purely ammonia which the composition is 0.9990. However, there is a little bit error in the manual calculations as compared to the hysis software. The error is less than 6.0% which can be accepted. In conclusion, the separation mixture of ammonia and water is successfully conducted and the objectives of study are achieved.

2.0

THEORY
In order to calculate the composition of each species in the separating process, the

temperature and pressure of the each system should be known. The First Law of Thermodynamic state that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can change to another form. From this statement, the equation below is defined:

In this system, the heat transfer into the condenser, potential energy and kinetic energy and the work supply or work produces is neglected. Therefore, the energy balance is performed as below:

From this energy balance, the temperature outlet of the condenser and valve can be determined. This temperature is then used to calculate the saturated pressure and the composition of species in the system. Saturated pressure is calculated by Antoine equation:

Raoults law state that the vapour pressure of an ideal solution is directly dependent on the vapour pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of the component present in the solution. Therefore, this law can be used to calculate the composition of each species in the system. For liquid phase:

PT = P1sat x1 + P2sat x2 PT = P1sat x1 + P2sat (1 - x1)

For vapour phase:

1/PT = y1/P1sat + y2/P2 1/PT = y1/P1sat + [(1 y1)/P2]

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Another method that can be used in this calculation is by using equation of state (SRK equation).

Where: is acentric factor for the species R is gas constant

3.0

RESULTS

Aspen Hysis Software

Diagram 1: Process Flow Diagram

Table 1: Table for the material streams

Table 2: The composition of ammonia and water for each stream

Table 3: The energy stream

4.0

CALCULATIONS
Manual calculation for determine the mass and energy balance in order to get the composition value of the liquid and vapour stream that leaving the separator.

Calculate feed temperature by Raoults and Daltons law. By using Raoults law and Daltons law, T feed is discovered and the value is T= 143.6oC.

Energy balance around condenser

For open system:

Because no heat is transfer into the condenser, no work supply or work produces, no potential energy and kinetic energy, the equation becomes:

Choose reference states for ammonia and nitrogen Water: H2O (100oC, 1atm) Ammonia: NH3 (L, 58.13oC, 1724kpa)

Inlet and outlet enthalpy table: Reference = H2O (100oC, 1atm), NH3 (L, 58.13oC, 1724kpa) Substance NH3 (V) NH3 (L) H2O (V) H2O (L) ( ) ( H1 H2 ) ( ) ( 0 H3 ))

3628.8 907.2 -

3628.8 907.2

Calculate all unknown specific enthalpy:

For ammonia: H1= NH3 (V)( T205,P1724) = 2724.86 kJ/kg

For water: H2= H2O (V)(T205,P1724) Ha H2O (V)(T143.6,P1724)

Calculate Cp water at vapour, T143.6,P1724.

Calculate H2:

H3= H2O (V)(T205,P1724) Ha

H2O (L)(T205,P1724) Hb

H2O (L)(TT2,P1724)

Calculate Cp water at liquid:

From energy balance: ( Qout = 5.8x106Btu/hr = 6119316 kJ/hr )

Energy balance around valve

Use Roults and Daltons Law in separator From Table B.4 (Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes) the value of Antoine constants are: Compounds A B C The Antoine Equation Constant: Ammonia (1) 7.55466 1002.711 247.885 Water (2) 8.10765 1750.286 235.0

For Ammonia, (use T3 = 39.045oC)

For Water,

Raoults Law for liquid phase:

PT = P1sat x1 + P2sat x2 PT = P1sat x1 + P2sat (1 - x1)

Raoults Law for vapor phase:

1/PT = y1/P1sat + y2/P2 1/PT = y1/P1sat + [(1 y1)/P2]

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Percentage Error

For liquid phase composition of Ammonia (x1):

For vapour phase composition of Ammonia (y1):

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5.0

DISCUSSION
In the separation of ammonia and water process, there have three units operation

involves which are condenser, valve and separator. Each process unit have their own functions to make sure the ammonia can be separated with water efficiently. This process used SRK equation as their fluid package in the system. Aspen Hysis software is used to make sure all the parameters such as temperature, pressure, composition and phase of the mixture can be discovered. First, feed stream containing the ammonia and water in vapour phase enter the condenser at pressure 250psia (1724kpa) and temperature 143.6oC. In the condenser, certain amount of heat is release out from the system. Heat that release from the mixture of ammonia and water is 5.8x106 (Btu/hr) or 1699.81 kW. The mixture of ammonia and water exit the condenser with different temperature and different phase but the pressure remain constant. The temperature leaving the condenser state 58.13oC and the vapour fraction is 0.2747. Valve is used in this process In order to lower the pressure before entering the separator. The function of valve is to decrease the pressure inside the system. The mixture from stream 2 with P=1724kpa passes through the valve and the pressure decrease to 1034kpa. When the pressure inside stream 3 (leaving valve) is decreases, the temperature also will be decrease. This is because temperature is directly proportional to the pressure. The temperature leaving the valve recorded 40.66oC. Liquid mixture leaving the valve and passes through the separator unit. In separator, vapour and liquid is separate from the mixture based on their saturated pressure and temperature. There are two leaving streams out from the separator which is vapour stream and liquid stream. In the vapour stream, there are 1487 kg/hr of vapour leaving the condenser with 0.999 mole% of ammonia and 0.0010 mole% of water present. For liquid stream, there are 3049kg/hr of liquid leaving the condenser. The leaving liquid consists of 0.7146 mole% of ammonia and 0.2854 mole% of water. In order to compare the Aspen hysis data, manual calculation is performed to calculate the composition in vapor and liquid stream. Mass and energy balance is applied in this manual calculation. From manual calculation, 0.9978 mole% of ammonia and 0.0022 mole% of water is present in the vapour stream and 0.6738 mole% of ammonia and 0.3262 mole% of water present in the liquid stream. The approximation error is calculated and states less than 6% only. This error may happen because of the round off error, mistaken value from the properties table or using the different values in the properties table while doing the calculation.

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Lastly, all the questions bellow is answered:

Question 1: What is the temperature of the outlet stream from the condenser? = 56.13oC Question 2: What is the outlet pressure from the valve? = 1034 kpa Question 3: What are the mole fractions for ammonia and water in the vapour and liquid outlet of the separator? Vapour Oulet: NH3, y1 = 0.9990 H2O, y2 = 0.0010 Liquid Outlet: NH3, x1 = 0.7146 H2O, x2 = 0.2854

Question 4: Determine the mass flow rate for each outlet stream of the separator. Vapour Outlet: Liquid Outlet: 3278 lb/hr 6722 lb/hr

Question 5: Use manual calculation for determine the mass and energy balance in order to get the composition value of the liquid and vapour stream that leaving the separator. Vapour stream: NH3, y1 = 0.9978 H2O, y2 = 0.0022 Liquid stream: NH3, x1 = 0.6738 H2O, x2 = 0.3262

For the conclusion, the separation mixture of ammonia and water is successfully conducted and the objectives of study are achieved.

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