Scheme Sample Description : (solid , crystal, powder) Flame test for Na+ , K+ and H4 N+ Flame test: Put in flame

for 3-5 seconds Bright yellow and long-lasting = Na+ ________ , _______ Red/orange = Ca2+ Purple = K+ but possibly NH4+ _______ , ________ Further testing needs to be done No color NH4+is present ,Na+ and K+ are absent _____ , _______ CO3 2-/HCO3- :

Britanny Nelson

Dissolve a pinch of solid unknown in a few drops of 6M HNO3. If bubbles appear either CO3 2or HCO3- is present. Carbonates interfere with flame test of solid Na and Ca salts. NH4+ test: Method 1: First treat with 1 M NaOH, ( NH4+ formed to NH3) .Suspend a piece of damp red litmus paper above solution ( make sure it does not touch). Make need to warm up tube to make the reaction go faster, in a small test tube. If it turns blue , NH4+ is present . Method 2: Place portion of sample in a crucible and heat it up. If gray fumes and smoke are emitted, then NH4+ is present. K+ test: If NH4+ is present, then place small portion of the same sample in a crucible and heat strongly until fumes and smoke are no longer discharged. Next, dissolve any residue in 1-2 mL of DIW. In a small test tube or vial , or in a spot plate, add a drop of 6 M HAc and 2-3 drops of sodium cobaltinitrite reagent .If yellow precipitate forms then K+ is present If NH4+ is not present: Dissolve a small portion of the sample in 1-2 mL of DIW and place in spot plate. Add a drop of 6 M HAc and 2-3 drops sodium cobaltnitrite. If yellow precipitate forms K+ is present. Test pHs: HMO: 3 (R) 4 (OR) 5 (Y) ; HBtb: 6(Y) 7(G) 8(B) ; HIC 12( B) 13(G) 14(Y); HMV 0 (YG) 1(BG) 2(B) 3(BV) 3.5 (V) pH for HSO4- , NH4+, OH- ; use litmus paper pH : add 2 drops of indicator ; test pH of DIW 5.5-7 is okay. For pH dissolve pea size amount in 2 mL water. use indicator HBtb , HMO , HIC HSO4- = low acidity pH 1-2 , OH- is absent _____ NH4+ pH 4-5 ____

OH- very basic pH = 13____ Cl- test: Place around 20 drops of sample solution in a vial and add 1 M HNO3 until solution is acidic. ( Test this with blue litmus paper, it should turn red when acidic) Add 1 drop of 0.02 M AgNO3. If cloudy white solution/ precipitate forms then Cl- is present. SO42- /HSO4- test : Place 10-20 drops of sample solution in a vial and add 1M HNO3 until acidic. ( test with blue litmus paper- red means its acidic)Add 1 drop of 0.25 M Ba(NO3)2. If cloudy white precipitate forms, SO42- is present. To see if it has HSO4- test pH of solution if it is closer to a pH of 2 then it has HSO4- in it. NO3- test : Place crystals of Fe (OH2)6 (NH4)2 (SO4)2 in a spot plate. Cover crystals with a few drops of sample solution. Immediately add 18 M H2SO4-. If brown solution forms (not precipitate) NO3is present. Mg(H2O)2+ / Al(H2O)3+ If no precipitate forms after the addition of NH3, then Mg (H2O)6 2+ is not present. If precipitate forms after the addition of NH3 with the addition of excess 2M NaOH then Mg(H2O)6 2+ is present and Al(H2O)3+ is absent. CO3 2- / HCO3- test Treat the sample solution with 1 M HCl to observe generation of colorless odorless gas (CO2) To distinguish between CO3 2- and HCO3- test pH. If test is positive for CO2 and isnt soluble in H2O, it is CO3 2-. S/HS Add H2SO4 to sample; if it smells of sulfur released S/HS is present. Ca2+ separation : treat sample with excess 0.5M Na2CO3. After ppt has formed, centrifuge in test tube. Treat centrifuged sample with more Na2CO3 and repeat until Ca2+ is out.

Equations/possible compounds: Insoluble compounds: Ca(OH)2, CaSO4 (2H2O), CaCO3, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2