Coefficients Of Friction

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Home Tribology_Index Friction Factors Note: I have tried to include a wide range of relevant information on this topic. It will be noted that friction values in one section do not necessarily agree with values in another section...Please use the linked references at the bottom of the page for more detailed information. Factors Affecting friction..... Static Friction..... Sliding/dynamic/kinetic friction..... Coefficients of Friction..... Rolling Friction..... Plain Bearings Friction..... Rolling Bearing Friction..... Clutch Brake Friction..... Bolted Joints..... Power Screws..... Press Fits.... Test Methods.... Linked Reference Info

Factors affecting the friction between surfaces Dry surfaces 1. For low surface pressures the friction is directly proportional to the pressure between the surfaces. As the pressure rises the friction factor rises slightly. At very high pressure the friction factor then quickly increases to seizing 2. For low surface pressures the coefficient of friction is independent of surface area. 3. At low velocities the friction is independent of the relative surface velocity. At higher velocities the coefficent of friction decreases. Well lubricated surfaces 1. The friction resistance is almost independent of the specific pressure between the surfaces. 2. At low pressures the friction varies directly as the relative surface speed 3. At high pressures the friction is high at low velocities falling as the velocity increases to a minimum at about 0,6m/s. The friction then rises in proportion the velocity 2. 4. The friction is not so dependent of the surface materials 5. The friction is related to the temperature which affects the viscosity of the lubricant Please refer to... Surface Friction Notes

Static Coefficient of Friction The static friction coefficient () between two solid surfaces is defined as the ratio of the tangential force (F) required to produce sliding divided by the normal force between the surfaces (N)

= F /N
For a horizontal surface the horizontal force (F) to move a solid resting on a flat surface F= x mass of solid x g. If a body rests on an incline plane the body is prevented from sliding down because of the frictional resistance. If the angle of the plane is increased there will be an angle at which the body begins to slide down the plane. This is the angle of repose and the tangent of this angle is the same as the coefficient of friction. . Sliding Coefficient of Friction When the tangential force F overcomes the frictional force between two surfaces then the surfaces begins to slide relative to each other. In the case of a body resting on a flat surface the body starts to move. The sliding frictional resistance is normally different to the static frictional resistance. The coefficient of sliding friction is expressed using the same formula as the static coefficient and is generally lower than the static coefficient of friction..

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Friction Coefficients A table below shows approximate friction coefficients for various materials. All values are approximate and are only suitable for guidance only. The sliding/lubricated values must be used with extreme care. The only way to determine the accurate coefficient of friction between two materials is to conduct experiments. Coefficients of friction are sensitive to atmospheric dust and humidity, oxide films, surface finish, velocity of sliding, temperature, vibration, and extent of contamination. In many cases the degree of contamination is perhaps the most important single variable.. Link Table of Coefficients of Friction The friction values provided are obtained by different test methods under different ambient conditions. This factor can also affect the results. Link Test Methods Rolling Friction When a cylinder rolls on a surface the force resisting motion is termed rolling friction. Rolling friction is generally considerably less than sliding friction. If W is the weight of the cylinder converted to force, or the force between the cylinder and the flat surface, and R is radius of the cylinder and F is the force required to overcome the rolling friction then. center>F = f x W/R f is the coefficient of rolling friction and has the same unit of length as the radius R -in the example below m (metres) Typical values for f are listed below Note: Values for rolling friction from various sources are not consistent and the following values should only be used for approximate calculations. Steel on Steel f = 0,0005m Wood on Steel f = 0,0012m Wood on Wood f = 0,0015m Iron on iron f = 0,00051m Iron on granite f = 0,0021m Iron on Wood f = 0,0056m Polymer on steel f = 0,002m Hardrubber on Steel f = 0,0077m Hardrubber on Concrete f = 0,01 -0,02m Rubber on Concrete f = 0,015 -0,035m

Plain Bearing Friction factors For values of rolling bearing friction Plain Bearing Friction Values Rolling Bearing Friction For values of rolling bearing friction Rolling Bearing Friction Values Clutch - Brake Friction Values The coefficient of friction value is important in the design and brakes and clutches. Various values are provided on the following linked page Clutch/Brake Materials Friction coefficient Bolted Joints The coefficient of friction is required in calculating tightening torques and resulting bolt tensile forces and stress and in calculating the resulting friction between the connected surfaces. Below are provided a small number of values showing approximate values of friction coefficients to be used for steel screw fastened connections. The values are only representative values and should be confirmed against other sources of information and preferably testing. Coefficient of Friction for screw threads Female Thread -Nut or Tapped Hole in steel(untreated) Male screw Friction Coefficient (Dry) Friction Coefficient (lub) Untreated Steel 0,12 - 0,18 0,10 - 0,17 Phosphated Steel 0,12 - 0,18 0,10 - 0,17 Cadmium Plated Steel 0,09 - 0,14 0,08 -0,23

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Galvanised steel 0,14 - 0,23 0,12 - 0,2 Degreased steel 0,19 - 0,25 Female Thread -Nut or Tapped Hole in steel(Galvanised) Male screw Friction Coeffient (Dry) Friction Coefficient(Lub.) Untreated Steel 0,14 - 0,2 0,12 - 0,18 Phosphated Steel 0,14 - 0,2 0,12 - 0,18 Cadmium Plated Steel 0,1 - 0,16 0,09 - 0,15 Galvanised steel 0,14 - 0,25 0,12 - 0,2 Degreased steel 0,19 - 0,25

Coefficient of Friction Nut/Bolt Face against Clamped surface Clamped Surface = Steel Friction Coeffient (Dry) Friction Coefficient(Lub.) 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0.15 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0,15 0,10 - 0,2 0,09 - 0,18 Clamped Surface -Galvanised Steel Friction Coefficient (Dry) Friction Coefficient (lub) 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0,15 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0,15 0,16 - 0,22 0,09 - 0,18

Bolt/Nut Mat'l Untreated Steel Phosphated Steel Galvanised steel Bolt/Nut Mat'l Untreated Steel Phosphated Steel Galvanised steel

Coefficient of friction between surfaces clamped by bolts /screws. These values allow calculation of the shear force necessary to cause slip between surfaces when clamped by bolts. Contact Surfaces Steel On Steel- No treatment Steel On Cast Iron- No treatment Steel On Steel- Machined (Degreased) Steel On Cast Iron- Machined (Degreased) Grit -Sandblasted surfaces Friction Factors for Power Screws The following factors are typical friction factors for power screw torque and efficiency calculations.. 1) Screw Thread Friction values (s) (Friction factors apply mainly for screw thread friction (s) - can be applied to collar friction(c) Screw Material Steel(Dry) Steel (Lubricated) Bronze (Lubricated) 2) Thrust collar Friction values (c) Surface Combinations Soft Steel on Cast Iron Hard Steel on Cast Iron Soft Steel on Bronze Hard Steel on Bronze Press Fit Mechanical Joints In mechanical engineering rotary motion can be transferred by mechanical connections between a shaft and hub using only a tight fit. Methods of achieving this type of connection include the engineered interference fit, the taper lock bush and hydraulic fit bush. These keyless shaft/hub connections all transfer torque by friction. The coefficient of friction used for designing these types of connections is dependent on the interface pressure, materials, surface condition, surface coatings etc. The coefficient of friction is also dependent on the method of installation. A different value result if the shaft is forced into the hub (force fit) compared to the value if the assemble is completed by heating the hub or freezing the shaft prior to assembly (shrink fit)... Various values of relevant coefficients of friction are provided below; Steel Hub , Steel Shaft unlubricated - force fit ...C. of Friction = 0,07 to 0,16 Steel Hub , Steel Shaft greased - force fit ...C. of Friction = 0,05 to 0,12 Steel Hub , Steel Shaft unlubricated - Shrink fit ...C. of Friction = 0,15 to 0,25 Steel Hub , Steel Shaft greased - Shrink fit ...C. of Friction = 0,08 to 0,16 Moving 0,12 0,09 0,08 0,06 Starting 0,17 0,15 0,10 0,08 Nut Material Brass Bronze 0,15-0,23 0,15-0,19 0,10-0,16 0,10-0,15 0,04-0,06 slip coefficient 0,15- 0,25 0,18 - 0,3 0,12- 0,18 0,15 - 0,25 0,48 - 0,55

Steel 0,15-0,25 0,11-0,17 0,08-0,12

Cast Iron 0,15-0,25 0,11-0,17 0,06-0,09

The manufacturers of the proprietary keyless hub/shaft systems indicate that their products are based on a coefficient of friction of 0,12 for lightly oiled connections and 0,15 for dry assemblies. These companies can provide surface coating fluids containing particles to increase the coefficient of friction i.e. coefficient of friction to 0,25 to 0,3. (ref links 1 below) The American Gear Manufactures Association (AGMA) recommends a value of between 0,12-0,15 for hydraulically expanded hubs and 0,15-0,20 for shrink or press fit hubs. When calculated the torque to be transmitted it is generally sufficient to use the simple equation T= ..d2.L.Pc/2 d= the shaft diameter L is the length of the interference joint. The surface pressure Pc is calculated typically using lame's equation.

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Calculators are available for obtaining the transmitted toque very conveniently. Tribology -abc Engineers edge - press fit calculatgor Testing Methods There are a number of test methods for coefficient of frictions as some of which are listed below Flat block pressed against a OD of rotating ring (FOR) Flat block against another flat block (FOF) Flat block sliding down an inclined runway(IS) Pin pressed against a OD of rotating ring (POR Reciprocating loaded spherical end pin pressed on a flat surface(RSOF)

It is clear that the different test methods provide different friction results..

Coefficient of Friction Extreme care is needed in using friction coefficients and additional independent references should be used. For any specific application the ideal method of determining the coefficient of friction is by trials. A short table is included above the main table to illustrate how the coefficient of friction is affected by surface films. When a metal surface is perfectly clean in a vacuum , the friction is much higher than the normal accepted value and seizure can easily occur. ......The links below the tables provide further information. Effect of oxide film etc on coefficient of static friction Material Steel-Steel Copper-Copper Clean Dry 0,78 1,21 Thick Oxide Film 0,27 0,76 Sulfide Film 0,39 0,74

The level of uncertainty of the information below is indicated by using steel on steel as an example. Various reference sources provide values similar to the values below.(0,74 Static- 0,42 sliding) Gieck( 7th ed) provides values of (0,15...0,30 Static - 0,10...0,30 sliding). Concise Metals Data Handbook by J.R. Davis (table 14,1) includes values (0,31 static -0,23 sliding - for steel 1032? on steel 1032?).. The same table includes a value for mild steel on mild steel of 0,62 sliding.

Coefficient Of Friction Material 1 Material 2 Static Aluminum Aluminum Brake Material Brake Material Brass Brick Bronze Bronze Cadmium Cadmium Cast Iron Cast Iron Chromium Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper-Lead Alloy Diamond Diamond Glass Glass Glass Graphite Graphite Graphite (In vacuum) Hard Carbon Hard Carbon Iron Aluminum Mild Steel Cast Iron Cast Iron (Wet) Cast Iron Wood Cast Iron Steel Cadmium Mild Steel Cast Iron Oak Chromium Cast Iron Copper Mild Steel Steel Steel (304 stainless) Steel Diamond Metal Glass Metal Nickel Graphite Steel Graphite (In vacuum) Hard Carbon Steel Iron 0,23 0,22 0,1 0,1 -0,15 0,9 - 1,0 0,5 - 0,7 0,78 0,1 0,1 0,5 - 0,8 0,16 0,14 1,0 0,12 - 0,14 0,11 - 0,14 0,15 - 0,2 0,56 0,1 0,1 0,4 0,41 1,05 1,0 0,53 0,36 0,8 0,21 0,05 - 0,1 0,1 0,1 - 0,6 0,2 - 0,3 0,09-0,12 0,29 0,08 0,18 SPOF FOF 1,1 0,5 0,46 0,15 0,49 0,34 0,07 0,075 0,6 0,22 0,16 0,05 1,05-1,35 0,61 0,4 0,2 0,3 1,4 0,47 DRY Sliding 0,3 Static Greasy Sliding Test method

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Lead Lead Leather Leather Leather Leather Magnesium Nickel Nickel Nylon Oak Oak Platinum Plexiglas Plexiglas Polystyrene Polystyrene Polythene Rubber Rubber Rubber Rubber Saphire Silver Sintered Bronze Solids Steel Steel Steel(Mild) Steel (Mild) Steel Steel Steel (Hard) Steel Steel (Mild) Steel (Mild) Steel Steel(Hard) Steel(Hard) Steel (Mild) Steel (Mild) Steel(Hard) Steel Teflon Teflon Tin Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade 5) Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade 5) Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade 5) Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Zinc Zinc

Cast Iron Steel Wood Metal(Clean) Metal(Wet) Oak (Parallel grain) Magnesium Nickel Mild Steel Nylon Oak (parallel grain) Oak (cross grain) Platinum Plexiglas Steel Polystyrene Steel Steel Asphalt (Dry) Asphalt (Wet) Concrete (Dry) Concrete (Wet) Saphire Silver Steel Rubber Aluminium Bros Brass Brass Cast Iron Cast Iron Copper Lead Alloy Graphite Graphite Lead Phos. Bros Phos Bros Polythened Polystyrene Steel (Mild) Steel (Mild) Steel (Hard) Zinc (Plated on steel) Steel Teflon Cast Iron Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6 Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V(Grade 5) Bronze Tungsten Carbide Steel Copper Iron Wood(clean) Wood (Wet) Metals(Clean) Metals (Wet) Brick Concrete Zinc Cast Iron 0,41 0,36 0,36 0,2-0,25 0,4 - 0,6 0,35 0,8 0,25 - 0,5 0,2 0,2-0,6 0,2 0,6 0,62 0,6 0,85 0,35 0,2 0,3-0,35 0,74 0,78 0,5 0,04 0,04 0,4 0,22 0,21 0,1 0,95 0,2 1,4 1,0 - 4,0 0,45 0,35 0,51 0,15 - 0,25 0,62 0,54 1,2 0,8 0,4 - 0,5 0,5 0,3-0,35 0,2 0,3 - 0,4 0,6 0,4 0,61 0,6 0,7-1,1

0,43 1,4 0,2 0,52 0,08 0,53 0,64; 0,48 0,32 0,25 0,8 0,4 - 0,5 0,5 0,3-0,35 0,2 0,5-0,8 0,25-0,75 0,6-0,85 0,45-0,75 0,2 0,55 0,13 -0,19 0,44 0,23 0,183 0,21 0,16 0,09 0,1 0,95 0,34 0,2 0,3-0,35 0,57 0,62 0,42 0,45 0,05 -0,11 0,04 0,04 ,32 0,38 0,30 0,27 0,12 0,08 - 0,2 FOF FOF FOF 0,029-,12 0,04 0,04 0,09-0,19 FOR 0,5 0,3 0,173 0,145 0,133 0,072 0,28 0,12 0,178 SPOF

0,04 0,21 Coefficient Of Friction

Material 1

Material 2 Static

DRY Sliding

LUBRICATED Static Sliding

Test method

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FOR = Flat against rotating Cylinder, FOF = Flat against flat, POF = Pin on flat, IS = inclined surface,SPOF Spherical end pin on flat. Source of above values.... The values are checked against a variety of internet and literature sources including the links below eg Link 6-Page 16. I have referred to books including Machinerys Handbook Eighteenth edition, Kempes Engineers Year Book 1980, Concise Metals Handbook by J.R.Davis ASM - (Good source of referenced data) and Kurt Giecks Engineering Formulas 7th Edition.. 1980, etc etc Table of friction Values for elements I provide the table below as a consistent set of values for simple elements using the simplest of test methods. It can be seen that values are generally different to the values in the table above... Friction tests in air at room temperature. (50% relative humidity)

Fixed Surface

Moving Block

Friction coefficient Static Sliding 0,5 0,53 0,48 0,49 0,57 0,54 0,53 0,49 0,79 0,52 0,56 0,41 0,41 0,46 0,44 0,46 0,55 0,50 0,49 0,56 0,41 0,48 0,51 0,51 0,46 0,49 0,47 0,55 1,46 0,69 0,46 0,44 0,46 0,59 0,50 0,64 0,73 0,61 0,55 0,53 0,54 0,90 0,64 0,55 0,55 0,74 0,54 0,55 0,41 0,47 0,51 0,56

Test Method

Silver (Ag)

Silver (Ag) Gold(Au) Copper(Cu) Iron(Fe)

Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Flat Sliding Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane Incline Plane

Aluminium(Al) Gold(au) Cadmium(Cd) Cobalt(Co) Chromium(Cr) Copper(Cu)

Aluminium(Al) Titanium (Ti) Silver (Ag) Gold(Au) Cadmium(Cd) Iron(Fe) Cobalt(Co) Chromium(Cr) Cobalt(Co) Chromium(Cr) Cobalt(Co) Chromium(Cr) Copper(Cu) Iron(Fe) Nickel(Ni) Zinc(Zn)

Iron(Fe)

Cobalt(Co) Chromium(Cr) Iron(Fe) Maganese(Mg) Molybdenum(Mo) Titanium(Ti) Tungsten(W) Zinc(Zn)

Indium(In) Maganese(Mg) Molybdenum(Mo) Niobium(Nb) Nickel(Ni)

Indium(In) Maganese(Mg) Iron(Fe) Molybdenum(Mo) Niobium(Nb) Chromium(Cr) Nickel(Ni) Platinum(Pt)

Lead(Pb)

Silver (Ag) Gold(Au) Copper(Cu) Chromium(Cr) Iron(Fe) Lead(Pb)

Platinum(Pt) Tin(Sn) Titanium(Ti) Tungsten(W)

Nickel(Ni) Platinum(Pt) Iron(Fe) Tin(Sn) Aluminium(Al) Titanium(Ti) Copper(Cu) Iron(Fe) Tungsten(W)

Zinc(Zn)

Copper(Cu)

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Iron(Fe) Zinc(Zn)

0,55 0,75

Incline Plane Incline Plane

Links to Friction Information 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Carbide Depot.. Friction Coefficients Supercivilcd Com.. Coefficient of Sliding Friction for various civil Materials Fastener Design Manual...NASA GRC RP-1228 (9,6 Mbyte pdf file) Includes comprehensive table with friction values. Physlinks - Coefficient of Friction...A Table of Friction Coefficients Engineers Edge- Coefficient of Friction...A Table of Friction Coefficients School for Champions...Lots of very useful Notes Bolt Council...Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints.(6,7 Mbyte pdf ). Info on Slip coefficients (P.82) etc MD Metric...Datasheet for PTFE Friction coefficients in "Rail- Wheel" contacts .......Downloadable paper providing very theoretical information Hypertextbooks _Physics Factbooks.....Physics Factbook .A page inlcuding a number of very good (school) articles on coe-fficents of friction of different materials Fund'ls of Friction and Wear of Automobile Brake Materials .....Paper Download ..Very informative document Classical Friction...A very simple and clear description of what determines the coefficient of friction. 12 Friction...Brown University-Division of Engineering..Very clear document on friction Rolling Friction...Very useful notes on rolling friction

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Home Tribology_Index Please Send Comments to Roy Beardmore Last Updated 10/09/2010

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