9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

TABLES OF CHEMICAL DATA

Important values, constants and standards
1

molar gas constant

= 8.31 J K mol

the Faraday constant

= 9.65 x 10 C mol

the Avogadro constant

= 6.02 x 10 mol

the Planck constant

= 6.63 x 10

speed of light in a vacuum

= 3.00 x 10 m s

mp

= 1.67 x 10

rest mass of neutron,

1
0

mn

= 1.67 x 10

rest mass of electron,

0
1

me

= 9.11 x 10

= 1.60 x 10

rest mass of proton,

1
1

electronic charge

23

34

Js

27

kg

27

kg

31

kg

19

molar volume of gas

C
1

Vm
= 22.4 dm mol at s.t.p.
3
1
Vm
= 24 dm mol under room conditions
(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa, approximately, and 273 K (0 C))
ionic product of water

14

= 1.00 x 10 mol dm
(at 298 K [25 C])

Kw

specific heat capacity of water

= 4.18 kJ kg K
1 1
(= 4.18 J g K )

37

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

Ionisation energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements, in kJ mol

Proton
Number

First

Second

Third

Fourth

1310

He

2370

5250

Li

519

7300

11800

Be

900

1760

14800

21000

799

2420

3660

25000

1090

2350

4610

6220

1400

2860

4590

7480

1310

3390

5320

7450

1680

3370

6040

8410

Ne

10

2080

3950

6150

9290

Na

11

494

4560

6940

9540

Mg

12

736

1450

7740

10500

Al

13

577

1820

2740

11600

Si

14

786

1580

3230

4360

15

1060

1900

2920

4960

16

1000

2260

3390

4540

Cl

17

1260

2300

3850

5150

Ar

18

1520

2660

3950

5770

19

418

3070

4600

5860

Ca

20

590

1150

4940

6480

Sc

21

632

1240

2390

7110

Ti

22

661

1310

2720

4170

23

648

1370

2870

4600

Cr

24

653

1590

2990

4770

Mn

25

716

1510

3250

5190

Fe

26

762

1560

2960

5400

Co

27

757

1640

3230

5100

Ni

28

736

1750

3390

5400

Cu

29

745

1960

3350

5690

Zn

30

908

1730

3828

5980

Ga

31

577

1980

2960

6190

Ge

32

762

1540

3300

4390

Br

35

1140

2080

3460

4850

Sr

38

548

1060

4120

5440

Sn

50

707

1410

2940

3930

53

1010

1840

2040

4030

Ba

56

502

966

3390

Pb

82

716

1450

3080

4080

38

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

Bond energies
(a)

Diatomic molecules
Bond
HH
DD
N{N
O=O
FF
ClCl
BrBr
II
HF
HCl
HBr
HI

(b)

Energy/kJ mol
436
442
994
496
158
244
193
151
562
431
366
299

Polyatomic molecules
Bond
CC
C=C
C{C

C C (benzene)
CH
CCl
CBr
CI
CO
C=O
CN
C=N
C{N
NH
NN
N=N
OH
OO
SiCl
SiH
SiO
SiSi
S Cl
SH
SS

Energy/kJ mol
350
610
840
520
410
340
280
240
360
740
305
610
890
390
160
410
460
150
359
320
444
222
250
347
264

39

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, E

For ease of reference, two tabulations are given:

at 298 K (25 C)

(a) an extended list in alphabetical order;

(b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnitude, i.e. a redox series.
(a)

in alphabetical order
Electrode reaction

E /V

Ag

+0.80

Al

1.66

Ba

2Br

Ca

2Cl

Cl2 + 2H2O

+1.64

2+

Co

0.28

Co

+1.82

Co + 6NH3

0.43

Cr

0.91

Cr

2Cr + 7H2O

+1.33

Cu

+0.52

Cu

+0.34

Cu

+0.15

Cu + 4NH3

0.05

2F

Fe

0.44

Fe

0.04

Fe(OH)2 + OH

H2

2I

2.92

Li + e

Li

3.04

2+

Mg

2.38

Mn

1.18

Mn

MnO4 + e

MnO4 + 4H + 3e

MnO4 + 8H + 5e

NO3 + 2H + e

NO3 + 3H + 2e

NO3 + 10H + 8e
+

2
MnO4

+0.56

MnO2 + 2H2O

+1.67

Ag + e
Al

3+
2+

Ba

+ 3e
+ 2e

Br2 + 2e
2+

Ca

+ 2e

Cl2 + 2e
2HOCl + 2H + 2e
Co

Co

2+

[Co(NH3)6]

+e

+ 2e

Cr

2+

+ 2e

Cr

3+

+ 3e

Cr
2
Cr2O7

+ 2e

3+

3+

+e

+ 14H + 6e
+

Cu + e
2+

Cu

Cu

+ 2e

2+

2+

[Cu(NH3)4]

+e

+ 2e

F2 + 2e
2+

Fe

3+

Fe

Fe

+ 2e
+ 3e

3+
3

+e

[Fe(CN)6] + e
Fe(OH)3 + e
+

2H + 2e
I2 + 2e
K +e
Mg

2+

Mn

Mn

+ 2e
+ 2e

3+

+e

MnO2 + 4H + 2e

Na + e

2.90

+1.07
2.87

+1.36

2+

Cr

0.74
2+

0.41

3+

+2.87

2+

Fe

+0.77
4

[Fe(CN)6]

+0.36

0.56
0.00
+0.54

2+

Mn

2+

+1.49
+ 2H2O

+1.23

Mn

NO2 + H2O

+0.81

HNO2 + H2O

+0.94

+
NH4

+0.87

Na

2+

+ 4H2O

+ 3H2O

+1.52

2.71
40

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

Ni

0.25

Ni + 6NH3

0.51

2H2O

+1.77

2H2O

+1.23

4OH

+0.40

H2O2

H2 + 2OH

Pb

PbO2 + 4H + 2e

Pb

+ 2H2O

+1.47

2
SO4

+ 4H + 2e

SO2 + 2H2O

+0.17

S2O8 + 2e

+2.01

S4O6 + 2e

2
2SO4
2
2S2O3

2+

Sn

0.14

Sn

+0.15

1.20

2+

Ni

2+

[Ni(NH3)6]

+ 2e
+ 2e

H2O2 + 2H + 2e
O2 + 4H + 4e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
+

O2 + 2H + 2e
2H2O + 2e
2+

Pb

4+

Pb

Sn

4+

Sn

2+

+ 2e
+ 2e

+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e

3+

V
VO

2+

+
VO2

VO3

+e

+ 2H + e
+ 2H + e
+ 4H + e
2+

Zn

+ 2e

+0.68

0.13

2+

Pb

2+

+1.69

2+

2+

3+

0.83

+0.09

0.26
+ H2O

+0.34

VO

2+

+ H2O

+1.00

VO

2+

+ 2H2O

+1.00

Zn

0.76

All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state symbols have been omitted.

41

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

(b)

in decreasing order of oxidising power

(see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)

Electrode reaction

2F

+2.87

S2O8 + 2e

2
2SO4

+2.01

2H2O

+1.77

+ 8H + 5e

Br2 + 2e

2Br

NO2 + H2O

+0.81

Ag

+0.80

3+

Fe

4OH

Cu

+0.34

SO2 + 2H2O

+0.17

4+

S4O6 + 2e

2S2O3

H2

0.00

2+

Pb

0.13

Sn

0.14

Fe

0.44

Zn

0.76

Mg

2.38

+ 2e

Ca

2.87

2.92

F2 + 2e
H2O2 + 2H + 2e

MnO4

PbO2 + 4H + 2e
Cl2 + 2e
2
Cr2O7

+ 14H + 6e

NO3

+ 2H + e
Ag + e
Fe

+e

I2 + 2e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
2+

Cu
2
SO4

E /V

+ 2e

+ 4H + 2e
Sn

+ 2e

2H + 2e
Pb

2+

Sn

2+

Fe

2+

Zn

2+

Mg

2+

Ca

+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e

K +e

2+

+ 4H2O

+1.52

2+

+ 2H2O

+1.47

Mn
Pb

+1.36

3+

+1.33

+1.07

2Cl

2Cr + 7H2O

2+

2I

+0.77
+0.54

+0.40

2+

Sn

+0.15
2

42

+0.09

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

Atomic and ionic radii

(a)

(b)

(c)

Period 3
metallic

atomic/nm
Na
0.186
Mg
0.160
Al
0.143

ionic/nm
Na+
0.095
2+
Mg
0.065
3+
Al
0.050

single covalent

Si
P
S
Cl

0.117
0.110
0.104
0.099

Si
3
P
2
S

Cl

van der Waals

Ar

0.192

Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra

0.112
0.160
0.197
0.215
0.217
0.220

Be
2+
Mg
2+
Ca
2+
Sr
2+
Ba
2+
Ra

0.031
0.065
0.099
0.113
0.135
0.140

C
Si
Ge

0.077
0.117
0.122

Si
2+
Ge

4+

0.041
0.093

Sn
Pb

0.162
0.175

Sn
2+
Pb

2+

0.112
0.120

F
Cl
Br
I
At

0.072
0.099
0.114
0.133
0.140

Cl

Br

0.136
0.181
0.195
0.216

First row transition elements

single covalent
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe

0.144
0.132
0.122
0.117
0.117
0.116

Co
Ni
Cu
Zn

0.116
0.115
0.117
0.125

Sc
2+
Ti
3+
V
3+
Cr
2+
Mn
2+
Fe
3+
Fe
2+
Co
2+
Ni
2+
Cu
2+
Zn

Group II
metallic

Group IV
single covalent

metallic
(d)

(e)

Group VII
single covalent

43

4+

2+

3+

0.041
0.212
0.184
0.181

0.081
0.090
0.074
0.069
0.080
0.076
0.064
0.078
0.078
0.069
0.074

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

Characteristic values for infra-red absorption (due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules).

Bond

Characteristic ranges
Wavenumber
(reciprocal wavelength)
1
/cm

CCl

700 to 800

CO

alcohols, ethers, esters

1000 to 1300

C=C
C=O

1610 to 1680
aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters

1680 to 1750

C{C

2070 to 2250

C{N

2200 to 2280

OH

'hydrogen-bonded' in acids

2500 to 3300

CH

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

2840 to 3095

OH

'hydrogen-bonded' in alcohols, phenols

3230 to 3550

NH

primary amines

3350 to 3500

OH

'free'

3580 to 3650

44

9647 H2 CHEMISTRY (2013)

45

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Group
I

II

III

IV

VI

VII

1.0

He

hydrogen

helium

Key
6.9

4.0

9.0

relative atomic mass

Li

Be

atomic symbol

Ne

lithium

beryllium

name

boron

carbon

nitrogen

oxygen

fluorine

neon

10.8

atomic number

23.0

Na

Mg

27.0
Al

sodium

magnesium

aluminium

11

24.3

12

12.0

13

14.0

16.0

19.0

Si

Cl

Ar

silicon

phosphorus

sulfur

chlorine

argon

15

32.1

16

35.5

10
39.9

28.1

14

31.0

20.2

18

17

39.1

40.1

45.0

47.9

50.9

52.0

54.9

55.8

58.9

58.7

63.5

65.4

69.7

72.6

74.9

79.0

79.9

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

potassium

calcium

scandium

titanium

vanadium

chromium

manganese

iron

cobalt

nickel

copper

zinc

gallium

germanium

arsenic

selenium

bromine

krypton

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

83.8

36

46

85.5

87.6

88.9

91.2

92.9

95.9

101

103

106

108

112

115

119

122

128

127

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

rubidium

strontium

yttrium

zirconium

niobium

molybdenum

technetium

ruthenium

rhodium

palladium

silver

cadmium

indium

tin

antimony

tellurium

iodine

xenon

42

43

37
133

38
137

39
139

Cs

Ba

La

caesium

55

lanthanum

41

45

46

47

48

184

186

190

192

195

197

201

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

hafnium

tantalum

73

tungsten

74

rhenium

75

osmium

76

iridium

platinum

78

77

gold

79

50

49

181

* 72

57

44

178

mercury

80

204
Tl
thallium

81

51

52

54

53

207

209

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

lead

82

bismuth

83

polonium

84

astatine

85

radon

86

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Uun

Uuu

Uub

Uuq

Uuh

Uuo

ununbium

ununquadium

ununhexium

ununoctium

114

116

118

francium

87

barium

56

40

131

radium

88

actinium

89

lanthanides

* rutherfordium dubnium
* 104
105

*
*

bohrium

107

hassium

108

meitnerium

109

ununnilium

110

unununium

111

112

140

141

144

150

152

157

159

163

165

167

169

173

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

cerium

praseodymium

neodymium

promethium

samarium

europium

gadolinium

terbium

dysprosium

holmium

erbium

thulium

ytterbium

lutetium

59

60

61

58

actinides

seaborgium

106

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

175

71

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lw

thorium

protactinium

fermium

mendelevium

90

91

uranium

92

neptunium

93

plutonium

94

americium

95

curium

96

berkelium

97

californium

98

einsteinium

99

100

101

nobelium

102

lawrencium

103