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1.1 SETS
n S or S
Example:
The cardinality of the above sets are:
a) n D 5
b) n B 4
c) n P 5
1.2 KINDS OF SETS
Finite Set and Infinite Set
A finite set is a set whose elements can be counted; otherwise, the set is an infinite
set.
Null or Empty Set
A null or empty set, denoted by or , is a set that has no element.
The universal set, denoted by U, is a set that contains all the elements in consideration.
Examples:
a) A 2,4,6,8 is a finite set.
b) B 1,2,3,...,20 is a finite set.
c) C x x is an odd number less than 10 is a finite set.
d) D 1,3,5,... is an infinite set.
e) E x x is an integer is an infinite set.
f) F x x is a prime number between 19 and 23 is a null set.
g) 0 is a finite set.
Note:
The cardinality of a null or empty set is zero.
1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS
A one-to one correspondence exists between two sets A and B if it is possible
to associate the elements of A with the elements of B in such a way that each element
of each set is associated with exactly one element of the other.
Example:
relationship.
If there is an element of set A which is not found in set B, then A is not a subset of B, denoted
by A B .
Example:
If A 1,2,3 and
are found in set B.
Power Set
The power set of A, denoted by A , is the set whose elements are all the subsets
of A.
Example:
If A 2,4,6 , then A , 2 , 4 , 6 , 2,4 , 2,6 , 4,6 , 2,4,6 .
Notes:
A null set is a subset of any given set.
Any set is a subset of itself.
There are 2 n subsets, where n is the number of elements, that can be formed for any given
set.
Venn Diagram
Venn Diagram is the pictorial representation in dealing with the relations
between sets, after the English logician James Venn.
U
B
U
B
A
A
A B, A U and B U
B A, A U and B U
Union of Sets
The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A B , is the set whose elements
belong to A or to B or to both A and B. In symbol,
A B x x A or x B or x A and B
Examples:
a) If A 1,2,3 and B b, c, d , then A B 1,2,3, b, c, d .
Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A B , is the set whose
elements are common to A and B. In symbol,
A B x x A and x B
Examples:
a) If A 2,4,6,8 and B 0,1,2,3,4 , then A B 2,4 .
Note:
Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is an empty or null set.
Complement of a Set
The complement of set A, denoted by A, is the set with elements found in the
universal set, but not in A; that is, the difference of the universal set and A. In symbol,
A' x x U and x A
Examples:
a) If U 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and A 1,3,5,7,9 , then A' 0,2,4,6,8
b) If U 1,2,3,4,... and A 4,5,6,7,... , then A' 1,2,3
Difference of Sets
The difference of two sets A and B, denoted by A B , is the set whose
elements are in A but not in B, In symbol,
A B x x A and x B
Example:
Example:
If A 1,2 and B a, b , then AxB 1, a , 1, b , 2, a , 2, b
Note:
AxB BxA
In the Venn diagram below, the shaded region represents the indicated operation.
U
A
B
U
A B
A B
U
A
AB
Examples:
1. Let U x x
B 2,4,6,8
C 2,3,4,5
then,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a) How many students are taking any one of the three subjects?
b) How many students did not take any of the three subjects?
c) How many students are enrolled only in Mathematics?
d) How many students are enrolled only in Chemistry?
e) How many students are enrolled only in Physics?
D. In a survey concerning the number of students enrolled in Mathematics, it was found out that
30 are enrolled in Algebra, Calculus and Trigonometry; 40 in Algebra and Trigonometry; 45
in Trigonometry and Calculus; 50 in Algebra and Calculus; 80 in Algebra; and 70 in
Calculus. If there are 130 students in all, how many students are enrolled in Trigonometry?
SET IDENTITIES:
Let A, B and C be any sets and U be the universal set in which A, B and C are defined.
1. Commutative Laws:
2. Associative Laws:
3. Distributive Laws:
4. Contradiction Law:
5. Identity Laws:
6. Domination Laws:
Note: This material is copyrighted
A B B A A B B A
A B C
A B C
A B C
A B C
A A'
A U A
A B C
A B C
A B A C
A B A C
A A
A U U
A' '
9. De Morgans Laws:
A B'
' U
A A A
A A A
7. Idempotent Laws:
8. Complementation Laws:
U '
A
A' B '
A B'
A' B '
Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
Non-Integers
(Fractions)
Integers
Whole Numbers
0, 1, 2, 3
Negative Integers
-3, -2, -1
Natural Numbers
1, 2, 3
Zero
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Property
Addition
Multiplication
Closure
Commutative
Associative
Distributive
Identity
a bR
ab ba
a b R
a b ba
6. Inverse
a b c a b c
a(b c) ab ac
a0a
a b c a b c
a 1 a
1
a 1, a 0
a
a a 0
Note:
0 is the identity element for addition and 1 is the identity element for multiplication.
-a is the additive inverse of a and
1
is the multiplicative inverse.
a
Properties of Equality
Let a, b and c be real numbers. The following properties of equality hold.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reflexive Property:
Symmetric Property:
Transitive Property:
Substitution Property:
a=a
If a = b, then b = a.
If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
If a = b, then a can be replaced by b in any
statement involving a or b.
Examples:
Applying the definition of
a) 8 8
b) 10 10
c) 0 0
, is a nonnegative
a if a 0
a
a if a 0
a
, then
10
35
7
5
a)
24
4
6
c)
b)
45
5
9
d)
42
6
7
ORDER OF OPERATIONS
The steps to simplify expressions involving series of operations on signed numbers are as
follows:
1. Perform multiplication and division from left to right in the order by which they appear.
2. Perform addition and subtraction from left to right in the order by which they appear.
Examples:
a) 4 7 (6) 15 3 33
b) 30 5 6 8 4 10
c) 9 7 5 2 5
11
12