Green IT

Green IT

Xinyu Chen

Michael Kozza

Shannon Frick

<…additional info…>
 Green IT 3

Table of Contents
<…additional info…>..........................................................................................................2
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................3
Introduction..........................................................................................................................4
Energy Management Systems (EMS)..................................................................................5
Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:......................................................6

Real World Applications:.................................................................................................7

Telework..............................................................................................................................8
Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:......................................................8
Real World Applications:.................................................................................................9
Issues and Risks for Managers:........................................................................................9
Virtualisation........................................................................................................................9
Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:....................................................10
Real World Applications:...............................................................................................10
Issues and Risks for Managers:......................................................................................11
Carbon Emissions Trading ................................................................................................11
Real World Applications:...............................................................................................13
Issues and Risks for Managers:......................................................................................13
E-Cycling...........................................................................................................................13
Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:....................................................13
Real World Applications:...............................................................................................14
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................14
Additional Resources.........................................................................................................14
References:.........................................................................................................................15
Energy Priorities: What Is Green IT? Part 1: Cutting Emissions and Energy Use
Enterprise-wide. (2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Energy Priorities Web
site: http://energypriorities.com/entries/2007/06/what_is_green_it_data_centers.php
....................................................................................................................................15
Greener Computing: Google Shines Some Light on its Green Data Centers. (2008).
Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Greener Computing Web site:
http://www.greenercomputing.com/news/2008/10/07/google-shines-light-green-data-
centers................................................................................................................................15
Government Computer News: Virtualization not as easy as 1-2-3. (2008). ...................15
Borns, J. (2008). Spongelike Air-Capture Gadget Scrubs Away Carbon Emissions.
Popular Mechanics, March 28th, 2008 pNA. Retrieved from the Popular Mechanics Web
site at: ................................................................................................................................16
 Green IT 4

Introduction

(By Michael)
 Green IT 5

Green IT can be used to combat resource depletion, air and water pollution, energy consumption,
climate change and more. A third of all energy consumption in the USA comes from commercial
buildings. Businesses are automating those buildings to reduce costs and emissions. IT can be
used in solving energy and environmental problems, or other green issues. Some of the main
solutions that Green IT has produced involve Energy Management Systems (EMSs), office space
reductions, virtualisation, carbon emissions monitoring, and e-trading.

Energy Management Systems (EMS)

Energy Management Systems are systems of computer-aided tools used to monitor, control, and
optimize the performance of energy generation and transmission systems in various offices and
facilities. Energy management Systems may monitor and control functions of energy generation
and transmission and use a collective suite of power network applications and scheduling
applications.[8] Almost every major corporate, medical or academic campus these days has an
Energy Management System, as well as 40% of the Fortune 100 companies.(Energy Priorities,
2008) Energy management systems can centralise the control of lighting, heating, ventilating,
and air conditioning in households, offices, factories and other types of facilties, with the goal of
reducing the energy those systems consume.
 Green IT 6

Figure 1: An example of a Energy Management System (MTS Services, 2008)

Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:

Now that the benefits of Energy Management Systems such as large financial and carbon
savings has risen, we can see power monitoring and management rise to top of many firms'
agendas. The cost of such systems can range from the most basic (AUS$10) to tens of
thousands of dollars for a comprehensive data centre system, with the payback time for the more
expensive EMSs usually being swift.

Energy savings in data centers in particular are a huge opportunity for businesses. There are two
main areas of energy consumption that comes from running data centers: servers and cooling.
The more servers introduced to a data center, the more the increased server density compounds
the problem of high energy consumption. A Gartner poll released in 2007 showed that over 69 %
of data centers were constrained for power, cooling and space.
 Green IT 7

The need to monitor building controls in general has lead companies such as Cisco to approach
the building controls industry with the notion that information is the "fourth utility" after electricity,
gas and water. The company proposes moving EMS to the IP network, for both efficiency as well
as for the information synergies involved. This kind of business information has a tactical and
strategic value, and information about the building's performance is very important.(Energy
Priorities, 2008)

Another opportunity for businesses using EMS systems is that reducing electricity usage has
sparked the attention of utilities because peak demands during the summer are caused by such
things as air-conditioning, for example. In the US, utilities companies such as Pacific Gas and
Electric Company that serve hundreds of thousands of businesses are offering $1,000 rebates for
buying energy efficient equipment and servers that generate less heat than average.(Energy
Priorities, 2008)

Apart from data centers, PC workstations also contribute considerably to company power bills.
One computer by itself does not usually produce more than 100 watts, but those companies and
individuals using hundreds of them can add up to a large power bill that energy management
systems can help reduce. (Energy Priorities, 2008)

The market niche for energy management systems lies in a set-it-and-forget-it type solution.
Employees do not want such a system to interrupt their work, and the IT department doesn't want
any more complaints. The answer for networked PCs is network-based power management
software that can control power settings of each machine. For example, a company with more
than 44,000 PCs under such a networked power management system could have a projected
annual savings of $3,000,000 in energy costs, or a 60% reduction in its energy bill.(Verdiem,
2008)

There lies the opportunity to create more energy management system products with those that
can talk to the IP network today through gateways. Over the last few years, the building-control
industry has discovered XML, which is a major web data sheet standard for internet data
communications. Middleware applications can be developed to gather information and normalize
it for use by enterprise resource planning, accounting, and other enterprise applications.(Energy
Priorities, 2008)

By moving Energy Management Systems to the IT network, companies stand to gain benefits for
building operations such as less wiring, more common operator skills, fewer hardware platforms,
and less system maintenance.(Energy Priorities, 2008)

Real World Applications:

EMS systems monitor lighting, heating, ventilating and airconditioning in real time, round the
clock. Systems automatically respond to alerts and electronically dispatch maintenance
calls.(Energy Priorities, 2008) This has lead groups of vendors to begin thinking about how the
EMS and IT worlds should converge. The concepts center around removing the long-standing
wall between building networks and IT (tenant) networks. On top of this dialog also includes low-
profile systems common in most buildings, such as security, air quality and life safety.(Energy
Priorities, 2008)

Energy-efficient servers are available from the major vendors, as are energy efficient processors
and other electrical components from the likes of IBM, AMD, Intel and Sun. (Energy Priorities,
2008)(More, 2008) Early adopters of energy management systems are reporting that they have
reduced cabling and other networking infrastructure costs by more than half. It's not the data
 Green IT 8

network routers and switches that are being cut, but rather, they serve more purposes and
thereby deliver more value from an IT perspective.(Energy Priorities, 2008)
Many professionals believe that Google have the most impressive data centers in the world, or
"Green Data Centers", which also recycle water and remove unused circuitry and components in
servers (such as graphics cards) to reduce e-waste.

Overall, the proponents of the convergence of building systems with information systems are
setting expectations of 15 percent energy savings.

Other Green Data centers focus on incorporating other factors into management systems, such
as the building, energy efficiency, waste management, asset management, capacity
management, technology architecture, support services, energy sources and operations.(Green
Data Center Blog, 2008) A standards committee has even been established as of May 2008 to
develop an international standard on energy management. This standard will give organizations
and companies a practical and widely recognized approach to increase energy efficiency, as well
as reduce costs and improve their environmental performance through addressing both the
technical and management aspects of rational energy use.[16]

Issues and Risks for Managers:

Price and complexity of running energy management systems seems to be the main issue for
managers considering using such systems, but these are minor compared to the benefits that
EMSs can bring to an organisation. As the technology merges, standards are created and more
applications developed, managers may need to spend more time monitoring the systems to
ensure they are functioning correctly.

Telework
Telework is a broad term used for any operation that substitutes the need for physical space with
technology. Office space is less important in day to day operations of businesses now than in the
past, thanks to technology that allows for telecommuting, hotelling, videoconferencing and other
communications technologies that facilitate telework. Employees working at home and combining
unified communications with thin-client virtual desktops has the potential to save litres of fuel and
hours of commuter time. The incorporation of IT and telephony into one thin-client device in
particular is removing the need for multiple devices, and organisations can reduce power
consumption and costs with these new communication technologies. (More, 2008)

Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:

Hotelling is the process of creating office space for employees on an "as needed" basis, rather
than permanently assigning a desk or office to a single employee. Hotelling reduces the square
footage required per employee, since workers reserve space only when they need to use it. For
jobs such as sales, consulting, and field service in particular, dedicated offices need not sit
vacant, nor do they need to consume energy for lighting and cooling unnecessarily.

Telecommuting is widely gaining favor among companies, not only for reducing office space, but
also because companies have suddenly begun to think about the emissions caused by their
 Green IT 9

commuting employees. Telephony technologies have made it more practical to operate whole
departments outside of the office building. Companies such as JetBlue have their entire call
centres made up of at-home agents whose physical absence from the building is practically
unnoticable to customers.(Energy Priorities, 2008)

Videoconferencing, teleconferencing and telepresence have all cut down business travel
tremendously. Professionals can hold meetings from anywhere in the world, saving travel and
facility costs associated with meetings in the past. (Energy Priorities, 2008)

Real World Applications:

Chris Hanson, sales director at Computacenter, has already reduced his annual business mileage
from 40,000 to 6,000 miles by installing interactive whiteboards and using data conferencing to
replace shorter meetings. Imagine the potential savings if we all followed suit.(More, 2008)

Companies who have adopted office space saving technologies have reported a 40 percent
reduction in space requirements by leveraging their communications infrastructures. They also
get to publicly claim emission reductions due to fewer commutes by employees.(Energy Priorities,
2008)

IBM moved to a hotelling model for all of its 19,000 employees in Canada in 2006, which was a
major change for the 60% of its employees that originally had their own desks.

Issues and Risks for Managers:

Telework is difficult for managers to monitor. Employees that are not present in the office cannot
add to the value of a company's culture, and may lose loyalty in working for the company due to
increased isolation. There is also evidence that Telework leads to increased stress from the
inability to separate work life from home life, and teleworkers can be more easily replaced by
offshore workers.
Hotelling requires advance notice and can be disruptive if schedules not managed correctly.

Virtualisation

Virtualisation is a broad term that encompasses a variety of computer resource abstractions. For
example, platform virtualisation involves separating operating systems from the underlying
platform resources and allowing users to run multiple operating systems and applications on the
same computer at the same time. Resource virtualisation involves virtualising specific system
resources, such as storage volumes, name spaces and network resources; Application
virtualisation involves hosting individual applications on alien hardware or software; and desktop
virtualisation involves the remote manipulation of a computer desktop. Many virtualisation
technologies have already been around for decades, but recent improvements and benefits from
which have made it very popular lately.
 Green IT 10

Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:

Virtualisation is one of the fastest-growing IT markets today. It is believed by many to a solution
for businesses wishing to reduce operating and infrastructure costs, optimise performance and
simplify resource management. A recent survey by International Data Corporation (IDC) revealed
that 50.7 percent of Australian organisation still have no virtualised servers, and 26.7 percent said
they do not understand the full benefits of virtualisation. IDC predicts that by 2011, more than
18% of all new servers will be virtualised, representing a market opportunity of $22 billion
annually for server hardware suppliers alone. (CRN Australia, 2008)

The “Green” benefits of virtualisation, according to IDC, are in reducing not only the server
footprint, but also the carbon footprint and electricity consumption, which are increasingly
becoming important benefits in businesses. Organisations have the capacity for significant
energy and computing efficiencies through virtualisation, while increasing technology utilisation
and flexibility at the same time. Virtualisation technology is a great way to save energy and
reduce costs, particularly with hardware.

Areas of benefit within IT organisations in particular that use virtualisation include those involved
with server consolidation/containment, business continuity, testing/development optimisation,
software development and distribution, and desktop management and security.

Those selling virtualisation to customers should be aware that customers are looking for partners
who can work with them on a consultative basis to effectively take cost out of their business, not
just sell them a product and be done with the sale. Becoming a partner who offers virtualisation
to organisations is definately a lucrative business opportunity for the right firm.

Specialists have predicted that disaster recovery has been difficult to manage, and if partners are
able to provide cost-effective and easy-to-manage DR solutions, then they will gain a market
advantage among clients. (CRN Australia, 2008)

In Europe, it has been projected that 52% of all servers bought in 2008 are expected to be
virtualised, which shows the huge potential for the virtualisation market.

As with Energy Management Systems, utilities companies also offer incentive programs for
virtualisation, which reduces the number of physical servers required in a data center.
Virtualization is not new, but it has made vast improvements over recent years. For example,
running a single modern high-performance server at optimum capacity takes far less energy than
operating five or six older servers at partial capacity. During low peak times when systems are
underused, data centers can be programmed to shuffle virtual machines onto fewer servers and
turn the rest off for further savings.

Real World Applications:

Virtual Machines (notably VMWare) has enabled users to run multiple operating systems
simultaneously on a single system, replicating environments for various reasons, such as testing
of web applications against various computing environments.

Virtual IRon is another successful US virtualisation company that specialises in virtualising

servers and their backup systems.

Simulation training for pilots, surgeons, architects, or other occupations that involve expensive,
 Green IT 11

"high risk" training also falls under virtualisation, and has been around for decades, reducing the
need for costly equipment and supervision of trainees.

VMware was the clear market leader in virtualisation technology in the IDC survey: 82% of the
sample organisations used it.

Despite high levels of Linux use, only 3% of the sample used Xen as their virtualisation platform.
Microsoft was used by 13% of the sample base, with various Unix technologies and mainframe
systems accounting for 14%.

IBM includes virtualisation combined with power efficiency in many of their server systems
designs.

Issues and Risks for Managers:

Drawbacks of using virtualisation include the high fees for licences and management time for
virtualisation.

Virtual environments also require reliability, stability, security and manageability. There is no
standard way of acheiving this, and it is a growing challenge for managers to switch from a
physical server sprawl to the challenge of managing virtual machine sprawl. (CRN Australia,
2008) Virtual servers must be carefully managed. As companies move more environments onto
single machines as virtualisations, physical servers themselves will be forced to work harder with
less room for error, as they will now support multiple systems, and may not run as fast under such
conditions. Virtual servers require careful and constant management in order to detect potential
problems.

There are traditional change and configuration processes that are not designed for virtualised
enrivonrments, and are in need of further development. Development of virtualisation has been
so quick that security tools and processes have not yet caught up; this means that security may
be of concern to managers of virtualised environments. Another drawback due to the speed of
virtualisation popularity is the lack of skills and knowledge on virtualisation among the workforce,
inhibiting virtualisation adoption. (Computer Weekly, 2008a)

Finally, there are no established virtualised standards as of yet, so businesses are forced to buy
products from single vendors whose virtualisations are incompatible with other vendors'
virtualisations. This can be very cost ineffective for smaller businesses in particular.(Government
Computer News, 2008)

Carbon Emissions Trading

 Green IT 12

Figure x: An Prototype of a Carbon Emissions Capturing Machine (Borns, 2008)

The idea behind Carbon Emissions trading is that production plants of companies are given
certain CO2 emissions "caps" for particular periods. Penalties are applied to plants that emit
more CO2 than the caps, or have a higher "carbon footprint". The idea is that high-emitting
plants would have to out-bid each other for excess permits that low-emitting plants can sell. As
an expected result, low-emitting plants, which would have seemingly invested in low emissions
technology, and would make enough money from the sale of these excess permits to offset their
investments. This would give low-emitting plants a more competitive edge over high-emitting
plants. (Counter Currents, 2008)

Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:

Australia's CO2 emissions, which are the highest in the world on a per capita basis.(Counter
Currents, 2008) A white paper on the scheme with a draft Bill will be available in December 2008.
(Hoare, 2004)

IT experts argue that despite an initially high cost, "green" accounting will ultimately bring huge
benefits for businesses. Sustainable development reporting and green accounting standards are
becoming increasingly important in the area of IT, with energy consumption a major issue. The
arrival of emissions trading schemes and mandatory carbon footprint reporting means that IT
companies, especially listed ones, must be prepared to comply or face the wrath of both
consumers and investors. This will require new measuring and pollution lowering technologies
and hardware as well as software solutions, and presents further business opportunities for IT
and electronics companies. (Deare, 2008)
 Green IT 13

Real World Applications:

Japan started a trial carbon credit trading system on October 21st 2008.

If "green accounting" sets in amidst a potential boom of carbon trading, then among those able to
cash in on the trend immediately will be accounting software suppliers such as MYOB, who have
already begun to develop carbon trading features in their software. Another trailblazer in
emissions management systems is Logica.(Deare, 2008) Wipro has already developed a carbon
accounting tool called Hara, which can help in identifying reduction opportunities based on actual
work practices of the enterprise.(Business World, 2008)

The ASX plans to offer an energy futures market with futures contracts for renewable energy
credits, coal and natural gas in the third quarter of 2009.

Issues and Risks for Managers:

The increased energy requirements of carbon capturing and storage technology for capturing and
compressing CO2 raises the operating costs of power plants significantly. During trials on
factories in Germany in September 2008 by the IPCC showed that on average CC&S
technologies increase the fuel requirement of a plant by about 25% for a coal-fired plant and
about 15% for a gas-fired plant. (Metz et al, 2005)

The carbon trading scheme has numerous loopholes. For example, it assumes that governments
that participate in a carbon trading scheme will set unfair emissions caps, or one that will
mandate massive or impossible decreases in CO2 emissions. The effectiveness of the regulation
of such a plan is open for debate. One of the first major tests of carbon trading began on January
1st, 2005, and involved the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The scheme
was labelled a “major disappointment” in 2006 due to governments setting lax national emission
targets. (Counter Currents, 2008)

E-Cycling
E-cycling is defined as the practice of reusing, or distributing for reuse, electronic equipment and
related components, rather than disposing of them at the end of their life cycle.

Business Opportunities and Improved Performance:

Discarded electronics and electronic components (e-waste) are creating a serious problem
because of toxic elements involved in their manufacture. In the vast majority of cases, discarded
computers and other electronic devices, such as cell phones, are functional and could be passed
on to another individual or organization. (Greener Computing, 2008)

Often, even non-functioning devices can be refurbished and resold or donated. (Greener
Computing, 2008)

e-cycling helps the environment by avoiding pollution and being a sustainable alternative to
disposing of e-waste in landfills. Another benefit to e-cycling is that valuable materials are
retrieved from e-waste that otherwise would have been thrown out. Supporters argue that e-
cycling saves taxpayers money,1 as the financial responsibility would be shifted from the taxpayer
to the manufacturers. In taking part in e-cycling, companies would be motivated to use fewer
 Green IT 14

materials in the production process, create longer lasting products, and implement safer, more
efficient recycling systems.(SVTC, 2008a)

Real World Applications:

Organizations such as StRUT (Students Recycling Used Technology), the National Cristina
Foundation, and the Resource Area for Teachers (RAFT) collect and refurbish donated computer
equipment for redistribution to schools and charities around the world.

A number of initiatives, such as eBay's Rethink project, have arisen to promote e-cycling.
Dell, IBM, Intel, and Hewlett-Packard are among the members of Rethink.(Greener Computing,
2008)

Issues and Risks for Managers:

E-cycling has been used as a front to use developing countries as toxic waste dumps for
corporations of the first world to discard their unwanted electronics. In Africa, such equipment is
hardly useful, with electrical shortages and knowledge on how to use such equipment in general,
the e-cycled equipment is added to landfills or burnt, where carcinogens and toxic electronic
components can be inhaled by the inhabitants. (The Nation, 2008) This is both a risk in terms of
both ethics and litigation, if e-cycling is actually a disguise for e-waste.

Conclusion
Equity funding, not debt funding. The majority of new ventures in carbon markets, like CDM
developers and cleantech, rely on already-committed equity financing. The sector will not have
the debt plug pulled on its growth. But funding will be harder to find. CDM developers may turn to
local sources of finance, such as the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

Additional Resources
For those interested in learning more about Green IT, there is an abundance of websites,
magazines and other articles that discuss all aspects of the topic. Some of the major sources of
information about Green Technology include the following:

Greener Computing:

Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition

Source 3

Source 4
 Green IT 15

References:
Energy Priorities: What Is Green IT? Part 1: Cutting Emissions and Energy Use Enterprise-wide.
(2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Energy Priorities Web site:
http://energypriorities.com/entries/2007/06/what_is_green_it_data_centers.php

Greener Computing: Google Shines Some Light on its Green Data Centers. (2008). Retrieved
October 24th, 2008, from Greener Computing Web site:
http://www.greenercomputing.com/news/2008/10/07/google-shines-light-green-data-centers

Business World: IT is a Green Concern. (2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Business
World Web site: http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Corporate/IT-Is-A-Green-Concern.html

More, L. (2008). Five Green Computing Approaches To Consider. Computing, July 3, 2008 p21.

Deare, K. (2008). Green Computer Gathers Pace. Australasian Business Intelligence, April 28,
2008 pNA.

Australian Government Department of Climate Change: About the Carbon Pollution Reduction
Scheme. (2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from the Australian Government Department of
Climate Change Web site: http://www.climatechange.gov.au/emissionstrading/about.html

Control Engineering: How to put SCADA on the Internet. (2003). Retrieved October 24th, 2008,
from Control Engineering Web site: http://www.controleng.com/article/CA321065.html

Government Computer News: Virtualization not as easy as 1-2-3. (2008).

Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Government Computer News Web site:
http://www.gcn.com/online/vol1_no1/47216-1.html

Computer Weekly: Europe Deep in Server Virtualisation Projects. (2008a). Retrieved October
24th, 2008, from Computer Weekly Web site:
http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2008/07/07/231367/europe-deep-into-server-
virtualisation-projects.htm

Computer Weekly: Virtualisation Making IT More Cost Effective. (2008b). Retrieved October
24th, 2008, from Computer Weekly Web site:
http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/01/27/221516/virtualisation-making-it-more-cost-
effective.htm

Climate change Corp: Global recession: A soft landing for low-carbon industry? (2008).
Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Climate Change Corporation Web site:
http://www.climatechangecorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5728

Slaw: Hotelling Makes a Comeback. (2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Slaw Web site:
http://www.slaw.ca/2008/01/23/hotelling-makes-a-comeback/

Verdiem: Surveyor Overview. (2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from Verdiem Web site:
http://www.verdiem.com/surveyor5/default.asp

Green Data Center Blog: Gartner’s Green Data Center Press Release. (2008). Retrieved
October 24th, 2008, from Green Data Center Blog Web site:
http://www.greenm3.com/2008/10/gartners-green.html

[16] Green Data Center Blog: ISO Launches Standard for Energy Management. (2008).
 Green IT 16

Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from x Web site: http://www.greenm3.com/2008/03/iso-launches-

st.html

CRN Australia: How Will the Virtualisation Market Change in the Next Five Years. (2008).
Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from x Web site: http://www.crn.com.au/Feature/4783,how-will-the-
virtualisation-market-change-in-the-next-five-years.aspx

Counter Currents: Carbon Trading a SOP to King. (2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from
Counter Currents Web site: http://www.countercurrents.org/cc-kenny210906.htm

The Nation: An E-Cycling Nightmare. (2008). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from The Nation
Web site: http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051128/lodish

SVTC: Svtc’s Work to Build a Sustainable Future. (2008a). Retrieved October 24th, 2008, from
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Web site:
http://svtc.etoxics.org/site/PageServer?pagename=svtc_work

SVTC: Known and Suspected Routes of E-Dumping. (2008b). Retrieved October 24th, 2008,
from Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Web site:
http://svtc.etoxics.org/site/PageServer?pagename=svtc_ewaste_destinations

Annala, C. and Howe, H. (2004). Trading Solutions For Lowering Air Pollution: Trading Of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allowances Can Lower The Cost Of Regulatory Compliance And
Create Business Opportunities. Strategic Finance, Sept 2004 p41(4)

Hoare, R. (2008) Counting the Cost of Carbon Trading. Australasian Business Intelligence, Sept
23, 2008 pNA.

Metz, B., Davidson O., de Coninck H. C., Loos M., and Meyer L.A. (2005). IPCC Special Report
on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. (2005). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp.

Borns, J. (2008). Spongelike Air-Capture Gadget Scrubs Away Carbon Emissions. Popular
Mechanics, March 28th, 2008 pNA. Retrieved from the Popular Mechanics Web site at:
http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4256184.html?series=15

MTS Services: Industrial Diagram. (2008). Retrieved October 29th 2008 from the MTS Services
Web site: http://mts-services.com/images/Industrial_Diagram_1.jpg