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In this chapter, a method is illustrated to find the exact solutions of contact problems in the framework of the half-space approximation. We examine, in detail, the classical contact problem of normal contact between a rigid sphere and an elastic half-space, which is often used to analyze more complex models. As a preparatory step, we will summarize a few results of the theory of elasticity that have a direct application to contact mechanics. We consider the deformations in an elastic half-space, which are caused by a given stress acting upon its surface. The calculation of the deformation of an elastic body whose surface is being acted upon by a force (direct problem of the theory of elasticity) is much easier than the solution of contact problems, because in the latter, neither the stress distribution, nor the contact area are known to begin with. The classic solutions from Hertz (non-adhesive contact) and Johnson, Kendall, and Roberts (adhesive contact) use the known solutions for direct problems as building blocks to the construction of a solution for a contact problem.
V.L. Popov, Contact Mechanics and Friction, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10803-7_5, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
56
The displacement caused by this force is calculated using the following equations:
ux = 1 + xz (1 2 ) x Fz , 2 E r 3 r (r + z ) 1 + yz (1 2 ) y Fz , 2 E r 3 r (r + z ) 1 + 2(1 ) z 2 + 3 Fz , 2 E r r
(5.1)
uy =
(5.2)
uz =
(5.3)
with r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . In particular, one obtains the following displacements of the free surface, which we have defined as z = 0 :
ux =
(1 + )(1 2 )
2 E
x Fz , r2
(5.4)
1 L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifschitz, Theory of elasticity. (Theoretical Physics, Vol. 7), 3rd edition, 1999, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 8,9.
57
uy =
(1 + )(1 2 )
2 E
2
y Fz , r2
(5.5)
uz
(1 ) 1 F , =
E
r
z
(5.6)
with r = x 2 + y 2 . If several forces act simultaneously (Fig. 5.1 b), we will get a displacement as the sum of the respective solutions that result from every individual force. We will continue to work in approximation of the half-space, in which it is assumed that the gradient of the surfaces in the area of contact and within relative proximity is much smaller than one, so that in a first order approximation, the surfaces are even. Although the contact constraints for the two surfaces must continue to be met, the relation between the surface forces and the displacements can be seen, however, exactly as they appear with an elastic half-space. For contact problems without friction, only the z-component of the displacement (5.6) is of interest within the framework of the half-space approximation. Especially in the case of a continuous distribution of the normal pressure p ( x, y ) , the displacement of the surface is calculated using
uz = 1 E*
p( x, y)
dxdy , r
r=
( x x )
+ ( y y)
(5.7)
with
E* =
(1 )
2
n
(5.8)
Before we move on to actual contact problems, we want to solve two preparatory problems. We assume that a pressure with a distribution of
p = p0 (1 r 2 / a 2 ) is exerted on a circle-shaped area with the radius a and search
for the vertical displacement of the surface points within the area being acted upon by the pressure. a. Homogeneous Normal Displacement ( n = 1/ 2 ). The coordinate system used is shown in Fig. 5.1. The normal stress is distributed according to the equation
r2 p = p0 1 2 a
1/ 2
(5.9)
58
p0 a
E*
, ra.
(5.10)
The vertical displacement is the same for all points in the contact area. From this result, it directly follows how we can produce the assumed pressure distribution: it is produced by the indentation of a rigid cylindrical rod into an elastic half-space. The total force acting on the area under pressure is equal to
F = p(r )2 rdr = 2 p0 a 2 .
0 a
(5.11)
The stiffness of the contact is defined as the relationship between the force F and the displacement u z :
c = 2aE * .
(5.12)
(5.13)
where A is the contact area of the rigid indenter, Equation (5.12) is also valid for cross-sections that are not round. The constant always has an order of magnitude of 1:
Round cross-section: Triangular cross-section: Rectangular cross-section:
(5.14)
(5.15)
p0
4E*a
( 2a
r2 ) , r a .
(5.16)
59
F = p(r )2 rdr =
0
2 p0 a 2 . 3
(5.17)
The displacement of the surface inside and outside of the area under pressure is shown in Fig. 5.2.
1 0.8 uz d 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
r/a
Fig. 5.2 Surface displacement u z resulting from a pressure distribution (5.15); d = u z (0) is the indentation depth.
(5.18)
We have seen in (5.16) that a quadratic distribution of the vertical displacement results from a pressure distribution of the form in (5.15).
R r d z
Fig. 5.3 A rigid sphere in contact with an elastic half-space.
60
We will try to find the parameters a and p0 that cause exactly the displacement in (5.18):
r2 1 p0 . 2a 2 r 2 ) = d ( * 2R E 4a
(5.19)
p0 R
2E
*
d=
ap0
2E*
(5.20)
(5.21)
(5.22)
Substituting from (5.21) and (5.22) into (5.17) we obtain a normal force of
F=
4 * 1/ 2 3/ 2 E R d . 3
(5.23)
With (5.22) and (5.23), the pressure in the center of the contact area can be calculated as well as the contact radius as a function of the normal force:
6 FE *2 3FR p0 = 3 2 , a = * . 4E R
1/3 1/3
(5.24)
We can also determine the expression for the potential energy of the elastic deformation U . Since F = U / d , we obtain the following expression for U : U= 8 * 1/ 2 5/ 2 E R d . 15 (5.25)
61
(A) If both bodies are elastic, then the following expression for E * must be used:
2 1 1 12 1 2 . = + E1 E2 E*
(5.26)
Here, E1 and E2 are the moduli of elasticity and 1 and 2 the Poissons ratios of both bodies. (B) If two spheres with the radii R1 and R2 are in contact (Fig. 5.4 a), then the equations (5.21), (5.22), and (5.23) are valid using the equivalent radius R :
1 1 1 . = + R R1 R2
(5.27)
This is also valid if one of the radii is negative (Fig. 5.4 b). The radius of curvature is negative if the center of curvature lies outside of the medium.
R1 R2 a b
Fig. 5.4 Contact between two bodies with curved surfaces.
-R 2
R1
(C) In a contact between an elastic half-space and a rigid body with the principal radii of curvature of R1 and R2 (Fig. 5.5 a), an elliptical contact area results. The semi-axes are
a = R1d , b = R2 d .
(5.28)