Flow in pipes

Minor Losses
Non circular conduits
6.26
Flow in pipes
Summary
For flow of fluids in pipes it is convenient to use the Mechanical Energy
equation in the form given in equation (6.17a or b):
To find f:
Calculate Re
If Re<2100 (laminar flow) find f from eq. (6.18)
If Re>2100 (turbulent flow)
Estimate roughness, c (i.e. from Table 6.2)
Find f from Moody chart (fig. 6.10) or equations (6.19), (6.20).
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + +

2
4 ) ( )
2 2
( ) (
2
1 2
2
1
2
2 1 2
V
D
L
f
m
W
z z g
V V P P
shaft

6.33
Flow in pipes
Minor Losses
Major losses: Associated with the friction in the straight portions of the
pipes
Minor losses: Due to additional components (pipe fittings, valves,
bends, tees etc.) and to changes in flow area (contractions or
expansions)
Method 1: We try to express the head loss due to minor losses in
terms of a loss coefficient, K
L
:
g 2
V
K
g
F
2
L
losses minor
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
Values of K
L
can be found in the literature (for example Table 8.2
Munson et al., for losses due to pipe components, Figure 6.16 textbook
for losses due to change in pipe diameter)
6.36
Flow in pipes
Minor Losses
Component K
L
Elbows
Regular 90, flanged 0.3
Regular 90, threaded 1.5
Long radius 90, flanged 0.2
Long radius 90, threaded 0.7
Long radius 45, flanged 0.2
Regular 45, threaded 0.4
180 return bends
180 return bend, threaded 0.2
180 return bend, flanged 1.5
Tees
Line flow, flanged 0.2
Line flow, threaded 0.9
Branch flow, flanged 1.0
Branch flow, threaded 2.0
Component K
L
Union, threaded 0.8
Valves
Globe, fully open 10
Angle, fully open 2
Gate, fully open 0.15
Gate, closed 0.26
Gate, closed 2.1
Gate, closed 17
Ball valve, fully open 0.05
Ball valve, 1/3 closed 5.5
Ball valve, 2/3 closed 210
6.37
Source: Munson et al. (1998)
Flow in pipes
Minor Losses
The mechanical energy equation can be written:

|
|
.
|

\
|

= + +

g
V
K
g
V
D
L
f
g m
W
z z
g
V
g
V
g
P
g
P
L
shaft
2 2
4
) ( )
2 2
( ) (
2 2
1 2
2
1
2
2 1 2

6.38
(6.22)
Flow in pipes
Example: Including Minor Losses
6.39

Threaded elbows 90
K = 1.5
Globe valve
open, K = 10
Faucet
K = 2
Q
1.75 m
5.25 m
3.5 m
3.5 m
3.5 m 3.5 m
(1)
(2)
Water flows from the ground floor to the second level in a three-storey
building through a 20 mm diameter pipe (drawn-tubing, c = 0.0015 mm) at
a rate of 0.75 liter/s. The layout of the whole system is illustrated in
Figure below. The water flows out from the system through a faucet with
an opening of diameter 12.5 mm. Calculate the pressure at point (1).
Consider all losses.
Flow in pipes
Calculation of Friction Factor
Flow in pipes
Minor Losses
Method 2:
Using the concept of equivalent length, which is the equivalent length
of pipe which would have the same friction effect as the fitting.
Values of equivalent length (L/D) can be found in the literature (for
example Table 6.7 or 6.3 in 2
nd
Ed. textbook )
6.40
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + +

g
V
D
L
f
g m
W
z z
g
V
g
V
g
P
g
P
equiv
shaft
2
4 ) ( )
2 2
( ) (
2
.
1 2
2
1
2
2 1 2

(6.23)
Flow in pipes
Example: Including Minor Losses
Redo the example shown in page 6.39, but using the method of
equivalent lengths.
6.41
Flow in pipes
Sudden Expansion & Sudden Contraction
Flow in pipes
Other considerations: Non circular conduits
Define hydraulic diameter, D
h
:
perimeter wetted
area) sectional (cross x 4
D
h
=
Then use Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter, D
h
:

=
h
D V
Re
6.43
Flow in pipes
Non circular conduits
Pipe of circular cross-section
D
D
4
D
4
D
2
h
=
t
t

=
Annulus (inside diameter D
1
, outside D
2
)
1 2
1 2
2
1
2
2
h
D D
D D
4
D
4
D
4
D =
t + t
|
|
.
|

\
|
t

=
Rectangular conduit (area ab)
b a
ab 2
b 2 a 2
) ab ( 4
D
h
+
=
+

=
6.44
Flow in pipes
Example: Flow in non-circular conduits
Water (=1000 kg/m
3
, = 10
-3
Pa.s) flows at a rate of 0.025 m
3
/s through
a horizontal channel of square cross section, having an area of 0.0123
m
2
. The channel is 1000 m long and made of cast iron. Determine the
pressure drop for this flow.

6.45
Flow in pipes
Fluid machines
Pumping machines add energy to a fluid:
Examples: Pumps (for liquids), fans, blowers and compressors (for
gases)
Positive-displacement machines: a finite volume of liquid is drawn
into a chamber and then forced out under high pressure.
Turbomachines: Energy is added to the fluid by means of a
rotating impeller. A common example is the centrifugal pump.

Turbines extract energy from the fluid.
6.48
Flow in pipes
Example: Pumping of Water
A house is located near a freshwater lake. The homeowner decides to install a
pump near the lake to deliver 0.075 m
3
/s of water to a tank adjacent to the
house. The water can then be used for lavatory facilities or sprinkling the lawn.
For the system sketched below, determine the pump power required.
H= 10 m, L = 35 m, D = 5 cm
6.49