Control Unit Generates signals within microprocessor to carry out the instruction, which has been decoded.

In reality causes certain connections between blocks of the processor be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur. Arithmetic Logic Unit The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as add!, subtract!, A"#!, $%!, etc. Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic and always stores the result of operation in the Accumulator. Registers The &'&( microprocessor includes si) registers, one accumulator, and one flag register, as shown in *ig +. In addition, it has two +,-bit registers. the stack pointer and the program counter. The &'&( has si) general-purpose registers to store &-bit data/ these are identified as 0, 1, #, 2, 3, and L. They can be combined as register pairs - 01, #2, and 3L - to perform some +,-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by using data copy instructions. Accumulator The accumulator is an &-bit register that is a part of arithmetic4logic unit 5ALU6. This register is used to store &-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A. Flag Registers The ALU includes fi7e flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called 8ero586, 1arry 5196, :ign 5:6, ;arity 5;6, and Au)iliary 1arry 5A16 flags. The most commonly used flags are 8ero, 1arry, and :ign. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions. Program Counter (PC) This +,-bit register deals with sequencing the e)ecution of instructions. This register is a memory pointer. <emory locations ha7e +,-bit addresses, and that is why this is a +,-bit register. The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the e)ecution of the instructions. The
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function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the ne)t byte is to be fetched. =hen a byte 5machine code6 is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the ne)t memory location. Stack Pointer (SP) The stack pointer is also a +,-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in %4= memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading +,bit address in the stack pointer. Instruction Register / Decoder This is a temporary store for the current instruction of a program. Latest instruction is sent to here from memory prior to e)ecution. #ecoder then takes instruction and decodes! or interprets the instruction. #ecoded instruction is then passed to ne)t stage. Memor Address Register (MAR) 3olds addresses recei7ed from ;1 for eg. of ne)t program instruction. <A% feeds the address bus with address of the location of the program under e)ecution. Control !enerator Generates signals within microprocessor to carry out the instruction which has been decoded. In reality it causes certain connections between blocks of the processor to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur. Register Selector This block controls the use of the register stack. >ust a logic circuit which switches between different registers in the set will recei7e instructions from 1ontrol Unit. Address Bus The address bus is a group of +, lines. The address bus is unidirectional. bits flow only in one direction ? from the &'&( to the peripheral de7ices. The microprocessor uses the address bus to perform the first function. identifying a peripheral or memory location. 2ach peripheral or memory location is identified by a +, bit address. The &'&( with its +, lines is capable of addressing ,@ A memory locations.
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Data Bus The data bus is a group of eight lines used for dataflow. They are bidirectional. data flows in both direction between the &'&( and memory and peripheral de7ices. The & lines enable the microprocessor to manipulate &-bit data ranging from '' to **. Control Bus The control bus consists of 7arious single lines that carry synchroniBation signals. These are not groups of lines like address of data bus but indi7idual lines that pro7ide a pulse to indicate an operation. The &'&( generates specific control signal for each operation it performs. These signals are used to identify a de7ice type which the processor intends to communicate. Immediate addressing #ata is present in the instruction. Load the immediate data to the destination pro7ided. 2)ample. <CI %,data Register addressing #ata is pro7ided through the registers. 2)ample. <$C %d, %s Direct addressing Used to accept data from outside de7ices to store in the accumulator or send the data stored in the accumulator to the outside de7ice. Accept the data from the port ''3 and store them into the accumulator or :end the data from the accumulator to the port '+3. 2)ample. I" ''3 or $UT '+3 Indirect Addressing This means that the 2ffecti7e Address is calculated by the processor and the contents of the address 5and the one following6 are used to form a second address. The second address is where the data is stored. "ote that this requires se7eral memory accesses/ two accesses to retrie7e the +,-bit address and a further access 5or accesses6 to retrie7e the data which is to be loaded into the register.