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INTRODUCTION:
UNIT 2 is basically on the demand analysis. This unit will give you detail
idea about the meaning of demand and its determinants, supply and its
determinants law of demand and supply, elasticity of demand and supply.
It will give you an idea about the relationship between price and quantity
demanded.
Lesson 6 Demand and its determinants
Learning outcomes
INTRODUCTION
Students why have you selected M.B.A. in your career? It is
because M.B.A.’s have great demand in a job market. Thus demand is one of the
most critical economic decision variables. Demand reflects the size and the
pattern of market.
Business activity is always market-determined. The manufacturers’
inducement to invest in a given line of production is limited by the size of market
The demand for output and input; the demand for the firm and the industry; the
demand by the consumer and stockiest; and similar other demand concepts
become therefore, relevant for managerial decision analysis. Even if the firm
pursues objectives alternative to profit-maximization, demand concepts still
remain relevant.
For example, suppose the firm is aiming at ‘customer service’ not
profit. How can it ensure quantity and quality of service, without analyzing what
the customer really wants? Or suppose, the firm is destined to discharge ‘social
responsibility’ of business. Can this be done without evaluating social
preferences? Tastes, preferences and choices are all concepts directly built into
the economic concepts of ‘demand’.
Demand analysis seeks to identify and measure the forces that determine
sales; it reflects the market conditions for the firm’s product. Once the
demand analysis is done, the alternative ways of creating, controlling or
managing demand can be inferred.
Activity 1
b) Why should the Food Corporation of India be concerned about the demand for
foodgrains to be released for public distribution system?
c) Why does the Maruti Udyog Ltd. Ask one of its officers to estimate the demand
fro Premier 118 NE in 1990?
d) Why does a bank analyse the seasonal demand for credit?
CONCEPT OF DEMAND
All three must be checked to identify and establish demand. For example : A
poor man’s desires to stay in a five-star hotel room and his willingness to pay
rent for that room is not ‘demand’, because he lacks the necessary purchasing
power; so it is merely his wishful thinking. Similarly, a miser’s desire for and his
ability to pay for a car is not ‘demand’, because he does not have the necessary
willingness to pay for a car. One may also come across a well-established
person who processes both the willingness and the ability to pay for higher
education. But he has really no desire to have it, he pays the fees for a regular
cause, and eventually does not attend his classes. Thus, in an economics sense,
he does not have a ‘demand’ for higher education degree/diploma.
To sum up, we can say that the demand for a product is the desire for that
product backed by willingness as well as ability to pay for it. It is always
defined with reference to a particular time, place, price and given values of
other variables on which it depends.
Activity 2
For example,
ii) The demand for X is also influenced by its related price—of goods related to X.
For example, if Y is a substitute of X, then as the price of Y goes up, the
demand for X also tends to increase, and vice versa. In the same way, if Z goes
up and, therefore, the demand for X tends to go up.
iii) The demand for X is also sensitive to price expectation of the consumer; but
here, much would depend on the psychology of the consumer; there may not
be any definite relation.
iv) The income (budget position) of the consumer is another important influence
on demand. As income (real purchasing capacity) goes up, people buy more of
‘normal goods’ and less of ‘inferior goods’. Thus income effect on demand may
be positive as well as negative. The demand of a person (or a household) may
be influenced not only by the level of his own absolute income, but also by
relative income—his income relative to his neighbour’s income and his
purchase pattern. Thus a household may demand a new set of furniture,
because his neighbour has recently renovated his old set of furniture. This is
called ‘demonstration effect’.
v) Past income or accumulated savings out of that income and expected future
income, its discounted value along with the present income—permanent and
transitory—all together determine the nominal stock of wealth of a person. To
this, you may also add his current stock of assets and other forms of physical
capital; finally adjust this to price level. The real wealth of the consumer, thus
computed, will have an influence on his demand. A person may pool all his
resources to construct the ground floor of his house. If he has access to some
additional resources, he may then construct the first floor rather than buying a
flat. Similarly one who has a colour TV (rather than a black-and-white one) may
demand a V.C.R./V.C.P. This is regarded as the real wealth effect on demand.
vi) Advertisement also affects demand. It is observed that the sales revenue of a
firm increases in response to advertisement up to a point. This is promotional
effect on demand (sales). Thus
You may now note that there are various determinants of demand, which may be
explicitly taken care of in the form of a demand function. By contrast, a demand
curve only considers the price-demand relation, other things (factors) remaining
the same. This relationship can be illustrated in the form of a table called demand
schedule and the data from the table may be given a diagrammatic
representation in the form of a curve. In other words, a generalized demand
function is a multivariate function whereas the demand curve is a single variable
demand function.
Dx = D(Px)
Dx = α + β Px, where α is the intercept term and β the slope which is negative
because of inverse relationship between Dx and Px.
TYPES OF DEMAND
Till now we have that may specify demand in the form of a function. Much of this
specification and its form depends on the nature of demand itself – its type and
determinants. From this standpoint, we can talk about a few other distinct
concepts of demand:
For example, you may think of the demand for cement produced by the Cement
Corporation of India (i.e., a company’s demand), or the demand for cement
produced by all cement manufacturing units including the CCI (i.e., an industry’s
demand). Similarly, there may be demand for engineers by a single firm or
demand for engineers by the industry as a whole, which is an example of
demand for an input. You can appreciate that the determinants of a company’s
demand may not always be the same as those of an industry’s. The inter-firm
differences with regard to technology, product quality, financial position, market
(demand) share, market leadership and competitiveness---- all these are possible
explanatory factors. In fact, a clear understanding of the relation between
company and industry demands necessitates an understanding of different
market structures.
Exercises-
For the following products what can be the factors (other than its price) which can affect
the demand.
1. Umbrella
2. Kids wears
3. Text books
4. Mobiles
5. Tractors
Read the following article and state the factors responsible for the demand of Indian skilled labour abroad.
Till recently, you had to be either a high-powered banker or an MNC executive if you were to make it to the rich
countries. Now not only are Indians, engaged in new economy sectors, moving abroad but jobs are also moving to
India
The US and the UK have created special immigration schemes to attract Indians, apart from improvising on
existing schemes that have existed for some years in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Germany, meanwhile,
has brought about a new "green card" scheme to recruit foreign IT specialists and to train 2,50,000 domestic
specialists by 2005.
As is well-known, the Silicon Valley is much dependent on Indians for supplying entrepreneurs as well as workers.
The new approach centres around the governments’ working in close quarters with employers to cut down on
labour shortages. The recruitments are highly tailored to meet specific requirements by industry and then to fast-
track admissions on a temporary basis.
While much ink has been spilled over the rising trend of Indian professionals snatching away the jobs from their
American and European counterparts in their country, nobody doubts that the skilled, English speaking,
hardworking, tech-savvy, and of course much economical Indian professionals deserve them.
Therefore, is it any surprise that more and more Indian professionals are now packing their bags and heading
towards newer foreign destinations than the traditional US-UK-West Asia to fulfil their career goals. However, this
should not ring alarm bells for countries like the US, UK and Canada, which already have huge Indian
populations.
Primarily, because this flight is one that is tremendously beneficial to the host country as it gets to benefit greatly
from the presence of skilled Indian workers. More and more Indian doctors, nurses, teachers and software
professionals wanting to migrate, mean big revenues in the form of taxes and services. Further, they also add to the
country’s knowledge bank and help boost the skill base.
Although most developed nations like the UK and Australia remain apprehensive about employing the services of
highly skilled overseas workers, analysts suggest that in the long-term, such migrations will benefit these countries
more than it harms them.
According to Harvard Professor Jorge Borjas the benefit from the highly-skilled immigrants to the US economy are
greater than the short term concern of losing jobs. An immigrant with below-average education will cost the US
about $13,000 per year whereas one with at least two years of college education generates $198,000 in taxes over
his lifetime.
The past decade has witnessed the entire world inching closer under the fold of globalisation. Countries have come
closer and mutual inter-dependence in terms of trade and commerce have taken a huge northward leap. Therefore it
comes as no surprise that the IT industry, especially in the Silicon Valley, is effectively manned by Indian software
engineers.
Slide 1 ___________________________________
Meaning of Demand
Demand means effective desire
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Effective desire=desire+willingness to pay +
ability to pay ___________________________________
Without willingness and ability to pay desire
can’t be effective demand
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Slide 2 ___________________________________
Types of Demand
1. Direct and derived demand
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2. Domestic and industrial demand
3. Autonomous and induced demand ___________________________________
4. Perishable and durable goods demand
5.
6.
New and replacement demand
Final and Intermediate demand
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7. Individual and market demand
8. Short run and long run demand ___________________________________
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Slide 4 ___________________________________
Demand schedule
It’s a tabular representation of the price and
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the quantity demanded.
It tells us the relation between the price of the ___________________________________
product and the quantity demanded
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Slide 5 ___________________________________
Types of demand schedule
Two types of demand schedule
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1. Individual demand schedule
2. Market demand schedule ___________________________________
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Slide 6 ___________________________________
why demand curve slopes downward
Inverse relationship between price and the
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quantity demanded
Substitution effect ___________________________________
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Slide 7 ___________________________________
Change in demand
Change in demand means increase or
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decrease in the demand due to factors other
than price of the product ___________________________________
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Slide 8 ___________________________________
Reasons for changes in demand
Changes in number of consumers
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Changes in the income and wealth of the
consumer ___________________________________
Changes in consumer tastes and preferences
Expectation of changes in price ___________________________________
Changes in the price of substitute
Changes in the price of complementary
goods
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Slide 9 ___________________________________
Changes in quantity demanded
It is based on the assumption of the law of
___________________________________
demand
Changes in quantity demanded due to ___________________________________
changes in the price of the products.
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