Tradução:
Richard Gordon Hartley
Revisão português:
Carmen Penido
Revisão inglês:
Russel Franker
Projeto Gráfico
Tiago Pedroza
Fotografias
Pedro Lima, Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga, Robson
Silva, Gabriel Rocha, Luiz Cláudio Marigo,
Haroldo Palo Jr, César Musso, Marques , Dante
Buzzetti
L71a
616p.:
Bibliografia:
CDU 598.2
www.ao.com.br - AO ONLINE -> LIVROS; ATUALIDADES ORNITOLÓGICAS N. 134 Novembro/Dezembro de 2006 p.29
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
AGRADECIMENTOS
Agradeço à Cetrel em nome de seus diretores, Dr. Ney Silva, Dr. Carlos Eugênio e Dr.
Demóstenes Miranda de Carvalho Filho, Renato Pinheiro que apoiaram e incentivaram todas as
minhas pesquisas de campo e financiaram a grande maioria delas e também agradeço a todos os
funcionários da Cetrel, desde 1988 até hoje, que abraçaram o ideal conservacionista. Também
a todas as empresas parceiras da Cetrel que contribuíram através de seus funcionários para
a conservação do meio ambiente, desde 1988 até o presente momento. Ao Dr. José Antônio
Andrade e ao Dr. Fonte Lima que foram os responsáveis pelo meu ingresso na Cetrel em 1988
e que apoiaram as minhas novas idéias visando a mudança de hábitos em prol da conservação.
A todos os estagiários que tive o prazer de conhecer, entre eles Joelson de Oliveira Castro e
Margarete Peixoto Maia que foram os meus primeiros estagiários e que muito contribuíram
para as pesquisas; a Sidnei Sampaio dos Santos (Biologia- UFBA), com o qual tive o prazer de
trocar idéias e conhecimentos por mais de 10 anos e que contribuiu significativamente para a
maioria das pesquisas. Relaciono, a seguir, os demais estagiários: Maria Teresa Nunes Marques
Rocha (Biologia UFBA), Francisco Pedro da Fonseca (Biologia UCSAL), Daniel Schmukler
(Biologia UFBA), Luciana Araújo Souza (Veterinária UFBA), Luciana D’ Carlos (Veterinária
UFBA), Oberdan Nunes (Veterinária UFBA), Tereza Maxová (República Tcheca). Através de
convênio com o IVSA (International Veterinary Students’ Association): Marcelo Araújo Boureau
(Veterinária UFBA), Luciana D’Carlos (Veterinária UFBA), Rodrigo Conceição de Oliveira,
Bruno Gabriel Pita (primo) e Jana Doege da LSV –SVM University.
Agradeço especialmente à Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha Lima, que além de esposa é formada
em biologia e muito me ajudou nas pesquisas de campo; aos meus três filhos, Pedro Cerqueira
Lima Filho, Thyers Novaes de Cerqueira Lima Neto e Aloísio Ferreira da Rocha Neto que sempre
participaram e colaboraram nas minhas pesquisas de campo; a meus auxiliares, José Carlos
Dias, Paulino Rocha, Jean, Wilian Batista e Adison Lima que muito me apoiaram e ajudaram
nas pesquisas; a Silvano Abreu Farias que contribuiu significativamente para a organização do
banco de fotos e para a composição deste livro. Aos amigos Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga, Robson
Silva, Gabriel Rocha, Luiz Cláudio Marigo, Haroldo Palo Jr. César Musso, Marques e Dante
Buzzetti que contribuíram com algumas fotos, todas devidamente creditadas a eles, sendo que
as demais fotos do livro são da minha responsabilidade; a Helen Hays, Joseph Dicostanzo, Grace
Cormons e Tom Cormons do American Museum of Natural History que muito colaboraram
nas pesquisas sobre os representantes da família Sternidae; a Luis Monteiro da Universidade
dos Açores (in memoriam) que contribuiu com informações preciosas sobre os representantes
da família Sternidae provenientes dos Açores; a Alex Zino (in memoriam) e sua família que me
acolheram e muito contribuíram para as pesquisas sobre a mortandade das aves oceânicas; ao
meu amigo e voluntário, Zildomar Souza Magalhães, que até hoje colabora comigo nas pesquisas
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
que desenvolvo; a Marcio Pita, que me apoiou em algumas pesquisas e ao meu amigo Rolf
Grantsau, que muito me ensinou e ainda ensina, e que também contribuiu para este livro com
algumas fotos. Ao Projeto TAMAR, ao MAMA, IBAMA e CEMAVE que sempre me apoiaram nas
pesquisas de campo. E a todos os voluntários que são tantos, que seria muito difícil relacioná-los
um por um, e, finalmente, um agradecimento especial a meu pai, Thyers Novais de Cerqueira
Lima (in memoriam), que despertou em mim o interesse no estudo das aves e à minha mãe,
Gizelia Antônia Pita, que sempre me incentivou a estudar.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I express my sincere thanks to Cetrel and its directors Ney Silva, Carlos Eugênio Meneses and
Demóstenes Miranda de Carvalho Filho, Renato Pinheiro who supported and encouraged my
field research and financed a great majority of it; I also thank all Cetrel employees since 1988
to date, who embraced the conservationist ideal. I would also like to express my gratitude to all
partner-companies of Cetrel that contributed through their employees for the conservation of the
environment. I am indebted to Jose Antonio Andrade and Fonte Lima who were responsible for
my admission to Cetrel in 1988 and supported my ideas focusing a change of habits for the benefit
of conservation. I would moreover like to thank all the trainees I had the opportunity of meeting,
among them Joelson de Oliveira Castro and Margarete Peixoto Maia who were the first I tutored
and who contributed significantly to my research; and also Sidnei Sampaio dos Santos (Biology-
UFBA) with whom I had the pleasure of exchanging ideas and knowledge and who contributed
significantly throughout most of my research. Next, I will list all my others trainees: Maria Teresa
Nunes Marques Rocha (Biology- UFBA), Francisco Pedro da Fonseca (Biology- UCSAL), Daniel
Schmukler (Biology- UFBA), Luciana Araújo Souza (Veterinary- UFBA), Luciana D’ Carlos
(Veterinary- UFBA), Oberdan Nunes (Veterinary-UFBA), Tereza Maxová (Czech Republic).
Through a covenant with IVSA (International Veterinary Students’Association): Marcelo Araújo
Boureau (Veterinary - UFBA), Luciana D’Carlos (Veterinary- UFBA), Rodrigo Conceição de
Oliveira, Bruno Gabriel Pita and Jana Doege ( LSV –SVM University).
My special thanks to Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha Lima who besides being my wife is a biologist
and helped me a great deal in my field research; to my three sons Pedro Cerqueira Lima Filho,
Thyers Novaes de Cerqueira Lima Neto and Aloísio Ferreira da Rocha Neto who participated and
contributed to my field research; to my assistants José Carlos Dias, Paulino Rocha, Jean, Wilian
Batista and Adison Lima who supported and assisted me in my field research; to Silvano Abreu
Farias who contributed significantly towards the planning and organization of a photo collection
and to the composition of this book. I am indebted to my friends Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga, Robson
Silva, Gabriel Rocha, Luiz Cláudio Marigo, Haroldo Palo Jr. César Musso, Marques and Dante
Buzzetti who contributed with photographs, all of them duly credited ( the remaining photos of the
book are of my responsibility); to Helen Hays, Joseph Dicostanzo, Grace Cormons and Tom Cormons
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
of the American Museum of Natural History who gave a significant contribution to my work by
providing precious information on specimens of the Sternidae family; to Luis Monteiro from the
University of Azores (in memoriam) who contributed with valuable information on the Sternidae
family originating from the Azores; to Alex Zino (in memoriam) and his family who welcomed me
and contributed greatly towards the investigations concerning the mortality of ocean birds; to my
friend and volunteer Zildomar Souza Magalhães who still works with me on the research I develop;
to Marcio Pita who supported me on some research and to my friend Rolf Grantsau who taught me
and still teaches me a lot and has contributed towards this book with some of his photos. I would
like to offer my thanks to the TAMAR Project, MAMA, IBAMA and CEMAVE that have always
supported me in my field research. I also thank all the many volunteers and finally my father,
Thyers Novais de Cerqueira Lima (in memoriam), who awoke my interest in the study of birds and
my mother Gizelia Antônia Pita (in memoriam) who always encouraged me to study.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Tytonidae 179
Strigidae 180 Turdinae 306
Mimidae 311
Motacillidae 312
Ordem dos Caprimulgiformes 187 Vireonidae 313
Caprimulgiformes order 187 Coerebinae 316
Nyctibiidae 187 Cardinalinae 344
Caprimulgidae 189 Fringillidae 353
Passeridae 354
Estrildidae 355
Ordem dos Apodiformes 195
Apodiformes order 195
Pranchas
Apodidae 195
Trochilidae 196
Apodiformes 433
Pranchas ninhos
nest tables
Família Apodidae 433
Família Trochilidae 440
Trogoniformes 442
Família Trogonidae 442
Família Trogonidae 442
Coraciiformes 443
Alcedinidae 443
Referência
Bibliográfica
Reading List 605
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
espécies de aves. Das 300 espécies anilhadas, 19 O município de Lauro de Freitas perdeu sua
são migrantes setentrionais e 06 são austrais. cobertura vegetal quase que totalmente, tendo
Também, obtivemos 1500 recuperações de ocorrido á supressão de dunas, restingas, Mata
99 espécies, das quais, 13 espécies foram Atlântica, matas secundárias e manguezais.
anilhadas por outros pesquisadores brasileiros Hoje, Lauro de Freitas só possui uma pequena
e estrangeiros (Tabela 2). cobertura de mata secundária, onde foi
detectada a presença do apuim-de-costa-preta
Do total de aves anilhadas (40.000), a grande (Touit melanonota) e da jandaia-de-testa-
maioria, 87,7%, foi anilhada no litoral norte e vermelha (Aratinga auricapilla), psitacídeos
o restante foi anilhado em outras localidades ameaçados de extinção. Ambas as espécies
do Estado da Bahia (Figura 1). estão listadas no apêndice II da Cites e quase
nada se sabe sobre o seu comportamento
Todos os ecossistemas do Litoral Norte
(Snyder et al, 2000). Desde 1997 vimos
sofreram, ao longo do tempo, muitos tipos
realizando pesquisas de reintrodução com a
de agressões, sendo os ecossistemas mais
espécie A. auricapilla e já temos obtido bons
próximos à grande metrópole (Salvador), os
resultados no decorrer de 1997 até hoje, tendo
que foram mais prejudicados, sem dúvida
reintroduzido cerca de 20 exemplares que já
alguma.
se encontram adaptados ao seu novo habitat.
de Camaçari, sendo que a APA do Joanes para as cerâmicas, é algo assustador. Todos os
Ipitanga é a maior de todas e abrange diversos dias podemos ver caminhões carregados de
municípios, tais como: Lauro de Freitas, madeira destinados às cerâmicas. Também,
Camaçari, Candeias, São Francisco do Conde o cordão das dunas vem sofrendo uma forte
e Simões Filho. As três APA são instrumentos pressão com a retirada constante de areia
legais de fundamental importância, para a que é utilizada na construção civil, além das
preservação dos ecossistemas do litoral norte. jazidas de cascalho e de barro vermelho. Estas
Além do cordão de dunas, as áreas alagadiças atividades são responsáveis pela supressão
dos estuários dos rios Joanes, Capivara da vegetação, com a conseqüente degradação
Grande, Jacuipe e Pojuca, precisam de maiores da biodiversidade. O comércio ilegal de
cuidados, a fim de evitar a poluição de suas orquídeas também preocupa muito: “grupo de
águas que além de prejudicar a fauna, pode profissionais” coletam e vendem as orquídeas
causar sérios danos à vida marinha. As áreas da região, na beira das estradas do litoral norte.
que estão merecendo cuidados especiais Nestas matas, tivemos ocasião de identificar
e preservação permanente são: Lagoa de algumas espécies de aves ameaçadas de
Arembepe, situada entre a Millennium e o extinção ( Tabela 4).
km 20 da Estrada do Coco, as margens do Rio
Capivara Grande, entre o km 18 da Estrada do
Espécie Nome Vulgar
Coco até a sua desembocadura no Rio Jacuipe,
área onde observa-se uma grande variedade Sarcoramphus papa Urubu-rei
de espécies de orquídeas, plantas carnívoras e Aratinga auricapilla Jandaia-de-testa-
vermelha
sempre vivas ( Tabela 3). Ainda no município
Amazona rhodocorytha Papagaio-chauã
de Camaçari, podemos destacar dois outros
Touit melanonota Apuim-de-costa-preta
ecossistemas, que merecem ser preservados: as
Tab. 4 - Relação de espécies de aves ameaçadas de extinção
matas que restam nas margens do Rio Joanes e registrada nas matas de Monte Gordo
Monte Gordo, nas proximidades da represa de
Santa Helena. Essas matas vêm sofrendo uma
série de degradações, entre elas a devastações O cerrado existente no município de Camaçari
das matas pelas cerâmicas estabelecidas nesta merece especial atenção, pois encontra-se
região, que precisam da madeira para abastecer encravado entre diversos outros tipos de
seus fornos e a expansão da agropecuária. A ecossistemas, sendo o único local no litoral
destruição das matas para a retirada da madeira norte da Bahia, que possui este tipo de
ecossistema, onde podemos encontrar algumas
espécies de aves típicas e algumas consideradas
Espécie Nome Vulgar
raras ou ameaçadas de extinção (Tabela. 5). A
Drosera intermedia Planta carnívora valorização do litoral norte após a duplicação
Drosera chrysolepis Planta carnívora da Estrada do Coco, suscitou um grande
Drosera tomentosa Planta carnívora interesse por parte de grupos empresariais que
Tab. 3 - Relação de plantas carnívoras e orquídeas do Litoral Norte
atualmente estão loteando áreas do cerrado
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
nas matas secundárias e em capoeiras, que retirar a madeira. As pesquisas nesta reserva
correm o risco de desaparecer (Souza, 1994). ainda são preliminares e a continuidade dos
A presença dessas espécies já foi detectada trabalhos terá importância fundamental para
nas matas de Monte Gordo (Camaçari), em o melhor conhecimento deste ecossistema.
Sauípe e na Reserva do Bu (Esplanada). A
descoberta de Souza sobre a espécie no estado Entre Barra do Itariri e Siribinha (Conde),
de Sergipe, comprova que a distribuição destacamos as áreas de mata, os estuários dos
geográfica dessa espécie, é muito maior do que Rios Itariri e Itapicuru, as áreas alagadiças
se imaginava e nossas descobertas reforçam de Sitio do Conde e Poças, que são locais
esta comprovação. Apesar de tudo, a espécie freqüentados por uma infinidade de espécies de
P. atra tende a desaparecer do litoral norte, aves de hábitos aquáticos. Para melhor entender
caso medidas conservacionistas não sejam as áreas úmidas do litoral norte, realizamos
adotadas, para preservar as matas existentes. censos de aves aquáticas, duas vezes por ano
(verão/inverno) em várias regiões litorâneas,
Entre Subaúma e Baixios, destacamos as matas sendo que as áreas úmidas de Conde revelaram
de Subaúma que devem ser preservadas. Ao ser o local de maior concentração de aves de
mesmo tempo, é preciso criar um corredor de hábitos aquáticos. O censo foi coordenado
fauna para unir essas matas remanescentes, com pelo Biró Internacional para el Estudio de
as que existem em Baixios. O corredor de fauna las Aves Acuáticas y los Humedales e Ducks
deverá ser composto de espécies da vegetação Unlimited. No Brasil, o CEMAVE é responsável
nativa, a fim de garantir a presença das espécies pela organização do censo, que foi realizado,
animais existentes nos remanescentes florestais simultaneamente, em várias localidades de
da região. A Reserva do Bu, localizada em diversos estados brasileiros. Na América do
Baixios, é a maior área remanescente de Mata Sul, o censo foi realizado na Argentina, Chile,
Atlântica, em todo o litoral norte da Bahia. As Paraguai e Uruguai. O Censo Neotropical
pesquisas que desenvolvemos nessa reserva de Aves Aquáticas tem como objetivos: 1 -
e em seu entorno, detectaram a presença de Ampliar o conhecimento sobre a distribuição
73 espécies de aves, sendo algumas delas são e situação das aves aquáticas, para determinar
consideradas ameaçadas de extinção, como, as prioridades de conservação de habitats e
por exemplo, a espécie olho-de-fogo-rendado espécies (inclusão de sítios importantes na
(Pyriglena atra), que podemos considerar RHRAP e/ou na Convenção de Ramsar). 2 -
que se encontra em condições de equilíbrio Estabelecer um programa de monitoramento
por causa das dimensões da floresta (1200 a longo prazo, utilizando as aves aquáticas
ha), a jandaia-de-testa-vermelha (Aratinga como indicadores. As metas do censo são: 1-
auricapilla) e a ananbé-de-asa-branca contar com um sistema de alerta para fazer
(Xipholena atropurpurea). Apesar de o frente aos problemas de conservação que
proprietário dedicar seus melhores esforços afetam os ambientes aquáticos; 2- aumentar o
para preservar esta área, é muito comum a conhecimento da dinâmica populacional das
presença de caçadores e ações isoladas para aves aquáticas neotropicais, para melhorar sua
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Tab. 6 Relação de espécies levantadas pelo Censo Neotropical de Aves Aquáticas entre 1992 a 1995 no Litoral Norte, com as respectivas localidades.
Espécie Localidade
Podiceps dominicus Camaçari, Caboto
Podilymbus podiceps Camaçari, Caboto
Phalacrocorax olivaceus Caboto
Casmerodius albus Camaçari, Caboto, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta thula Camaçari, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta caerulea Mangue Seco, Caboto
Bubulcus ibis Camaçari, Conde
Butorides striatus Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Dendrocygna viduata Mangue Seco
Dendrocygna autumnalis Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Anas bahamensis Camaçari, Conde
Netta erythrophthalma Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Amazonetta brasiliensis Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Sarkidiornis malanotos Camaçari, , Conde
Porphyrula martinica Conde
Gallinula chloropus Camaçari, Caboto
Aramus guarauna Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Vanellus chilensis Conde
Pluvialis squatarola Camaçari, Mangue Seco , Conde
Charadrius collaris Mangue Seco
Charadrius semipalmatus Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Haematopus palliatus Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Himantopus mexicanus Camaçari, Conde
Jacana jacana Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Tringa melanoleuca Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco
Tringa flavipes Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Tringa solitaria Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Mangue Seco
Actitis macularia Mangue Seco
Numenius phaeopus Mangue Seco
Arenaria interpres Mangue Seco
Calidris minutilla Mangue Seco
Calidris alba Mangue Seco
Calidris pusilla Mangue Seco
Limnodromus griseus Mangue Seco
Gallinago paraguaiae Camaçari
Sterna hirundo Mangue Seco
Sterna superciliaris Mangue Seco
Thalasseus eurygnatha Mangue Seco
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Spheniscidae Pingüim 1
Diomedeidae Albatroz 5
Procellariidae Pardela 15
Oceanitaidae Painho 3
Phaethonidae Rabo-de-palha 1
Sulidae Atobá 3
Phalacrocoracidae Biguá 2
Fregatida Tesourão 1
Stercorariidae Mandrião 6
Tab.7 Relação das Famílias de aves oceânicas do Litoral Norte
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Procyon cancrivorus
Sciurus sp
Iguana iguana
Tupinambis teguixin
Euphractus sexcinctus
Dasyprocta sp
Platynotus semitaenianus
Tropidurus hispidus
Polychurus acutirostris
Enyalus sp
Tupinambis teguxin
Kentropyx calcarata
Ameiva ameiva
Mabuya heathi
Micrablepharus maximiliani
Ophiode striatus
Boa constrictor
Eunectes murinus
Liophis viridis
Tantila melanocephala
Spilotes pullatus
Drymarchon corais
Helicops leopardinus
Mastigodryas bifossatus
Waglerophis merremii
Philodryas patagoniensis
Oxybelis aenus
Oxyrhopus sp
Micrurus ibiboboca
Crotalus durissus
Rhynchonycteris naso
Saccopteryx bilineata
Noctilio albiventris
Lonchorhina aurita
Phyllostomus h. hastatus
Glossophaga soricina
Carollia p. perspicillata
Sturnira l. lilium
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Vampyrops lineatus
Artibeus literatus
Artibeus planirostris
Artibeus jamaicensis
Artibeus cinereus
Desmodus rotundus
Myotis nigricans
Molossus ater
Molossus molossus crassicaudatus
Agouti paca
Tamandua tetradactyla
*Ocorrência nova no Estado da Bahia
Tab.10 Relação das demais espécies animais do Litoral Norte
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
coastal forests in Arembepe, and this was the 3,446 other birds were banded with colored and
first proven register of the bird in the north of numbered bands. Through this banding work, it
the country up to now (Lima,1992, 2000), even was possible for us to collect information about
though this species had been registered in ( Antas the migratory routes of many species of birds.
et al., 1994 ). In order to study the behavior of Of the 300 bird species that were banded, 19 are
birds in the north coast region, we used banding northern migrants and 6 are southern migrants.
techniques. Banding is an important tool We also had 1,500 recoveries from 99 species, of
with which to study the migratory routes, to which 13 species were banded by other Brazilian
determine the longevity of the species and for the and foreign researchers (Table 2).
preservation of the habitats located along these
migratory routes used by many bird species. Of the total of birds that were banded (40,000),
The process of banding consists of placing metal the great majority, 87,7%, was banded in the
rings, appropriate for the size of the bird, around north coast region and the rest were banded in
the bird’s tarsus, after it has been caught in a other locations in the state of Bahia.
mist net or by other means. During the 16 years
All the ecosystems within the north coast region
of work in this area, (1991-2006), more than
have, over time, suffered from human aggression
40,000 birds from 300 different species have
and without a doubt the most damaged are
been banded with Cemave (an organ IBAMA)
the ones around large metropolises such as
bands. This is the equivalent to 27% of all the
Salvador.
bird species in the state of Bahia. In addition,
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
damage. It is imperative that the dunes that need the wood to stoke their ovens, and by the
remain intact be delineated to avoid any expansion of cattle rearing. This use of wood
further destruction. These areas are protected for the ovens is alarming. Every day we can see
by the APAs (Environmental Protection Areas) trucks laden with wood going to these pottery
in the municipality of Camaçari. The Joanes factories. Also, the belt of sand dunes is being
Ipitanga APA is the largest and encompasses depleted by the constant removal of sand that
several municipalities such as: Lauro de is used in civil construction with gravel and
Freitas, Camaçari, Candeias, São Francisco red mud. These activities are responsible for
do Conde and Simões Filho. These three APAs the removal of the native vegetation and the
are fundamentally important legal instruments consequent degradation of the biodiversity.
to preserve the ecosystems of the north coast The illegal orchid trade also generates concern;
region. Aside from this network of sand dunes, professional groups collect and sell the region’s
the wetlands around the estuaries of the rivers orchids alongside the roads in the north coast
Joanes, Capivara Grande, Jacuipe and Pojuca, region. In these forests we have identified some
need heightened attention in order to stop endangered species (Table 4).
pollution of the water which not only damages
the fauna around them, but also has serious
Species Common Name
negative effects on the maritime life. Areas
which warrant particular attention and a Sarcoramphus papa King vulture
state of permanent preservation are: Lagoa de Golden-capped
Aratinga auricapilla
parakeet
Arembepe, located between Millennium and
Amazona rhodocorytha Red-crowned Amazon
kilometer 20 of the coastal highway (Estrada
Touit melanonota Black eared parrotlet
do Coco), the banks of the Jacuipe River, an
Pyriglena atra Fringe-backed fire-eye
area where there are a wide variety of orchid
species, carnivore plants and strawflowers Tab. 4 - Relação de espécies de aves ameaçadas de extinção registrada
nas matas de Monte Gordo
(Table 3). Also in the municipality of Camaçari,
there are two other ecosystems which need to
be preserve: the gallery forests which remain The remaining savanna areas in the municipality
along the banks of the Joanes and Monte Gordo of Camaçari deserve special attention because
rivers, near to the Santa Helena dam. These they are sandwiched between other ecosystems
forests are being destroyed by ceramic factories in a way that is unique in the north coast
that are being implanted in the region which region. And there we can find some typical bird
species as well as some considered in danger
of extinction (Table.5). The increased value
Species Common Name of land in the north coast region after the
widening of the coastal highway, (Estrada do
Drosera intermedia Carnivorous plant
Coco), produced a big interest on the part of
Drosera chrysolepis Carnivorous plant
business groups who are dividing land into lots
Drosera tomentosa Carnivorous plant
Tab. 3 - List of carnivorous plants and orchids in the north coast region
for the construction of condominiums, beach
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
houses, and cattle farming. Though the APAs considered very desirable, principally by hotel
are important tools to govern land use, they are operators. The Praia do Forte area, despite the
limited in their effect. It is of utmost importance very developed hotel/tourist infrastructure in
that governments create legal reserves along the place, still has significant preserved stretches
north coast to preserve the areas with diverse of regrowth forests, sandy, coastal forests and
ecosystems such as sand dunes, stretches of wetlands that are being used as ecotourist
Atlantic Rainforest, savanna areas, estuaries, attractions. The Sapiranga reserve is a good
mangroves, etc.. In terms of the beaches of example of an effective conservation initiative
Camaçari, we can point to two shore birds where a large diversity of species from aquatic
that are in danger of extinction such as: the habitats can be observed, many of them
spectacled petrel (Procellaria conspicillata) and endangered. Some of the species considered rare
the roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). The shore or in danger of extinction and listed for various
birds look for food on the continental platform location in the north coast region can also be
located about 20 to 30 miles from the coast. seen in the Sapiranga reserve. In the lake in
Local fishermen often kill these birds, using the front of the Eco-resort, we can see a large variety
excuse that they steal bait and contribute to of aquatic bird species, of particular interest
significant losses in their catch. This misguided are the snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), the
attitude is responsible for the deaths of many limpkin (Aramus guarauna) and the azure
shore birds. gallinule (Porphyrula flavirostris). In terms
of endangered birds, we can highlight the king
The area that extends from Praia do Forte vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), the black-eared
(Mata de São João) to Massarandupió, is parrotlet (Touit melanonota ) and the (Aratinga
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
auricapilla). The ecotourism activities at Praia state proves that geographic distribution of the
do Forte are a promising initiative to preserve species is much larger than previously imagined
the forest remnants in the region. Besides and our discoveries reinforces this evidence. But
the Sapiranga reserve the Projeto Tamar is despite this, the P. atra will tend to disappear
noteworthy because not only does it carry if conservation measures are not adopted to
out research on sea turtles, with the goal of preserve the existing forests.
preserving them, but it also works intensely
with the local community and generates jobs Between Subaúma and Baixios, we must
for those who used to live from hunting and highlight the forests of Subaúma which should
collecting turtle eggs. The Tamar project be preserved. At the same time, a fauna corridor
is also involved in environmental education that links these forests with those in Baixios
programs and the use of its base for ecotourism must be created. This fauna corridor should
activities, both of which are fundamentally be composed of native vegetation is order to
important to raise the consciousness of the local guarantee the presence of the existing animal
community. Repercussions from this successful species in the region’s forest remnants. The
project transcended state borders and reached Bu Reserve, located in Baixios, is the largest
other regions of Brazil and even abroad. What forest Atlantic Rainforest remnant in the north
is worrisome, however, are the large areas coast region of Bahia. The research that we’ve
which have been designated as expansion zones undertaken in the reserve and its surroundings
(ZEP) and this implies further deforestation detected the presence of 73 bird species some of
and subsequent loss of biodiversity. It is highly which are considered endangered, such as the
recommended that the zones for rigorous fringe-backed fire-eye (Pyriglena atra), which
protection (ZPR)be expanded with the idea we can consider as having a balanced condition
of saving existing biodiversity. Research due to the dimensions of the forest (1200ha), the
developed in Sauípe resulted in the detection of golden-capped parakeet (Aratinga auricapilla)
three species considered in danger of extinction: and white-winged cotinga (Xipholena
the (Aratinga auricapilla), the white-winged atropurpurea). Despite the best efforts of the
potoo (Nyctibius leucopterus) and the fringe- reserve’s owner to protect and preserve this
backed fire-eye (Pyriglena atra). The P. atra area, the presence of hunters is common as is
species, previously considered endemic to the the occasional removal of wood. The research
forests around the Recôncavo region, was done in the reserve is still preliminary and the
registered in 1994 in forest remnants in the continuation of the work will be fundamental
south of the state of Sergipe. The species survives for the amelioration of knowledge about this
in secondary and re-growth forests which are ecosystem.
at risk of disappearing. (Souza, 1994). The
Between Barra do Itariri and Siribinha
presence of these species has been detected
(Conde), we must highlight the forest areas,
in the forests of Monte Gordo (Camaçari), in
the estuaries of the Itariri and Itapicuru rivers,
Sauípe and in the Bu Reserve (Esplanada).
the wetlands in the Sitio do Conde and Poças,
Souza’s discovery about the species in Sergipe
which are frequented by innumerous aquatic
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
bird species. To better understand the wetland the most fragile ecosystem in the whole of the
areas of the north coast regions, we have north coast region of Bahia. While researching
carried out censuses of the aquatic birds, twice the mortality of sea birds on the north coast
a year (Summer/winter) in various regions of Bahia, we discovered the Rio River estuary
along the coast, and found that the wetlands in Mangue Seco. This location is very rich in
around Conde had the highest concentration of migratory bird species which belong principally
aquatic bird species. The study was coordinated to three families: Scolopacidae (sandpipers)
by the Biró Internacional para el Estudio de with 17 species, Charadriidae (lapwings) with 7
las Aves Acuáticas y los Humedales and Ducks species and Sternidae (gulls) with 11 species. Of
Unlimited. In Brazil, CEMAVE is responsible the 11 species mentioned, two are endangered:
for the coordination of the census which was the Sterna antilarum, coming from Central
undertaken simultaneously in various locations America and the Sterna dougallii, which comes
in a variety of Brazilian states. In South from Central And North America and Canada,
America, the census was done in Argentina, Portugal and England. Almost nothing was
Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The Census known about the wintering grounds of the S.
of Neotropical Aquatic Birds had various dougallii species, the place to which it goes
objectives: 1 – Expand the existing knowledge when it leaves its reproductive colony. For more
about distribution and situation of aquatic birds than 40 years, Americans sought information
to determine the conservation priorities for the about these locations. In 1995, using mist nets
habitats and species (inclusions of the important to band the species belonging to the three species
sites in RHRAP and/or the Ramsar Convention). cited above, we discovered the presence of the
2 – Establish a long-term monitoring program S. dougallii species at the estuary of Mangue
using aquatic birds as indicators. The goals Seco. Due to this discovery, in 1997 we began
of the census are: 1- use a warning system to a partnership with the American Museum of
confront conservation problems which effect Natural History, with the goal of acquiring
aquatic environments; 2- increase knowledge more knowledge about the behavior of this bird
on the population dynamics of aquatic birds in in Mangue Seco. We also initiated preservation
the neo-tropics to improve their management campaigns of this habitat, which is visited not
and conservation. Table 6 reports on the species only by the S. dougallii, but also by members of
found and the locations where the aquatic birds the three families cited above. Mangue Seco has
censuses were performed. In terms of the forests, been subject to a series of human aggressions,
the ideal would be for them to be linked in a principally the result of unregulated tourism,
fauna corridor so that the existing fauna would whereby thousands of people, with no idea of
be able to move between forest remnants. environmental considerations, come the area
which results in its pollution and degradation.
Between Costa Azul and Mangue Seco, we must In addition, the hotels and inns built there don’t
highlight the sandy, coastal forest ecosystem and have any type of sewage treatment system and
the Rio River estuary. The area encompassed the raw sewage is spewed straight into the river.
in the APA of Mangue Seco is without a doubt Mangue Seco’s reputation as an enchanting
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Tab. 6 Relação de espécies levantadas pelo Censo Neotropical de Aves Aquáticas entre 1992 a 1995 no Litoral Norte, com as espectivas localidades.
Species Common Name Location
Podiceps dominicus Least grebe Camaçari, Caboto
Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed grebe Camaçari, Caboto
Phalacrocorax olivaceus Neo-tropic cormorant Caboto
Casmerodius albus Great egret Camaçari, Caboto, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta thula Snowy egret Camaçari, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta caerulea Little blue heron Mangue Seco, Caboto
Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret Camaçari, Conde
Butorides striatus Striated heron Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned night heron Mangue Seco
Dendrocygna viduata White-faced tree duck Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied tree duck Camaçari, Conde
Anas bahamensis White-cheeked pinetail Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Netta erythrophthalma Southern pochard Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Amazonetta brasiliensis Brazilian duck Camaçari, Conde
Sarkidiornis malanotos Comb duck Conde
Porphyrula martinica Purple gallinule Camaçari, Conde
Gallinula chloropus Common gallinule Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Aramus guarauna Limpkin Conde
Vanellus chilensis Southern lapwing Conde
Pluvialis squatarola Black bellied plover Camaçari, Mangue Seco , Conde
Charadrius collaris Collared plover Mangue Seco
Charadrius semipalmatus Semi-palmated plover Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Haematopus palliatus American oyster catcher Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Himantopus mexicanus Common stilt Camaçari, Conde
Jacana jacana Wattled jacana Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Tringa melanoleuca Greater yellow-legs Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco
Tringa flavipes Lesser yellow-legs Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Tringa solitaria Solitary sandpiper Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Willet Mangue Seco
Actitis macularia Spotted sandpiper Mangue Seco
Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Mangue Seco
Arenaria interpres Ruddy turnstone Mangue Seco
Calidris minutilla Least sandpiper Mangue Seco
Calidris alba Sanderling Mangue Seco
Calidris pusilla Semipalmated sandpiper Mangue Seco
Limnodromus griseus Common dowitcher Mangue Seco
Gallinago paraguaiae ???? Snipe Camaçari
Sterna hirundo Common tern Mangue Seco
Sterna superciliaris Yellow-billed tern Mangue Seco
Thalasseus eurygnatha Cayenne tern Mangue Seco
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
place means that more and more new hotels and coming from North America with Bahia being
restaurants are being built in the region. What in second place with 99 recoveries. Between the
is of most concern, however, is the interest by period of 1995 to 2001, we carried out survey
international hotel chains to build large hotels and banding campaigns of the resident and
there. Mangue Seco is an ecosystem consisting of migratory birds that seek food at the mouth of
dunes, estuaries and mangroves, which are very the Rio River in Mangue Seco, in Bahia (11 27’
fragile. With the cooperation of the American S, 37 21’ W). In 1996, we extended our area of
Museum of Natural History, we are developing operation to include all the coast of Bahia and
studies through banding and the use of radio we discovered other important rest points for
collars, to delineate the places where the S. the species. To map the whole coast of Bahia,
dougallii and S. hirundo look for their food. Our we used a schooner and a single-engine plane.
studies have proved that both the S. hirundo With these instruments at our disposal, we could
and a S. dougallii, migrate in a Europe/America cover the most important points in the region
direction. We have collected eight specimens of such as Cacha Prego (Itaparica Island), Ponta
the S. hirundo species in Mangue Seco that were do Curral (Morro de São Paulo Island), The Bay
banded in Portugal. One S. dougallii individual of Camamu (Ituberá) and Corumbal (Porto
was seen in the Azores which had been fitted Seguro). In 1998 we started banding campaigns
with a radio collar in Mangue Seco. Another in all the places mentioned above. From 1995 to
individual of the same species that had been 2006, we recovered 1,308 birds with American
banded in its nest in England by the British bands along the coast of Bahia, with larger
Museum Band on Rockabill Island on 24th of concentrations in Mangue Seco and Cacha Prego
January, 2000 was captured by us in Mangue (Figure 3). The American recoveries came from
Seco on 27th of January, 2001. This phenomena the states of Maine, Connecticut, New Jersey
had never before been registered. This discovery and New York. In 1996, Monteiro reported
is fundamentally important for the preservation that some specimens of the S. hirundo from the
of the S. dougallii species which is listed as in North America could migrate to Europe, though
danger of extinction. the opposite migration route was not possible.
However, from 1996 to 2006, we captured 30
Among the representatives of the Sternidae individuals from the S. hirundo species from
family, the Sterna hirundo species is the most the Azores, banded by Monteiro in 1997. In the
common on the Brazilian coast. Lara-Resende Azores, Monteiro captured a S. hirundo that
and Leal (1982) surveyed 213 birds with had been banded by our team in Mangue Seco.
American bands found in Brazil between 1928 In the same year, Vitor Encarnação captured
and 1980; Cordeiro et al (1996) reported 430 another bird that came from Mangue Seco, on
recoveries between 1980 and 1994, 218 of which Santa Maria Island in the Azores. These are the
were recovered in the National Park at Lagoa first registers of the east/west trans-Atlantic
do Peixe (Rio Grande do Sul state). Cordeiro movement of the species (Lima, 1996). Through
points to Rio Grande do Sul as having the the recovery of birds banded in North America
record amount of recoveries of the S. hirundo we can trace the migratory routes and we are
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
also collected biometric data and studying the should be made into a reserve for ‘limícolas???’
feeding habits through the use of radio collars birds, similar to the National Park at Lagoa do
that help to track groups of the species when Peixe (RS), since both places are internationally
they are seeking food. Today, Bahia has the important areas. In addition, we should
record number of recoveries of the S. hirundo designate as ‘untouchable’ all the sand banks
species banded in North America and Europe. along the coast of Bahia because they are all
important locations as wintering grounds for
The Sterna dougallii is listed as a species in the migratory bird species.
danger of extinction in Canada, the US and the
Caribbean (Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987). Besides the studies undertaken with the two
Over a period of more than 30 years, nothing species mentioned above, over a period of 18
was known about the wintering grounds of this years we have studied the phenomena of the
species. In 1995, we discovered in Mangue Seco, mortality of shore birds along the north coast
Bahia, a large concentration of the S. dougallii of Bahia between Salvador and Mangue Seco
together with nine other representatives of (240 km of coastline). During this period, we
the Sternidae family, visiting the Rio River collected 36 species of shore birds belonging to
estuary (Hays et. al. 1999) and this was the nine families. (Table 7). Figure 4 relates the
first known register of such a concentration quantity of birds added to the list of birds for
of this species. Between 1995 and 2006, we Brazil and Bahia.
captured 380 specimens of the S. dougallii with
American bands. Of this total, the individual During our winter (from April to August), many
bird with band 762-03835 established a record species of shore birds die along the coast of
for longevity, attaining an age of 25.6 years old. Bahia, most of them as result of their youth and
Our research shows that the S. dougallii species is inexperience in attaining food (fish and squid).
distributed all along the coast of Bahia. To better The strong storms that occur on the coast during
understand the feeding habits of this species, the winter mean that weak and debilitated birds
we are using radio collars, with support from are thrown onto our shores and end up dying.
the American Museum of Natural History, to Often the birds weigh less than 50% of their
accompany the movements of the species as normal weight, a fact that can be demonstrated
they seek food. The S. dougallii makes the east/ by the Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris borealis)
west trans-Atlantic migration, a fact proved by which normally weighs about 900g. We found
the recovery of a bird banded in Mangue Seco thousands of these birds that were dead and
and recovered in a reproduction colony in the weighed between 350 and 400g. This species is
Azores, and another bird banded by the British originally from the Selvagem Grande, Selvagem
Museum, on the island of Rockabill in England Pequena, Desertas, Madeira Islands in Portugal
on the 24th of June, 2007 and captured on the and the Canary Islands in Spain, and are the
27th of January in 2001 in Mangue Seco. most numerous birds collected in our research
on the phenomena of the mortality of shore
The results of our research in the Rio River birds on the coast of Bahia. Among the 36
estuary in Mangue Seco, show that this ecosystem species of birds collected, dead or debilitated,
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
*Ocorrência nova no Estado da Bahia | Tab.10 Relação das demais espécies animais do Litoral Norte
Espécies Common Name
Tupinambis teguxin
Rentropyx calcarata
Ameiva ameiva
Mabuya heathi
Ophiode striatus
Boa constrictor
Eunectes murinus
Liophis viridis
Tantila melanocephala
Spilotes pullatus
Drymarchon corais
Helicops leopardinus
Mastigodryas bifossatus
Waglerophis merremii
Philodryas patagoniensis
Oxybelis aenus
Oxyrhopus sp
Micrurus ibiboboca
Crotalus durissus
Bothrops leucurus
Rhynchonycteris naso
Saccopteryx bilineata
Noctilio albiventris
Lonchorhina aurita
Phyllostomus h. hastatus
Glossophaga soricina
Carollia p. perspicillata
Sturnira l. lilium
Vampyrops lineatus
Artibeus literatus
Artibeus planirostris
Artibeus jamaicensis
Artibeus cinereus*
Desmodus rotundus
Myotis nigricans
Eumops planirostris
Molossus ater
Agouti paca Paca
Tamandua tetradactyla Tamandua/anteater
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Tinamidae
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827).
Inambu-chororó (Small-billed Tinamou)
Tinamidae Family
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)
Small-billed Tinamou
This is a small species with a short beak that measures less than 20
centimeters. The bird occurs at forest edges, disturbed fields and in
savannas, where it seeks its food and reproduces. It’s a skittish bird
that is difficult to see. More commonly the species is identified through
vocalization, most frequently heard at daybreak or dusk. Its pale red
coloring [Pedro: really?] also makes it difficult to see in its habitat. Often
it has the effect of startling someone if unexpectedly come upon, as it
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
flies off noisily at ground level. When it senses the presence of a potential
predator, the Small-billed Tinamou crouches and raises its tail feathers,
which gives it the appearance of a flower in bloom. It is a bird much
coveted by local hunters. Morphometric data: weight 110 g, total length
228 mm, wing 117 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 28 mm.
This species can occur in both forests and open fields. It is a more robust
species than the preceding one and can weigh more than 800 grams.
Its song is melancholic and consists of two low notes. The tarsus of the
species is yellow, as its name suggests. The plumage grayish-brown
overall, with its most distinctive features being a shiny back and a yellow
superciliary. The Yellow-legged Tinamou is a skittish, ground-dwelling
bird whose coloration makes it perfectly camouflaged. Due to habitat loss
and relentless hunting, the species is currently listed as endangered. In a
savanna area, we have witnessed a Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
stalk a bird of this species that was nesting during the night. Morphometric
data: weight 600g, total length 350 mm, wing 190 mm, beak 27 mm,
tarsus 54 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
This is a small ground bird that hides in dense vegetation. It has a greenish
tarsus. Its call is more frequent at dusk and dawn and consists of varying
hollow whistles. It is difficult to see and the species’ presence is recorded
much more often through its call. Hunting is the greatest danger to it.
Morphometric data: weight 125g, total length 195 mm, wing 106 mm,
beak 9 mm, tarsus 33mm.
É uma espécie que vive no solo, nas áreas abertas do cerrado e da restinga.
É uma ave robusta que pode pesar mais de 800g. É muito parecida com
a espécie Nothura maculosa, porém é maior e mais forte. O seu canto
pode ser ouvido de manhã e ao entardecer. Canta para delimitar o
território e muitas vezes ouvimos um indivíduo dessa espécie responder
ao outro. O ninho é uma cavidade no solo forrada com pouca vegetação
e os ovos são na cor de chocolate com brilho metálico, medindo 57 mm
x 45 mm e pesando em média, 62g. . É uma das aves mais perseguidas
pelos caçadores e já tivemos a ocasião de presenciar um caçador com
seu cão de caça matar mais de 10 aves dessa espécie numa única tarde.
Dados morfométricos: peso 750g, asa 105 mm, cauda 53 mm, bico 34
mm, tarso 50 mm.
The Spotted Nothura occurs in open fields with low vegetation. One of
its distinguishing habits is to stretch its neck for a wider view when in
motion or in a state of alertness. Its brownish coloring is often dyed by
the dirt or soil that gets into its plumage. The Spotted Nothura’s eggs
are chocolate-colored and measure 42mm x 30mm. Its call is sharp and
easily confused with a chirping cricket. Many of these birds are run over
by cars when they try to cross highways. Morphometric data: total length
230 mm, wing 105 mm, tail 37 mm, head 45 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 40
mm and weight 170g.
Podicipediformes MENU
Capa
Front Cover
Indice
Table of Contents
Sair
Leave
PÁGINA
ANTERIOR
PÁGINA
SEGUINTE
Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linch Arribalzaga 1877)
Mergulhão-pequeno (Least Grebe)
Podicipedidae Family
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linch Arribalzaga, 1877)
Least Grebe
This is the smaller of Bahia’s two grebes, easily recognized at close range
by its intense yellow eyes. When in flight, a large white area on its wings is
conspicuous. This species can occur in any flooded area with vegetation,
including the ponds at sewage treatment plants. Its nest is a sedge raft that
can float on the water wherever the wind takes it. The nest may contain
up to three whitish eggs. When they sense a possible predator, these birds
abandon their nests, leaving the eggs covered with sedge. The chicks are
born a grayish color with wisps of white and abandon the nests upon
birth. Instead they shelter themselves under the wings of their parents for
a certain amount of time. Morphometric data: weight 100g, total length
220 mm, wing 98 mm, tail 31 mm, and tarsus 21 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
This species is much larger than the Least Grebe, with which it often
occurs. Its beak is distinctive, whitish with a black stripe. The bird’s
reproductive habits are similar to the Least Grebe, and it is constantly
diving to search for food or thwart the pursuit of possible predators. It
differs from the Least Grebe in that it lives alone or in pairs, whereas
the Least can live in groups of up to 20 individuals. Morphometric data:
weight 235g, total length 290 mm, wing 114 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 36
mm (female).
Procellariformes MENU
Capa
Front Cover
Indice
Table of Contents
Sair
Leave
PÁGINA
ANTERIOR
PÁGINA
SEGUINTE
DIOMEDEIDAE
Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828).
Albatroz-de-sobrancelha (Black-browed Albatross)
DIOMEDEIDAE
Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828).
Black-browed Albatross
Between 1994 and 2001, nine specimens of the species were collected on
Bahia’s northern beaches. Two skeletons, a beak and two skins are stored
in the MCNC (CETREL’s Museum of Natural Science). Morphometric
data: weight 1.600 kg, total length 750 mm, wing 500 mm, tail 175 mm,
beak 119 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
Souza (1999) lista essa espécie como uma ocorrência nova para a Bahia,
com base em dois espécimes coletados entre 1990 e 1992. De 1994 a
1999, 37 espécimes foram coletados pela equipe da Cetrel. Foram
depositados sete peles e quatro esqueletos na coleção do MCNC. Uma
fêmea coletada em 17 de julho de 1994 em Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘
W), está depositada na coleção de RG 9496. Em 2001, foram coletados
cinco outros espécimes que foram depositados na coleção do MCNC.
Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 730 mm, asa 510 mm, cauda
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
175 mm, cabeça 185 mm, bico 118 mm, tarso 85 mm e peso 1.250 kg (
macho jovem).
Souza (1999) lists this as a new occurrence for Bahia, based on the two
specimens collected between 1990 and 1992. The subsequent discovery of
numerous additional specimens indicates that it probably occurs regularly,
and in good numbers, offshore. From 1994 to 1999, 37 were collected by
teams from CETREL. Seven skins and four skeletons were stored in MCNC’s
collection. A female collected on July 17, 1994 in Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38°
21 ‘ W), is stored in the RG 9496 collection. In 2001, five other specimens
were collected and stored in the MCNC collection. Morphometric data:
total length 730 mm, wing 510 mm, tail 175 mm, head 185 mm, beak 118
mm, tarsus 85 mm and weight 1.250 kg ((male juvenile).
A young male individual (MCNC 28) was collected on the 3rd of March,
1996, in Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘ W). This was the second specimen
collected in Brazil; the first being from São Paulo (Willis & Oniki, 1985).
A third specimen has since been collected in Rio Grande do Sul, on
December 5, 1996 (Romano 1998). Morphometric data: total length 742
mm, wing 520 mm, tail 236, beak 109 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
Five specimens of this species have been collected in Bahia. The first (skin,
RG 9511) was found on the 31st of August, 1994 on Baixios beach (12°
03 ‘ 37 “ S, 37° 44 ‘ 36 “ W). [Pedro: the dates of these 2 specimens must
be wrong: the first date can’t be later than the second.] The skeleton of a
second specimen was collected on Subaúna beach (12° 13 ‘ 15 “S, 37° 50 ‘
07 “ W) on August 28th, 1994; Werner Bokermann prepared it and kept it
in his private collection. The cranium and skin are in the RG collection. A
third specimen was found on Itaparica Island in Bahia on the 7th of June,
1996. (Sampaio and Castro 1998). Sampaio and Castro (1998) concluded
that the specimen was an adult because it had a dark gray coloring which
generated some confusion since no Phoebetria is uniformly gray. The P.
fusca is the only species that has an almost uniform dark ashen coloring.
[Pedro: how was this resolved? As it is, it sounds like the specimen should
have been fusca.] Between June and August of 1999, three specimens
were collected on the northern Bahia coast, all in an advanced stage of
decomposition. The wings, craniums and other body parts from these
three specimens are stored in the MCNC collection. Morphometric data:
total length 760 mm, wing 486 mm, tail 234 mm, beak 110 mm, tarsus
77 mm.
PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith, 1840)
Pardelão-prateado (Southern Fulmar)
PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith, 1840)
Southern Fulmar
Bahia’s only specimen (RG 9497) was collected in Mangue Seco (11° 27
‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W) on July 16, 1994. This speciesis very common on the
beaches in Rio Grande do Sul, (Vooren and Fernandes, 1989; Petry &
Fonseca, 2002). Morphometric data: total length 455 mm, wings 334 mm,
tail 124 mm, beak 40 mm, tarsus 47 mm.
Two specimens of this species are stored in the RG collection: one female
(RG 9573) collected on Porto Sauípe beach (12° 21 ‘ S, 37° 54 ‘ W) August
5, 1996, and one male (RG 9645) collected on Lauro de Freitas beach
(12° 55 ‘ S, 21° 10 ‘ W) September 10, 1996. Six individuals are stored
in the MCNC: three (3) collected in 1996 and three collected September
3, 1999, on the north coast of Bahia. In other areas of Brazil there are
recordsrecords of three specimens collected by Vooren on the Cassino
beach, Rio Grande do Sul, and another collected in October, 1987. In the
state of Paraná, an individual was collected May 30, 1994, on Atami beach
(Krul and Moraes, 1994). Morphometric data: weight 200g, total length
334, wing 235 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 27 mm, tarsus 35 mm (female);
weight 180g, total length 335 mm, wing 260 mm, tail 110 mm, beak 28
mm, tarsus 37 mm (male).
On the northern Bahia coast, six skeletons of this species were collected
on May 8, 1994 between Salvador and Mangue Seco and are now in
the collection of Werner Bokermann. Two specimens collected by Sônia
Riqueiro in June of 1984 are in the collection of the National Museum
(MN 33449, male; 33450, female). We have 11 specimens in the MCNC
collection, found on the beaches between Salvador and Mangue Seco. In
June 1996, thousands of P. belcheri and P. desolata died along the coast
from northern Paraná to Rio de Janeiro (Martuscelli et al., 1997). This
die-off also struck the northern coast. In Bahia, 986 individuals of both
species were collected. Two skins (RG 9482: male, RG 9483 female), were
collected in June 1994 on the north coast of Bahia. Morphometric data:
weight 86g, total length 270 mm, wing 230 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 30
mm, tarsus 35 mm, width at the base of the beak 13 mm (male).
Souza (1999) listou essa espécie como sendo uma ocorrência nova para
a Bahia, após observar um individuo sobrevoando as praias de Salvador
em 1998. É difícil nos basearmos nesse relato, uma vez que as três
espécies ocorrem na Bahia e seria muito difícil saber qual das três teria
sido avistada sobrevoando o mar. Um indivíduo (RG 9484) foi coletado
em junho de 1994 no litoral norte da Bahia. Também há três indivíduos
na coleção do MCNC, coletados entre 1994 e 1996 no litoral norte da
Bahia. Há muitos registros para São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina e
Rio Grande do Sul (Vooren e Fernandes, 1989; Martuscelli et al., 1997).
Dados morfométricos: peso 80g, comprimento total 280 mm, asa 190
mm, cauda 85 mm, bico 27 mm, tarso 33 mm, largura da base do bico
10 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Souza (1999) listed this species as a new occurrence for Bahia after
observing an individual flying around the beaches of Salvador in 1998.
It is difficult to back up this report since three of these species occur in
Bahia and it would be difficult to ascertain which of the three would
have been flying over the sea. An individual (RG 9484) was collected
in June of 1994 on the north coast of Bahia. There are also three other
individuals in the MCNC collection, all taken from the northern coast of
Bahia between 1994 and 1996. There are many records records of this
species for São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul
(Vooren e Fernandes, 1989; Martuscelli et al., 1997). Morphometric data:
weight 80g, total length 280 mm, wing 190 mm, tail 85 mm, beak 27 mm,
tarsus 33 mm, width at the base of the beak 10 mm.
In the MCNC collection, three skins of this species are stored. Six skins
of the species are in the RG collection and four skeletons are stored in
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
480 mm, asa 350 mm, cauda 110 mm, cabeça 106 mm, bico 48 mm,
tarso 64 mm e peso 650g.
Out of the 3,447 dead birds collected between 1994 and 1999 that were
originally identified as Cory’s Shearwater, two individuals were of the form
C. edwardsii, recently considered a separate species. The first was found
decomposed in June 1995 at Praia do Forte beach and had the following
measurements: beak – 43 mm, wing – 285 mm, tail- 125 mm, tarsus – 44
mm, total length – 440 mm, middle finger with nail - 57 mm, wingspan
- 970 mm. The second individual died but was not kept (Lima et al, 2002).
The individual’s measurements when it was alive were: beak - 47 mm,
point of the nostril - 39 mm, head - 103 mm, tarsus - 58 mm, tarsus
diameter - 6 mm, wing - 310 mm, total length - 480 mm, weight - 480 gr.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 370 mm, asa 270 mm, cauda
96 mm, cabeça 80 mm, bico 34 mm, tarso 52 mm, dedo médio com
unha 16,6 mm e peso 340g.
& Tipling 1997). Sangster et al. 2002, stipulate that the P. mauretanicus
differs from the P. yelkouan by the skull’s anatomy (citing Walker et
al.1990 and Heidrich et al. 1998) and considers the P. yelkouan a distinct
species from the P. mauretanicus, and neither to be a subspecies of the P.
puffinus, and mitocondrial DNA analysis indicates that these forms are
separate monophiletic species. This is currently the consensus view of
the taxonomy of this group. P. mauretanicus breeds in the Mediterranean
on the Balearic Islandsof Spain and is considered in critical danger of
extinction by the IUCN (2004) and by BirdLife International (2004).
According to Oro et al. (2004), P. mauretanicus has a small population,
approximately 2,000 pairs, and the decline of these colonies is one of the
principal threats to the species survival. P. mauretanicus spans from the
Mediterranean Sea to the north coast of France at the Bay of Vizcaya,
and can be found sporadically in the north of Africa (Yesó, 2003). The
incidence of the P.mauretanicus on the coast of Bahia could be linked to
thermal fronts in the ocean. A more intense study of seabirds that appear
on the beaches of the Brazilian coast should yield better information
about the movements of these birds in the South Atlantic. Morphometric
data: total length 370 mm, wing 270 mm, tail 96 mm, head 80 mm, beak
34 mm, tarsus 52 mm, middle toe with claw 16,6 mm and weight 340g..
HYDROBATIDAE
Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820)
Alma-de-mestre (Wilson’ Storm-Petrel)
HYDROBATIDAE
Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820)
Wilson' Storm-Petrel
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
A skeleton of this species still with its feathers was found on the beach at
Mangue Seco (11° 27 ‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W), in 1997. In 1999, five specimens
were collected: a female stored in the RG collection; a skin and three
skeletons stored in the collection at MCNC. Morphometric data: weight
38g, total length 190 mm, wing 163 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 13 mm,
tarsus 37 mm.
One specimen of this species has been collected at Mangue Seco (11° 27
‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W). This incomplete skin is stored in the MCNC collection,
N 124. (Lima et al, 2002) This was the first record record of this species
in Brazil. Morphometric data: wing 165 mm, tail 75 mm, beak 17 mm,
tarsus 40 mm.
One specimen of this species was collected in 1997 at Mangue Seco (11° 27’
S, 37° 27’ W), and stored in the MCNC collection (N 576). Teixeira et al.,
1988, relate that they saw an individual of this species 370 km off the coast
of Espírito Santo. M. V. Petry relates that he found a species on the seashore
around 20 kms from N. Pinhal, in September, 1990 and that its cranium is
stored in the collection at UNISINOS (Belton, 2000). Olmos (2000) reviewed
the literature and found that the first record record for Brazil was collected
on the coast of Bahia by Sperling in 1855 and is stored in the collection of
Berlin’s Natural History Museum. The specimen stored in the MCNC is the
second record record of this species for Brazil. Morphometric data: wing 163
mm, tail 78 mm, beak 19 mm, tarsus 42 mm.
One specimen of this species has been collected in north coastal Bahia: a
skeleton with feathers on the beach at Mangue Seco (11° 27 ‘ S, 37° 27 ‘
W), in 1997. The skeleton disappeared and there is only a photograph of
the specimen.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
SPHENISCIDAE
Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781).
Pinguim-de-Magalhães (Magellanic Penguin)
SPHENISCIDAE
Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781).
Magellanic Penguin
PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon aethereus aethereus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rabo de Palha (Red-billed Tropicbird)
PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon aethereus aethereus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Red-billed Tropicbird
SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra dactylatra (Lesson, 1831)
(Masked Booby)
SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra dactylatra (Lesson, 1831).
Masked Booby
Four specimens have been collected in north coastal Bahia: two in 1994
and two in 1998. One specimen is in the RG collection and a male specimen
is part of the collection of the MCNC (N 544), which was collected on the
23rd of March, 1999 in Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘ W). Morphometric
data: total length 800 mm, tail 210 mm, beak 140 mm, tarsus 51 mm
(male).
Two specimens are stored in the collection at MCNC (N 187 and 188),
both male. Morphometric data: weight 860g, total length 750 mm, wing
420 mm, tail 146 mm, beak 105 mm, tarsus 59 mm.
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis (Murphy, 1936).
(Antarctic Shag)
250 g, comprimento total 745 mm, asa 300 mm, cauda 123 mm, bico 56
mm, tarso 67 mm.
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis (Murphy, 1936)
Antarctic Shag
One specimen has been collected on the north coast of Bahia: on the beach
at Barra Itariri, (11° 51 ‘ S, 37° 34 ‘ W). The bird was collected by a local
merchant who took off the band and threw it away. The juvenile specimen
had been banded by Marco Fávero of he Universidade Nacional Arruinam
del Plata in Punta Armonía, Nelson Island, Shetland Islands, South
Antarctica, band AA 4765. This is the first record record of this species in
Brazil. (Lima et al. 2002). Morphometric data: weight 3 250g, total length
745 mm, wing 300 mm, tail 123 mm, beak 56 mm, tarsus 67.
Essa espécie tanto vive na água doce, como no litoral, nas proximidades
dos manguezais. Busca seu alimento mergulhando na água e erguendo a
cabeça para fora d’água para observar ao seu redor. Pode ser observada
em grandes ou pequenos bandos. Costuma empoleirar-se nas árvores ao
redor do seu hábitat, ou aproveitar artefatos utilizados por pescadores
para pousar. Os biguás podem se reproduzir nas colônias mistas de
garças. Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 720 mm, asa 300 mm,
cauda 178 mm, bico 60 mm, tarso 60 mm.
The Neotropical Cormorant lives in both fresh and salt water, often
around mangroves. It dives for food and then raises its head out of the
water to scan its surroundings. These birds can be observed in large or
small groups. They normally perch on trees by the shore or on posts or
snags in the water. It has been known to reproduce in heron colonies.
Morphometric data: total length 720 mm, wing 300 mm, tail 178 mm,
beak 60 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
FREGATIDAE
Fregata magnificens (Mathews, 1914).
Tesourão (Magnificent Frigatebird)
FREGATIDAE
Fregata magnificens (Mathews, 1914).
Magnificent Frigatebird
One individual of this coastal species was captured on August 16, 1999,in
the interior of Bahia:in the city of Bom Jesus da Lapa, 750 kms from the
coast. The bird must have followed the San Francisco River and become
disoriented, perhaps having been blown off course by strong winds.
During the winter months, these birds are very common along the coast
of Bahia and can be seen flying over the city of Salvador about 5 to 10
kms from the coast. However, this was the only specimen of this species
found over a period of 17 years of research. The bird was treated, banded
and 20 days later released on the beach at Arembepe. The band-type
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Ardeidae
Ardea cocoi (Linné, 1766).
Garça-moura (White-necked Heron)
Ardeidae Family
Ardea cocoi (Linnaeus, 1766).
White-necked Heron
This is the biggest Brazilian heron. In the Pantanal, it can be seen in big
groups because of the ready availability of food sources. On the north coast
of Bahia, this migratory species appears during the rainy season when there
are extensive flooded areas. It is very rare on the north coast, however.
Morphometric data: total length 990 mm, wing 410 mm, tail 178 mm, beak
152 mm, tarsus 166 mm.
Uma das características que a distinguem da Egretta albus é seu porte que
é menor, seu bico é preto e seus dedos são amarelos. Vive tanto na água
doce, como na salgada e alimenta-se de peixes e anfíbios. Reproduzem-se
em colônias com outras espécies de garças. O ninho é confeccionado de
gravetos e tem a forma de tigela rasa. A postura pode constar de dois a
quatro ovos de cor azulada. Os filhotes mais novos são às vezes jogados
para fora do ninho pelos irmãos mais velhos e podem morrer por falta de
alimento, levando assim muita desvantagem com relação aos seus irmãos
mais velhos. Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 590 mm, asa 250
mm, cauda 90 mm, bico 79 mm, tarso 91 mm.
length 590 mm, wing 250 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 79 mm, tarsus 91 mm.
No litoral norte da Bahia, os locais onde essa espécie pode ser avistada
são nos manguezais de Mangue Seco, onde busca alimento junto com
diversas outras espécies de garças e de maçaricos. A coloração azulada
dessa espécie é que a distingue das demais espécies de garças existentes
no litoral norte. Dados morfométricos: asa 237 mm, cauda 81 mm,
bico 82 mm, tarso 80 mm.
On the north coast of Bahia, the locale where this species is most often
seen is the mangroves around Mangue Seco, where it forages with other
heron species and king fishers. Dark blue coloring distinguishes adults
from the other herons present on the north coast. Immatures are all-
white and can be distinguished by shape and the color of the legs and bill.
Morphometric data: wing 237 mm, tail 81 mm, beak 82 mm, tarsus 80
mm.
nest but could be banded. In all the nests where the change was made,
the chicks were banded with colored bands. The swapped chicks were
accepted, which proves the adults can recognize the nests but are unable
to recognize their progeny. This nest management showed that it could
be an effective tool in reducing chick mortality rates in colonies of B. ibis
where there are large age differences between siblings. Relocating chicks
of the same age and weight from different nests could reduce competition
between individuals of different ages. This technique facilitates banding in
colonies, since it is not necessary to place average-weight chicks (between
50g to 100g) in their original nests. They can be randomly reintroduced in
different nests which greatly reduces the time spent in the banding process
and cuts down greatly on the amount of time a banding team needs to
stay within a breeding colony. Using this management technique, it was
observed that that the mortality rate for the banded birds that were part
of the experiment was 1.57%, which is considered normal, compared with
the natural mortality in colonies of B. ibis, which can be much higher.
The average weight between siblings varied between a minimum two and
maximum four in the 190 nests was the following: the lowest average was
30g (n=4 ;26g/36g); the highest average was 207.5g (150g/250g) where
there was a wide discrepancy between sibling weights and where the
average weight was 87.5g (22g/148). We can therefore observe that the
first ones are at a real disadvantage in competition for food in relation
to the older siblings. Of the 77 nests with a total of 170 eggs, we gathered
the following averages: one egg (n=16; 20.78%), two eggs (n=25; 32.45%),
three eggs (n=34; 44,15%) and four eggs (n=4; 2.6%), with an average egg
weight of 25.07g, average diameter of 4.31cm x 3. 25cm. This data differs
from that collected in the 1996 campaign when the average weight was
found to be 34.7g (n=9). Morphometric data: wing 230 mm, head 105
mm, beak 57 mm, tail 88 mm, tarsus 77 mm.
This species occurs in wetlands, lakes and rivers. Its coloring is perfect for
camouflage which enables the bird to stay perfectly still for long periods of
time and wait for the perfect moment to dive on its prey. It lays two bluish
eggs which weigh an average of 13.8 g and measure 37 mm x 29 mm.
Chicks are born with gray plumage and immature chicks are brownish
in color. The nests are made of twigs. They can live alone or in pairs.
Morphometric data: weight 165g, total length 400 mm, wing 185 mm, tail
57 mm, beak 57 mm, tarsus 49 mm.
This species occurs throughout the mangroves of north coastal Bahia, and
is most easily observed around Mangue Seco. A semi-nocturnal species,
during the day it tends to remain hidden in the interior of the mangrove
vegetation. They make their nests from twigs and lay two to three greenish
eggs. It is common to see crustacean leftovers in the nest which have been
offered to the chicks. The juveniles have a plumage pattern much like
the preceding species, so shape is the key distinction. The feces have a
particularly putrid smell. Morphometric data: total length 640 mm, wing
300 mm, tail 118 mm, beak 71 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
This heron has a long neck and lives in wetlands surrounded by vegetation.
Despite its large size, the bird is difficult to see because it tends to remain
hidden in dense vegetation. The best time to see them is when they fly,
after being spooked by the presence of humans. They feed on fish and
amphibians. The backs of adult birds are brownish-gray and juveniles are
yellow interspersed with black stripes. Morphometric data: weight 1 kg, total
length 690 mm, wing 295 mm, tail 130 mm, beak 105 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
A small yellow heron with black and rust colored stripes. It lives in wetlands
full of vegetation where,like the preceding species, it is very difficult to
see. It was recordedfirst recorded in Bahia in 1984. Morphometric data:
weight 75 mm, total length 305 mm, wing 115 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 50
mm, tarsus 41 mm.
morfométricos: peso 75 mm, comprimento total 305 mm, asa 115 mm,
cauda 45 mm, bico 50 mm, tarso 41 mm.
A small yellow heron with black and rust colored stripes. It lives in wetlands
full of vegetation where,like the preceding species, it is very difficult to
see. It was recordedfirst recorded in Bahia in 1984. Morphometric data:
weight 75 mm, total length 305 mm, wing 115 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 50
mm, tarsus 41 mm.
Familía Cochlearidae
Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linné, 1766)
Arapapá (Boat-billed Heron)
Família Cochlearidae
Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linné, 1766)
Boat-billed Heron
Threskiornithidae
Eudocimus ruber (Linné 1758)
Guará (Scarlet Ibis)
Threskiornithidae Family
Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758).
Scarlet Ibis
Ciconidae
Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758).
Cabeça-seca (Wood Stork)
Ciconidae Family
Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758).
Wood Stork
This species is rarely seen on the north coast, withonly two records of a
few individuals each: once in Guarajuba and the Santa Helena dam and
the other on lakes in Arembepe. Adults have a black beak while that of
juveniles has a pink tone. Morphometric data: total length 910 mm, wing
480 mm, tail 170 mm, beak 240 mm, tarsus 220 mm.
Cathartidae
Sarcoramphus papa ( Linné 1758 )
Urubu-rei (King Vulture)
Cathartidae Family
Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758).
King Vulture
have been observed at one roost. Morphometric data: total length 690 mm,
wing 550 mm, tail 230 mm, head 125 mm, beak 35 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
This is the most abundant vulture along the north coast, where it frequents
all types of habitats except dense forests. On beaches, these birds can be
seen feeding on dead seabirds. The largest concentrations of this species are
around garbage dumps and sanitary landfills throughout the municipalities
the north coast. Its abundance close to Salvador’s airport is worrying to
officials there, who are trying to get them away from airplane approach
paths. It lays one to two greenish eggs that are dotted with brown dots.
Adult as well as juvenile vultures have a very efficient defense mechanism:
when they are caught, they regurgitate the contents of their stomach. The
stench this vomit produces is so strong that the capturer is driven to nausea.
We have observed groups of vultures eat members of their own species when
they find them on the highway after being run over by a vehicle. On another
occasion, we saw a flock kill one of its own members. Morphometric data:
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
weight 2 kg, total length 560 mm, wing 420 mm, tail 165 mm, head 112
mm, beak 54 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
Anatidae
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816 ).
Mareca-caneleira (Fulvous Whistling-Duck)
Anatidae Family
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816).
Fulvous Whistling-Duck
This is a migratory species that visits the northern coast during winter.
It arrives at the end of March and stays until the end of September. Small
groups may arrive before winter as long as flooded marshy areas can be
found. They breed in the region and we’ve discovered nests with more
than 12 chicks. [Pedro: this implies that they breed in winter in Brazil. Is
this right?] This is an abundant species in the north coast region and only
Anas bahamensis are more plentiful. Often the white on the face, chin and
throat becomes dirty with mud making them seem brown. Due to heavy
hunting pressure, they are extremely skittish. They reproduce between the
months of April and June and the chicks are very similar to the White-
cheeked pintail aside from the ring around its nape does not reach its
neck. We have witnessed hybrids of this species in captivity, the result
of paring with D. autumnalis. Morphometric data: weight 750g, total
length 440 mm, wing 225 mm, tail 63 mm, beak 51 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
This species occurs in small groups along the north coast between April
and September. Among its most distinguishing characteristics is the strong
red coloring and the adults’ beak and tarsus. When it flies, a large white
wing-stripe is conspicuous. Sick relates that flocks of the D. autumnalis
don’t mix with the White-faced Whistling-Duck, but on the northern
shore, they live and forage with other ducks, including the White-faced.
We have seen various hybrids, the result of crossing D. viduata with the
D. autumnalis, which hatched in a private zoo on the northern coast. The
species also breeds in the region and the chick is similar in appearance
to the preceding species, although it has a black stripe that goes from its
nape to the hind neck. Morphometric data: weight- 550g a 750g, total
length 460 mm, wing 240 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 46 mm, tarsus 51 mm.
This is the most abundant duck along the northern coast. At CETREL
between April and September, flocks estimated at 2,000 to 3,000 individuals
visit the flooded areas. Many such flocks occur around marshy areas of
the northern coast, particularly in the flooded areas around Conde. They
reproduce in regions where they can construct their nests far from the
water. The male is bigger and has a longer red stripe on its beak. A male
of this species which was banded at CETREL, was killed by hunters in
Jequié, in the interior of Bahia. Its nest can be built far from water and
we have found eight eggs in one nest that weigh 33 grams and measure
46 mm x 37 mm. Morphometric data: weight 400g, total length 415 mm,
wing 193 mm, beak 38,5mm, tarsus 44,6mm.
É uma das espécies mais raras no litoral norte, ficando atrás somente da
Oxyura dominica. O local de maior concentração dessa espécie no litoral
norte está situado numa lagoa, no município de Candeias. A plumagem
da fêmea tem a cor marrom acinzentado e tem uma mancha branca
próxima ao olho; o macho é preto brilhante e tem os olhos vermelhos.
Essa espécie também se reproduz na região. Dados morfométricos: asa
210 mm, cabeça 96 mm, cauda 51 mm, bico 46 mm, tarso 39 mm.
This is one of the rarest ducks on the northern Bahia coast (only the
Masked Duck is less common). The place with the highest concentration
of this species along the north coast is the municipality of Candeias. The
female’s plumage is a gray brown color and a white swath next to the eye.
The male is mostly blackish with red eyes. This species also reproduces in
the region. Morphometric data: wing 210 mm, head 96 mm, tail 51 mm,
beak 46 mm, tarsus 39 mm.
This is a small duck. The male has a red bill and tarsus and the female’s
bill is bluish. When they fly, both sexes show a white wing-stripe. It is
common along the northern shore, occuring in pairs or small groups of
less than 10 individuals. [Pedro: I have seen much larger flocks (~50) in
the interior of Minas Gerais.] They reproduce in the region and construct
their nests at some distance from bodies of waters. Morphometric data:
weight 340g, total length 370 mm, wing 180 mm, tail 60 mm, beak 39
mm, tarsus 37 mm (male).
This duck is uncommon along the northern shore. The male is markedly
larger than the female and has a pronounced casque on its bill that enlarges
during the breeding season. The adults’ size and black-and-white coloring
make them unmistakable when seen well; immature birds are somewhat
less distinctive. Flocks fly in an “Indian line” led by an adult male. We
have never found a Comb Duck nest in the region. Morphometric data:
total length 720 mm, wing 365 mm, tail 140 mm, beak 46 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
This is a relatively rare species in the north coast region. The numbers
for this species have been decreasing in Bahia, the result of heavy hunting
pressure. Another alarming development is the coupling of wild and
domestic populations. According to Sick the offspring of wild ducks are
completely black whereas those of domesticated ones are streaked with
yellow. The chicks we have observed in the north shore region have the
coloring of ducks that came from domestic stocks. Nests are constructed in
tree cavities and steep riverbanks. The eggs are white and generally weigh
around, 55.0 g, and measure 57 mm x 44 mm. Morphometric data: total
length 630 mm, wing 300 mm, tail 145 mm, head 188 mm, beak 40 mm,
tarsus 68m and weight 2.5 kg for females; for males, weight 2.800kg, total
length 760 mm, wing 390 mm, tail 190 mm, beak 54 mm, tarsus 70 mm.
Pandionidae
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758).
Águia-pescadora (Osprey)
Pandionidae Family
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Osprey
Accipitridae
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818).
Gavião-peneira (White-tailed Kite)
Accipitridae Family
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818)
White-tailed Kite
Though not abundant, this is one of the more common raptors in the
region. It can be observed alone or in pairs that hunt together. When on
the lookout for prey, the White-tailed Kite hovers in the air as if suspended
by a string. When it spots a mouse, lizard, or other small prey, it will
often swoop up and down until the opportune moment to strike presents
itself. It is frequently seen in open fields or grasslands, and can be seen
in Salvador, hunting in barren land or open air sewers [?] on the beach.
Morphometric data: total length 275 mm, wing 190 mm, tail 75 mm, beak
40 mm, tarsus 38 mm.
EEven smaller than the American Kestrel, this, the country’s smallest
raptor, can be seen in diverse areas of the north coastal region. It
feeds on small birds, lizards and small reptiles. It soars at impressive
heights and with its circular flight pattern it is sometimes mistaken for
a swallow. The nest of this uncommon species is shaped like a shallow
bowl. The bird is clumsy and therefore its nest must be protected by
both parents, who attack anything that approaches. Morphometric
data: weight 85 g, total length 240 mm, wing 163 mm, tail 96 mm, beak
17 mm, tarsus 27 mm.
The gray-headed kite frequents the intact forests of the northern coast.
It feeds on a wide range of range small animals, including insects, frogs,
lizards and small birds. It is a skittish bird and difficult to see. We
recorded this bird in some high sandy coastal forest in Bahia’s lower south
region (Ituberá). There is a specimen of this species stored in CETREL’s
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
collection. Morphometric data: wing 318 mm, tail 220 mm, beak 32 mm,
tarsus 42 mm.
data: weight 135g, total length 305 mm, wing 200 mm, tail 150mm, beak
16 mm, tarsus 40 mm.
The Snail Kite can be found in Salvador in the Pituaçu city park and
is widely distributed throughout the north coast region. It lives in
wetlands, where its principal food source, a mollusk known locally as
‘aruá’ (Pomacea, Ampullariidae) occurs. During the winter rainy season,
we often find flocks the of size which depends on the extensiveness of
the wetland and availability of food. R. sociabilis is highly predictable
in occurrence as it is always associated with wet environments and has
singular foraging habits. Morphometric data: total length 4230 mm, wing
342 mm, tail 150mm, beak 31 mm, tarsus 44 mm.
É uma espécie florestal que foi vista pela primeira vez em um ecossistema
de cerrado no litoral norte da Bahia. Um espécime dessa espécie
acostumou-se a predar os pintos que eram utilizados como alimento das
aves de rapina em treinamento no Centro de Triagem da Cetrel. Esse
exemplar freqüentou o local por uma semana e depois desapareceu.
Dados morfométricos: peso 175 g, comprimento total 374 mm, asa 193
mm, cauda 155 mm, bico 20 mm, tarso 50 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
This is one of the biggest hawks in the north coastal region, where it is
associated with open areas. The female is markedly bigger than the male.
Two other features help to distinguish the sexes. When the birds glide,
the female wings are more round and robust than the narrower male
wings. Also, the male’s call is a much higher tone than the the female’s.
Though this species primarily hunts for ground-dwelling prey, including
armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), lizards, and snakes, it also hunts for
arboreal animals like marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). These it captures
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
in dives or straight flight. The breeding season starts in April with the
cleaning and construction of the nest; the chicks hatch in August. Two
eggs are laid, and the older chick kills its younger sibling. Morphometric
data: weight 765g, total length 468 mm, wing 390 mm, tail 180mm, beak
37 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
This is a shy forest hawk about the same size as the Roadside Hawk.
The gray coloring of its back and its lower body being gray and white
intersected gray stripes is confusing to someone observing it and makes
it difficult to ascertain its real coloring when the bird is flying within the
forest. When the bird is perched its true coloration is more evident. After
repeated observations of this species, its flight pattern becomes its most
distinctive characteristic. Morphometric data: total length 410 mm, wing
255 mm, tail 166 mm, beak 34 mm, tarsus 66 mm.
This mimics the flight of a Turkey Vulture. It differs in that its head is
covered in black plumage, whereas the vulture has a bare head. When it is
flying with vultures, the key fieldmarks are the feathered head and three
whitish stripes on the tail. It is not common but can sometimes be seen
within the city of Salvador. Morphometric data: total length 430 mm,
wing 207 mm, beak 24 mm, tarsus 70 mm.
This is the most common hawk in Bahia’s north coast region and is known
as the “chick snatching” hawk. It is well adapted to all the ecosystems of
the north coast: savanna, sandy coastal forests and dry forests. It also
adapts well to suburban and urban environments such as Salvador. It
has a wide color variation of plumage that goes from light brown to dark
gray. Eye coloring also varies from being yellow or orange. The nest is in
the form of a bowl and made of twigs and it lays two eggs which weigh
31.5 grams and measure 44 mm x 37 mm. The chick’s first feathering
is cream colored. The species is causing problems in outlying parts of
Salvador because the birds attack people who pass too close to their nests.
Morphometric data: weight 240g, total length 258 mm, wing 158 mm, tail
83 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 58 mm.
This species of hawk is much more common in the caatinga (dry thorn
forest) ecosystem, where we have even seen a nest attached to a cactus.
This is a medium sized bird which is distinguishable through its chestnut-
colored scapulars and the white base and tip of its tail. It is not common
along the northern Bahia coast. Morphometric data: weight 900g, total
length 530 mm, wing 345 mm, tail 330 mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 93 mm.
This is a large hawk that lives in open areas where it hunts for its main
food sources: insects, lizards, snakes, iguanas, etc.. It is very common to
see it hunting for food on the ground. An immature savanna hawk has an
orangish breast and abdomen crossed with black barring. When it flies,
we can observe its long, broad wings and heavy flight. Morphometric
data: total length 494 mm, wing 397 mm, tail 182 mm, beak 33 mm,
tarsus 110 mm.
This is a large bird with long legs. It is not common in the north coast
region. The presence of this species in the northern shore region was
confirmed when a juvenile specimen that had been shot was turned over
to us. The bird died and was stored in CETREL’s collection. Morphometric
data: total length 590 mm, wing 390 mm, tail 240 mm, beak 46 mm,
tarsus 220 mm.
This hawk has a long, bluish-gray tail and long legs which are the perfect
tool to seek out food in the cavities of bromeliads. We have seen the Yellow-
headed Caracara (Milvalgo chimachima) steal a frog that had just been
caught by a G. caerulescens. It occurs in diverse places within the north
coast region but is not abundant. Morphometric data: wing 300 mm, tail
230 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
Falconidae
Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linné, 1758).
Acauã (Laughing Falcon)
O falcão acauã é uma espécie de falcão muito conhecida pelo seu canto
que é prolongado e seguido de um som que soa como se a ave estivesse
pronunciando o seu nome. Esse canto é ouvido com mais freqüência ao
anoitecer e ao amanhecer. Costuma cantar em dueto e um dos pássaros
responde ao som do outro. É facilmente reconhecido pela máscara
negra no rosto, que se une ao boné negro da cabeça. Alimenta-se de
cobras e às vezes podemos vê-lo voando com uma cobra nas garras. Já
observamos um casal reproduzindo-se numa cavidade de um penhasco.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Dados morfométricos: asa 240 mm, cabeça 68 mm, cauda 156 mm, bico
21.5mm, tarso 49 mm.
Falconidae Family
Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758).
Laughing Falcon
This species of hawk is most known for its call which is prolonged and
ends with what sounds like its name in Portuguese, “acua.” It calls in the
early mornings and early evenings, and usually calls in a duet with its
mate, with one calling and the other responding. It is easily recognizable
by its black mask and black cap on its head. The species feeds on snakes
and often can be seen flying clasping a snake in its claws. We have seen
a pair nesting in the crevice of a cliff. Morphometric data: wing 240 mm,
head 68 mm, tail 156 mm, beak 21.5mm, tarsus 49 mm.
This species is typical of the intact forests along the north Bahia coast
and can be seen both within the forests and at the edges. The tail and
feathers are long and the tail has three white bars. The breast and
abdomen plumage can be either white or yellowish. Inside the forest, the
bird can be observed jumping from branch to branch with great agility.
Morphometric data: total length 257 mm, wing 255 mm, tail 330 mm,
beak 20 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
TThis species occurs within forests and most of the time the bird is
identified by its call because it is very difficult to actually see. It calls at
dawn, when someone approaches it rapidly moves unnoticed to another
spot. Morphometric data: weight 168g, total length 330 mm, wing 180
mm, tail 175 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
This is a common species. It lives in open areas, often where there are cattle
from which it extracts ticks and flea larva to feed on. In one instance, a
Yellow-headed Caracara became fixated with catching ticks embedded in
a capybara, on which it left a large dorsal wound. It returned repeatedly
to the wound and extracted large pieces of flesh. It is common to see this
species, together with the Southern Caracar and vultures, scavenging for
dead animals on roads, highways or on beaches. It takes advantage of
fishermen’s catch and will swoop down to steal fish caught in nets or
discarded scraps at the edge of the water. Juveniles have dark coloration
overlaid with strong yellow bars. Morphometric data: weight 280g; total
length 374 mm; wing 267 mm; tail 171 mm; beak 20 mm; tarsus 58 mm.
This is one of the most common raptors in open areas and can be seen
along roads and highways looking for road-kill. It feeds on worms and is
known to sift through cattle feces in search of such organisms. We have
observed large flocks of this species (around 80 individuals) sweeping
across slush farms [Pedro: what’s a slush farm?] in industrial areas,
probably on the lookout for worms. Several times we have witnessed the
Southern Caracara following a hunting Peregrine Falcon hoping to steal
its catch. It is quite successful in doing this but when it fails, it contents
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
itself with the leftovers. The juveniles are darker than adults. The nest
is made of twigs and shaped like a large bowl. We have seen up to three
eggs, which are a clear brown color sprinkled with dark streaks. The
chicks’ plumage is black and yellow. Morphometric data: weight 690g,
total length 420 mm, wing 380 mm, tail 210 mm, beak 39 mm, tarsus 89
mm (male).
The first record of the Peregrine Falcon in Bahia was a specimen collected
by E. Garbe in the city of Barra in 1908. In 1984, we recorded the species
in Salvador and today we have records of the bird in several regions of the
state, including the north shore region and in Mangue Seco, where it can
be seen frequenting an area of sandbars at the mouth of the Rio River Real
[Pedro: what is the name of this river?]. In this type of habitat, it feeds on
king fishers and terns, including the endangered Roseate Tern. It feeds on
a wide array of birds, amongst which are domestic pigeons,, mockingbirds,
and House Sparrows. It usually hunts when the sun is less intense in the
mornings and evenings, spending the rest of the day perched in a shaded
place. In the late afternoon, it sometimes hunts bats. Morphometric data:
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
weight 477g, total length 395 mm, wing 305 mm, tail 140 mm, beak 27
mm, tarsus 42 mm (male). Weight 800g, total length 475 mm, wing 340
mm, tail 175 mm, beak 28 mm, tarsus 54 mm (female).
Essa espécie ocorre nas áreas abertas, onde podem delimitar o seu
território. Vive normalmente em casal. Alimenta-se de diversas
espécies de aves, tais como Colaptes melanochloros, Guira guira,
Leptotila verreauxi e pombos domésticos e morcegos no crepúsculo.
Aproveita-se dos ninhos das outras aves, para realizar sua postura e os
filhotes possuem a plumagem na cor cinza escura. Pode caçar sozinho
ou em dupla. Certa vez, tivemos a ocasião de observar um bando desses
pássaros que se encontravam no solo catando alimento e ao perceberem
a sombra de um indivíduo da espécie F. femoralis, todos voaram de
uma só vez para um local seguro na copa de uma árvore. No entanto,
um Guira guira que decolou atrasado, foi predado em pleno ar. Dados
morfométricos asa 163 mm, cauda 100 mm, bico 18 mm, tarso 44 mm.
The Aplomado Falcon occurs in open areas and normally both sexes
defend their territory. It feeds on various species of birds such as: Green-
barred Woodpecker, Guira Cuckoo, Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped
Dove, and domestic pigeons. The bird lays its eggs in nests already made
by other species. The chick’s plumage is dark gray. The Aplomado Falcon
hunts alone or in pairs. We once saw a group of birds on the ground
looking for food and when they perceived the presence of a F. femoralis,
they all flew to the safety of a tree canopy nearby. A Guira Cuckoo that
was late in taking off was caught by the falcon in mid-air. One of the
most spectacular scenes we’ve witnessed was that of a pair of F. femoralis
attacking a flock of domestic pigeons. Their strategy was to separate one
of the birds from the general flock and the male would fly above it while
the female remained below to wait for the pigeon to tire. At the first sign
of fatigue, the unfortunate pigeon was easy prey.
Morphometric data wing 163 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 44
mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
This is the smallest falcon of the north shore area in Bahia, where it
inhabits open areas. It feeds on lizards, grasshoppers and small birds.
For nest sites it uses tree cavities, termite mounds, riverbanks, palm
trees snags, nests abandoned by the Caatinga Cacholote (Pseudoseisura
cristata), and even slots in air-conditioners on office buildings. It lays
from two to five eggs and the incubation period is 30 days. Chicks are
born with completely white plumage. Sexual dimorphism is very evident.
The male has a gray crown at the top of its head, the speculum of its
wings is gray, and the end of its tail has a black bar about 10 mm wide.
The female’s plumage is rust-colored and its tail has several black stripes.
These differences can be observed when the chick’s tail is more than 10
mm since only then is it possible to distinguish the black bar at the end
of the males’ tails. Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 260 mm,
wing 175 mm, tail 125 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 41 mm (male).
Galliformes
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Penelope superciliaris
jacupemba (Spix, 1825).
Rusty-margined Guan
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Cracidae
Penelope superciliaris jacupemba (Spix, 1825).
Jacupemba (Rusty-margined Guan)
Cracidae Family
Penelope superciliaris jacupemba (Spix, 1825)
Rusty-margined Guan
This is the biggest cracid in the northern coastal region. It is very skittish
and difficult to see. Sensing an intruder in its habitat, these guans flee
and disappear easily. Hunting has had a major impact on this species in
the region. Morphometric data: total length 618 mm, wing 239 mm, tail
267 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 78 mm.
This species occurs in the diverse ecosystems of the north coast region
such as savannas, high forest and sandy coastal forest. Groups of several
individuals call together at dawn, and often roost together in the same
tree. The nest is bowl-shaped and the eggs are white. These birds are
heavily targeted by hunters. Morphometric data: wing 176 mm, tail 200
mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
Gruiformes MENU
Capa
Front Cover
Indice
Table of Contents
Sair
Leave
PÁGINA
ANTERIOR
PÁGINA
SEGUINTE
Aramidae
Aramus guarauna guarauna ( Linné, 1766 ).
Carão (Limpkin)
Aramidae Family
Aramus guarauna guarauna ( Linné, 1766 ).
Limpkin
This species occurs throughout the northern coast region in flooded areas
and at the banks of some rivers (eg., Capivara River). From a distance,
the bird appears all dark but at closer range one can see a white throat
and streaks of white on its neck and head. In the rainy periods, we often
observe many of these birds around wetlands or ephemerally flooded
areas, but when these areas dry up the birds disappear. They feed on
aquatic gastropods, the same food source consumed by the Snail Kite.
Morphometric data: total length 650 mm, wing 340 mm, tail 170 mm,
beak 125 mm, tarsus 125 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Rallidae
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)
Saracura-sanã (Blackish Rail)
Rallidae Family
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)
Blackish Rail
Essa espécie ocorre nas áreas alagadiças espalhadas pelo litoral norte.
Muito arisca, vive embrenhada no meio da vegetação e sua presença
só é detectada através de sua sonorização. Dados morfométricos: peso
90comprimento total 292 mm, asa 133 mm, cauda 50 mm, bico 48 mm,
tarso 43 mm.
This species occurs in flooded areas spread along the northern Bahia
shore. It is very skittish and lives embedded in the vegetation; its presence
can only be detected by its vocalization. Morphometric data: weight 90g,
total length 292 mm, wing 133 mm, tail 50 mm, beak 48 mm, tarsus 43
mm.
This species occurs in wetlands areas in the middle of mature forests. Its
almost uniform coloring makes identification easy. It is very skittish and
difficult to see. Morphometric data: total length 218 mm, wing 127 mm,
tail 56 mm, beak 27 mm, tarsus 42 mm.
320 mm, asa 155 mm, retrizes 65 mm, cabeça 71 mm, cúlmen 40 mm,
tarso 54 mm.
The presence of the little wood rail has been noted on slushy beaches, in
mangroves and their adjacent forests. (Sick, 1997). Pinto (1964) collected
a male sample of the species in the Caatinga, in the municipality of
Bonfim, Bahia state. According to communities where the bird occurs, it
does not make any type of sound or call, and is therefore considered to
be deaf. It occurs in dry and far removed environments in the interior of
the Caatinga. It can be seen in flocks of more than 15 members. The nest
is very similar to that of Aramides cajanea, and is shaped like of bowl
and made of twigs. One such nest was found on May 13, 2005 located
under the leaves of a bush about three meters from the ground. It lays two
white eggs speckled with red dots, which measure 39 mm X 31 mm with
an average weight of 23.5g. We found two other abandoned nests in the
vicinity. Morphometric data: weight 230 g, Total length 320 mm, wing
155 mm, retrizes 65 mm, head 71 mm, culmen 40 mm, tarsus 54 mm.
This bird occurs all along the north Bahia coastal region from the STIEP
dunes in Salvador to Mangue Seco. It is the most common wWood rRail
and its call is often sung in a duet; one calls and the other responds. The
calls, most common at dusk and dawn, consist of various repetitions and
can last a few minutes. This species lives near water sources but also has
been known to colonize areas far from water. The species’ nests are bowl
shaped and in one we have seen three white eggs speckled with brown.
The chicks are born with black plumage. The juvenile’s neck is not all
gray and the lesser wing coverts are spotted with black and white whereas
those of adults are black. Morphometric data: total length 340 mm, wing
190 mm, tail 75 mm, tarsus 78 mm and beak 46 mm. The average weight
is 370g.
This species is very common in north coastal region wetlands with dense
vegetation, preferably where there is an abundance of rush vegetation. It
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
lives hidden in the midst of this vegetation and is often run over when
attempting to cross highways. Morphometric data: weight 85g, total
length 220 mm, wing 100 mm, tail 45 mm, head 55 mm, beak 26 mm,
tarsus 35 mm.
These data were taken from a pair that was run over on a highway. Both
had developed mandibles. Morphometric data: total length 178 mm, wing
82 mm, retrizes 43 mm, head 42 mm, beak 19 mm e weight 50g.
This species occurs in the dry forests of the north Bahia coastal region as
well as in savanna and sandy coastal forests. It is adapted to a dry climate
far away from bodies of water. It has olive brown coloring and red legs
and eyes. These are very territorial birds. It will come out of hiding as
soon as it hears a peep from other members of the species. They are also
skittish and difficult to see. Its nest is like a cake decorated with grass,
with a lateral entrance. The nest can either be on the ground or in the
branches of ground vegetation. It lays three pure white eggs that measure
33 mm x 25 mm and weigh an average of 11.3g. The incubation period is
25 days, when the chicks are born, they abandon the nest within hours.
The chicks are born with black plumage. Morphometric data: weight 56g,
total length 175 mm, wing 88 mm, tail 27 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 38
mm.
Essa espécie ocorre na orla das matas espalhadas pelo litoral norte.
É muito difícil de ser observada. São aves de pequeno porte e têm o
bico vermelho e a garganta branca. Dados morfométricos: peso 41g,
comprimento total 203 mm, asa 100 mm, cauda 35 mm, bico 35 mm,
tarso 22 mm.
This species occurs along the forests next to the shore in the north Bahia
coastal region. It is difficult to see. These are small birds and have a red
beak and white throat: weight 41g, total length 203 mm, wing 100 mm,
tail 35 mm, beak 35 mm, tarsus 22 mm.
During the study period, the species laid between three and five eggs
(N=11). The incubation period is 19 to 22 days with an interval of two
days between each lay. The average egg weight (N=20) was 13.85 ± 1. 35,
the average length (N=20) 3.68 cm ± 0.15 and average width (N=20) 2.66
± 0.08. The distance between nests was around 5 meters and they were
constructed within the vegetation (grassy) by both the males and females
and are made of dry or recently cut vegetation. A recently hatched chick
weighs and average of 8.7 g, whereas its two siblings weighed 9.2 g e 10.7
g. When they hatch, the chicks have a black plumage, pinkish skin, a blue
upper ocular region, and a scarlet frontal shield. The batch of chicks stays
in the nest for four days, helped and protected by the male and female
and demonstrate certain characteristics such as getting out of the nest
to ruffle its feathers, and call all at the same time. In the study area, the
G. chloropus is preyed on by (Dusicyon sp.), boa constrictors/anacondas
(Eunectes murinus), Buteo albitailtus and Tyto alba. When they are
incubating the eggs and perceive the presence of a potential predator, they
slowly leave the nest and swim away wagging their tail feathers. When
they are a long way from the nest, they fly clumsily. It is a migratory
species which disappears when the lakes and lagoons dry up and then
come back in the rainy season. We once found a wounded female (shot by
a hunter) on the ground. A male was next to it and only left it when he
perceived our presence. Morphometric data: weight 400g, total length
327 mm, wing 168 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 51 mm.
The intensely bright blue adult lives hidden within vegetation where it
reproduces. It differs from the common gallinule because it is rarely seen
in open areas, preferring the safety inside the dense vegetation. It has
a bluish coloring on the shield above its beak and the legs are yellow.
It can be seen perched on rush branches. The species is migratory and
much less abundant in the north coast region of Bahia than the Ccommon
gGallinule. Morphometric data total length 270 mm, wing 165 mm, tail
63 mm, head 60 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 72 mm e weight 190g.
This is very similar looking to the previous species though its plumage
is paler and its slender frame looks like that of a yYoung Porphyrula
martinica. It was described for the first time in Bahia from a sighting
in Pituaçú city park in Salvador. Today, we can see this species in
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Heliornithidae
Heliornis fulica (Boddaert, 1783).
Picaparra (Sangrebe)
Heliornithidae Family
Heliornis fulica (Boddaert, 1783).
Sangrebe
In the north coast region, the only record we have of this bird is of an
individual that slammed against a wall in Salvador. The bird died and was
collected by Francisco Pedro and is stored in CETREL’s collection. Up to
this point, this is the only record for the region. Morphometric data: total
length: 300 mm, wing 142 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 21 mm.
Charadriiformes MENU
Capa
Front Cover
Indice
Table of Contents
Sair
Leave
PÁGINA
ANTERIOR
PÁGINA
SEGUINTE
Jacanidae
Jacana jacana jacana ( Linné, 1758 ).
Jaçanã (Wattled Jacana)
Jacanidae Family
Jacana jacana jacana ( Linné, 1758 ).
Wattled Jacana
This is a common and abundant species in the north coast region of which
the male is markedly smaller than the female. The male is responsible
for incubating the eggs. The eggs are chestnut brown colored with yellow
streaks. We have seen up to five eggs being laid. During copulation, the
male uses its long toes to support himself on the female’s back. The species
is distributed around rivers, lakes and marshy areas in the spread over
the north coast region. When flooded areas used by the wattled jacana
dry up, they migrate to other more humid areas. The juvenile is yellow.
Morphometric data: total length 230 mm, wing 132 mm, tail 49 mm,
head 56 mm, beak 28 mm, tarsus 56 mm e weight 90g (male), weight
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
152g, total length 254 mm, wing 142 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 31 mm, tarsus
68 mm (female).
Rostratulidae
Nycticryphes semicollaris ( Vieillot, 1816 ).
Narceja-de-bico-torto (South American painted-Snipe )
Rostratulidae Family
Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816 ).
South American painted-Snipe
The only record for the north shore region is of an individual that was
caught in a closed mist net one night. That happened in 1992 next to an
industrial lake on the grounds of CETREL. The bird died and was stored
in Rolf Grantsau’s collection. This is the first record in the state of Bahia
for this species. That was 13 years ago and the species has never been
seen again. Morphometric data: wing 103 mm, tail 50 mm, beak 38 mm,
tarsus 40 mm.
Haematopodidae
Haematopus palliatus palliatus ( Temminck, 1820 ).
Piru-piru ( American Oystercatcher )
Haematopodidae Family
Haematopus palliatus palliatus ( Temminck, 1820 ).
American Oystercatcher
This is not common in Bahia’s north coastal region. The records are
made in Mangue Seco where there is a local population estimated to
number around nine individuals. They occur in mangrove vegetation and
reproduce in sand banks. A pair was observed in the mangroves around
Sauipe. It lays two eggs with an average weight of 38g and measure 56
mm x 377mm. We have seen a medium sized chick still unable to fly in the
same nest as a single egg. Morphometric data: weight 520g, total length
430 mm, wing 250 mm, beak 86 mm, head 127 mm, tarsus 63 mm.
Charadriidae
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827 ).
Quero-quero (Southern Lapwing)
Charadriidae Family
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827 ).
Southern Lapwing
This is the most common representative of this family and always occurs
in open areas in various ecosystems such as savanna, mangroves and
coastal sand forests. The nest is a cavity which contains little material
and the birds generally lay three to four eggs although we have come upon
a nest with seven eggs. As soon as they hatch, the chicks are quite active
but when warned by their parents of a possible predator, they remain
motionless for long periods of time in the midst of the vegetation. To throw
off possible nest predators, the parents pretend to have a broken wing and
drag themselves along the ground. These are noisy birds which are always
voluble, principally when an intruder enters its territory, whether it be
night or day. Morphometric data: weight 224g, total length 330 mm, wing
210 mm, tail 96 mm, beak 29 mm, tarsus 75 mm.
in the mangroves. Morphometric data: weight 196g, total length 264 mm,
wing 193 mm, tail 71 mm, beak 33 mm, tarsus 49 mm.
This is also a visitor from the US, similar to the previous species described
without the black strip on its axil. Its occurrence on the north coast of
Bahia is rare, having only one record of an individual in 1992 visiting the
industrial area of the Polo Petrochemical industrial plant, about 10 kms
in from the shore. Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 253 mm,
wing 180 mm, tail 63 mm, beak 24 mm, tarsus 45 mm.
This is another North American visitor that occurs throughout the north
coastal region on the beaches and mangroves. It can also be seen at some
distance from the sea in fresh-water lakes. The biggest groups can be
seen around Mangue Seco. They arrive in the middle of October and
stay until the middle of April though some stay for the whole year. Their
reproductive plumage, which we can observe in the month of March as they
are preparing to migrate to their reproductive colonies, the individuals
have their neck rings and top of their heads tinted black and the base of
the beak tinted yellow. Morphometric data: weight 30g, total length 168
mm, wing 144 mm, tail 55 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 24 mm (female).
Scolopacidae
Arenaria interpres morinella (Linné, 1758).
Vira-pedra (Ruddy Turnstone)
Scolopacidae
Arenaria interpres morinella (Linné, 1758).
Ruddy Turnstone
These are migratory birds from North America and as the name would
indicate, are solitary. We have, however, observed groups of up to ten
individuals. They occur all throughout the north coast region, on the
beach, around rivers and marshy areas, including sewage treatment plants.
They are nervous birds, always raising and lowering their head and tail
and often bury their heads to look for food in the mud. Morphometric
data: weight 52g, total length 220 mm, wing 129 mm, tail 49 mm, beak
29 mm, tarsus 32 mm.
This is another migratory halcyon from North America and very similar
to the previous species, though it’s much larger and has a longer, slightly
upturned beak. It occurs in the mangroves with other halcyon species and
in flooded areas as well. It occurs throughout the northern coastal region.
Morphometric data: weight 193g, total length 330 mm, wing 180 mm, tail
75 mm, beak 58 mm, tarsus 65 mm.
This is another halcyon visitor from North America and occurs throughout
the northern coastal region’s mangroves. The species likes the interior of the
mangroves. When at rest, the plumage is pale gray and it has a white strip
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
on its wing that is easy to see when the bird flies. During the reproductive
phase, various black, round blotches appear on its breast and the beak is
redder. These characteristics are apparent when the bird is observed in the
middle of April. Morphometric data: weight 32/62g, total length 185mm,
wing 102 mm, tail 48 mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 23 mm.
These are small halcyon migrants from North America. Its principal
characteristics are: thin beak and greenish legs. They occur in large groups
in the mangroves at Mangue Seco where they arrive in the middle of October
and fly out in mid-April. Morphometric data: weight 23/27g, total length
135 mm, wing 92 mm, tail 37 mm, beak 28 mm, tarsus 17 mm.
This is a halcyon whose rump and superciliar stripe are white and its tarsus
is yellowish-green, coloring which often cannot be discerned because of
the mud which covers the bird. This species visits CETREL’s artificial
lakes annually and groups of up to 80 individuals can be observed. It
occurs both along the shore and around lakes some distance from the
coast. Morphometric data: weight 46g, total length 195 mm, wing 124
mm, tail 48 mm, beak 26 mm, tarsus 24 mm (female).
É uma espécie que precisa ser confirmada no litoral norte. Até o presente
momento, foi feita uma única observação dessa espécie, mas ainda não
foi capturada em redes, durante as campanhas de anilhamento. Tem
o tarso na cor verde amarelada. Ocorre em áreas alagadiças. Dados
morfométricos: asa 140 mm, cauda 65 mm, bico 28 mm, tarso 28 mm.
It is one of the most abundant halcyon species along the north coast of
Bahia, and arrives in the middle of October and stays until mid-April. It
has a black tarsus. The best places to see it is in the mangroves of Mangue
Seco and the sand banks there. Morphometric data: weight 24g, total
length 160 mm, wing 95 mm, tail 44 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 21 mm
(female), weight 23g, total length 155 mm, wing 95 mm, tail 42 mm, beak
18 mm, tarsus 20 mm (male).
This is the largest halcyon migrant. It has a large, curved beak suitable
for capturing certain crab species inside their dens (during low tide). It
occurs in numerous groups in the mangroves of Mangue Seco. At high tide,
with other groups of halcyons, it gathers on sand banks. Morphometric
data: wing 217 mm, tail 98 mm, beak 82 mm, head 122 mm, tarsus 98
mm.
mangroves and sand banks. When it flies, a large white stripe on its back
can be seen. Morphometric data: total length 260 mm, wing 150 mm, tail
55,5mm, head 85 mm, beak 59 mm, tarsus 35 mm, weight 100g.
Essa espécie tem um grande porte, mas é difícil de ser observada. Difere da
espécie anterior por não levantar vôo quando um intruso penetra no seu
habitat. Vive em áreas alagadiças com muita vegetação. O único registro
que possuímos é o de um indivíduo que se chocou durante a noite contra
um prédio na cidade de Salvador. Dados morfométricos: comprimento
total: 970 mm, asa 400 mm, bico 92 mm, tarso 40 mm (fêmea).
This species is large but difficult to see. It differs from the previous species
because it doesn’t fly off when an intruder enters its habitat. It lives in
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
flooded areas with lots of vegetation. The only record of this species
we have is of an individual who crashed against a building at night in
Salvador. Morphometric data: total length: 970 mm, wing 400 mm, beak
92 mm, tarsus 40 mm (female).
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1758 ).
Pernilongo (Black-necked Stilt).
Recurvirostridae Family
Himantopus mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1758 ).
Black-necked Stilt.
difficulty. They can use their long legs to help them swim. Morphometric
data: wing 210 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 61 mm, tarsus 110 mm.
STERCORARIIDAE
Catharacta antarctica antarctica (Lesson, 1831).
Gaivota-rapineira-grande (Antarctic Skua )
STERCORARIIDAE
Catharacta antarctica antarctica (Lesson, 1831).
Antarctic Skua
A female specimen was collected in Mangue Seco on June 13th, 1998 and
stored in the RG collection (RG 9989); a male specimen was collected in
Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘ W) on the 5th of June 5, 1998 and stored
in MCNC’s collection (N 576). Before this there had been one record of
the specie’s occurrence for Bahia, in June of 1982. Another debilitated
specimen was found, treated and then set free. One specimen of the C.
antartica is stored in the collection of ACEM 034, after it was found on
Grajaú beach, in the state of Paraná, on the 7th of November 7, 1992.
Morphometric data: weight 1.711kg, total length 580 mm, wing 390 mm,
tail 144 mm, beak 50 mm, tarsus 70 mm. (female).
mm, cabeça 64 mm, bico 45 mm, tarso 60 mm, dedo médio com unha
70 e peso 800g (macho).
Five specimens were collected on the northern coast of Bahia: two skins
were collected on the 16th of May 16, 1998 and stored in the collection
at MCNC (N 429 and N 580) and three skeletons are in the osteological
collected of MCNC (N 002, 003 and 004). The three specimens of
Catharacta recorded and stored in the RG collection and in the MCNC
collection eliminate all the doubts relative to the identification of these
species (Dante, 1985, 1987). On May 22, 2001, we collected a specimen on
the beach at Lauro de Freitas, Bahia, which was banded with a German
band. The bird had been banded while it was still in the nest in Antarktis
- Stat. Jubany (62° 45 ‘ S, 58° 40 ‘ W) on February 8th, 2001. The bird
had traveled a distance of 5718 km. Morphometric data: total length 510
mm, wing 370 mm, tail 147 mm, head 64 mm, beak 45 mm, tarsus 60
mm, middle toe with claw 70 and weight 800g (male).
Foram coletados oito espécimes, de 1994 a 1999. Uma pele foi depositada
na coleção de Werner Bokermann e uma se encontra na coleção do
MCNC (N 581). Uma ave de coloração escura, juvenil de primeiro ano
(Olson & Larsen 1994), macho (MCNC 581) foi encontrada morta na praia
de Mangue Seco (11° 23, 34° 33’W) no dia 11 de novembro 1989. Dados
morfométricos: comprimento total 460 mm, asa 320 mm, cauda 195 mm,
cabeça 76 mm, bico 31 mm, tarso 46 mm peso 400g; sexo: fêmea.
EEight specimens were collected between 1994 and 1999. One skin was
stored in Werner Bokermann’s collection and one is in the collection at
MCNC (N 581). One male juvenile bird about a year old, (MCNC 581),
had dark coloring and was found dead (Olson & Larsen 1994) on the
beach at (11° 23, 34° 33’W) on 11th of November 11, 1989. Morphometric
data: total length 460 mm, wing 320 mm, tail 195 mm, head, 76 mm,
beak 31 mm, tarsus 46 mm weight 400g; sex: female.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Two individuals of this species were found in 2000 on Bahia’s north coast
and are stored in the MCNC collection. Morphometric data: total length
490 mm, wing 358 mm, tail 158 mm, beak 42 mm, tarsus 55.7 mm.
(female).
LARIDAE
Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, 1823).
Gaivotão (Kelp Gull)
LARIDAE
Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, 1823).
Kelp Gull
TThis species is only listed in this study because a specimen was observed
at Mangue Seco in 1994, even though this bird had never been found
among the dead birds that resulted from the sea bird mortality phenomena
in Bahia. Morphometric data: weight 1000g, total length 600 mm, wing
395 mm, tail 160 mm, beak 48 mm, tarsus 57 mm.
STERNIDAE
Sterna hirundinacea ( Lesson, 1831 ).
Trinta-réis-de-bico-vermelho (South American Tern)
STERNIDAE
Sterna hirundinacea ( Lesson, 1831 ).
South American Tern
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
110g, comprimento total 340 mm, asa 240 mm, cauda 150 mm,
bico 37 mm, tarso 18 mm.
Among the representatives of the Sternidae family that visit the Brazilian
coast during the northern winter period, the Sterna hirundo is the most
common migrant species and has the most recorded numbers of individuals
coming from North America. (Cordeiro et al.1996, Hays et al. 1997). The
period of highest concentration of this species on the Brazilian coast
occurs between the months of October and April and sporadic occurrences
can be recorded in other months, though these are likely to be young birds
not yet able to reproduce (Sick 1997). The recovery of banded birds
provides us with much important information for the conservation of
their wintering grounds according to Sick (1979), in his exposition on the
migration of birds to South America, which was one of the first works to
focus on the migratory movements of the S. hirundo on this continent.
Lara-Resende and Leal (1982) presented data about the recovery of birds
in Brazilian territory with foreign bands between the years 1928 and
1980, which included information about the S. hirundo species. Other
publications report more specifically other encounters with this species in
Brazil (Lara-Resende 1983; Cordeiro et al. 1996). And Hays et al. (1997)
report of recoveries of the S. hirundo with American bands in Brazil (Rio
Grande do Sul) and Argentina. Lima (1996) and Hays et al. (1999) report
on the recovery of S. hirundo with American and European bands on the
north coast of Bahia, having been the first to relate the trans-Atlantic
movement (east-west) of the species. Azevedo Júnior et al. (2001) report
on a few cases of recovery on the coast of Pernambuco state. The objective
of this work is to spread information about the birds of the S. hirundo
species that were banded in North and South America and Europe and
recovered on the coast of Bahia between 1995 and 2004. This information
is fundamental for conservation plans and management of overnight
roosting locales and points where the species seeks its food generally in
North Eastern Brazil and specifically in Bahia. The data presented is a
result of the recovery of the S. hirundo coming from North America,
Europe and South America during the period between 1995 and 2004
during the inventory and banding studies of migratory and resident bird
species that use the coastal environments for feeding and roosting along
the coast of Bahia. The work started in January of 1995 on the extreme
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
most northerly point of the coast of Bahia, that is at the mouth of the Rio
River at Mangue Seco (11° 27’ S, 37° 21’ W) and was expanded in 1998
all the way down the coast to the south of the state at Corumbal (Porto
Seguro) (16° 45’ S, 39° 06’ W). tThe other work locales were Cacha Prego
(Itaparica island) (13° 49’ S, 39° 10 W), Ponta do Curral (Morro de São
Paulo Island), Baia de Camamu (Ituberá) (13° 07 s, 38° 48 W). To map
the coast of Bahia and chose the points where the birds would be caught,
transport was carried out by schooner and single-engine plane. Up until
1998, only birds caught at Mangue Seco were banded. From then on, the
birds caught in Corumbal, Cacha Prego, Ponta do Curral and Baía de
Camamu were also banded. The capture and banding was done from
October to April each year in campaigns that lasted from three to ten
days at each point, from 16:00 to 0.05 hrs. For the capture of the birds,
mist nets were used (12 m x 2,5 m, 36 mm openings) and to mark the
birds, bands provided by Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para Conservação
das Aves Silvestres (National Center for Research and Wild Bird
Conservation) (CEMAVE) were used. In order to estimate the number of
individuals that visited the study areas, censuses were carried out in the
first hours of the morning at sunrise and at the end of the afternoon at
sunset, times at which when the largest groups can be observed. These
observations were made with Zeiss and Bushnell 10 x 40 binoculars, and
a telescopic sight Kawa TSN2 60x. In parallel to the field work, educational
campaigns were undertaken with the local communities who lived in the
same area of the terns, and included lectures, distribution of posters and
informal conversations. From 1995 to 2004, 827 individuals of the S.
hirundo banded in North and South America and Europe were caught on
the coast of Bahia. Of this total, 727 (88 %) were from North America, 70
(8.5%) from South America and 32 (3.9%) from Europe. Of the 727 birds
of North American origin, up to this point we have managed to gather
information about 648 of them and of this total, 310 (47.83%) were
banded in New York, 234 (36.11%) in Connecticut, 13 (2%) in
Massachusetts and 91 (14.06%) in other points in North America (Figure
2). Of the 70 individuals from South America, 65 (93 %) were banded in
Brazil and only five (7%) in Argentina. Of the 32 birds from Europe, 31
(97%) were from Portugal and only one (3%) was from Spain. Of the 827
birds recovered, only two occurred more than once: 9802-48975 in
February of 1995 and 2000 in Mangue Seco, and 9822-89119 in January
and March 2002, also in Mangue Seco. The four locales of the study were
visited by other members of the Sternidae family and genus Sterna: Sterna
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
IIn 1994, three individuals of this species were collected on the north
coast of Bahia: two are part of RG (9513) collection, and the other was
collected in Salvador in June of 1994 and another was collected in August
of 1995 in Mangue Seco and stored in the RG (N 9547) and a third,
female, was collected in Mangue Seco (11° 27 ‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W) on the 3rd
of August, 1996 and stored in the MCNC (N 14) collection. Research
studies about the Sternidae family point to the presence of nine species.
However, the S. paradisae was only found as one of the species involved
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
in the phenomena of shore bird mortality and has never been observed
roosting with other members of this family in the sand banks of the coast
of Bahia. Morphometric data: 80g, total length 360 mm, wing 265 mm,
tail 164 mm, beak 34 mm, tarsus 12 mm.
The roseate tern is one of the representatives from the Laridae family
that visits the Brazilian coast during the northern coast and Bahia is
the southern most point of occurrence documented for the species (Pinto
1978, Sick 1997). Populations that reproduce in Canada, the US and
the Caribbean are considered in danger of extinction and there is little
information about their wintering grounds along the Atlantic Coast (U.
S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1987), although since the 1970s, several
expeditions to search for the species have been undertaken by American
researchers to discover landing points along the Brazilian coast (Hays
com. pess. 1996). There was little information about recoveries along
the Brazilian coast, and when that happened, they were thought of as
accidental (Hamilton 1981). On the Brazilian coast, various human
activities are causing an impact on these rest points used by representatives
Laridae family, particularly having to do with tourism. Activities related
to entertainment, such as loud noise, stalls being set up on the beach to
sell snacks and drinks, a high concentration of motorized boats and even
the construction of mansions on sand banks belonging to the Brazilian
merchant navy where access is supposedly restricted, are among the
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
principal factors of impact that could alter the use of these migratory
stopping points of the shore and limícolas birds on the Brazilian coast
(Azevedo Júnior & Larrazabal 1997). In 1995, at the start of the survey
and monitoring of migratory birds that visited the mouth of the Rio River
in Mangue Seco (Jandaíra, Bahia), we found a concentration of 10,000
terns composed of nine different members of the Laridae family, among
which was the endangered Sterna dougallii. This finding represents the
largest concentration of the species in the south Atlantic (Hays et. al.
1997, 1999). The purpose of this study is to publicize information about
individuals from the S. dougallii banded in North America and Europe
and recovered along the coast of Bahia between 1995 and 2004. This
data is fundamental for conservation and management purposes for the
wintering grounds used by the species especially on the coast of Bahia.
The inventory and banding work of migratory and resident species that
use the coast of Bahia for feeding and roosting started in January 1995, on
the extreme point of the north coast of Bahia, that is at the mouth of the
River Real in Mangue Seco (11° 27’ S, 37° 21’ W), and were enlarged in
1998 to encompass the whole coast all the way south to Corumbal (Porto
Seguro) (16° 45’ S, 39° 06’W). The other study locations were: Cacha
Prego (Itaparica Island) (13° 07’ S, 38° 48’ W), Ponta do Curral (Morro
de São Paulo - Valença), The Bay of Camamu (Ituberá) (13° 49’ S, 39° 10’
W). To map the coast of Bahia and chose the points to capture the birds,
for transport we used schooners and single-engine planes. Until 1998,
only birds caught in Mangue Seco were banded. After that, birds captured
in Corumbal, Cacha Prego, Ponta do Curral and the Bay Camamu started
to be banded. The capture and banding were carried out between October
and to April each year in campaigns that lasted from three to ten days at
each point, from 16:00 to 0.05 hrs. For the capture of the birds, mist nets
were used (12 m x 2.5 m, 36 mm openings) and to mark the birds, bands
provided by Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para Conservação das Aves
Silvestres (National Center for Research and Conservation of Wild Birds)
(CEMAVE) were used. In order to estimate the number of individuals
that visited the study areas, censuses were carried out in the first hours
of the morning at sunrise and at the end of the afternoon at sunset, times
at which the largest groups can be observed. These observations were
made with Zeiss and Bushnell 10 x 40 binoculars, and a telescopic sight
Kawa TSN2 60x. In parallel to the fieldwork, educational campaigns
were undertaken with the local communities who lived in the same area
of the terns, and included lectures, distribution of posters and informal
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
in Bahia between 1995 and 2004, during which there were 268 recoveries
of S. dougallii from reproductive colonies in North America and Europe
show the importance of the northeastern Brazilian coast as a migration
route for representatives of the Laridae family. A comparison between the
data about recoveries made between 1927 and 1979 presented by Nisbet
(1984) and the data published here shows that the 10 years of studies
in Bahia were responsible in making the coast of Bahia as a principal
site outside of North America for the recovery of Sterna dougallii, with
more recoveries than Central America and South America. Comparing
the recoveries in Bahia (268) with those of Guiana (247) (Nisbet, 1984)
which was the country outside North America with the biggest number
of recoveries, we have 7.83% more recoveries on the coast of Bahia. If
we compare the data from Latin American countries with the highest
recuperation numbers, Bahia accounts for 45.9% (268) of this total (584).
The number of recoveries on the coast of Bahia, contrary to Hamilton’s
(1981) assumption, the presence of the Sterna dougallii on the Brazilian is
as frequent as the occurrences of S. hirundo, at least down to the southern
coast of Bahia. The two individuals of S. dougallii banded in Bahia and
recovered in the Azores (Portugal) and a bird banded in England and
recovered on the coast of Bahia recorded, for the first time, the east/west
movement of the species as was already indicated by the species S. hirundo
(Hays et al. 1999, Azevedo-Júnior et al., 2001). Additionally, it indicates
that populations from different continents are overlapping on a spatial
and temporal scale, and using for resources, feeding sources, roosting and
resting the Brazilian coast during the northern winter. Benck & Maurício
(2002) report that the places with populations of around 10,000 birds are
conservation areas of global important. Mangue Seco and Cacha Prego
host populations estimated at around 10,000 birds and together with the
birds at Corumbal, Ponta do Curral the Bay of Camamu, according to the
recovery data presented, figure as important migration locations for the
species S. dougallii, and other representatives of the Laridae along the
Brazilian coast. Management of these areas is a conservation priority.
These measures should consist of joint action between authorities,
national and international NGOs, researchers and the local communities.
Morphometric data: weight 100g, total length 340 mm, wing 225 mm, tail
155 mm, beak 38 mm, tarsus 18 mm. (female).
Eight dead specimens of this species were found along the north coast of
Bahia. Two specimens are part of the RG (RG 9479) collection and were
collected at Praia do Forte on July 28, 1994, and the specimen RG 10010
was collected on the 24th of March 24, 1999 in Arembepe. A specimen was
prepared and stored in the MCNC (N 344) collection. This species, similar
to the S. paradisaea, was only observed as one of the species involved in
the mortality phenomena of shore birds in Bahia. Only in 1995 did we
observe one adult individual together with group of representatives from the
Sternidae family in Mangue Seco. Morphometric data: weight 150g, total
length 415 mm, wing 275 mm, tail 136 mm, beak 45 mm, tarsus 24 mm.
This is the smallest Brazilian tern species. During the reproductive period, its
beak acquires an intense yellow coloration when it is not in the reproductive
period, the beak is yellow which differentiates it from the S. antilarum which
during the reproductive period has black coloring on the point of its beak.
It occurs in certain lakes and lagoons in the north coast region of Bahia
but the largest concentration of these birds is at the estuary of the River
Rio and Mangue Seco. It looks very like the S. antilarum, with whom it can
be confused but differs because the S. antilarum beak is totally black as
is its winter plumage when it visits the north coast and it mixes with the
S. superciliaris. Small groups of the bird reproduce in the sand banks at
Mangue Seco. Morphometric data: weight 62g, total length 234 mm, wing
187 mm, tail 79 mm, beak37mm, tarsus 17mm.
This migrant species from the United States and Central America visits
our coast between the end of October and returns at the end of March or
mid-April. A marked characteristic of this species which is distinguishes
it from the S. superciliaris is the coloring of the beak which is totally black
during the time it spends in Brazilian territory. These birds can also have
black coloring on the end of their beak in the middle of April when they
are returning to their reproductive colonies. Morphometric data: total
length 217 mm, wing 157 mm, tail 73 mm, beak 32 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
These are visitors from North and Central America and are very similar
to the previously described species, differing only in the color of their
beak which is black with a yellow point. The two species can easily be
confused when the beak is not showing. We have caught an individual of
this species with a band from the United States. Morphometric data: total
length 345 mm, wing 282 mm, tail 118 mm, beak 49 mm, tarsus 26 mm
(female).
Bahia. Dados morfométricos: peso 90g, comprimento total 357 mm, asa
245 mm, cauda 115 mm, bico 43 mm, tarso 28 mm.
Twelve specimens were collected between 1994 and 1999 on the north
coast of Bahia; three are stored in the RG: RG 9528 collection which were
found in Salvador on February 18th, 1994. RG 9544 was collected on the
north coast of the state on the 10th of October, 1995 and RG 9899 was
collected in Salvador on the 24th of May 24, 1998. Five specimens are in
the MCNC collection, three of which were found with bands. As happens
with the S. paradisaea and S.fuscata, these birds do not mix with other
representatives of the family on the sand banks along the coast of Bahia.
Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 357 mm, wing 245 mm, tail
115 mm, beak 43 mm, tarsus 28 mm.
Columbiformes
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Columbidae
Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789).
Pombo-doméstico (Rock Dove)
Columbidae Family
Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789).
Rock Dove
This is a domesticated species and the most well known group is the
Belgium pigeon or “messenger” pigeon. Pigeons were introduced here
and today can be found spread along the whole north coast. The great
majority of this species is wild and with time has been able to adapt to
urban life and become a great pest. It can transmit an infinite number
of diseases to humans and other wild bird species such as Columbina
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
This is the largest pigeon species along the north coast, and only loses out in
terms of size to a few domestic pigeons. It lives in the canopy of preserved
forests where it feeds on small fruits. Characteristics such as the sparkling
scales on its neck and its red beak help to identify the species. It is much
sought after by hunters. Morphometric data: weight 252g, total length 330
mm, wing 126 mm, tail 111 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 20 mm (male).
This is a large species common is the regions of caatinga (dry shrub forest)
and the western savanna region of the state and has become a pest because
of the abundance of food sources in the form of soy. On the north coast
of Bahia, this species occurs as a species introduced by environmental
organs. Currently, the population is still small. Weight 320g.
This is a large bird and abundant in the north coast region of Bahia, and it
also occurs in almost all the state’s ecosystems: savanna, dry forest, sandy
coastal forests and at forest edges. Its nest is bowl-shaped and clumsily
constructed and can be built in dry branches, trees or bushes. It can be
seen in pairs or in large groups. It likes the ‘jurubeba’ fruits and is one of
the fruit’s dispersers. The nest is made of twigs and it lays a single white
egg that weighs 11.2g and measures 40mm x 37mm. The chick hatches
covered with a yellow plumage. Morphometric data: weight 210g, total
length 230 mm, wing 180 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 36 mm.
This is a small pigeon that occurs all along the north coastal region in
open areas of the savanna or sandy coastal forests. Its neck is covered
with shining scales, and it lives on the ground where it looks for food and
reproduces. The nest is built on the ground with dry grass and in a shaded
area under small bushes or within shrubs. It lays two eggs which weigh
an average of 3.1g and measure 22 mm x 16.5 mm. Morphometric data:
weight 36g, total length 155 mm, wing 75 mm, tail 60 mm, beak 12 mm.
This is one of the most common and known recognized birds along the
northern coast of Bahia and occurs in the majority of the ecosystems:
the savanna, the sandy coastal forests and forest edges. It also lives in
Salvador and the gardens within the city. The nest is bowl-shaped and
the species lays two pure white eggs that weigh an average of 3.6g and
measure 24 mm x 17 mm. It can build a nest in less than one week and it
will also re-use the same nest. We have seen a ruddy ground-dove using
the abandoned nest of a smooth-billed ani. Similar to other species of this
family, the chicks are sometimes placed on the edge of the nest to function
as a protective barrier. Many people have gotten into the habit of feeding
this species which has led to an increase in its population in Salvador.
Morphometric data: weight 45g, total length 150 mm, wing 85 mm, tail
58 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 18 mm (female).
This is very distinct bird due to its completely barred plumage. Its call is also
well known and sounds like “fogo-apagou”. When it flies, it makes a sound
like the rattle of a rattlesnake. The scaled dove occurs all along the northern
coastal region principally close to the shore. It lays two white eggs which weigh
an average 3.5g and measure 22 mm x 17 mm, in a bowl shaped nest very
similar to that of the ruddy-ground dove. Morphometric data: total length 205
mm, wing 95 mm, tail 82 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
the neck is bright blue and the feet very red. It lives in the interior of the
forests in shady areas. Morphometric data: weight 140g, total length 274
mm, wing 140 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 15 mm.
Psittacidae
Diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis (Lichtenstein, 1832 ).
Maracanã-nobre (Red-shouldered Macaw)
Psittacidae Family
Diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis (Lichtenstein, 1832 ).
Red-shouldered Macaw
This species is commonly seen along the Avenida Paralela, a main avenue
in the city of Salvador, where we can see groups of 20 or more individuals.
Another place where we can see this species is in the few forests that still remain
in municipality of Lauro de Freitas. We have seen this species reproducing in
a hollow palm snag. In the north coast region, we can observe small groups
spread around various municipalities. It has a blue forehead and a whitened
beak and face. Morphometric data: weight 210g, total length 369 mm, wing
205 mm, tail 180 mm, beak 34 mm, tarsus 19 mm.
trees in which to reproduce. It lays two to four eggs that are pure white.
We can observe groups of up to 30 individuals flying from one side of the
road to the other. Morphometric data: weight 100g, total length 275
mm, wing 159 mm, tail 130 mm, beak 22 mm, tarsus 12 mm.
This species occurs in northwest of the state on the border with Piauí state.
However, it was observed in Salvador, nesting in the hollow of a coconut tree
in the city’s zoo. This could have been a result of being introduced by the state
environmental authorities or it could have been a result of some birds that
escaped from the zoo itself. Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 260
mm, wing 140 mm, tail 142 mm, beak 22 mm, tarsus 10 mm.
This is the most common and abundant parakeet on the northern coast
and occurs in almost all the ecosystems, including the mangroves. It has
very distinguishing characteristics, such as a forehead and region around
the eyes which are an orangey yellow. It reproduces in termite mounds
where is digs an entrance and a large cavity within the mound where it
lays its eggs. Nests abandoned by the A. aurea can be subsequently used
by the specie of F. sparverius and Otus choliba. It lays 3 to 5 white eggs.
During the reproductive period, we observed that they moved around
in pairs and after some time can form groups of up to 300 individuals.
They usually gather in large groups to roost in locales that can be used
for several years. We have seen a group of more than 200 birds attack a
Buteo albitailtus that came close to its roosting site. Morphometric data:
weight 75g, total length 230 mm, wing 140 mm, tail 120 mm.
This is the smallest Brazilian psittacede and common in almost all the
northern coast habitats. The sexual dimorphism is very accentuated. The
male has a large blue swath on its wings and rump while the female is
clear green with a yellowish tone on its head. It reproduces in small tree
cavities previously dug out by woodpeckers and also takes over abandoned
rufous hornero nests ((F. rufus.). During the reproductive period, they
live in pairs but at other times go around in large flocks that can number
in the dozens. On more than one occasion, we have observed completely
yellow members of this species. Morphometric data: weight 25g, total
length 81 mm, wing 36 mm, tail 26 mm, beak 12 mm (male).
This is a completely green parakeet with a long tail. As with the following
two species described, this bird occurs in the city of Salvador and everything
points to the fact that it was introduced by the state environmental organs
or was the result of captive birds escaping. It has adapted itself to survive
in the downtown central area of Salvador and we can observe numerous
and loud groups around several species of palm trees spread throughout
the center of town. Morphometric data: weight 48g, total length 252 mm,
wing 125 mm, tail 120 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 14 mm.
Similar to the previous species, this bird was either introduced by the state
environmental authorities or escaped from captivity. The species originally
comes from the Amazon and is all green with whitish yellow secondaries and
coverts. It can also be observed in Salvador, in the forests around the city zoo
and the surrounding areas. The bird is traded by traffickers of wild animals
and maybe this is one of the principal reasons for the bird’s presence in the
city of Salvador. Morphometric data: weight 55g, total length 233 mm, wing
122 mm, tail 91 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
It is a species that like the others described above was introduced into
the city of Salvador. It differs, however, from the previous two because it
is pure green with a large sulfur-yellow speculum. Morphometric data:
weight 69g, total length 233 mm, wing 123 mm, tail 110 mm, beak 20
mm, tarsus 14 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
It is very parrot shaped, but its flight is its most distinguishing feature
as its wings go way under its body. It can be seen in good size forests
distributed throughout the north coast region. It moves about in pairs or
little groups and the lower tail coverts are reddish. Morphometric data:
weight 300g, total length 250 mm, wing 173 mm, tail 73 mm, beak 25
mm, tarsus 17 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
É uma espécie que ocorre nas caatingas da Bahia. No litoral norte foi
introduzida pelos órgãos ambientais e através de fuga de cativeiros.
Ocorre dentro da cidade de Salvador (matas do entorno do Hospital São
Rafael ), na Reserva de Sapiranga na Praia do Forte e se reproduzem em
ambas as localidades. Dados morfométricos: peso 264g, comprimento
total 294 mm, asa 176 mm, cauda 97 mm, bico 30 mm, tarso 20 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
This is a species that naturally occurs in the caatinga dry shrub forests
of Bahia. On the north coast, it was introduced by state environmental
authorities and also from parrots that escaped from captivity. It occurs
within the city of Salvador (in the forests around the São Rafael Hospital),
and in the Sapiranga reserve in Praia do Forte and they reproduce in both
locations. Morphometric data: weight 264g, total length 294 mm, wing
176 mm, tail 97 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
It is the most common and abundant parrot in the northern coastal region
and can be seen in savannas, coastal sand forests and the mangroves
spread along the coast. It starts to clean its nests in June and lays its eggs
between November and December. The chicks fledge between March and
April. It lays two to four pure white eggs that weigh an average of 15g and
measure 35 mm x 30 mm. It reproduces in the hollows of ‘caibeira’ trees
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Cuculidae
Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862).
Alma-de-gato (Squirrel Cuckoo)
Cuculidae Family
Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862).
Squirrel Cuckoo
of this family. Morphometric data: Weight 92g, total length 432 mm, wing
196 mm, tail 274 mm, beak 32 mm, tarsus 38 mm (male).
This is a common bird in open areas of the north coast region and feeds
on invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Its bowl-shaped nest is made
of twigs and lined with dry leaves. We have observed that the guira
cuckoo uses the same nest for several years. On the first day after they
hatch, the chicks are given small portions of food that are put inside their
beaks; after the third day, they receive larger portions that are put either
at the opening of the beak or regurgitated deep inside the beak. After
the fifth day, the chicks become competitive and at the first sign of their
parent’s arrival, they advance in their direction to quickly receive the
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
food. The competition between the chicks increases every day and the one
who has more success in grabbing the food obviously has an advantage
and develops more rapidly. From the tenth day and until they fledge, the
more developed chicks use a more elaborate strategy to obtain food: they
position themselves on branches above the nest and intercept food from
the parents before they get to the nest. The smaller less developed chicks
use a different strategy, that of waiting inside the nest in the hope that
they’ll receive food from one member of the group. This was a highly
flawed strategy as we observed that the parent birds delivered food 10
times to the chicks that were outside the nest and only once to the two
chicks that stayed in the nest. Even then, this food was stolen by other
larger group members. Out of a total of six chicks, one who was unable to
compete for food died after the eighth day, three developed well and two
were in very bad state. Morphometric data: weight 150g, total length 392
mm, wing 168 mm, tail 220 mm, beak 27 mm, tarsus 37 mm (female).
Strigiformes
Aves do Litoral Norte 178
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Tytonidae
Tyto alba tuidara ( Gray, 1769 ).
Coruja-da-igreja (Barn Owl)
Tytonidae Family
Tyto alba tuidara (Gray, 769).
Barn Owl
This is the most common owl species and is known throughout Brazil. In
the north coast region, it occurs in the diverse ecosystems found there. It
feeds on rats, bats, and birds (we have seen them feeding on species such
as the thrush (Turdus), and we’ve also found the skeletal remains of the
common gallinule (Gallinula chloropus). They reproduce in hollow tree
cavities, church towers, abandoned buildings and in the rooves of houses.
They lay from two to five white eggs. In the Brazilian northeast, these
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
owls are associated with bad luck which leads to people killing adult s
birds and chicks when they come across them. These owls usually hunt in
barren land or at the opening of sewage ducts in beaches etc.. There are
two types of plumages: one that is all yellow and the other yellow but with
a white breast. This is not related to sexual dimorphism. Morphometric
data: total length 330 mm, wing 297 mm, tail 129 mm, head 78 mm, beak
22 mm, tarsus 78 mm and weight 390g.
Strigidae
Otus choliba decussata (Lichtenstein, 1823 ).
Corujinha-do-mato (Tropical Screech Owl)
Strigidae Family
Otus choliba decussata (Lichtenstein, 1823 ).
Tropical Screech Owl
This is a small owl species that occurs throughout the north coast region
including within the city of Salvador, which feeds on insects and small
birds. It normally lays two white eggs in hollow tree cavities. However,
we have found nests with three eggs all of which hatched and the chicks
survived. There are two types of plumage: one grayish, the other with a
reddish tint. Inside the nests, we have found insects which are obviously
part of its diet. Morphometric data: weight 115g, total length 210 mm,
wing 160 mm, tail 85 mm, beak 19 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
Capa Indice Sair PÁGINA PÁGINA
MENU Front Cover Table of Contents Leave ANTERIOR SEGUINTE
Coruja de grande porte vive nas matas e sua identificação é mais através
do som do que através de visualização. É muito difícil de ser avistada.
Já observamos um indivíduo dessa espécie atropelado na estrada. Dados
morfométricos: asa 360 mm, cauda 175 mm, bico 42 mm, tarso 67 mm.
This is a large owl that lives in the forests and is more often identified
through its vocalization rather than by sighting because it is extremely
difficult to see. We once saw an individual of this species that had been
run over. Morphometric data: wing 3