Petroleum Refining Industry

Sector Sector Notebook Notebook Project Project
Petroleum Refining
This overreport photograph is one by in a Steve series +elaney! of volumes EPA. published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide info rmatio n of general inter est regarding environmental issues associated with specific industrial sectors. The do cuments were developed under contract by Abt Associates ( ambridge! "A)! and #oo$%Allen & 'amilt on! (nc. ("c)ean! *A). This publication may be purchased from the Superintendent of +ocuments! U.S. ,overnment Printing -ffice. A listing of available Sector .o teboo/s and document number s is included at the end of this document. All telephone orders should be directed to: Superintendent of +ocuments U.S. ,overnment Printing -ffice 0ashington! + 12321 (121) 451%5622 7A8 (121) 451%1142 9:22 a.m. to 3:;2 p.m.! ET! "%7
Using the form provided at the end of this document, all mail orders should be directed to: U.S. ,overnment Printing -ffice P.-. #o< ;=5943 Pittsburgh! PA 54142%=943
Complimentar volumes are available to certain groups o r subscribers! such as public and academic libraries! 7ederal! State! local! and foreign go vernments! and the media. 7or further information and for answers to >uestions pertaining to these do cuments! please refer to the co ntact names and numbers pr ovided within this volume. !lectronic versions of all Sector .oteboo/s are available free o f char ge at the following web address: """#epa#gov$oeca$sector . +irect technical >uestions to the ?7eedbac/@ button at the bottom of the web page.
September 5994
S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project
Petroleum Refining EPAA;52%B%94%25;
!PA %ffice of Compliance Sector Notebook Project
Profile of the Petroleum Refining &ndustr
September '(()
-ffice of omplia nce -ffice of Enforcement and o mpliance Assurance U.S. Envir onmental Protection Agency 325 " St.! S0 (" 1115%A) 0ashington! + 123C2
September 5994
S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project Sector Notebook Contacts
Petroleum Refining
The Sector .oteboo/s were developed by the EPADs -ffice of ompliance. Euestions relating to the Sector .oteboo/ ProFect can be directed to: Seth 'eminway! oordinator! Sector .oteboo/ ProFect US EPA -ffice of ompliance 325 " St.! S0 (111;%A) 0ashington! + 123C2 (121) 4C3%=25= Euestions and comments regarding the individual documents can be directed to the appropriate specialists listed below.
*ocument Number &ndustr

EPAA;52%B%94%225. EPAA;52%B%94%221. EPAA;52%B%94%22;. EPAA;52%B%94%223. EPAA;52%B%94%224. EPAA;52%B%94%22C. EPAA;52%B%94%22=. EPAA;52%B%94%226. EPAA;52%B%94%229. EPAA;52%B%94%252. EPAA;52%B%94%255. EPAA;52%B%94%251. EPAA;52%B%94%25;. EPAA;52%B%94%253. EPAA;52%B%94%254. EPAA;52%B%94%25C. EPAA;52%B%94%25=. EPAA;52%B%94%256. EPAA;52%B%9=%225. EPAA;52%B%9=%221. EPAA;52%B%9=%22;. EPAA;52%B%9=%223. EPAA;52%B%9=%224. EPAA;52%B%9=%22C. EPAA;52%B%9=%22=. EPAA;52%B%9=%226. EPAA;52%B%9=%229. EPAA;52%B%9=%252. EPAA;52%B%96%225. EPAA;52%B%96%221. +ry leaning (ndustry Electronics and omputer (ndustryH 0ood 7urniture and 7i<tures (ndustry (norganic hemical (ndustryH (ron and Steel (ndustry )umber and 0ood Products (ndustry 7abricated "etal Products (ndustryH "etal "ining (ndustry "otor *ehicle Assembly (ndustry .onferrous "etals (ndustry .on%7uel! .on%"etal "ining (ndustry -rganic hemical (ndustryH Petroleum Befining (ndustry Printing (ndustry Pulp and Paper (ndustry Bubber and Plastic (ndustry Stone! lay! ,lass! and oncrete (ndustry Transportation E>uipment leaning (nd. Air Transportation (ndustry ,round Transportation (ndustry 0ater Transportation (ndustry "etal asting (ndustry Pharmaceuticals (ndustry Plastic Besin and "an%made 7iber (nd. 7ossil 7uel Electric Power ,eneration (nd. Shipbuilding and Bepair (ndustry Te<tile (ndustry Sector .oteboo/ +ata Befresh%599= Aerospace (ndustry Agricultural hemical! Pesticide! and 7ertili$er (ndustry EPAA;52%B%96%22;. Agricultural rop Production (ndustry EPAA;52%B%96%223. Agricultural )ivestoc/ Production (nd. EPAA;52%B%96%224. -il and ,as E<ploration and Production (ndustry EPAA;52%B%96%226. )ocal ,overnment -perations HSpanish Translations Available
Contact Phone +,-,.

Goyce handler 4C3%=2=; Steve 'oover 4C3%=22= #ob "arshall 4C3%=215 0alter +eBieu< 4C3%=2C= "aria "alave 4C3%=21= Seth 'eminway 4C3%=25= Scott Throwe 4C3%=25; Gane Engert 4C3%4215 Anthony Baia 4C3%C234 Gane Engert 4C3%4215 Bob )ischins/y 4C3%1C16 0alter +eBieu< 4C3%=2C= Tom Bipp 4C3%=22; ,inger ,otliffe 4C3%=2=1 Seth 'eminway 4C3%=25= "aria "alave 4C3%=21= Scott Throwe 4C3%=25; *irginia )athrop 4C3%=24= *irginia )athrop 4C3%=24= *irginia )athrop 4C3%=24= *irginia )athrop 4C3%=24= Gane Engert 4C3%4215 Emily how 4C3%=2=5 Sally Sasnett 4C3%=2=3 Bafael Sanche$ 4C3%=216 Anthony Baia 4C3%C234 #elinda #reidenbach 4C3%=211 Seth 'eminway 4C3%=25= Anthony Baia 4C3%C234 Amy Porter 4C3%3539 ,inah "ortensen (95;)445%=6C3 ,inah "ortensen (95;)445%=6C3 +an hadwic/ 4C3%=243 Gohn +ombrows/i 4C3%=2;C
September 5994
S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
&ndustr Sector Notebook Contents: Petroleum Refining )ist of E<hibits .............................................................. iii )ist of Acronyms ............................................................. iv (. (.TB-+U T(-. T- T'E SE T-B .-TE#--I PB-GE T ....................... 5 A. Summary of the Sector .oteboo/ ProFect ..................................... 5 #. Additional (nformation .................................................... 1 ((. (.TB-+U T(-. T- T'E PETB-)EU" BE7(.(., (.+USTBJ ................... ; A. (ntroduction! #ac/ground! and Scope of the .oteboo/ ........................... ; #. haracteri$ation of the Petroleum Befining (ndustry .............................. 3 5. Product haracteri$ation ................................................ 3 1. (ndustry Si$e and ,eographic +istribution .................................. C ;. Economic Trends .................................................... 52 (((. (.+USTB(A) PB- ESS +ES B(PT(-. ..................................... 5; A. (ndustrial Processes in the Petroleum Befining (ndustry .......................... 5; 5. rude -il +istilla tion and +esalt ing ....................................... 54 1. +ownstream Processing ............................................... 56 ;. Supporting -per ations ................................................ ;2 #. Baw "aterial (nputs and Pollution -utputs in the Production )ine .................. ;6 . "anagement of hemicals in 0astestream .................................... 31 'E"( A) BE)EASE A.+ TBA.S7EB PB-7()E ............................ 34 A. EPA To<ic Belease (nventory for the Petroleum Befining (ndustry .................. 36 #. Summary of Selected hemicals Beleased .................................... 44 . -ther +ata Sour ces ..................................................... C5 +. omparison of To<ic Belease (nventory #etween Selected (ndustries ................ C;
(*.
*. P-))UT(-. PBE*E.T(-. -PP-BTU.(T(ES ................................ C= *( . SU""ABJ -7 APP)( A#)E 7E+EBA) STATUTES A.+ BE,U)AT(-.S ........ == A. ,eneral +escription of "aFor Statutes ....................................... == #. (ndustry Specific Be>uirements ............................................ 66 . Pending and Proposed Begulatory Be>uirements ............................... 99
September 5994 i S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
*( (. -"P)(A. E A.+ E.7-B E"E.T '(ST-BJ ............................ 52; A. Petroleum Befining ompliance 'istory ..................................... 52= #. ompar ison of Enforcement Activity #etween Selected (ndustries ................. 529 . Beview of "aFor )egal Actions ........................................... 553 *(((. A. #. . -"P)(A. E ASSUBA. E A T(*(T(ES A.+ (.(T(AT(*ES ................ 55= Sector%Belated Environmental Programs and Activities ......................... 55= EPA *oluntary Programs ................................................ 556 Trade AssociationA(ndustry Sponsored Activity ............................... 511 5. Environmental Programs .............................................. 511 1. Summary of Trade Associations ........................................ 513
(8. -.TA TSAA I.-0)E+,"E.TSABES-UB E "ATEB(A)SA#(#)(-,BAP'J . . 51= E.+ .-TES
September 5994 ii S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
/ist of !0hibits E<hibit 5: U.S. Befinery Products and Jields ........................................... 4 E<hibit 1: )arge 7acilit ie s +ominate Petroleum Befining (ndustry ........................... = E<hibit ;: rude -il +istillation apacity )ocated Primarily Along oasts ..................... 6 E<hibit 3: U.S. Petroleum Befinery +istribution ......................................... 9 E<hibit 4: Top U.S. ompanies with Petroleum Befining -perations ........................ 52 E<hibit C: Simplified Process 7low +iagr amof Typical Befinery ........................... 5; E<hibit =: rude -il +istillation .................................................... 5= E<hibit 6: Simplified Thermal rac/er 7low +iagram ................................... 56 E<hibit 9: Simplified o/er 7low +iagram ............................................ 12 E<hibit 52: Simplified atalytic rac/ing 7low +iagram ................................. 11 E<hibit 55: Simplified Two%Stage 'ydrocrac/er 7low +iagram ............................ 13 E<hibit 51: Simplified 'ydrotr eater 7low +iagram ...................................... 1C E<hibit 5;: Typical Befinery 0astewater Treatment System .............................. ;; E<hibit 53: Simplified laus Sulfur Becovery 7low +iagram .............................. ;3 E<hibit 54: Typical "aterial -utputs from Selected Petroleum Befining Processes.............. 32 E<hibit 5C: Source Beduction and Becycling Activity for Petroleum (ndustry (S( 1955) as Beported within TB( ................................................ 3; E<hibit 5=: 599; Beleases for Petroleum Befining 7acilities in TB(! by .umber of 7acilitie s Beporting ........................................ 42 E<hibit 56: 599; Transfers for Petroleum Befining 7acilit ies in TB(! by .umber of 7acilitie s Beporting ........................................ 41 E<hibit 59: Top 52 TB( Beleasing Petroleum Befineries .................................. 43 E<hibit 12: Top 52 TB( Beleasing 7acilit ies Beporting Petroleum Befining S( odes to TB( ..... 44 E<hibit 15: Pollutant Beleases (short tonsAyear) ........................................ C5 E<hibit 11: Summary of 599; TB( Beleases and Transfers by (ndustry ....................... C3 E<hibit 1;: To<ics Belease (nventory +ata for Selected (ndustries .......................... C4 E<hibit 13: 7ive%Jear Enforcement and ompliance Summary for Petroleum Befining .......... 526 E<hibit 14: 7ive%Jear Enforcement and ompliance Summary for Selected (ndustries .......... 552 E<hibit 1C: -ne%Jear ( nspection and Enforcement Summary for Selected ( ndustr ies ........... 555 E<hibit 1=: 7ive%Jear (nspection and Enforcement Summary by Statute for Selected (ndustries . . . 551 E<hibit 16: -ne%Jear ( nspection and Enforcement Summary by Statute for Selected (ndustries . . . 55; E<hibit 19: 7J%599;! 5993 Supplemental Environmental ProFects -verview: Petroleum Befining . . 55C E<hibit ;2: ;;A42 Pr ogram Participants Beporting S( 1955 (Petroleum Befining) ............. 559
September 5994 iii S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
/ist of Acron ms A7S % A( BS 7acilit y Subsystem ( AA database) A( BS % Aerometric (nformation Betr ieval System ( AA database) #(7s % #oilers and (ndustrial 7urnaces (B BA) #-+ % #iochemical -<ygen +emand AA % lean Air Act AAA % lean Air Act Amendments of 5992 EB )A % omprehensive Environmental Besponse! ompensation and )iability Act EB )( S % EB )A (nformation System 7 s % hlorofluorocarbons - % arbon "ono<ide -+ % hemical -<ygen +emand S( % ommon Sense (nitiative 0A % lean 0ater Act +&# % +un and #radstreet "ar/eting (nde< E)P % Environmental )eadership Program EPA % United States Environmental Protection Agency EP BA % Emergency Planning and ommunity Bight%to%Inow Act 7(7BA % 7ederal (nsecticide! 7ungicide! and Bo denticide Act 7(.+S % 7acility (nde<ing System 'APs % 'a$ardous Air Pollutants ( AA) 'S+# % 'a$ardous Substances +ata #an/ (+EA % (ntegrated +ata for Enforcement Analysis )+B % )and +isposal Bestrictions (B BA) )EP s % )ocal Emer gency Planning o mmittees "A T % "a<imum Achievable ontrol Technology ( AA) " ),s % "a<imum ontaminant )evel ,oals " )s % "a<imum ontaminant )evels "EI % "ethyl Ethyl Ietone "S+Ss % "aterial Safety +ata Sheets .AAES % .ational Ambient Air Euality Standar ds ( AA) .A7TA % .orth American 7ree Trade Agreement . +# % .atio nal ompliance +atabase (for TS A! 7(7BA! EP BA) . P % .ational -il and 'a$ardous Substances Pollution ontingency Plan .E( % .ational Enforcement (nvestigation enter .ES'AP % .ational Emission Standards for 'a$ardous Air Pollutants .-1 % .itrogen +io<ide .-* % .otice of *iolation .-< % .itrogen -<ides .P+ES % .atio nal Pollution +ischar ge Eliminatio n System ( 0A)
September 5994 iv S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project .P) % .atio nal Pr io rities )ist .B % .ational Besponse enter .SPS % .ew Source Performance Standards ( AA) -AB % -ffice o f Air and Badiation -E A % -ffice o f Enfor cement and ompliance Assurance -PA % -il Pollution Act -PPTS % -ffice o f Prevention! Pesticides! and To<ic Substances -S'A % -ccupational Safety and 'ealth Administration -S0 % -ffice of Solid 0aste -S0EB % -ffice o f Solid 0aste and Emergency Besponse -0 % -ffice of 0ater P1 % Pollution Prevention P S % Permit omplia nce System ( 0A +atabase) P-T0 % Public ly -wned Treatments 0or/s B BA % Besource onservation and Becovery Act B B(S % B BA (nformation System SABA % Superfund Amendments and Beauthori$ation Act S+0A % Safe +rin/ing 0ater Act SEPs % Supplementary Environmental ProFects SEB s % State Emergency Besponse ommissions S( % Standard (ndustrial lassification S-1 % Sulfur +io<ide S-< % Sulfur -<ides T- % Total -rganic arbon TB( % To<ic Belease (nventory TB( S % To<ic Belease (nventory System T B(S % To<ic hemical Belease (nventor y System TS A % To<ic Substances ontrol Act TSS % Total Suspended Solids U( % Underground (nFection ontrol (S+0A) UST % Underground Storage Tan/s ( B BA) *- s % *olatile -r ganic ompounds
Petroleum Refining
September 5994 v S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project 1essage from the Administrator
Petroleum Refining
September 5994 vi S( 1955
vii
Sector Notebook Project &# &N2R%*UC2&%N 2% 23! S!C2%R N%2!4 %%5 PR%6!C2 &#A# Summar of the Sector Notebook Project
Petroleum Refining
Environmental po licies based upo n comprehensive analysis of air! water and land po llution are an inevitable and logical supplement to traditional single% media approaches to environmental pr otection. Environmental regulatory agencies are beginning to embrace comprehensive! multi%statute solutions to facility permitting! enfor cement and compliance assurance! educationA outreach! research! and regulatory development issues. The central co ncepts driving the new policy direction are that pollutant releases to each environmental medium ( air! water and land) affect every other! and that environmental strategies must actively identify and address these inter% rela tionships by designing polic ie s for the Kwhole K facilit y. -ne way t o achie ve a whole fa cility focus is to design environmental policies for similar industrial facilit ies. #y doing so! environmental concerns that are common to the manufacturing of similar products can be addressed in a comprehensive manner. Becognition of the need to develo p the industrial sector%based@ approach within the EPA -ffice of o mpliance led to the creation of this document. The Sector .oteboo/ ProFect was initiated by the -ffice o f ompliance within the -ffice of Enforcement and ompliance Assurance (-E A) to provide its staff and managers with summary information for eighteen specific industrial sectors. As other EPA offices! states! the regulated community! environmental groups! and the public became interested in this proFect! the scope of the original proFect was e<panded. The ability t o design co mpr ehensive! common sense environmental protection measures for specific industries is dependent on /nowledge of several inter%related topics. 7or the purposes of this pr oFect! the /ey elements chosen for inclusion are: general industry information (economic and geographic )L a description of industrial processesL pollution outputsL pollution prevention opportunitiesL 7ederal statutory and regulatory framewor/L compliance historyL and a description of partnerships that have been formed between regulatory agencies! the regulated co mmunity and the public. 7or any given industry! each topic listed above co uld alone be the subFect of a le ngthy volume . 'owever! in order to produce a ma nageable docume nt! this proFect focuses on providing summary information for each topic. This format provides the reader with a synopsis of each issue! and references where more in%depth information is available. Te<t within each profile was researched from a variety of so urces! and was usually condensed from more detailed sources pertaining to specific topics. This approach allows for a wide co verage of activities that can be further e<plored based upon the citations
September 5994 5 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
and references listed at the end of this profile. As a chec/ on the information included! each noteboo/ went thr ough an e<ternal review process. The -ffice of ompliance appreciates the efforts of all those that participated in this pr ocess and enabled us to develop more complete! accurate and up%to%date summaries. "any of those who reviewed this noteboo/ are listed as contacts in Section (8 and may be sources of additional information. The individuals and gr oups on the list do not necessarily co ncur with all statements within this noteboo/. &#4# Additional &nformation Providing Comments -E ADs -ffice of ompliance plans to periodically review and update the noteboo/s and will ma/e these updates available both in hard copy and electronically. (f you have any comments on the e<isting noteboo/! or if you would li/e to provide additional information! please send a hard copy and co mputer dis/ to the EPA -ffice of ompliance! Sector .oteboo/ ProFect! 325 " St.! S0 (111;%A)! 0ashington! + 123C2. omments can also be uploaded to the EnviroMenMe #ulletin #oard or the EnviroMenMe 0orld 0ide 0eb for general access to all users of the system. 7ollow instructions in Appendi< A for accessing these data systems. -nce you have logged in! procedures for uploading te<t are available from the on% line EnviroMenMe 'elp System. Adapting Notebooks to Particular Needs The scope of the e<isting noteboo/s reflect an appro<imation of the relative national occurrence of facilit y t ypes that occur within each sector. (n many instances! industries within specific geographic regions or states may have uni>ue characteristics that are not fully captured in these profiles. 7or this reaso n! the -ffice of ompliance encourages state and local environmental agencies and other groups to supplement or re%pac/age the information included in this noteboo/ to include mor e specific industrial and regulatory information that may be available. Additionally! interested states may want to supplement the KSummary of Applicable 7ederal Statutes and BegulationsK section with state and local re>uirements. ompliance or technical assistance providers may a lso want to develop the KPollution PreventionK section in mo re detail. Please contact the appropriate specialist listed on the opening page of this noteboo/ if your office is interested in assisting us in the fur ther development of the information or policies addressed within this volume.
Petroleum Refining
(f you are interested in assisting in the development of new noteboo/s for sectors not covered in the o riginal eighteen! please contact the -ffice of ompliance at 121%4C3%1;94. &&# &N2R%*UC2&%N 2% 23! P!2R%/!U1 R!7&N&N8 &N*US2R9 This section provides bac/ground information on the si$e! geographic distribution! employment! production! sales! and eco nomic condition of the petroleum refining industry. The type of facilit ies described within the document are also descr ibed in terms of their Standard (ndustrial lassification (S( ) codes. Additionally! this section co ntains a list of the largest companies in terms of sales. &&#A# &ntroduction, 4ackground, and Scope of the Notebook Petroleum refining is one of the le ading ma nufacturing industries in the Unit ed States in terms of its share of the total value of shipments o f the U.S. economy. (n rela tion to it s economic importance! however! the industry is compr ised of relatively few companies and facilit ies. The number of refineries operating in the U.S. can vary significantly depending on the information source. 7or e<ample! in 5991! the ensus #ureau counted 1;1 facilitie s and the +epartment of Energy reported 599 facilitie s. (n addition! EPADs To<ic Belease (nventory for 599; identified 549 refineries. The differences lie in each organi$ationDs definition of a refinery. The ensus #ureauDs definition is based on the type of product that a fa cilit y produces and includes a number of very small operations pr oducing a specific petroleum product! such as lubricating oils! from other refined petroleum products. These small fa cilities often employ fewer than 52 people and acco unt for only one to two of the 5 (n comparison to the petroleum refining industryNs total value of shipme nts. typically much more comple<! larger and more numer ous crude oil pr ocessing refineries! these facilitie s with their smaller and relatively simple operations do not warrant the same level of attention from an economic and environmental co mpliance standpoint. Befineries recogni$ed by the +epartment of Energy tend to be only t he larger facilities which process crude oil into refined petroleum pr oducts.a 0henever possible! the fa cility le vel data used in this noteboo/ are based on those refineries identified by the +epartment of EnergyDs Energy (nformation Administration. Since the Energy and (nformation Administration does not co llect eco nomic! employment and environmental release information on
*ariations in facility counts occur across data sources due to many factors including! reporting and definitional differences. This noteboo/ does not attempt to reconcile these differences! but rather reports the data as they are maintained by each source.
September 5994 ; S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
refineries! other facilit y level data sources were used. Thus! employment and sales data are based on information collected through the #ureau o f ensusD ensus of "anufacturers for 5991 and environmental release information was obtained fr om EPANs To<ic Belease (nventory. &&#4# Characteri:ation of the Petroleum Refining &ndustr &&#4#'# Product Characteri:ation Petroleum refining is the physical! thermal and chemical separation of crude oil into its maFor distillation fractions whic h are then fur ther processed through a series of separation and conversion steps into finished petroleum products. The primary products of the industry fall into three maFor categories: fuels (motor gasoline! diesel and distillate fuel oil! li>uefied petroleum gas! Fet fuel! residual fuel oil! /erosene! and co/e)L finished nonfuel products (solvents! lubricating oils! greases! petroleum wa<! petroleum Fe lly! asphalt! and co /e)L and chemical industry feedstoc/s (naphtha! ethane! propane! butane! ethylene! propylene! butylenes! butadiene! ben$ene! toluene! and <ylene) . These petroleum products comprise about 32 percent of the total energy consumed in the U.S. 1 ( based on #TUs consumed) and are used as primary input to a vast number of products! including: fertili$ ers! pesticides! paints! wa<es! thinners! so lvents! cleaning fluids! detergents! refrigerants! anti% free$e! resins! sealants! insulations! late<! rubber compounds! hard plastics! plastic sheeting! plastic foam and synthetic fibers. ; About 92 percent of the petroleum products used in the U.S. are fuels with motor gasoline accounting for about 3; per cent of the total 3 (E<hibit 5). The Standard ( ndustrial lassification (S( ) code established by the #ur eau of ensus to trac/ the flow of go ods and services within the economy is 19 for the Petroleum Befining and Belated (ndustries. The petroleum refining industry is classified as S( 1955! which includes the production of petroleum products through distillation and fractionation of crude oil! redistillation of unfinished petr oleum derivatives! crac/ing! or other processes. The related industries under S( 19 are: 1945! Asphalt Paving "i<tures and #loc/sL 1941! Asphalt 7elts and oatingsL 1991! )ubricating -ils and ,reasesL and 1999! Petroleum and oal Products! .ot Elsewhere lassified. ertain products that are produced by the petroleum refining industry are also produced by other industries! including: 16C4! yclic -rganic r udes and (nter mediates! and -rganic +yes and PigmentsL 16C9! (ndustrial -rganic hemicalsL 1659! (ndustrial ( norganic hemicals! .ot Elsewhere lassifiedL 1615! Plastic "aterials! Synthetic Besins! .o nvulcani$able ElastomersL 16=;! .itrogenous 7ertili$er sL 3C5;! Befined Petroleum PipelinesL and 45=5! Petroleum #ul/ Stations and Terminals. 4
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on Energy (nformation Administration! The U.S. Petroleum Industry: Past as Prologue 1970-1992 September 599;.)
!0hibit ': U#S# Refiner Products and 9ields
Sector Notebook Project &&#4#,# &ndustr Si:e and 8eographic *istribution
Petroleum Refining
,enerally! the petroleum refining industry can be characteri$ed by a relatively small number of lar ge fa cilities. The +epartment of Energy reported 5=C operating petroleum refineries in 5993 with a total crude oil distilla tion capacity of appr o<ima tely 54 million barrels per day. "ost U.S. crude oil distillation capacity is owned by large! integrated companies with mult iple high capacity refining fa cilit ies. Small refineries with capacities below 42!222 barrels per day! however! do play a significant role in the industry! ma/ing up about half of all facilit ies! but only 53 percent of the total c rude distillation capacity.C A relatively small number of people are employed by the petroleum refining industry in relation to its eco nomic impor tance. The #ureau of the ensus = estimates that =4!222 people were directly employed by the industry in 5991. 'owever! the industry also indirectly employs a significant number of outside co ntractor s for many refinery operations! both routine and non%routine. The value of product shipme nts sold by refining establishments was estimated to be M5;C billion in 5991. This acco unts for about 3 percent of the value of shipments for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector.6 #ased on the number of people directly employed by refineries! the industry has a high value of shipments per employee of M5.6 millio n. (n comparison! the value of shipments per employee for the steel manufacturing industry was M134!222 for the same year.9 The #ureau of ensus employment data for 5991 (the most recent facility% based employment data available) indicated that C2 percent of petroleum refineries had over 522 employees 52 (E<hibit 1).
September 5994 C S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit ,: /arge 7acilities *ominate Petroleum Refining &ndustr

Employees per 7acilit y 5%3 5= =O 4%9 = ;O 52%59 55 4O 12%39 ;4 54O 42%99 11 52O 522%139 34 59O 142%399 39 15O 422%999 1C 55O 5222%1399 12 9O Total 1;1 522O
Source: ensus of "anufacturers! 5991.
.umber of 7acilit ies Percentage of 7acilit ie s
7or reasons o f efficiency in transporting cr ude oil feed stoc/s and finished products! petroleum refineries typically were sited near crude oil sources (onshore petr oleum terminals! oil and gas e<traction areas) or consumers (heavily industriali$ed areas). onse>uently! the distribution of fa cilities is more concentrated along the ,ulf oast and near the heavily industriali$ed areas o f both east and west coasts (E<hibits ; and 3). #ased on +epartment of Energy data for 5993! =6 percent of the U. S. crude o il distillation capacity (which is indicative of the amount of crude oil processed) is located in Fust ten states55 (E<hibit ;).
September 5994 = S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit ;: Crude %il *istillation Capacit /ocated Primaril Along Coasts

.umber of -perable Befineries rude +istillation apacity (thousand barrels per day) Percent of U.S. Total +istillation apacity
State
Te<as ;2 ;!=C3 14O )ouisiana 59 1!;C2 5CO alifornia 14 5!661 51O (llinois = 94C CO Pennsylvania 6 C44 3O 0ashington C 413 ;O -hio 3 3;2 ;O .ew Gersey 3 3C1 ;O (ndiana 1 315 ;O -/lahoma = 323 ;O Subtotal 551 55!646 =6O
(also includes *irgin (slands and Puerto Bico)
-ther States
C3 ;!;44 11O
U.S. Total 5=C 54!15; 522O Source: U.S. +epartment of EnergyAEnergy (nformation Administration! 5993.
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit < U#S# Petroleum Refiner *istribution
Alas/a: 3 Befineries 'awaii: 1 Befineries Puerto Bico: 3 Befineries U.S. *irgin (slands: 5 Befinery
2
1 il es
5 22 1 22 ;22 322
(Source: U.S. EPA To<ic Belease (nventory +atabase! 599;.)
Ward s Bus ness ! re"tory o# U.S. Pr $ate and Pu%l " &om'an es ! produced by ,a le Besearc h ( nc .! compiles fina ncial dat a on U.S. co mpa nie s including those operating within the petroleum refining industry. 0ardDs ran/s U.S. co mpanies! whether they are a parent co mpany! subsidiary or division! by sales volume within the 3%digit S( codes that they have been assigned as their primary activity. Beader s should note that: 5) co mpanies are assigned a 3% digit S( that mo st closely resembles their pr incipal industryL and 1) sales figur es include t ot al company sales! inc luding sa le s derived fro m subsidiaries and operations not related to petroleum refining. Additional sources of co mpany specific financial info rmatio n include Standard & PoorDs Sto"( )e'ort Ser$ "es ! +un & #radstreetDs * ll on !ollar ! re"tory ! "oodyDs "anuals! and annual reports.
September 5994
S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit ): 2op U#S# Companies "ith Petroleum Refining %perations

Rank
a
Compan
'((; Sales (millions of dollar s) 521!63= 4C!952 ;6!2;5 ;=!1=5 ;4!41; 11!;12 11!125 56!911 5C!122 54!522
5 1 ; 3 4 C = 6 9 52
.ote:
a
E<<on orporation % (rving T8 "obil orporation % 7airfa<! *A El du Pont de .emours and o. ( onoco (nc.! Subsidiary) % 0ilmington! +E Te<aco (nc. % 0hite Plains! .J hevron orporation % San 7rancisco! A Amoco -il orporation % hicago! () Shell -il ompany % 'ouston! T8 Atlantic Bichfield ompany % )os Angeles! A #P America (ncorporated % leveland! -' alte< Petroleum orporation % +allas! T8
0hen 0ardDs #usiness +irectory listed both a parent and subsidiary in the top ten! only the parent company is presented above to avoid double counting sales volumes. .ot all sales can be attributed to the companiesD petroleum refining operations. b ompanies shown listed S( 1955 as primary activity.
Source: 0ardDs #usiness +irectory of U.S. Private and Public ompanies % 599;.
&&#4#;# !conomic 2rends The United States is a net importer of crude oil and petroleum products. (n 5993! imports accounted for more than 42 percent of the crude oil used in the U.S. and about 52 percent of finished petroleum products. 51 The imported share of crude oil is e<pected to increase as U.S. demand for petroleum products increases and the do mestic production of crude oil declines. (mported finished petroleum products serve specific mar/et niches arising from logistical considerations! regional shortages! and long%term trade relations between suppliers and refiners. E<ports of refined petroleum products! which primarily c onsist of petr oleum co/e! residual fuel oil! and distillate fuel oil! account for about four percent of the U.S. refinery output. E<por ts of crude o il produced in the U.S. account for about one percent of the total U.S. crude oil produced and imported. 5;
Petroleum Refining
The petroleum refining industry in the U. S. has felt considerable economic pressures in the past decade arising from a number of factors including: increased costs o f laborL co mpliance with new safety and environmental regulationsL and the elimination of governme nt subsidies through the rude -il Entitlements Program which had encour aged smaller refiner ies to add capacity throughout the 59=2s. 53 A rationali$ation period began after crude oil pricing and entitlements were deco ntrolled in early 5965. The mar/et determined that there was surplus capacity and the margins dropped to enco urage the closure of the least efficient capacity. Beflecting these 54 #etween 5961 pr essures! nume rous facilitie s have closed in r ecent years. and 5993! the number of U.S. refineries as determined by the +epartment of Energy dropped from ;25 to 5=C. "ost of these closures have involved small facilitie s refining less than 42!222 barrels of crude oil per day. Some larger facilitie s! however! have also closed in response to economic pressures. 5C (ndustry representatives cited complying with the increasing environmental regulations! particularly! the re>uirements of the lean Air Act Amendments of 5992! as the most important factor affecting petroleum refining in the 5992s.5= +espite the closing of refineries in recent years! total refinery output of finished products has rema ined rela tively steady with slight increases in the past two years. (ncreases in refinery outputs are attributable to higher utili$ation rates of refinery capacity! and to incremental additions to the refining capacity at e<isting facilit ie s as opposed to construction of new refineries.56 +emand for refined petroleum products is e<pected to increase slowly through 5996 with the growth of the U.S. economy. The rate of increase will average about 5. 4 percent per year! which is slower than the e<pected growth of the economy. This slower rate of increase of demand will be due to increasing prices of petroleum products as a result of conservation! the development of substitutes for petroleum products! and rising costs of co mpliance with environmental and safety re>uirements.59 Becent and future environmental and safety regulatory changes are e<pected to fo rce the petroleum refining industr y to ma/e substantial investments in upgrading certain refinery processes to reduce emissions and alter product co mpositions. 7or e<ample! industry estimates o f the capital co sts to co mply with the 5992 lean Air Act Amendments! which mandates specific product co mpositions are about M;4 to M32 billio n. 12 There is concern that in some cases it may be more economical for so me refineries to close down partially or entirely rather than upgrade facilit ies to meet the new standards. (n fact! the U. S. +epartments of Energy and ommerce e<pect refinery shutdowns to continue through the 5992sL however! total crude o il distilla tion capacity is e<pected to remain relatively stable as a result of increased capacity and
Petroleum Refining
utili$ation rates at e<isting facilitie s. (ncreases in dema nd for finished petroleum products will be filled by increased imports.
Sector Notebook Project &&&# &N*US2R&A/ PR%C!SS *!SCR&P2&%N
Petroleum Refining
This sectio n describes the maFor industrial processes within the petroleum refining industry! including the materials and e>uipment used! and the processes employed. The section is designed for those interested in gaining a general understanding of the industry! and for those inter ested in the inter% relationship between the industrial process and the topics described in subse>uent sections of this profile %% pollutant outputs! pollution prevention oppor tunities! and 7ederal regulations. This section do es no t attempt to replicate published engineering information that is availa ble for this industry. Befer to Section (8 for a list of r eference do cuments that are available. This section specifically co ntains a description of commonly used production processes! associated raw materials! the byproducts produced or released! and the materials either recycled or transferr ed o ff%site. This discussion! coupled with schematic drawings of the identified pr ocesses! provide a concise description of where wastes may be produced in the process. This section also describes the potential fate (via air! water! and soil pathways) of these waste products. &&&#A# &ndustrial Processes in the Petroleum Refining &ndustr rude oil is a mi<ture of ma ny different hydrocarbons and small amounts of impuritie s. The composit io n of crude oil c an var y significantly depending on its source. Petroleum refineries are a comple< system of multiple operations and the operations used at a given refinery depend upon the properties of the crude oil to be refined and the desired products. 7or these reasons! no two refineries are ali/e. Portions of the outputs from some processes are refed bac/ into the same process! fed to new processes! fed bac/ to a previous process! or blended with other outputs to form finished products (E<hibit C). The maFor unit operations typically involved at petroleum refineries are described briefly below. (n addition to those listed below! there are also many special purpose processes that cannot be described here and which may play an important role in a facilityNs efforts to comply with pollutant discharge and product specification re>uirements.
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on ,ary & 'andwer/!
Petroleum )e# n ng Te"hnology and +"onom "s +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jor/! .J! 5993.)
! ;rd Edition! "arcel &
!0hibit =: Simplified Process 7lo" *iagram of 2 pical Refiner
September 5994
54
S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
Befining crude oil into useful petroleum pr oducts can be separated into two phases and a number of supporting operations. The first phase is desalting of crude oil and the subse>uent distilla tion into its various components or KfractionsK (Section (((.A.5). The second phase is made up of three different types of KdownstreamK processes: co mbining! brea/ing! and r eshaping (Section (((.A.1). +ownstream pr ocesses convert some of the distilla tion fractions into petroleum products (residual fuel oil! gasoline! /erosene! etc.) through any combination of different crac/ing! co/ing! reforming! and al/ylation processes. Supporting operations may include wastewater treatment! sulfur reco very! additive production! heat e<changer cleaning! blowdo wn systems! blending of products! and storage o f products (Section (((.A.;). Befinery pollutant outputs are discussed in more detail in Section (((.#. &&&#A#'# Crude %il *istillation and *esalting -ne of the most important operations in a refinery is the initia l distilla tion of the crude oil into it s various boiling point fractio ns. +istillation involves the heating! vapori$ation! fractionation! co ndensation! and co oling of feedstoc/s. This section discusses the atmospheric and vacuum distillation processes which when used in se>uence result in lower costs and higher efficiencies. This section also discusses the important first step of desalting the crude oil prior to distillation. !esalt ng #efo re separation into fractions! crude oil usually must first be treated to remove co rrosive salts. The desalting process also removes some of the metals and suspended so lids which cause catalyst deactivation. +esalting involves the mi<ing of heated crude oil with water (about thr ee to52 percent of the crude oil volume ) so that the salt s ar e dissolved in the water. 15 The water must then be separated fr om the crude o il in a separating vessel by adding demulsifier chemicals to assist in brea/ing the emulsion andAor ! more co mmonly! by applying a high potential electric field across the settling vessel to co alesce the polar salt water droplets. The desalting process creates an oily desalter sludge and a high temperature salt water waste stream which is typically added to other process wastewaters for treatment in the refinery wastewater tr eatment fa cilities. The water used in crude desalting is often untreated or partially treated water from other refining process water sources.11 ,tmos'her " ! st llat on
September 5994 5C S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
The desalted crude oil is then heated in a heat e<changer and furnace to about =42 degrees ( 7) and fed to a vertical! distillation column at atmospheric pressure where most of the feed is vapori$ed and separated into its various fractions by condensing on ;2 to 42 fractionation trays! each correspo nding to a different condensation temperature. The lighter fractions condense and are co llected towards the top o f the column. 'eavier fr actions! which may not vapori$e in the column! are further separated later by vacuum distillation. 0ithin each atmospher ic distillation tower! a number of side streams (at le ast four) of low%boiling point components are removed from the tower from different trays. These low%boiling point mi<tures are in e>uilibrium with heavier components which must be removed. The side streams are each sent to a different small stripping tower containing four to 52 trays with steam inFected under the bottom tray. The steam strips the light%end components from the heavier co mponents and both the steam and light%ends are fed bac/ to the atmospheric distillation tower above the corr esponding side stream draw tray.1; 7ractions obtained from atmospheric distillation include naphtha! gasoline! /erosene! light fuel oil! diesel oils! gas oil! lube distillate! and heavy bottoms. "ost of these can be so ld as finished products! or blended with products from downstream pr ocesses. Another product pr oduced in atmospheric distillation! as well as many other refiner y pr ocesses! is the light! noncondencible refiner y fuel gas (mainly methane and ethane). Typically this gas also co ntains hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases. The mi<ture of these gases is /nown as ?sour gas@ or ?acid gas.@ The sour gas is sent to the refinery sour gas treatment system which separates the fuel gas so that it can be used as fuel in the refinery heating fur naces. Air emissions during atmospheric distillation ar ise from the combustion of fuels in the furnaces to heat the crude oil! pr ocess vents and fugitive emissions. -ily sour water (condensed steam co ntaining hydrogen sulfate and ammonia) and oil is also generated in the fractionators 13 (E<hibit =).
September 5994 5= S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on Energy (nformation Administration! The U.S. Petroleum Industry: Past as Prologue 1970-1992 ! September 599;.)
!0hibit >: Crude %il *istillation

-a"uum ! st llat on 'eavier fractions from the atmospheric distilla tion unit that cannot be distilled without crac/ing under its pressur e and temperature conditio ns are vacuum distilled. *acuum distillatio n is simply t he distilla tion of petroleum fractio ns at a very low pressure (2.1 to 2.= psia) to increase volatili$ation and separation. ( n most systems! the vacuum inside the fractionator is ma intained with steam eFecto rs and vacuum pumps! barometric condensers o r sur face
Petroleum Refining
co ndensers. The inFection of superheated steam at the base of the vacuum fractionator column further reduces the partial pressure of the hydrocarbons in the tower! facilit ating vapori$ation and separation. The heavier fractio ns from the vacuum distillation column are processed downstream into mo re valuable products through either crac/ing or co/ing operations (See Section (((.A.1.).14 A potentia l source of emissions from distillation of crude oil a re the co mbustion of fuels in the furnace and some light gases leaving the top of the condensers on the vacuum distillation column. A certain amount of noncondensable light hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide pass through the condenser to a hot well! and then are discharged to the refinery so ur fuel system or are vented to a process heater! flare or another control device to destr oy hydrogen sulfide. The >uantity of these emissions depends on the si$e of the unit! the type of feedstoc/! and the co oling water temperature. 1C (f barome tric condensers are used in vacuum distilla tion! significant amounts of oily wastewater can be generated. *acuum pumps and surface co ndensers have largely replaced barometr ic co ndensers in many refineries to eliminate this oily wastewater stream. -ily sour water is also generated in the fractionators. 1= &&&#A#,# *o"nstream Processing ertain fractio ns from the distillation of crude oil are further refined in thermal crac/ing (visbrea/ing)! co/ing! catalytic crac/ing! catalytic hydrocrac/ing! hydrotreating! al/yla tion! isomeri$ation! polymeri$atio n! catalyt ic reforming! solvent e<traction! mero<! dewa<ing! propane deasphalting and other operations. These downstream processes change the molecular structure o f hydrocarbon molecules either by brea/ing them into smaller molecule s! Foining them to form la rger molecules! or reshaping them into higher >ualit y molecules. 7or ma ny of the oper atio ns discussed below! a number of different techni>ues are used in the industry. 0hile the maFor techni>ues used for each process are described! it was not possible to discuss all of the different processes currently in use. Thermal &ra"( ng.- s%rea( ng Thermal crac/ing! or visbr ea/ing! uses heat and pressure to brea/ large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller! lighter molecules. The process has been largely replaced by catalytic crac/ing and so me refineries no longer employ thermal crac/ing. #oth processes r educe the production of less valuable products such as heavy fuel oil and cutter stoc/ and increase the feed stoc/ to the catalytic cr ac/er and gasoline yields. (n thermal crac/ing! heavy gas oils and residue from the vacuum distillation process are typically t he feed
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on ,ary & 'andwer/! Petroleum Befining Technology and Economics! ;rd Edition! "arcel / Petroleum )e# nery +a//er! (nc.! .ew Jor/! .J! 5993! and U.S. EPA -ffice of ,eneral Enforcement +n#or"ement *anual ! 5992.)
!0hibit ?: Simplified 2hermal Cracker 7lo" *iagram

stoc/s. The feed stoc/ is heated in a furnace or other thermal unit to up to 5!222 degrees (7) and then fed to a r eaction chamber which is /ept at a pressure of about 532 psig. 7ollowing the reactor step! the process stream is mi<ed with a cooler recycle stream! which stops the crac/ing reactions. The product is then fed to a flasher chamber! where pressure is reduced and lighter products vapori$e and are drawn off. The lighter pr oducts ar e fed to a fractionating tower where the various fractions are separated. The KbottomsK co nsist of heavy r esidue! part of which is recycled to cool the process stream leaving the reaction chamberL the remaining bottoms are usually blended into residual fuel (E<hibit 6). 16 Air emissions from thermal crac/ing include emissions from the co mbustion 19 A sour water of fuels in the process heater! vents! and fugitive emissions. stream is generated in the fractionator. ;2
Sector Notebook Project &o( ng
Petroleum Refining
o/ing is a crac/ing process used primarily to reduce refinery production of low%value residual fuel oils to transportation fuels! such as gasoline and diesel. As part of the upgrading process! co/ing also produces petroleum co /e! whic h is essentially solid carbon with varying amounts of impuritie s! and is used as a fuel for power plants if the sulfur co ntent is low enough. o/e also has nonfuel applications as a raw material for many carbon and graphite products including anodes for the production of aluminum! and furnace electrodes for the production of elemental phosphorus! titanium dio<ide! calcium carbide and silicon carbide. ;5 A number of different processes are used to produce co/eL Kdelayed co/ingK is the most widely used today! but ?fluid co/ing@ is e<pected to be an important process in the future. 7luid co /ing produces a higher grade of co/e which is increasingly in demand. (n delayed co/ing operations! the same basic process as thermal crac/ing is used e<cept feed streams are allowed to react longer without being cooled. The delayed co /ing feed stream of residual oils from various upstream processes is first introduced to a fractionating tower where residual lighter materials are drawn off and the heavy ends ar e co ndensed. The heavy ends are r emoved and heated in a furnace to about 922 % 5!222 degrees (7) and then fed to an insulated vessel called a co/e drum where the co/e is formed. 0hen the co /e drum is fille d with product! the feed is swit ched to an empty paralle l drum. 'ot vapors from the co /e drums! co ntaining crac/ed lighter hydrocarbon products! hydrogen sulfide! and ammonia! are fed bac/ to the fractionator where they can be treated in the so ur gas treatment system or drawn off as intermediate products. Steam is then inFected into the full c o/e drum to remove hydrocarbon vapo rs! water is inFected to cool the co/e! and the co /e is removed. Typically! high pressure water Fets are used to cut the co/e from the drum (E<hibit 9).;1 Air emissions from co/ing operations include the process heater flue gas emissions! fugitive emissions and emissions that may arise from the removal of the co/e from the co/e drum. The inFected steam is condensed and the remaining vapor s are typically flared. 0astewater is generated from the co/e removal and cooling oper ations and from the steam inFection. (n addition! the removal of co/e from the drum can release particulate emissions and any rema ining hydrocarbons to the atmosphere.
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on U.S. EPA -ffice of ,eneral Enforcement! *anual ! 5962.)
Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement
!0hibit (: Simplified Coker 7lo" *iagram
&atalyt " &ra"( ng atalytic crac/ing uses heat! pressure and a catalyst to brea/ larger hydro carbon molecules into smaller! lighter mole cules. atalyt ic crac/ing has largely replaced thermal crac/ing because it is able to pro duce more gasoline with a higher octane and less heavy fuel o ils and light gases. 7eed sto c/s ar e light and heavy oils fro m the cr ude o il distillation unit which are pr ocessed primarily into gasoline as well a s some fuel oil a nd light gases. "o st catalysts used in catalyt ic crac/ing consist of mi<tures of crystalline synthetic silica% alumina! termed ?$eolites!@ and amorphous synthetic silica%alumina. The catalytic crac/ing processes! as well as mo st o ther refinery catalytic processes! produce co/e which co llects on the catalyst surface and diminishes its catalytic pro perties. The catalyst! therefo re! needs to be regener ated continuo usly or perio dically essentially by burning the co/e off the catalyst at high temperatur es. The method and fr e>uency in which catalysts are regenerated are a maFor factor in the design o f catalytic crac/ing units. A number of different catalytic crac/ing designs are currently in use in the U.S.! including fi<ed% bed reactors! mo ving%bed reacto rs! fluidi$ed%bed reactors! and once%through units. The fluidi$ed% and moving% bed reactors are by far the most prevalent. ;;
Petroleum Refining
7luidi$ed%bed catalytic crac/ing units (7 Us) are by far the most common catalytic crac/ing units. (n the fluidi$ed%bed process! oil and o il vapor pre% heated to 422 to 622 degrees (7) is contacted with hot catalyst at about 5!;22 (7) either in the reactor itself or in the feed line (riser) to the r eactor. The catalyst is in a fine! granular form which! when mi<ed with the vapor! has many of the properties of a fluid. The fluidi$ed catalyst and the reacted hydrocarbon vapo r separate mechanically in the reactor and any oil remaining on the catalyst is removed by steamstripping. The crac/ed oil vapors are then fed to a fractionation tower where the various desired fractions are separated and collected. The catalyst flows into a separate vessel(s) for either single% or two%stage regeneration by burning off the co/e deposits with air (E<hibit 52).;3 (n the moving%bed process! oil is heated to up to 5!;22 degrees (7) and is passed under pressure through the reactor where it comes into contact with a catalyst flow in the form of beads o r pellets. The crac/ed products then flow to a fractionating tower where the various compounds are separated and co llected. The catalyst is regenerated in a continuous process where deposits of co/e on the catalyst are burned off. Some units also use steam to strip remaining hydrocarbons and o<ygen from the catalyst befor e being fed bac/ to the oil stream. (n recent years moving %bed reactors have largely been replaced by fluidi$ed%bed reactors. ;4
September 5994 1; S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on U.S. EPA -ffice of ,eneral Enforcement! *anual ! 5962.)
Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement
!0hibit '-: Simplified Catal tic Cracking 7lo" *iagram
atalytic crac/ing is one of the most significant sources o f air pollutants at refineries. Air emissions from catalytic crac/ing o perations include: the process heater flue gas emissions! fugitive emissions! and emissions generated during r egeneration of the catalyst. Belatively high co ncentr ations of carbon mono<ide can be produced during regeneration of the catalyst which is typically converted to car bon dio<ide either in the regenerator or further ;C (n addition! a downstream in a carbon mono<ide waste heat boiler. significant amount of fine catalyst dust is produced in 7 Us as a result of the co nstant movement of the catalyst grains against each other. "uch of this dust! consisting primarily of alumina and relatively small a mounts of nic/el! is carried with the carbon mono<ide stream to the carbon mono<ide burner. The catalyst dust is then separ ated from the resulting carbon dio<ide stream via cyclones andAor electrostatic precipitators and is sent off%site for dispo sal or treatment. ;= ,ener ated wastewater is typically so ur water from the fractionator containing some oil and phenols. 0astewater containing metal
Petroleum Refining
impurities from the feed oil can also be generated fr om the steam used to purge and regenerate catalysts. ;6 &atalyt " 0ydro"ra"( ng atalytic hydrocr ac/ing normally utili$es a fi<ed%bed catalytic crac/ing reactor with crac/ing occurring under substantial pressure (5!122 to 1!222 psig) in the presence of hydrogen. 7eedstoc/s to hydr ocrac/ing units are often those fractions that are the most difficult to crac/ and cannot be crac/ed effe ctively in catalytic crac/ing unit s. These include: middle distillates! cycle oils! residual fuel oils and reduced crudes. The hydrogen suppr esses the formation of heavy residual material and incr eases the yield of gasoline by reacting with the crac/ed products. 'owever! this process also br ea/s the heavy! sulfur and nitrogen bearing hydrocarbons and releases these impurities to where they could potentially foul the catalyst. 7or this reason! the feedstoc/ is often first hydrotreated to r emove impurit ies befo re being sent to the catalytic hydrocrac/er . Sometimes hydrotreating is accomplished by using the first reactor of the hydr ocrac/ing process to remove impurities. 0ater also has a detrimental effect on some hydrocrac/ing catalysts and must be removed before being fed to the reactor. The water is removed by passing the feed stream through a silica gel or molecular sieve dryer. +epending on the products desired and the si$e of the unit! catalytic hydrocrac/ing is conducted in either single stage or multi%stage reactor processes. "o st catalysts co nsist of a crystalline mi<ture of silic a%alumina with small a mounts of rare earth metals (E<hibit 55).;9 'ydrocrac/ing feedstoc/s are usually first hydrotreated to remove the hydrogen sulfide and ammo nia that will poison the catalyst. Sour gas and sour water str eams are produced at the fractionator! ho wever! if the hydrocrac/ing feedstoc/s are first hydrotreated to remove impur ities! both streams will c ontain r elatively low le vels of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. 'ydrocrac/ing catalysts are typically r egenerated off%site after two to four years of operation. Therefore! little or no emissions are generated from the regeneration processes. Air emissions arise from the process heater ! vents! and fugitive emissions.32!35
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on U.S. EPA -ffice of ,eneral Enforcement!
Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual
! 5962.)
!0hibit '': Simplified 2"o@Stage 3 drocracker 7lo" *iagram

0ydrotreat ng.0ydro'ro"ess ng 'ydrotreating and hydropr ocessing are simila r processes used to remove impurities such as sulfur! nitrogen! o<ygen! halides and trace metal impurities that may deactivate process catalysts. 'ydrotreating also upgr ades the >uality of fractions by co nver ting o lefins and diolefins to paraffins for the purpose of reducing gum formation in fuels. 'ydroprocessing! which typically uses residuals fr om the crude distillation units! also crac/s these heavie r molecules to lighter mor e saleable products. #oth hydrotr eating and hydr oprocessing units are usually placed upstream of those processes in which sulfur and nitr ogen could have adverse effects on the catalyst! such as catalytic reforming and hydrocrac/ing units. The processes utili$e catalysts in the presence of substantial amounts of hydrogen under high pressure and temperature to react the feedstoc/s and impurities with hydrogen. The reactor s are nearly all fi<ed% bed with catalyst replacement or regeneration done after months or years of operatio n often at an off%site facility. 31 ( n addition to the treated products! the process produces a stream of light fuel gases! hydrogen sulfide! and ammonia. The treated product and hydrogen%rich gas are co oled after they leave the reactor before being separated. The hydrogen is recycled to the reactor.
Petroleum Refining
(Source: U.S. EPA -ffice of ,eneral Enforcement!
Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual/
5962.)
!0hibit ',: Simplified 3 drotreater 7lo" *iagram
The off%gas stream may be very rich in hydrogen sulfide and light fuel gas. The fuel gas and hydrogen sulfide are typically sent to the sour gas treatment unit and sulfur recovery unit . atalysts are typically cobalt or molybdenum o<ides o n alumina! but can also co ntain nic/el and tu ng sten. Air emissio ns from hydro treating may arise from process heater flue gas! vents! and fugitive emissions (E<hibit 51). 3; ,l(ylat on Al/ylatio n is used to produce a high o ctane gaso line blending sto c/ fro m the iso butane formed pr imarily during catalytic crac/ing and co /ing operations! but also fr om catalyt ic reforming! crude distillation and natural gas pro cessing. Al/ylatio n Foins an olefin and an isoparaffin compound using either a sulfuric acid or hydrofluo ric acid catalyst. The products are al/ylates including propane and butane li>uids. 0hen the concentration of acid beco mes less than 66 percent ! some of the acid must be r emoved and replaced with stronger acid. (n the hydrofluoric acid pro cess! the slip stream of acid is redistilled. +issolved polymer i$atio n pro ducts are r emoved fr om the acid as a thic/ dar/ oil. The concentrated hydrofluoric acid is recycled and the net co nsumption is about 2. ; po unds per barrel of al/ylates produced. 'ydrofluoric acid al/ylation units re>uire special engineering design! operator
Petroleum Refining
training and safety e>uipment precautions to protect operators from accidental co ntact with hydrofluoric acid which is an e<tremely ha$ardous substance. (n the sulfuric acid process! the sulfuric acid removed must be regenerated in a sulfuric acid plant whic h is generally not a part of the al/yla tion unit and may be located off%site. Spent sulfuric acid generation is substantialL typically in the range of 5; to ;2 pounds per barrel of al/ylate. 33 Air emissions from the al/ylation process may arise from process vents and fugitive emissions. Isomer 1at on (someri$ation is used to alter the arrangement of a molecule without adding or removing anyt hing from the original mole cule. Typically! par affins (butane or pentane from the crude distillation unit ) are converted to isoparaffins having a much higher octane. ( somer i$ation r eactions ta/e place at temperatures in the range of 122 to 322 degrees (7) in the presence of a catalyst that usually co nsists of platinum on a base material. Two types of catalysts are cur rently in use. -ne re>uires the continuous addition of small amounts of organic chlorides which are converted to hydrogen chloride in the reactor. (n such a reactor! the feed must be free of o<ygen sources including water to avoid deactivation and cor rosion problems. The other type of catalyst uses a molecular sieve base and do es not re>uire a dry and o<ygen free feed. #oth types o f isomeri$ation catalysts re>uire an atmospher e of hydrogen to minimi$e co/e depositsL however! the co nsumption of hydrogen is negligible. atalysts typically need to be replaced about every two to three years or longer.34 Platinum is then recovered from the used catalyst off%site. )ight ends are stripped from the product stream leaving the reactor and are then sent to the sour gas treatment unit . Some isomeri$ atio n unit s utili$ e caustic treating of the light fuel gas stream to neutrali$e any entrained hydrochloric acid. This will result in a calcium chlo ride ( or other salts) waste stream. Air emissions may arise from the process heater! vents and fugitive emissions.3C 0astewater streams include caustic wash and so ur water. 3= Polymer 1at on Polymeri$ation is occasionally used to convert propene and butene to high octane gasoline blending components. The process is similar to al/ylation in its feed and products! but is often used as a less e<pensive alternative to al/ylation. The reactions typically ta/e place under high pressure in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst. The feed must be free of sulfur! which poisons the catalystL basic materials! which neutrali$e the catalystL and o<ygen! which affects the r eactions. The propene and butene feed is washed first with caustic to remove mercaptans (molecules containing sulfur) ! then with an amine solution to remove hydrogen sulfide! then with water to remove caustics and amines! and finally dried by passing through a silica gel or
Petroleum Refining
molecular sieve dryer.36 Air emissions of sulfur dio<ide may arise during the caustic washing operation. Spent catalyst! which typically is not regenerated! is occasionally disposed as a solid waste. 39 0astewater streams will c ontain caustic wash and sour water with amines and mercaptans. 42 &atalyt " )e#orm ng atalytic reforming uses catalytic reactions to process primarily low octane heavy straight run (fr om the crude distillation unit ) gasolines and naphthas into high octane aromatics (including ben$ene). There are four maFor types of reactions which occur dur ing reforming processes: 5) dehydr ogenation of naphthenes to ar omaticsL 1) dehydrocycli$ation of paraffins to aromaticsL ;) isomeri$ationL and 3) hydrocrac/ing. The dehydrogenation reactions are very endothermic! re>uiring that the hydr ocarbon stream be heated between each catalyst bed. All but the hydrocrac/ing reaction release hydrogen which can be used in the hydrotreating or hydrocrac/ing processes. 7i<ed% bed or moving bed processes are utili$ed in a series of three to si< reactors. 7eedstoc/s to catalytic reforming processes are usually hydrotreated first to remo ve sulfur ! nitrogen and metallic contaminants. (n continuous refor ming processes! catalysts can be regenerated one reactor at a time! once or twice per day! without disrupting the operation of the unit. (n semi regenerative units! regeneration of all reactors can be carried out simultaneously after thr ee to 13 months of operation by first shutting down the process. 45 #ecause the recent reformulated gasoline rules have limit ed the allo wable amount of ben$ene in gasoline (Section *(.#)! catalytic refor ming is being used less as an octane enhancer than in past years. Air emissions fr om catalytic reforming arise from the process heater gas and fugitive emissions. The catalysts used in catalytic reforming processes are usually very e<pensive and e<tra precautions are ta/en to ensure that catalyst is no t lost. 0hen the catalyst has lost its activity and can no longer be regenerated! the catalyst is usually sent off%site for recovery of the metals. 41 Subse>uent air emissions from catalyst regeneration is! therefore! r elatively low. Bela tively small volumes of wastewater containing sulfides! ammonia! and mercaptans may be generated from the stripping tower used to remove light ends from the reactor effluent.4; Sol$ent +2tra"t on Solvent e<traction uses solvents to dissolve and remove aromatics from lube oil fe ed stoc/s! improving viscosit y! o<idation resistance! color and gum formation. A number of different solvents are used with the two most co mmon being furfural and phenol. Typically! feed lube stoc/s are contacted with the so lvent in a pac/ed tower or rotating disc contactor. Each so lvent
Petroleum Refining
has a different solvent%to%oil ratio and r ecycle ratio within the tower. Solvents are recovered from the oil stream through distillation and steam stripping in a fractionator. The stream e<tracted from the solvent will li/ely c ontain high co ncentrations of hydrogen sulfide! aromatics! naphthenes and other hydrocarbons! and is often fed to the hydrocrac/ing unit. The water str eam leaving the fractio nator will li/ely contain some oil and solvents.43 &hem "al Treat ng (n petroleum refining! chemical treating is used to remove or change the undesir able properties asso ciated with sulfur! nitrogen! or o<ygen compound co ntaminates in petroleum products. hemical treating is accomplished by either e<traction or o<idation ( also /nownas sweetening)! depending upon the product. E<traction is used to remove sulfur from the very light petroleum fractions! such as propaneApropylene (PP) and butaneAbutylene (##). Sweetening! though! is more effe ctive on gasoline and middle distillate products. A typical e<traction process is K"ero<K e<traction. "er o< e<traction is used to remove mercaptans (organic sulfur co mpounds) fr om PP and ## streams. PP streams may undergo amine treating befor e the "ero< e<traction to remove e<cess '1 S which tends to fractionate with PP and interferes with the "ero< process. A caustic prewash of the PP and ## r emoves any remaining trace '1 S prior to "ero< e<traction. The PP and ## streams are passed up through the trays of an e<traction tower. austic solution flowing down the e<traction tower absorbs mercaptan from the PP and ## streams. The rich caustic is then regenerated by o<idi$ing the mercaptans to disulfide in the presence o f a>ueous "ero< catalyst and the lean caustic recirculated to the e<traction tower. The disulfide is insoluble in the caustic and can be separated. -<idation or KsweeteningK is used on gasoline and distillate fractions. A co mmon o<idation process is also a "ero< process that uses a solid catalyst bed. Air and a minimum amount of al/aline caustic (Kmini%al/yK operation) is inFected into the hydrocarbon stream. As the hydrocarbon passes through the "ero< catalyst bed! sulfur mercaptans are o<idi$ed to disulfide. (n the sweetening "ero< process! the caustic is not regenerated. The disulfide can remain with the gasoline product! since it does not possess the obFectionable odor properties of mercaptansL hence! the product has been Ksweetened.K 44 (n the e<traction process! a waste oily disulfide stream leaves the separ ator. Air emissions arise from fugitive hydrocarbons and the process vents o n the separator which may contain disulfides.4C
September 5994 ;2 S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project !e3a2 ng
Petroleum Refining
+ewa<ing of lubricating oil base stoc/s is necessary to ensure that the oil will have the proper visco sity at lower ambient temperatures. Two types of dewa<ing processes are used: selective hydrocrac/ing and so lvent dewa<ing. (n selective hydrocrac/ing! one or two $eolite catalysts are used to selectively crac/ the wa< par affins. Solvent dewa<ing is more prevalent. (n so lvent dewa<ing! the oil feed is diluted with solvent to lower the viscosit y! chilled until the wa< is crystalli$ed! and then filtered to remove the wa<. Solvents used for the process include propane and mi<tures of methyl ethyl /etone ("EI) with methyl isobutyl /etone ("(#I) or "EI with toluene. Solvent is recovered from the oil and wa< through heating! two%stage flashing! followed by steam stripping. The solvent recover y stage results in so lvent co ntaminated water which typically is sent to the wastewater treatment plant. The wa< is either used as feed to the catalytic crac/er or is deoiled and sold as industrial wa<. Air emissions ma y arise from fugitive emissions of the solvents.4= Pro'ane !eas'halt ng Propane deasphalting produces lubricating oil base stoc/s by e<tracting asphaltenes and resins from the residuals of the vacuum distillation unit. Propane is usually used to remove asphaltenes due to its uni>ue solvent properties. At lower temperatures (522 to 532 degrees 7)! paraffins are ver y soluble in propane and at higher temper atures (about 122 degrees 7) all hydrocarbons are almost insoluble in pr opane. The propane deasphalting process is similar to solvent e<traction in that a pac/ed or baffled e<traction tower or rotating disc contactor is used to mi< the oil feed stoc/s with the solvent. (n the tower method! four to eight volumes of propane are fed to the bottom of the tower for every volume of feed flowing down from the top o f the tower. The o il! which is more soluble in the propane dissolves and flows to the top. The asphaltene and resins flow to the bottom of the tower where they are removed in a propane mi<. Propane is recovered from the two streams through two%stage flash systems followed by steam stripping in which propane is condensed and removed by co oling at high pressure in the first stage and at low pressure in the second stage. The asphalt reco vered can be blended with other asphalts or heavy fuels! or can be used as feed to the co /er. The propane r ecovery stage results in propane co ntaminated water which typically is sent to the wastewater treatment plant. Air emissions may arise from fugitive propane emissions and process vents. 46
Sector Notebook Project &&&#A#;# Supporting %perations
Petroleum Refining
"any important refinery operations are not directly involved in the production of hydrocarbon fuels bu t serve in a supporting role. So me of the maFor supporting processes are discussed below. Waste3ater Treatment Belatively la rge volumes of water are used by the petroleum refining industry. 7our types of wastewater are produced: surface water runoff! cooling water! process water! and sanitary wastewater. Surface water runoff is intermittent and will contain constituents from spills to the sur face! lea/s in e>uipment and any materials that may have collected in drains. Bunoff sur face water also includes water coming from crude and product stor age tan/ roof drains. A large portion of water used in petroleum refining is used for cooling. ooling water typically does not come into direct contact with process oil streams and therefore contains less contaminants than process wastewater. "ost cooling water is recycled over and over with a bleed o r blowdo wn stream to the wastewater treatment unit to control the co ncentration of contaminants and the solids content in the water. ooling towers within the recycle loop cool the water using ambient air. (See Storage Tan(s and &ool ng To3ers ) Some cooling water! termed ?once through!@ is passed through a process unit once and is then discharged directly without treatment in the wastewater treatment plant. The water used for cooling often contains chemical additives such as chr omates! phosphates! and antifouling biocides to prevent scaling of pipes and biological growth. ((t should be noted! however! that many refineries no longer use chromates in cooling water as anti%fouling agents.) Although cooling water usually does not come into direct contact with oil process streams! it also may contain some oil contamination due to lea/s in the process e>uipment. 49 0ater used in processing operations also accounts for a significant portion of the total wastewater. Process wastewater arises from desalting crude oil! steam stripping operations! pump gland cooling! product fractionator reflu< drum drains and boiler blowdown. #ecause process water often co mes into direct contact with oil! it is usually highly contaminated.C2 Petroleum refineries typically utili$e primary and secondary wastewater treatment. Primary wastewater treatment consists of the separation of oil! water and solids in two stages. +ur ing the first stage! an AP( separator! a co rrugated plate interceptor! or other separator design is used. 0astewater moves very slowly through the separator allowing free oil to float to the surface and be s/immed off! and solids to settle to the bottom and be scraped
Petroleum Refining
off to a sludge collecting ho pper. The second stage utili$es physical or chemical methods to separate emulsified oils from the wastewater. Physical methods ma y include the use of a series of settling ponds with a lo ng retention time! or the use of dissolved air flotation (+A7). (n +A7! air is bubbled through the wastewater! and both oil and suspended solids are s/immed off the top. hemicals! such as ferric hydro<ide or aluminum hydr o<ide! can be used to coagulate impurities into a froth or sludge which can be more easily s/imme d off the top. Some wastes associated with the primar y treatment of wastewater at petr oleum refineries may be co nsidered ha$ardous and include: AP( separ ator sludge! pr imary treatment sludge! sludges from other gravitational separation techni>ues! float from +A7 units! and wastes from settling ponds (E<hibit 5;). C5 After primary treatment! the wastewater can be discharged to a publicly owned treatment wo r/s or undergo seco ndary treatment before being discharged directly to surface waters under a .ational Pollution +ischarge Elimination System (.P+ES) permit . (n secondar y t reatment! dissolved oil and other organic pollutants may be consumed biologically by microorganisms. #iological treatment may re>uire the addition of o<ygen through a number of different techni>ues! including activated slud ge units! tric/ling filters! and r otating biological contactors. Secondary treatment generates bio%mass waste which is typically treated anaerobically! and then dewatered. C1 Some refineries employ an additional stage of wastewater treatment called polishing to me et discharge limit s. The polishing step can involve the use of activated carbon! anthracite coal! or sand to filter out any remaining impurities! such as biomass! silt! trace metals and o ther inorganic chemicals! C;!C3 as well as any remaining o rganic chemicals. ertain refiner y wastewater streams are treated separately! prior to the wastewater treatment plant! to remove contaminants that would not easily be treated after mi<ing with other wastewater. -ne such waste stream is the sour water drained from distillation reflu< drums. Sour water contains dissolved hydrogen sulfide and o ther organic sulfur compounds and ammonia which are stripped in a tower with gas or steam before being discharged to the wastewater treatment plant. C4 0astewater treatment plants are a significant source of r efinery air emissions and solid wastes. Air releases arise from fugitive emissions from the numerous tan/s! ponds and sewer system drains. Solid wastes ar e generated in the form of sludges from a number of the treatment units.
September 5994 ;; S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
(Source: #ased on U.S. EPA -ffice of ,eneral Enforcement! 5962.)
!0hibit ';: 2 pical Refiner Aaste"ater 2reatment S stem
Sector Notebook Project 4as Treatment and Sul#ur )e"o$ery
Petroleum Refining
Sulfur is removed from a number of refinery process off%gas streams (sour gas) in order to meet the S- 8 emissions limits of the AA and to recover saleable elemental sulfur. Process off%gas streams! or so ur gas! fr om the co /er! catalytic crac/ing unit! hydrotreating units and hydroprocessing units can co ntain high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide mi<ed with light refiner y fuel gases. #efore elemental sulfur can be r ecovered! the fuel gases (primarily methane and ethane) need to be separated from the hydrogen sulfide. This is typically accomplished by dissolving the hydrogen sulfide in a chemical solvent. Solvents most commonly used are amines! such as diethanolamine (+EA). +ry adso rbents such as molecular sieves! activated carbon! iron sponge and $inc o<ide are also used. (n the amine so lvent processes! +EA solution or another amine so lvent is pumped to an absor ption tower where the gases are contacted and hydrogen sulfide is dissolved in the solution. The fuel gases are removed for use as fuel in process furnaces in other refinery operations. The amine%hydrogen sulfide solution is then heated and steam stripped to r emove the hydrogen sulfide gas.CC urrent methods fo r removing sulfur from the hydrogen sulfide gas streams are typically a combination of two processes: the laus Process followed by the #eaven Process! Scot Process! or the 0ellman%)and Process. The laus process consists of partial co mbustion of the hydrogen sulfide%rich gas stream (with one%third the stoichiometric >uantity of air) and then reacting the resulting sulfur dio<ide and unburned hydrogen sulfide in the presence of a bau<ite catalyst to produce elemental sulfur (E<hibit 53) .
(Source: #ased on U.S. EPA -ffice of ,eneral Enforcement!
! 5962.)
!0hibit '<: Simplified Claus Sulfur Recover 7lo" *iagram
Petroleum Refining
Since the laus process by itself removes only about 92 percent of the hydrogen sulfide in the gas stream! the #eaven! S -T! or 0ellma n%)ord processes are o ften used to further recover sulfur. (n the #eaven process! the hydrogen sulfide in the relatively low co ncentration gas str eam from the laus process can be almost completely removed by abso rption in a >uinone solution. The dissolved hydrogen sulfide is o<idi$ed to form a mi<ture of elemental sulfur and hydro%>uinone. The solution is inFected with air or o<ygen to o<idi$e the hydro% >uinone bac/ to >uinone. The solution is then filtered or centrifuged to remove the sulfur and the >uinone is then reused. The #eaven process is also effective in removing small amounts o f sulfur dio<ide! carbonyl sulfide! and carbon disulfide that are not affected by the laus process. These compounds are first co nverted to hydrogen sulfide at elevated temperatures in a cobalt molybdate catalyst prior to being fed to the #eaven unit. C=!C6 Air emissions from sulfur recovery units will consist of hydrogen sulfide! S- < and .- < in the process tail gas as well as fugitive emissions and releases from vents. The S -T process is also widely used for removing sulfur from the laus tail gas. The sulphur compounds in the laus tail gas are converted to hydr ogen sulfide by heating and passing it through a cobalt%molybdenum catalyst with the addition of a reducing gas. The gas is then cooled and contacted with a solution of di%isopropanolamine (+( PA) which removes all but tr ace amounts of hydrogen sulfide. The sulfide%rich +(PA is sent to a str ipper where hydrogen sulfide gas is removed and sent to the laus plant. The +(PA is returned to the absorption column. ,dd t $e Produ"t on A number of chemicals (mostly alcohols and ethers) are added to motor fuels to either improve performance or meet federal and state environmental re>u irements. Since the 59=2s! alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and ether s have been added to gasoline to increase octane levels and reduce carbon mono<ide generation in place o f the lead additives which were being phased out as re>uired by the 59=2 lean Air Act. (n 5992! the more stringent lean Air Act Amendments (see Section *.#) established minimum a nd ma <imum amounts of chemically combined o<ygen in motor fuels as well as an upper limit on vapor pr essure. As a result ! alcohol additives have been increasingly supplemented or replaced with a number of different ether s which are better able to meet both the new o<ygen re>uirements and the vapor pressur e limits. The most common ether s being used as additives are methyl tertiary butyl ether ("T#E)! and tertiary amyl methyl ether (TA"E). "any of the larger refineries manufacture their own supplies of "T#E and TA"E by reacting isobutylene andAor isoamylene with methanol. Smaller refineries usually buy
September 5994 ;C S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
their supplies from chemical manufacturers o r the larger refineries. (sobutylene is obtained from a number of r efinery sources including: the light naphtha from the 7 U and co/ingunits! the by%product from steam crac/ing of naphtha or light hydrocarbons during the production of ethylene and propylene! catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane! and co nversion of tertiary butyl alcohol recovered as a by%product in the manufacture o f propylene o<ides. Several different processes are currently in use to produce "T#E and TA"E from isobutylene and methanol. "ost processes use a two%stage acidic ion e<change resin catalyst. The reaction is e<othermic and cooling to the proper reaction temperature is critical in obtaining the optimal conversion efficiency. The process usually produces an "T#E or TA"E stream and a relatively small stream of unreacted hydr ocarbons and methanol. The methanol is e<tracted in a water wash and the resulting methanol%water mi<ture is distilled to recover the methanol for recycling. 0eat +2"hanger &lean ng 'eat e<changers are used throughout petroleum refineries to heat or cool petroleum process streams. The heat e<changers consist of bundles of pipes! tubes! plate coils! or steam coils enclosing heating or co oling water! steam! or oil to transfer heat indirectly to or from the oil process stream. The bundles are cleaned periodically to remove accumulations of scales! sludge and any oily residues. #ecause chromium has almost been eliminated as a cooling water additive! wastes generated from the cleaning of heat e<changer bundles no longer account for a significant portion of the ha$ardous wastes generated at refining facilit ies. The sludge generated may contain lead or chromium! although so me refineries which do not produce leaded gasoline and which use non%chrome corrosion inhibitors typicallydo not generate sludge that contains these constituents. -ily wastewater is also generated during heat e<changer cleaning.C9 Blo3do3n System "ost r efinery process units and e>uipment are manifolded into a collection unit! called the blowdown system. #lowdown systems provide for the safe handling and dispo sal of li>uid and gases that are either automatically vented from the process units through pressure r elief valves! or that are manually drawn from units. Becirculated process streams and cooling water streams are o ften manually purged to pr event the continued build up of co ntaminants in the str eam. Part or all of the contents of e>uipment can also be purged to the blowdo wn system prior to shutdo wn before normal or emergency shutdowns. #lowdo wn systems utili$e a series of flash drums and condensers to separate the blowdo wn into its vapor and li>uid co mponents. The li>uid is typically composed o f mi<tur es of water and hydrocarbons containing
September 5994 ;= S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
sulfides! ammonia! and other contaminants! which ar e sent to the wastewater treatment plant. The gaseo us component typically contains hydrocarbons! hydrogen sulfide! ammonia! mercaptans! solvents! and other constituents! and is either discharged directly to the atmosphere or is combusted in a flare. The maFor air emissions from blowdown systems are hydrocarbons in the case of direct discharge to the atmosphere and sulfur o<ides when flared. Blend ng #lending is the final operatio n in petroleum r efining. (t consists of mi<ing the products in various propor tions to meet specifications such as vapor pressure! specific gravity! sulfur content! visco sity! octane number! cetane inde<! initial boiling point! and pour point. #lending can be carried out in%line or in batch blending tan/s. Air emissions from blending are fugitive *- s from blending tan/s! valves! pumps and mi<ing operations. =2 Storage Tan(s Storage tan/s are used throughout the refining process to store crude o il and intermediate process feeds for cooling and further processing. 7inished petroleum products are also /ept in storage tan/s before transport off site. Storage tan/ bottoms are mi<tures of iron rust from corrosion! sand! water! and emulsified o il and wa<! which accumulate at the bottom of tan/s. )i>uid tan/ bottoms (prima rily water and oil e mulsions) are periodic ally drawn off to pr event their continued build up. Tan/ bottom li>uids and sludge are also remo ved during periodic cleaning of tan/s for inspection. Tan/ bottoms ma y co ntain amounts of tetraethylor tetramethyl lead (although this is increasingly rare due to the phaseout of leaded products) ! other metals! and phenols. Solids gener ated from leaded gaso line storage tan/ bottoms are listed as a B BA ha$ardous waste. =5!=1 Even if e>uipped with floating tops! storage tan/s account for considerable *- emissions at petroleum refineries. A study of petroleum refiner y emissions found that the maFority of tan/ losses occurred through tan/ seals on gasoline storage tan/s. =; &ool ng To3ers ooling towers co ol heated water by circulating the water through a tower with a predetermined flow of ambient air pushed with large fans. A certain amount of water e<its the system through evaporation! mist droplets and as bleed or blowdo wn to the wastewater treatment system. Therefore! ma/e%up water in the range of about five percent of the circulation rate is re>uired. =3
Sector Notebook Project &&&#4# Ra" 1aterial &nputs and Pollution %utputs in the Production /ine
Petroleum Refining
Baw ma terial input to petr oleum refineries is primarily crude oilL however! petroleum refineries use and generate an enormous number of chemicals! many of whic h leave the facilitie s as discharges of air emissions! wastewater! or solid waste. Pollutants generated typically include *- s! carbon mono<ide ( -)! sulfur o<ides (S- < )! nitrogen o<ides (.- < ) ! par ticulates! ammonia (.'; )! hydrogen sulfide ('1 S)! metals! spent acids! and numerous to<ic or ganic compounds. E<hibit 54 summari$es the main pollutant outputs for each maFor refinery process. 0hen discussing material outputs of the petroleum refining industry! it is important to note the relationship between the outputs of the industry itself and the outputs resulting from the use of refinery products. Petroleum refineries play an important role in the U.S. economy! supplying appro<imately 32 percent of the total energy used in the U.S. and vir tually all of the energy consumed in the transportation sector. The pollutant outputs from the refining facilit ies! however! are modest in comparison to the pollutant outputs reali$ed from the consumption of petroleum products bythe transportation sector! electric utilitie s! chemical manufa ctur ers and other industrial and commercial users. , r +m ss ons Air emissions from r efineries include fugitive emissions of the volatile co nstituents in crude o il and its fractions! emissions from the burning o f fuels in process heaters! and emissions from the various refinery processes themselves. 7ugitive emissions occur throughout r efineries and arise from the thousands of potential fugitive emission sources such as valves! pumps! tan/s! pressure relief valves! flanges! etc. 0hile individual lea/s are typically small! the sum of all fugitive lea/s at a refinery can be one of its largest emission sources. 7ugitive emissions can be reduced through a number of techni>ues! including improved lea/ resistant e>uipment! reducing the number of tan/s and o ther potential sources and! perhaps the most effective method! an ongoing )ea/ +etection and Bepair ()+AB) program. The numerous process heaters used in refineries to heat process streams o r to generate steam (boilers) for heating or steam stripping! can be po tential sources of S- < ! .-< ! -! particulates and hydrocarbons emissions. 0hen operating properly and when burning cleaner fuels such as refinery fuel gas! fuel oil o r natural gas! these emissions are relatively low. (f! however! co mbustion is not co mplete! or heaters are fired with refinery fuel pitch or residuals! emissions can be significant.=4
Petroleum Refining
The maFority of gas streams e<iting each r efinery process contain varying amounts of refinery fuel gas! hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. These streams are collected and sent to the gas treatment and sulfur recovery units to recover the refinery fuel gas and sulfur. Emissions from the sulfur recovery unit typically contains some 'S! S-< and .-< . -ther emissions sources from 1 refinery processes arise fr om periodic regeneration of catalysts. These processes generate streams that may contain relatively high levels of carbon mono<ide! particulates and *- s. #efore being discharged to the atmosphere! such off%gas streams may be tr eated first through a carbon mono<ide boiler to bur n carbon mono<ide and any *- s! and then through an electrostatic precipitator or cyclone separator to remove particulates. =C Waste3ater 0astewaters consist of cooling water! pr ocess water! sanitary sewage water! and storm water. 0astewaters are treated in onsite wastewater tr eatment facilitie s and then discharged to P-T0s or discharged to sur faces waters under .P+ES permit s. (n addition! some facilitie s use underground inFection of some wastewater streams. (See 0astewater Treatment in Section (((.A.) "any refineries unintentionally release! or have unintentionally released in the past! li>uid hydrocarbons to ground water and surface waters. At some refineries contaminated ground water has migrate off%site and resulted in co ntinuous ?seeps@ to surface waters. 0hile the actual volume of hydrocarbons released in such a manner are relatively small! there is the potential to contaminate large volumes of ground water and surface water possibly posing a substantial ris/ to human health and the envir onment. 5ther Wastes -ther wastes are generated from many of the refining processes! petroleum handling operations! as well as wastewater treatment. #oth ha$ardous and non%ha$ardous wastes are generated! treated and dispo sed. Besidual refinery wastes are typically in the form of sludges! spent process catalysts! filter clay! and incinerator ash. Treatment of these wastes includes incineration! land treating off%site! land filling onsite! land filling off%site! chemical fi<ation! neutrali$ation! and other treatment methods. A significant portion of the non%petroleum product outputs of refineries is transported o ff%site and sold as byproducts. These outputs include sulfur! acetic acid! phosphoric acid! and recovered metals. "etals from catalysts and from the crude oil that have depo sited on the catalyst during the production often are recovered by thir d party recovery fa cilities.
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit '): 2 pical 1aterial %utputs from Selected Petroleum Refining Processes
Process Air !missions Process Aaste Aater Residual Aastes 8enerated rude oil desalting 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) 7lowQ1.5 ,alA#bl -il! '1 S! .'; ! phenol! high levels of suspended solids! dissolved solids! high #-+! high temperature. 7lowQ1C.2 ,alA#bl -il! '1 S! .'; ! suspended solids! chlorides! mercaptans! phenol! elevated p'. rude oilAdesalter sludge (iron rust! clay! sand! water! emulsified oil and wa<! metals)
Atmospheric distillation
*acuum +istillation
'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! vents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) Steam eFector emissions (hydrocarbons)! heater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! vents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! vents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons).
Typically! little or no residual waste generated.
Thermal rac/ingA *isbrea/ing
7lowQ1.2 ,alA#bl -il! '1 S! .'; ! phenol! suspended solids! high p'! #-+4 ! -+. 7lowQ5.2 ,alA#bl 'igh p'! ' 1 S! .';! suspended solids! -+.
Typically! little or no residual waste generated.
o/ing 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S! < .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! vents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) and deco/ing emissions (hydrocarbons and particulates). atalytic rac/ing 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) and catalyst regeneration ( -! .- < ! S-< ! and particulates) 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) and catalyst regeneration ( -! .- < ! S-< ! and catalyst dust).
o/e dust (carbon particles and hydrocarbons)
7lowQ54.2 ,alA#bl 'igh levels of oil! suspended solids! phen ols! cyanides! '1 S! .'; ! high p'! #-+! -+. 7lowQ1.2 ,alA#bl 'igh -+! suspended solids! '1 S! relatively low levels of #-+.
Spent catalysts (metals from crude oil and hydrocarbons)! spent catalyst fines from electrostatic precipitators (aluminum silicate and metals) Spent catalysts fines (metals from crude oil! and hydrocarbons)
atalytic 'ydro% crac/ing

Process Air !missions Process Aaste Aater Residual Aastes
Petroleum Refining
8enerated 'ydrotreatingA 'ydroprocessing 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! vents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) and catalyst regeneration ( -! .-< ! S-< ) 7lowQ5.2 ,alA#bl '1 S! .'; ! 'igh p'! phenols susp ended solids! #-+! -+. Spent catalyst fines (aluminum silicate and metals).
Al/ylation 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S! < .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! vents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) (someri$ation 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S! < .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! ' l (potentially in light ends)! vents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) Polymeri$ation '
1
)ow p'! suspended solids! dissolved solids! -+! '1 S! spent sulfuric acid. )ow p'! chloride salts! caustic wash! relatively low '1 S and .' ; .
.eutrali$ed al/ylation sludge (sulfuric acid or calcium fluoride! hydrocarbons). alcium chloride sludge from neutrali$ed ' l gas.
S from caustic washing '
S! .'; ! caustic wash! mercaptans and ammonia! high p'.

1
Spent catalyst containing phosphoric acid. Spent catalyst fines from electrostatic precipitators (alumina silicate and metals).
atalytic Beforming
'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) and catalyst regeneration ( -! .- < ! S-< )
7lowQC.2 ,alA#bl 'igh levels oil! suspended solids! -+. Belatively low '1 S.
Solvent E<traction
7ugitive solvents -il and solvents )ittle or no residual wastes generated. generated.
+ewa<ing 7ugitive solvents! heaters -il and solvents )ittle or no residual wastes Propane +easphalting 'eater stac/ gas ( -! S- < ! .-< ! hydrocarbons and particulates)! fugitive propane -il and propane )ittle or no residual wastes generated. )ittle or no wastewater generated. Spent "ero< caustic solution! waste oil%disulfide mi<ture.
"ero< treating *ents and fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons and disulfides). 0astewater treatment 7ugitive emissions (' 1 S! .'; ! and hydrocarbons)
.ot Applicable AP( separator sludge (phenols! metals and oil)! chemical precipitation sludge (chemical coagulants! oil)! +A7 floats! biological sludges (metals! oil! suspended solids)! spent lime.

Process Air !missions Process Aaste Aater Residual Aastes
Petroleum Refining
8enerated ,as Treatment and Sulfur Becovery S-< ! .-< ! and ' 1 S from vent and tail gas emissions. '1 S! .'; ! amines! Stretford solution. )ittle or no wastewater generated -ily wastewater generated 0ater drained from tan/s contaminated with tan/ product )ittle or no wastewater generated Spent catalyst.
#lending 7ugitive emissions (hydrocarbons) 'eat e<changer cleaning Periodic fugitive emissions (hydrocarbons)
)ittle or no residual waste generated. 'eat e<changer sludge (oil! metals! and suspended solids) Tan/ bottom sludge (iron rust! clay! sand! water! emulsified oil and wa<! metals) )ittle or no residual waste generated.
Storage Tan/s 7ugitive emissions (hydrocarbons)
#lowdown and flare
ombustion products ( -! S-< ! .-< and hydrocarbons) from flares! fugitive emissions
Sources: ,ssessment o# ,tmos'her " +m ss ons #rom Petroleum )e# n ng ! Badian orp.! 5962L Petroleum )e# n ng 0a1ardous Waste 4enerat on ! U.S. EPA! -ffice of Solid 0aste! 5993.
&&&#C# 1anagement of Chemicals in Aastestream The Pollution Prevention Act of 5992 (PPA) re>uires facilit ie s to report information about the management of TB( chemicals in waste and efforts made to eliminate or reduce those >uantitie s. These data have been collected annually in Section 6 of the TB( reporting 7orm B beginning with the 5995 repo rting year. The data summari$ed below cover the years 5991%5994 and is meant to pr ovide a basic understanding of the >uantities of waste handled by the industr y! the methods typically used to manage this waste! and recent trends in these methods. TB( waste management data can be used to assess trends in sour ce r eduction within individual industrie s and facilit ie s! and for specific TB( chemicals. This information could then be used as a tool in identifying opportunit ies for pollution prevention compliance assistance activities. 7rom the yearly data pr esented below it is apparent that the por tion of TB( wastes reported as recycled on%site has increased and the portions treated or managed through energy r ecover y on%site have decreased between 5991 and 5994 (proFected). 0hile the >uantities reported for 5991 and 599; are estimates of >uantities already managed! the >uantities reported for 5993 and 5994 are proFections only. The PPA re>uires these proFections to encourage
Petroleum Refining
facilitie s to consider future waste generation and source reduction of those >uantities as well as moveme nt up the waste ma nagement hierar chy. 7uture% year estima tes are not commit me nts that facilit ies repor ting under TB( are re>uired to meet. E<hibit 5C shows that the petroleum refining industry managed about 5.C billio n pounds of production%related waste ( total >uantit y of TB( chemicals in the waste from routine production oper ations) in 599; (column #). olumn reveals that of this production%r elated waste! ;2 percent was either transferred off%site or released to the environment. o lumn is calculated by dividing the total TB( transfers and releases by the total >uantity of production%related waste. (n other wo rds! about =2 percent of the industryDs TB( wastes were managed on%site through recycling! ener gy recovery! or treatment as shown in columns E! 7 and ,! r espectively. The maFority of waste that is r eleased or transfer red off%site can be divided into po rtions that are recycled off%site! reco vered for energy off%site! or treated off%site as shown in columns '! ( and G! respectively. The remaining portion of the production related wastes (3 percent)! shown in column +! is either released to the environment through direct dischar ges to air! land! water! and underground inFection! or it is disposed of off% site.
!0hibit '=: Source Reduction and Rec cling Activit for Petroleum &ndustr +S&C ,(''. as Reported "ithin 2R& A # + %n@Site %ff@Site
Euantity of Production% O Beleased Belated O Beleased and 0aste and +isposedc (52C lbs.) a Transferred -ff%site
b
E 7 , ' ( G
O O Energy Becycled Becovery O Treated O Becycled O Energy Becovery O Treated
Jear
5991 5!3=C 13O ;O 52O ;=O 11O 1=O R5O R5O 599; 5!C22 ;2O 3O 53O ;CO 12O 1CO R5O R5O 5993 5!6C= 3O 59O ;=O%%% 54O 14O R5O R5O 5994 5!=5= 3O 15O ;1O%%% 5=O 1=O R5O R5O 0ithin this industry sector! non%production related waste R 5 percent of production related wastes for 599;. Total TB( transfers and releases as reported in Sections 4 and C of 7orm B as a percentage of production related wastes. c Percentage of production related waste released to the environment and transferred off%site for disposal.
a b
Sector Notebook Project &B# C3!1&CA/ R!/!AS! AN* 2RANS7!R PR%7&/!
Petroleum Refining
This section is designed to pr ovide bac/ground information on the pollutant releases that are repo rted by this industry. The best source of comparative pollutant release information is the To<ic Belease ( nventory System (TB(). Pursuant to the Emergency Planning and ommunity Bight%to% Inow Act! TB( includes self%reported facility release and tr ansfer data for over C22 to<ic chemicals. 7acilit ies within S( odes 12 through ;9 (manufacturing industries) that have more than 52 employees! and that are above weight% based reporting thresholds are re>uired to report TB( on%site releases and off% site transfers. The information presented within the sector noteboo/s is derived from the most recently available (599;) TB( repo rting year! and focuses primarily on the on%site releases repo rted by each sector. #ecause TB( re>uires consistent reporting regardless of sector! it is an e<cellent tool for drawing comparisons across industries. Although this sector noteboo/ does not present historical information regarding TB( chemical releases over time! please note that in general! to<ic chemical releases have been declining. (n fact! acco rding to the 599; To<ic Belease (nventory +ata #oo/! repo rted releases dropped by 31.= percent between 5966 and 599;. Although on%site releases have decreased! the total amount of repor ted to<ic waste has not declined because the amount of to<ic chemicals transferred o ff%site has increased. Transfers have incr eased from ;.= billion pounds in 5995 to 3.= billion pounds in 599;. #etter management practices have led to increases in off%site transfer s of to<ic chemicals for recycling. "ore detailed information can be obtained from EPANs annual To<ics Belease (nventory Public +ata Belease boo/ (which is available through the EP BA 'otline at 622%4;4%2121)! or directly from the To<ic Belease (nventory System database (for user support call 121%1C2%54;5). 0herever possible! the sector noteboo/s present TB( data as the pr imary indicator of chemical release within each industrial category. TB( data provide the type! amount and media receptor of each chemical released or transferred. 0hen other sources o f po llutant release data have been obtained! these data have been included to augment the TB( information. 2R& *ata /imitations The reader should /eep in mind the fo llo wing limitations regarding TB( data. 0ithin some sectors! the maFority of facilit ies are not subFect to TB( reporting because they are not considered manufacturing industries! or because they are below TB( reporting thresholds. E<amples are the mining! dry cleaning! printing! and transportation e>uipment cleaning sectors. 7or these sectors! release information from other sources has been included.
Petroleum Refining
The reader should also be aware that TB( Kpounds releasedK data presented within the noteboo/s is not e>uivalent to a Kris/K ran/ing for each industry. 0eighting each po und of release e>ually do es not factor in the relative to<icity of each chemical that is released. The Agency is in the process o f developing an approach to assign to<ico logical weightings to each chemical released so that one can differentiate between pollutants with significant differences in to<icity. As a preliminary indicator of the envir onmental impact of the industryNs most commonly released chemicals! the noteboo/ briefly summari$es the to<ico logical properties of the top chemicals (by weight) repo rted by each industry. *efinitions Associat ed "ith Section &B *ata 2ables 8eneral *efinitions S&C Code %% is the Standard (ndustrial lassification (S( ) is a statistical classification standard used for all establishment%based 7ederal economic statistics. The S( codes fa cilitate comparisons between fa cility and industry data. 2R& 7acilities %% are manufacturing facilitie s that have 52 or mor e full%time employees and are above established chemical thr oughput thresholds. "anufacturing facilit ies are defined as facilit ies in Standard (ndustrial lassification primary codes 12 to ;9. 7acilit ies must submit estimates fo r all chemicals that are o n the EPANs defined list and are above throughput thresholds. *ata 2able Column 3eading *efinitions The following definitions are based upon standar d definitions developed by EPADs To<ic Belease (nventory Program. The categories below represent the possible po llutant destinations that can be reported. R!/!AS!S %% are an on%site dischar ge of a to<ic chemical to the environment. This includes emissions to the air! discharges to bodies of water! rele ases at the fa cility to land! as well as contained disposal into underground inFection wells. Releases to Air +Point and 7ugitive Air !missions. %% (nclude all air emissions from industry activity. Point emission occur through confined air streams as found in stac/s! ducts! or pipes. 7ugitive emissions include losses from e>uipment lea/s! or evaporative lo sses from impoundme nts! spills! or lea/s.
Petroleum Refining
Releases to Aater +Surface Aater *ischarges. %% encompass any releases going directly to streams! rivers! la/es! oceans! or other bodies of water. Any estimates for stormwater r unoff and non%point losses must also be included. Releases to /and %% includes disposal of to<ic chemicals in waste to on% site landfills! land treated or incorporation into soil! surface impoundments! spills! lea/s! or waste piles. These activit ies must occur within the facilit yNs boundaries for inclusion in this category. Underground &njection % % is a contained r elease of a fluid into a subsurface well for the pur po se of waste disposal. 2RANS7!RS %% is a transfer of to<ic chemicals in wastes to a facilit y that is geographically or physically separate from the facilit y r eporting under TB(. The >uantities reported r epresent a movement of the chemical away from the reporting facilit y. E<cept fo r off%site transfer s for disposal! these >uantities do not necessarily represent entry of the chemical into the envir onment. 2ransfers to P%2As %% are wastewaters transferred through pipes or sewers to a publicly owned treatments wor/s (P-T0). Treatment and chemical removal depend on the chemicalNs nature and treatment methods used. hemicals not treated o r destroyed by the P-T0 are gener ally released to surface waters or land filled within the sludge. 2ransfers to Rec cling %% ar e sent off%site for the purposes of regenerating or recovering still valuable materials. -nce these chemic als have been recycled! they may be returned to the originating fa cility or sold commercia lly. 2ransfers to !nerg Recover %% are wastes co mbusted off% site in industrial furnaces for energy recovery. Treatment of a chemical by incineration is not co nsidered to be energy reco very. 2ransfers to 2reatment%% are wastes moved o ff%site for either neutrali$ation! incineration! biological destruction! or physical separation. (n some cases! the chemicals are not destroyed but prepar ed for further waste management. 2ransfers to *isposal %% are wastes ta/en to another facilit y for disposal generally as a release to land or as an inFection underground.
Sector Notebook Project &B#A# !PA 2o0ic Release &nventor for the Petroleum Refining &ndustr
Petroleum Refining
The amount of TB( chemicals generated by the petr oleum refining indu str y provides a gross profile of the types and relative amounts o f to<ic chemical outputs from refining processes. Additional infor mation! which can be related bac/ to possible compliance re>uirements! is available from the distribution of chemical releases across specific media within the envir onment. The TB( data re>uires filers to list releases to air! water ! and land separately. The distribution across media can also be co mpared to the pr ofile of other industr y sectors. The petroleum refining industry releases =4 percent of its total TB( poundage to the air! 13 percent to the water (including 12 percent to underground inFection and 3 percent to surface waters) ! and 5 percent to the land. This rele ase profile diffe rs from other TB( industries whic h average appro<ima tely 49 percent to air! ;2 percent to water! and 52 percent to land. E<amining the petroleum refining industr yNs TB( reported to<ic chemical releases highlights the li/ely origins of the large air releases for the industry (E<hibit 5C). According to TB( data! in 599; the petroleum refining industry released (discharged to the air! water! or land without tr eatment) and transfer red (shipped off%site) a total of 361 million pounds of pollutants! made up of 52; different chemicals. This represents about 55 percent of the total pounds of TB( chemicals released and transferred by all manufacturers that year. (n comparison! the chemic al industry (S( 16) pr oduced 1.4 billion pounds that year! acco unting for ;; percent of all releases and transfers. -verall! the petroleum refining industryNs releases declined between 5966 and 599;. #etween 5995 and 599; the decrease in releases was C.= percent co mpared to the average for all industr ies of 56 percent. (n the same period! however! transfers were reported to increase C4 per cent which is higher than the average increase in transfers of 14 percent for all manufacturing industries. A lar ge portion of the increases were in the form of transfers to recycling. Spent sulfuric acid generated in the al/ylation process ma/es up about half of all transfers of TB( listed chemicals off% site. At the fa cility le vel! the industr y repo rted a level of po llution prevention activities of 31 percent of all refineries which is slightly higher than the overall average of about ;4 percent of TB( reporting facilitie s. omparisons of the r eported pounds released or transferred per facility demonstrate that the petroleum refining industry is far above average in its pollutant releases and transfers per facilit y when compared to other TB( industries. -f the twenty manufacturing S( codes listed in the TB( database! the mean amount of pollutant release per fa cility (including petroleum
Petroleum Refining
refining) was appro<imately 512!222 pounds. The TB( releases of the average petroleum refining facilit y (S( 1955) were 323!222 pounds! ma/ing the industry ;.3 time s higher in per facilit y releases than for other industries. 7or transfers! the mean of petroleum refining facilitie s was about 5; time s as much that of all TB( ma nufacturing facilit ies (121!222 pounds transferred o ff% site per facilit y compar ed to 1!C1C!222 per refinery). These high releases and transfers per fa cility r efle ct the large volumes of material processed at a rela tively small number of facilitie s. -f the top ten most fre>uently reported to<ic chemicals on the TB( list! the prevalence of volatile chemicals e<plains the air intensive to<ic chemical loading of the refining industry. .ine of the ten most commonly reported to<ic chemicals are highly volatile. Seven of the ten ar e aromatic hydrocarbons ( ben$ene! toluene! ethylben$ene! <ylene! cyclohe<ane! 5!1!3% trimethylben$ene and ethylben$e) . Aromatic hydrocarbons are highly volatile co mpounds and ma/e up a portion of both crude oil and many finished petroleum products. Ammonia! the ninth most commonly reported to<ic chemical! is also released and transferred fr om petroleum r efineries in large >uantities. Ammo nia may be found in high concentrations in process water streams from steam distillation pr ocesses and in refinery sour gas. The primary means of release to the environment is through under ground inFection of wastewater and emissions to air. ,asoline blending additives (i.e.! methanol! ethanol! and "T#E) and chemical feedstoc/s (propylene! ethylene and napthalene) are also commonly reported to TB(. Additives and chemical feedstoc/s are! for the most part! released as air emissions due to their high volatilit y. A signific ant portion of the rema ining chemicals of the r eported TB( to<ic chemicals are metals co mpounds! which are typically transferred off%site for recovery or as a component of ha$ardo us wastes. Although it is not the most fre>uently reported to<ic chemical released or transferr ed! sulfuric acid is! by far! generated in the largest >uantit ie s. Spent sulfuric acid is primarily generated during the al/ylation process. The acid is typically transferred off%site for regeneration.
!0hibit '>: '((; Releases for Petroleum Refining 7acilities in 2R&, b Number of 7acilities Reporting +Releases reported in pounds$ ear.
C3!1&CA/ NA1! C R!P%R2&N8 C3!1&CA/ 7U8&2&B! A&R P%&N2 A&R AA2!R *&SC3AR8!S UN*!R8R%UN* &N6!C2&%N /AN* *&SP%SA/ 2%2A/ R!/!AS!S AB8# R!/!AS!S P!R 7AC&/&29 #E.SE.E 54; ;!2;;!3=1 5!15C!265 =!666 CC!=61 59!C;9 3!;3;!6C1 16!;95 T-)UE.E 53C C!33=!1;6 1!414!24C 4!52C 13!1;; 36!1=5 9!239!923 C5!96C ET'J)#E.SE.E 5;9 934!1=1 356!C13 1!461 34; 59!5=4 5!;6C!52C 9!9=1 8J)E.E ("(8E+ (S-"EBS) 5;C ;!C;5!56C 5!343!;;1 4!95= =!5C; =9!566 4!5==!=6C ;6!2=1 J )-'E8A.E 514 9=;!139 3=6!154 ;!33= 19= ;!46= 5!346!=94 55!C=2 5!1!3%TB("ET'J)#E.SE.E 55C C35!6=9 1;6!5C; 1!5C3 969 4!615 669!25C =!CC3 SU)7UB( A (+ 526 4!=19 5!53;!92C 2 2 =!46C 5!54=!115 52!=54 PB-PJ)E.E 52C ;!426!39C 5!5;9!659 3!C54 2 2 3!C41!9;2 3;!69C A""-.(A 52; 5!64C!6C5 3!646!35C 1!;15!2;5 51!;64!322 92!;9; 15!451!525 126!644 ET'J)E.E 95 5!561!433 34;!C;; 3!423 2 2 5!C32!C65 56!219 .AP'T'A)E.E =C ;39!642 39!64= =!325 2 9!C55 35C!=59 4!36; ')-B(.E C6 3;!96C 9=!43; 6!11= 2 5!562 542!9;C 1!112 "ET'J) TEBT%#UTJ)ET'EB CC 3=4!399 5!6;=!==C 49!2;1 C;3 541 1!;=;!29; ;4!94C 5!;%#UTA+(E.E 4= 591!53= 521!=64 3!43= 2 52 199!369 4!143 "ET'A.-) 4C ;19!2=; 152!354 ;;!322 15!;59 1=4 493!361 52!C5C 'J+B-,E. 7)U-B(+E 41 5;3!=52 ;;=!22; 2 2 3C 3=5!=49 9!2=1 U"E.E 36 3=6!3C; CC!299 133 C1 161 434!542 55!;4= P'E.-) 36 5;!;51 5;5!;56 5;!=36 1C2!222 95C 359!193 6!=;4 +(ET'A.-)A"(.E 33 46!=3C 162 46!C5= 163 ;25 556!116 1!C6= P'-SP'-B( A (+ 33 5!295 52 2 2 522!142 525!;45 1!;2; "-)J#+E.U" TB(-8(+E 3; 151 ;46 595 2 C= 616 59 5!5!5%TB( ')-B-ET'A.E ;6 5C3!122 45; 1=5 2 142 5C4!1;3 3!;36 .( IE) -"P-U.+S ;; 5!;C5 52!963 3!49; 2 5=!252 ;;!936 5!219 'J+B- ')-B( A (+ 19 C!3;2 532!;C= 2 2 4!3=9 541!1=C 4!145 S(. -"P-U.+S 16 3!C4C 6!;;1 12!196 2 5=!991 45!1=6 5!6;5 )EA+ -"P-U.+S 14 5!C1= 3!3CC 1!2C2 554 3!6C1 5;!5;2 414 BES-) ("(8E+ (S-"EBS) 15 5=!;;; 4!5C2 352 552!222 134 5;;!536 C!;32 -#A)T -"P-U.+S 59 1C 549 5!1;2 2 1!5C3 ;!4=9 566 'B-"(U" -"P-U.+S 56 54!;;5 53!244 4!23C 2 95!4;6 514!9=2 C!996 ET'J)E.E ,)J -) 5= C!;32 15!345 591 51!5;= 131 32!;C1 1!;=3 AB#-. TETBA ')-B(+E 5C 12!5=4 3C6 92 2 2 12!=;; 5!19C -%8J)E.E 5C 113!C=3 96!565 31; 4 5!21; ;13!;2C 12!1C9 P%8J)E.E 5C 133!=91 161!;C5 ;91 4 4C; 416!55; ;;!22= TETBA ')-B-ET'J)E.E 5C 15!511 ;2; 2 2 2 15!314 5!;;9 "ET'J) ET'J) IET-.E 54 3!;39!;;2 142!;63 1!=61 ;C!222 364 3!C;6!965 ;29!1C4 "%8J)E.E 53 19=!C24 44!144 4CC 4 5!562 ;43!C55 14!;19 .( IE) 53 ;54 1!=13 4!C92 2 ;!3== 51!12C 6=1 5!1%+( ')-B-ET'A.E 5; 55!35C 31 4 5C 1 55!365 66; "A.,A.ESE -"P-U.+S 51 5 1!624 C!12= 2 C;!222 =1!25; C!225 'B-"(U" 55 1!91C 51!9=5 1!C11 2 5C!63= ;4!;CC ;!154 )EA+ 55 511 1=; 122 2 9!925 52!39C 943 A.T'BA E.E 52 4!492 1;4 53= 2 5!4;2 =!421 =42 -PPEB -"P-U.+S 52 C; 5!=42 914 2 1!454 4!14; 414 ,)J -) ET'EBS 52 =41 4= 4 2 143 5!2C6 52= 1%"ET'-8JET'A.-) 52 ;!2=; 399 2 2 2 ;!4=1 ;4= #(P'E.J) 6 53!224 132 54= 2 2 53!321 5!622 A.T("-.J -"P-U.+S = 534 4!1C3 6!CC= 2 3!212 56!29C 1!464 5!1%+(#B-"-ET'A.E = 161 5C 2 5C 3 ;56 34 A ET-.E C ;!69= 1!93C 5!322 2 3 6!13= 5!;=4 #AB(U" C 4 4 2 2 5!9CC 5!9=C ;19 -PPEB C 51 5!;24 321 2 2 5!=59 16=
!0hibit '> +cont#.: '((; Releases for Petroleum Refining 7acilities in 2R&, b Number of 7acilities Reporting +Releases reported in pounds$ ear.
C3!1&CA/ NA1! C R!P%R2&N8 C3!1&CA/ 7U8&2&B! A&R P%&N2 A&R AA2!R *&SC3AR8!S UN*!R8R%UN * &N6!C2&%N /AN* *&SP%SA/ 2%2A/ R!/!AS!S AB8# R!/!AS!S P!R 7AC&/&29 +( ')-B-+(7)U-B-"ET'A.E C 594!522 2 2 2 2 594!522 ;1!45= STJBE.E C 542!92C ;!=62 1=2 2 2 543!94C 14!61C -#A)T 4 = 2 2 2 33; 342 92 TEBT%#UTJ) A) -'-) 4 12!5= C C6!;33 52 4 4= 2 69!26 = 5=!65= ABSE.( 3 4 4 2 2 ;59 ;19 61 #AB(U" -"P-U.+S 3 2 5!=22 5!;22 2 6!=22 55!=22 1!914 AB#-. +(SU)7(+E 3 4 2 2 2 ; 6 1 A""-.(U" SU)7AT E ; 5C 142 1 2 3 1=1 95 AS#EST-S (7B(A#)E) ; 2 2 2 2 142 14 2 6; A+"(U" ; 3 1= 2 2 ;; C 3 15 ')-B-#E.SE.E ; 114 5= 2 2 2 131 65 +( ')-B-"ET'A.E ; 3!299 2 ;3 2 2 3!5;; 5!;=6 'J+B-,E. JA.(+E ; 2 =3!651 1C2 2 2 =4!2= 1 14!213 "A.,A.ESE ; 2 5!=96 54!222 2 2 5C!=96 4!499 "ET'J) (S-#UTJ) IET-.E ; 5C!433 4 2 2 2 5C!439 4!45C .%#UTJ) A) -'-) ; 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 ; S(. (7U"E-B+UST) ; 2 93 2 2 2 9 3 ;5 1!3%+("ET'J)P'E.-) ; 3 = 2 1 2 2 3 9 5C A)U"(.U" -8(+E 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 A.T("-.J 1 2 2 2 2 ;= ; = 59 ABSE.( -"P-U.+S 1 2 6 2 2 2 6 3 #EBJ))(U" 1 1 2 2 2 6= 69 34 #UTJ) #E.SJ) P'T'A)ATE 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 "EB UBJ -"P-U.+S 1 4 1=9 2 2 2 163 531 SE)E.(U" 1 2 2 2 2 14C 14 C 516 S()*EB 1 5!622 2 2 2 =42 1!442 5!1=4 5!1%+( ')-B-PB-PA.E 1 C52 2 152 2 4 614 35; A""-.(U" .(TBATE 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #E.S(+(.E 5 5 C 2 2 2 2 5 C 5C #EBJ))(U" -"P-U.+S 5 2 5 2 2 2 5 5 #B-"- ')-B-+(7)U-B-"ET' 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #B-"-TB(7)U-B-"ET'A.E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 A+"(U" -"P-U.+S 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 AB#-.J) SU)7(+E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ')-B(.E +(-8(+E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ')-B-7-B" 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 +(#E.S-7UBA. 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ET'J)E.E -8(+E 5 542!222 322 2 2 2 542!322 542!322 7-B"A)+E'J+E 5 2 51!262 2 2 2 51!26 2 51!262 'J+BAS(.E 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 5 3 53 (S-PB-PJ) A) -'-) 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 "EB UBJ 5 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 "ET'J) "ET'A BJ)ATE 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .(TB( A (+ 5 53 2 1;2 2 2 2 ;= 2 ;=2 P'-SP'-BUS 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 SE)E.(U" -"P-U.+S 5 2 35 2 2 2 3 5 35 S()*EB -"P-U.+S 5 2 2 =;2 2 2 =;2 =;2 T-)UE.E%1!3% 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 *A.A+(U" (7U"E-B+UST) 5 2 2 2 2 53!222 53!222 53!222 *(.J) A ETATE 5 142 2 2 2 2 142 142 5!5!1%T B( ')-B-ET'A.E 5 ; 5 2 2 2 3 3 T-TA) 549 ;2!1C2!C24 5=!63=!5;1 1!C14!149 51!91C!3=1 C46!594 C3!;5=!CC; 323!453
!0hibit '?: '((; 2ransfers for Petroleum Refining 7acilities in 2R&, b Number of 7acilities Reporting +2ransfers reported in pounds$ ear.
C3!1&CA/ NA1! C R!P%R2&N8 C3!1&CA/ P%2A *&SC3AR8!S *&SP%SA/ R!C9C/&N8 2R!A21!N2 !N!R89 R!C%B!R9 2%2A/ 2RANS7!RS AB8# 2RANS7!RS P!R 7AC&/&29
#E.SE.E 54; 142!C5= 53!551 4!993 ;=!429 4!44= ;5;!=69 5!C;6 T-)UE.E 53C 14=!122 32!;39 56!16= ;1!12C C3!64; 351!694 1!616 ET'J)#E.SE.E 5;9 ;;!;36 15!=44 1!446 =!924 54!4;3 65!522 46; 8J)E.E ("(8E+ (S-"EBS) 5;C 126!966 3=!CC4 =!3=6 ;6!419 =6!;53 ;62!9=3 1!625 J )-'E8A.E 514 4!C55 1!=46 5!9=6 1!1;9 1!1;= 53!61; 559 5!1!3%TB("ET'J)#E.SE.E 55C 3!;96 51!315 C63 4!955 14!232 36!343 356 SU)7UB( A (+ 526 2 5 4!194 324!4;2!=52 566 52 324!43C!12; ;!=44!24= PB-PJ)E.E 52C 2 3=9 2 ; 2 361 4 A""-.(A 52; 5!C35!4;; 31!61= ;= 4C5 149 5!C64!15= 5C!;C5 ET'J)E.E 95 2 16 2 1 2 ;2 2 .AP'T'A)E.E =C 1!C;= 56!26; 35C 3!C== C!432 ;1!;4; 31C ')-B(.E C6 ;61 2 2 2 2 ;61 C "ET'J) TEBT%#UTJ) CC 69!=13 5;2 342 34 165 92!C;2 5!;=; 5!;%#UTA+(E.E 4= 2 53 2 1 2 5C 2 "ET'A.-) 4C 36C!;3; 331 63 C=; 311 36=!9C3 6!=53 'J+B-,E. 7)U-B(+E 41 2 5!1C2 2 1!4=C 2 ;!6;C =3 U"E.E 36 159 1!;95 15 1!131 3C5 4!;;3 555 P'E.-) 36 916!5C6 1C!436 ;2!=32 C2C 1; 96C!264 12!43; +(ET'A.-)A"(.E 33 136!326 ;22 112!291 3 2 3C6!623 52!C44 P'-SP'-B( A (+ 33 2 =31!452 36!222 =C!2;3 2 6CC!433 59!C93 "-)J#+E.U" TB(-8(+E 3; 2 1C=!C=1 5!92C!24= 1;!435 2 1!59=!1=2 45!299 5!5!5%TB( ')-B-ET'A.E ;6 142 3 36!319 5 !1 52 =!;22 4 =!59; 5!424 .( IE) -"P-U.+S ;; 5!239 ;32!;23 =42!113 5;!C;C 5;C 5!524!;39 ;;!394 'J+B- ')-B( A (+ 19 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S(. -"P-U.+S 16 1=!C;4 C1!2=C 5=6!1=C 5C!;1= 491 163!92C 52!5=4 )EA+ -"P-U.+S 14 5!524 1=!2=3 C!563 56!51; 365 41!9C= 1!559 BES-) ("(8E+(S-"EBS) 15 33!6;5 56!2CC 5;2!243 5!32; 55= 593!3=5 9!1C5 -#A)T -"P-U.+S 59 2 C5!2CC ;;3!C92 =!452 5 32;!1C= 15!114 'B-"(U" -"P-U.+S 56 C!2=2 3C!449 5;!264 6!315 513 =3!149 3!51C ET'J)E.E ,)J -) 5= 46!222 2 512!1;2 ;!62C 59 561!244 52!=29 AB#-. TETBA ')-B(+E 5C 2 ; 53 1= C 42 ; -%8J)E.E 5C ;!421 ;!263 9;9 64 5!222 6!C52 4;6 P%8J)E.E 5C 5!;C4 ;!22C 669 ;;5 ;C2 4!945 ;=1 TETBA ')-B-ET'J)E.E 5C 2 2 393 2 2 393 ;5 "ET'J) ET'J) IET-.E 54 ;9 ;=4 5!=C2 C!C3; 4!;22 53!55= 935 "%8J)E.E 53 ;!25; 3!43= ;25 ;46 ;52 6!419 C29 .( IE) 53 ;32 ;1!=46 69!9C; ;!923 34 51=!252 9!2=1 5!1%+( ')-B-ET 'A.E 5; 5 14; 2 2 2 143 12 "A.,A.ESE -"P-U.+S 51 2 6!152 54!1;3 ;5!222 =3 43!456 3!43; 'B-"(U" 55 =!;21 3!=19 4;!539 54!1;3 3C 62!3C2 =!;54 )EA+ 55 ;9= 5=!1C4 1!413 694 6; 15!5C3 5!913 A.T'BA E.E 52 2 1!66; 131 324 59; ;!=1; ;=1 -PPEB -"P-U.+S 52 ;!223 4!4;5 55=!159 1!214 14 51=!623 51!=62 ,)J -) ET'EBS 52 2 2 3!523 2 2 3!523 352 1%"ET'-8JET'A.-) 52 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #(P'E.J) 6 2 15C 2 54= 9CC 5!;;9 5C= A.T("-.J -"P-U.+S = =62 5 4!519 3!624 52 !6 2= 2 ; 5!415 3!42; 5!1%+(#B-"-ET'A.E = 2 2 2 4 4 52 5 A ET-.E C 512!119 2 2 2 2 512!119 12!2;6 #AB(U" C 1!5;C 1C!C52 ;!==6 14C 92 ;1!6=2 4!3=6 -PPEB C 15 =2!153 =!51; 5!;C3 2 =6!=11 5;!512 +( ')-B-+(7)U-B-"ET'A.E C 2 2 C4 2 2 C4 55 ST JBE.E C 2 55 2 5 5 5; 1
!0hibit '? +cont#.: '((; 2ransfers for Petroleum Refining 7acilities in 2R&, b Number of 7acilities Reporting +2ransfers reported in pounds$ ear.
C3!1&CA/ NA1! C R!P%R2&N8 C3!1&CA/ P%2A *&SC3AR8!S *&SP%SA/ R!C9C/&N8 2R!A21!N2 !N!R89 R!C%B!R9 2%2A/ 2RANS7!RS AB8# 2RANS7!RS P!R 7AC&/&29
-#A)T 4 2 C13 3!939 C5 2 4!C;3 5!51= TEBT%#UTJ) A) -'-) 4 2 2 2 2 11 11 3 ABSE.( 3 5 ;6; 2 141 ; C;9 5C2 #AB(U" -"P-U.+S 3 2 5!;14 521 1!43= 2 ;!9=3 993 AB#-. +(SU)7(+E 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 A""-.(U" SU)7ATE (S-)UT(-.) ; 99!222 1 2 2 2 99!221 ;;!225 AS#EST-S (7B(A#)E) ; 2 1=6!415 2 2 2 1=6!415 91!632 A+"(U" ; 2 ;= 2 5 2 ;6 5; ')-B-#E.SE.E ; 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 +( ')-B-"ET'A.E ; 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 'J+B-,E. JA.(+E ; 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 "A.,A.ESE ; C52 2 59!222 2 2 59!C52 C!4;= "ET'J) (S-#UTJ) IET-.E ; 2 199 =42 2 2 5!239 ;42 .%#UTJ) A) -'-) ; 5!C22 2 2 2 2 5!C22 4;; S(. (7U"E -B +UST) ; 2 5;!=93 2 5!=4C 2 54!442 4!56; 1!3%+("ET'J)P'E.-) ; 4!334 2 56!355 3 5 1;!6C5 =!943 A)U"(.U" -8(+E(7(#B-US7-B") 1 2 ;32!5=3 9;!42; 2 2 3;;!C== 15C!6;9 A.T("-.J 1 2 3!26= 2 ; 6 3!296 1!239 ABSE.( -"P-U.+S 1 2 55 1 2 2 5; = #EBJ))(U" 1 2 9 2 2 2 9 4 #UTJ) #E.SJ) P'T'A)ATE 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 "EB UBJ -"P-U.+S 1 2 ;9 2 = 2 3C 1; SE)E.(U" 1 2 6; 2 1=3 2 ;4= 5=9 S()*EB 1 2 =41 2 43 2 62C 32; 5!1%+( ')-B-PB-PA.E 1 1 2 2 5 2 ; 1 A""-.(U" .(TBATE(S-)UT(-.) 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #E.S(+(.E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #EBJ))(U" -"P-U.+S 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #B-"- ')-B-+(7)U-B-"ET'A.E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #B-"-TB(7)U-B-"ET'A.E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 A+"(U" -"P-U.+S 5 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 AB#-.J) SU)7(+E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ')-B(.E +(-8(+E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ')-B-7-B" 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 +(#E.S-7UBA. 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ET'J)E.E -8(+E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7-B"A)+E'J+E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 'J+BAS(.E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (S-PB-PJ) 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 "EB UBJ 5 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 "ET'J) "ET'A BJ)ATE 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .(TB( A (+ 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 P'-SP'-BUS (JE))-0-B0'(TE) 5 2 ;C5 2 2 2 ;C5 ;C5 SE)E.(U" -"P-U.+S 5 2 = 2 2 2 = = S()*EB -"P-U.+S 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T-)UE.E%1!3%+((S- JA.ATE 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 *A.A+(U" (7U"E -B +UST) 5 2 C!322 2 5!262 2 =!362 =!362 *(.J) A ETATE 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5!5!1%TB( ')-B-ET'A.E 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T-TA) 549 3!361!5;5 1!C4;!919 32!9=9!32= ;64!31C 15C!6;9 35=!4;1!32; 1!C14!992
Petroleum Refining
The TB( database contains a detailed compilation of self%repor ted! facility% specific chemical releases. The top r eporting facilit ies fo r this sector are listed below (E<hibit 59). 7acilities that have reported only the S( co des co vered under this noteboo/ appear on the first list. E<hibit 12 contains additional facilitie s that have reported the S( code cover ed within this report! and one or more S( codes that ar e not within the scope of this noteboo/. Ther efore! the second list includes facilities that conduct multiple operations %% some that are under the scope of this noteboo/! and some that are not. urrently! the facility%level data do not allow pollutant releases to be bro/en apart by industrial process.
!0hibit '(: 2op '- 2R& Releasing Petroleum Refineries

Rank 7acilit 5 1 ; 3 4 C = 6 9 52
Amoco -il o. % Te<as ity! T8 "obil -il % #eaumont! T8 hevron % Port Arthur! T8 #P -il o. Alliance Befinery % #elle hasse! )A oastal Befining % orpus hristi T8 Phillips P. B. ore (nc. % ,uayama PB 'ess -il St. roi< Befinery % Iingshill *( Sun Befining & "ar/eting o. % Tulsa! -I Ioch Befining o. % Bosemount! ". Ioch Befining o. % orpus hristi T8
2otal 2R& Releases in Pounds

5;!59C!=;3 3!;51!2=9 1!45;!13= 5!991!931 5!61=!C61 5!62C!5C; 5!=12!653 5!444!134 5!;94!C51 5!;19!5;C
Source: U.S. EPA! To<ics Belease (nventory +atabase! 599;.
#eing included in this list does not mean that the release is associated with non%compliance with environmental laws.
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit ,-: 2op '- 2R& Releasing 7acilities Reporting Petroleum Refining S&C Codes to 2R& c
S&C Codes Report ed in 2R& 7acilit
Shell -il o.! % +eer Par/! T8 3!431!=1C
Rank
2otal 2R& Releases in Pounds
5 1955 Amoco -il o. Te<as ity Befinery % Te<as ity! T8 5;!59C!=;3 1 1955! 16C9! 16C4! 1615 3 1955
; 1955 "obil -il #eaumont Befinery % #eaumont! T8 3!;51!2=9 hevron USA Products! Port Arthur Befinery % Port Arthur! T8 1!45;!13= itgo Petroleum orp. % )a/e harles! )A 1!55C!5;C hevron Products +o. Pascagoula Befinery % Pascagoula! "S 5!911!34= 4 1955! 16C9! 1991 )yondell% itgo Befining o. )td. % 'ouston! T8 1!;32!31C C 1955! 1659! 16C9 6 1955! 16C9! 16=; 9 1955 = 1955 #P -il o. Alliance Befinery % #elle hasse! )A 5!991!931 oastal Befining & "ar/eting (nc. % orpus hristi! T8 5!61=!C61
52 1955 Phillips P.B. ore (nc. Phillipa Para<ylene (nc. % ,uayama! PB 5!62C!5C; Source: U.S. EPA! To<ics Belease (nventory +atabase! 599;.
&B#4# Summar of Selected Chemicals Released The following is a synopsis of current scie ntific to<icity and fate information for the top chemicals (by weight) that facilit ies within this sector self%reported as released to the environment based upon 599; TB( data. #ecause this section is based upon self%repor ted release data! it does not attempt to provide information on management practices employed by the sector to reduce the release of these chemicals. (nformation regarding pollutant release r eductions over time may be available from EPADs TB( and ;;A42 programs! or directly from the industrial trade associations that ar e listed in Section (8 of this document. Since these descriptions are cursory! please consult the sources referenced below for a more detailed description of both the chemicals described in this section! and the chemicals that appear on the full list of TB( chemicals appearing in Section ( *.A. 1996 To2 "s The brief descriptio ns provided below were ta/en from the )elease In$entory Pu%l " !ata )elease ( EPA! 5993)! the 'a$ardous Substances +ata #an/ ('S+#)! and the (ntegrated Bis/ ( nformation System
#eing included on this list does not mean that the release is associated with non%compliance with environmental laws.
Petroleum Refining
(( B(S)! both accessed via T-8.ET d . The information contained below is based upon e<po sure assumptions that have been conducted using standard scientific procedures. The effe cts listed belo w must be ta/en in conte<t of these e<po sure assumptions that are more fully e<plained within the full chemical profile s in 'S+#. ,mmon a ( AS: =CC3%35%=) Sources# Ammonia is formed from the nitrogen bearing co mponents of crude oil and can be found throughout petroleum r efineries in both the gaseous and a>ueous for ms. ,aseous ammo nia often leaves distillation! cr ac/ing and treating processes mi<ed with the so ur gas or acid gas along with refinery fuel gases and hydrogen sulfide. A>ueo us ammonia is present in the sourwater generated in the vacuum distilla tion unit and steam strippers or fractionators. Some release sources include! fugitive emissions! sour gas stripper! sulfur unit and wastewater discharges. 2o0icit # Anhydrous ammonia is irritating to the s/in! eyes! nose! throat! and upper r espirator y system. Ecologically! ammonia is a source of nitrogen (an essential element for a>uatic plant growth) ! and may therefore contribute to eutrophication of standing or slow% moving surface water! particularly in nitrogen%limit ed waters such as the hesapea/e #ay. (n addition! a>ueous ammonia is moderately to<ic to a>uatic organisms. Carcinogenicit # There is currently no evidence to suggest that this chemical is carcinogenic. !nvironmental 7ate# Ammo nia combines with sulfa te io ns in the atmosphere and is washed out by rainfall! result ing in rapid return of ammonia to the soil and surface waters. Ammonia is a central compound in the
T-8.ET is a computer system run by the .ational )ibrary of "edicine that includes a number of to<icological databases managed by EPA! .ational ancer (nstitute! and the .ational (nstitute for -ccupational Safety and 'ealth. 7or more information on T-8.ET! contact the T-8.ET help line at 622%1;5%;=CC. +atabases included in T-8.ET are: B(S ( hemical arcinogenesis Besearch (nformation System)! +ABT (+evelopmental and Beproductive To<icity +atabase)! +#(B (+irectory of #iotechnology (nformation Besources)! E"( #A I (Environmental "utagen (nformation enter #ac/file)! ,E.E%T-8 (,enetic To<icology)! 'S+# ('a$ardous Substances +ata #an/)! (B(S ((ntegrated Bis/ (nformation System)! BTE S (Begistry of To<ic Effects of hemical Substances)! and TB( (To<ic hemical Belease (nventory). 'S+# contains chemical%specific information on manufacturing and use! chemical and physical properties! safety and handling! to<icity and biomedical effects! pharmacology! environmental fate and e<posure potential! e<posure standards and regulations! monitoring and analysis methods! and additional references.
Petroleum Refining
environmental cycling o f nitr ogen. Ammonia in la/es! rivers! and streams is co nverted to nitrate. Ph sical Properties# Ammonia is a co rrosive and severely ir ritating gas with a pungent odor. Toluene ( AS: 526%66% ;) Sources# Toluene is a component of crude o il and is therefore present in many refining operations. Toluene is also produced during catalytic reforming and is sold as one of the large volume aromatics used as feedstoc/s in chemical manufactur ing. (ts vola tile nature ma/es fugitive emissions it s largest release source. Point air so urces may arise during the process o f separ ating toluene from other aromatics and from solvent dewa<ing operations where toluene is often used as the solvent.. 2o0icit # (nhalation or ingestion of toluene can cause headaches! confusion! wea/ness! and memory loss. Toluene may also affect the way the /idneys and liver function. Beactions of toluene (see environmental fate) in the atmosphere contribute to the formation of o$one in the lower atmosphere. -$one can affect the respiratory system! especially in sensit ive individuals such as asthma or aller gy sufferers. Some studies have shown that unborn animals were harmed when high levels of toluene were inhaled by their mothers! although the same effects were not seen when the mother s were fed large >uantities of toluene. .o te that these results may reflect similar diffic ulties in huma ns. Carcinogenicit # There is currently no evidence to suggest that this chemical is carcinogenic. !nvironmental 7ate# A po rtion of releases of toluene to land and water will evapo rate. Toluene may also be degraded by microorganisms. -nce volatili$ ed! toluene in the lower atmospher e will react with other atmospheric co mponents contr ibuting to the formation of ground%level o$one and other air pollutants. Ph sical Properties# Toluene is a volatile or ganic chemical.
Sector Notebook Project 7ylenes 8* 2ed Isomers9 ( AS: 5;;2%12%=)
Petroleum Refining
Sources# 8ylene isomers are a co mponent of cr ude oil and are therefore present in many refining operations. 8ylenes are also produced during catalytic refor ming and are sold as one o f the large volume aromatics used as feedstoc/s in chemical ma nufacturing. 8yle neDs volatile nature ma /e fugitive emissions the largest release source. Point air sources may arise during the process of separating <ylene from other aromatics. 2o0icit # 8ylene ar e rapidly absorbed into the body after inhalation! ingestion! or s/in contact. Short%term e<posure of humans to high levels of <ylene can cause irr itation of the s/in! eyes! nose! and throat! difficulty in breathing! impaired lung function! impaired memory! and possible changes in the liver and /idneys. #oth short% and long%term e<po sure to high co ncentrations can cause effects such as headaches! di$$iness! co nfusion! and lac/ of muscle coordination. Beactions of <ylene (see environmental fate) in the atmospher e co ntribute to the formation of o$one in the lower atmosphere. -$one can affect the respiratory system! especially in sensitive individuals such as asthma or allergy sufferers. Carcinogenicit # There is cur rently no evidence to suggest that this chemical is carcinogenic. !nvironmental 7ate# A portion of releases to land and water will >uic/ly evaporate! although some degradation by mic roorganisms will occur. 8ylene are moderately mobile in so ils and may leach into groundwater! where they may persist for several years. 8ylene are volatile organic chemicals. As such! <ylene in the lower atmosphere will react with other atmospheric components! contributing to the formation of ground%level o$one and other air pollutants. *ethyl +thyl :etone ( AS: =6%9;%;) Sources# "ethyl ethyl /etone ("EI) is used in some r efineries as a solvent in lube oil dewa<ing. (ts e<tremely volatile characteristic ma/es fugitive emissions its primary so urce o f releases to the environment. 2o0icit # #reathing moderate amounts of methyl ethyl /etone ("EI) for short periods of time can cause adverse effects on the nervous system ranging from headaches! di$$iness! nausea! and numbness in the fingers and toes to unconsciousness. (ts vapors are irritating to the s/in! eyes! nose! and throat
Petroleum Refining
and can damage the eyes. Bepeated e<posure to moderate to high amounts may cause liver and /idney effects. Carcinogenicit # .o agreement e<ists over the carcinogenicity of "EI. -ne source belie ves "EI is a possible carcinogen in humans based on limit ed animal evidence. -ther sources believe that there is insufficient evidence to ma/e any statements about possible carcinogenicity. !nvironmental 7ate# "ost of the "EI released to the environment will end up in the atmosphere. "EI can contribute to the formation of air pollutants in the lo wer atmo sphere. (t can be degr aded by mic roorganisms living in water and soil. Ph sical Properties# "ethyl ethyl /etone is a flammable li>uid. Pro'ylene ( AS: 554%2=%5) Sources# Propylene (propene) is one of the light ends formed during catalytic and thermal crac/ing and co/ing oper ations. (t is usually collected and used as a feedstoc/ to the al/ylation unit. Propylene is volatile and soluble in water ma/ing releases to both air and water significant. 2o0icit # At low concentrations! inhalation of propylene causes mild into<ication! a tingling sensatio n! and an inabilit y t o concentrate. At higher co ncentrations! unco nsciousness! vomiting! severe vertigo! reduced blood pressure! and disor dered heart rhythms may occur. S/in or eye co ntact with propylene causes free$ing burns. Beaction of propylene (see environmental fate) in the atmosphere co ntributes to the formation of o$one in the lower atmosphere. -$one can affect the respiratory system! especially in sensit ive individuals such as asthma or aller gy sufferers. Ecologically! similar to ethylene! propylene has a stimulating effect on plant growth at low concentrations! but inhibits plant growth at high levels. Carcinogenicit # There is currently no evidence to suggest that this chemical is carcinogenic. !nvironmental 7ate# Propyle ne is degraded principally by hydro<yl io ns in the atmosphere. Propyle ne rele ased to soil a nd water is removed prima rily through vola tili$ation. 'ydrolysis! bioconcentration! and soil adsorption are not e<pected to be significant fate processes of propylene in soil or a>uatic
September 5994 C2 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
ecosystems. Propylene is r eadily biodegraded by microorganisms in surface water. Ph sical Properties# Propylene is a volatile organic chemical. Ben1ene ( AS: =5%3;%1) Sources# #en$ene is a component of crude oil and is therefore present in many r efining operations. #en$ene is also produced during catalytic reforming and is sold as o ne of the large volume aromatics used as feedstoc/s in chemical manufacturing. #en$eneDs volatile nature ma/es fugitive emissions the largest release source. Point air sources may arise during the process of separating ben$ene from other aromatics. 2o0icit # Short%term inhalation of ben$ene primarily affects the central nervous system and respiratory system. hronic e<posure to ben$ene causes bone marrow to<icity in animals and humans! causing suppression of the immune system and development of le u/emia. (ngestion of ben$ene is rare. Beactions of ben$ene (see environmental fate) in the atmosphere co ntributes to the formation of o$one in the lower atmosphere (tropospher e). -$one can affect the respiratory system! especially in sensitive individuals such as asthma or allergy sufferers. Carcinogenicit # #en$ene is a /nown human carcinogen! based on both oral and inhalation e<posur es. !nvironmental 7ate# A portion of ben$ene releases to soil and surface waters evaporate rapidly. #en$ene is highly mobile in the soil and may leach to gr oundwater. -nce in groundwater ! it is li/ely biodegraded by microorganisms only in the presence o f o<ygen. #en$ene is not e<pected to significantly adsorb to sediments! bioconcentrate in a>uatic or ganisms or brea/ down in water. Atmospheric ben$ene is bro/en down through reacting with chemical ions in the airL this process is greatly accelerated in the presence of other air pollutants such as nitrogen o<ides or sulfur dio<ide. #en$ene is fairly soluble in water and is r emoved from the atmosphere in rain. As a vola tile chemical! ben$ene in the lower atmo sphere will react with other atmospheric components! contributing to the formation of ground%level o$one and other air pollutants! whic h can contribute to r espirator y illnesses in both the general and highly susceptible populations! such as asthmatics and allergy% sufferers.
Sector Notebook Project &B#C# %ther *ata Sources
Petroleum Refining
(n addition to chemicals covered under TB( ! many other chemicals are released. 7or e<ample! the EPA -ffice of Air Euality Planning and Standar ds has compiled air pollutant emission factors for deter mining the total air emissions of priority pollutants (e.g.! *- s! S! .-< ! -! particulates! etc.) < from many refinery sources.== The EPA -ffice of AirDs Aerometric (nformation Betrieval System (A(BS) co ntains a wide range of information related to stationary sources of air pollution! including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of co ncern within a particular industry. 0ith the e<ception of volatile organic co mpounds (*- s)! there is little overlap with the TB( chemicals reported above. E<hibit 56 summari$es annual releases of carbon mono<ide ( -)! nitrogen dio<ide (.-1 )! particulate matter of 52 microns or less (P"52)! total particulates (PT)! sulfur dio<ide (S- 1 ) ! and volatile organic compounds (*- s).
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit ,': Pollutant Releases +short tons$ ear.

&ndustr Sect or - .1
P"52
PT S-
*-
"etal "ining 4!;95 16!46; ;9!;49 532!241 63!111 5!16; .onmetal "ining 3!414 16!623 49!;24 5C=!936 13!519 5!=;C )umber and 0ood Production 51;!=4C 31!C46 53!5;4 C;!=C5 9!359 35!31; 7urniture and 7i<tures 1!2C9 1!965 1!5C4 ;!5=6 5!C2C 49!31C Pulp and Paper C13!195 ;93!336 ;4!4=9 55;!4=5 435!221 9C!6=4 Printing 6!3C; 3!954 ;99 5!2;5 5!=16 525!4;= (norganic hemicals 5CC!53= 52;!4=4 3!52= ;9!2C1 561!569 41!295 -rganic hemicals 53C!93= 1;C!61C 1C!39; 33!6C2 5;1!349 125!666 Petroleum Befining 359!;55 ;62!C35 56!=6= ;C!6== C36!544 ;C9!246 Bubber and "isc. Plastics 1!292 55!953 1!32= 4!;44 19!;C3 532!=35 Stone! lay and oncrete 46!23; ;;6!361 =3!C1; 5=5!64; ;;9!15C ;2!1C1 (ron and Steel 5!456!C31 5;6!964 31!;C6 6;!25= 1;6!1C6 61!191 .onferrous "etals 336!=46 44!C46 12!2=3 11!392 ;=;!22= 1=!;=4 7abricated "etals ;!645 5C!313 5!564 ;!5;C 3!259 521!56C omputer and -ffice E>uipment 13 2 2 2 2 2 Electronics and -ther Electrical E>uipment and omponents "otor *ehicles! #odies! Parts and Accessories +ry leaning 525 5=9 ; 16 541 =!;52 Source: U.S. EPA -ffice of Air and Badiation! A(BS +atabase! "ay 5994. ;C= 5!519 12= 19; 34; 3!643 ;4!;2; 1;!=14 1!32C 51!64; 14!3C1 525!1=4
September 5994 C; S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
&B#*# Comparison of 2o0ic Release &nventor 4et"een Selected &ndustries The following information is presented as a co mparison of pollutant release and transfer data across industrial categories. (t is provided to give a general sense as to the relative scale of releases and transfer s within each sector profiled under this proFect. Please note that the following figure and table do not contain releases and transfers for industrial categor ies that ar e not included in this proFect! and thus cannot be used to draw conclusions regarding the total release and transfer amounts that are repo rted to TB(. Simila r information is available within the annual TB( Public +ata Belease #oo/. E<hibit 11 is a graphical representation of a summary of the 599; TB( data for the petr oleum refining industry and the o ther sectors profiled in separate noteboo/s. The bar graph presents the total TB( releases and total transfers on the le ft a<is and the triangle points show the average releases per facilit y on the right a<is. (ndustry sectors are presented in the order of increasing total TB( releases. The graph is based on the data shown in E<hibit 1; and is meant to facilit ate comparisons between the relative amounts of releases! transfers! and releases per facility both within and between these sectors. The reader should note! however! that differences in the proportion of fa cilities captured by TB( e<ist between industry sectors. This can be a factor of po or S( matching and relative differences in the number of fa cilities reporting to TB( from the var ious sectors. ( n the case of petroleum refining! the 599; TB( data presented here covers 549 facilities. These facilit ies listed S( 1955 (petroleum refining) as a primary S( code.
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit ,,: Summar of '((; 2R& *ata:

Releases and 2ransfers b &ndustr
=22
5!222!222
C22 622!222 422 C22!222
322
;22
322!222
122 122!222 522
2
;C 13 ;1 1= 14 1955 ;3 ;=5 ;;5 ;2 16C 1C 165 ;;;! ;;3
Total Beleases Total Transfers Avg. BeleasesA7acility
S&C Range
&ndustr Sector
S&C Range
&ndustr Sector
S&C Range
&ndustr Sector
;C Electronic E>uipment and omponents 13 )umber and 0ood Products
1955 Petroleum Befining 16C -rganic hemical "fg. ;3 7abricated "etals 1C Pulp and Paper 165 (norganic hemical "fg.
;1 Stone! lay! and oncrete ;=5 "otor *ehicles! #odies! Parts! and Accessories 1= Printing ;;5 (ron and Steel ;;;!;;3 .onferrous "etals 14 0ood 7urniture and 7i<tures ;2 Bubber and "isc. Plastics
!0hibit ,;: 2o0ics Release &nventor *ata for Selected &ndustries

'((; 2R& Releases '((; 2R& 2ransfers S&C Range C 2R& 7acilities 2otal Releases +million lbs#. Average Releases per 7acilit +pounds. 2otal 2ransfers +million lbs#. Average 2ransfers per 7acilit +pounds. 2otal Releases D 2ransfers +million lbs#.
&ndustr Sector
Average Releases D 2ransfers per 7acilit +pounds.
Stone! lay! and oncrete ;1 C;3 1C.C 31!222 1.1 3!222 16.6 3C!222 )umber and 0ood Products 13 395 6.3 5=!222 ;.4 =!222 55.9 13!222 7urniture and 7i<tures 14 ;5; 31.1 5;4!222 3.1 5;!222 3C.3 536!222 Printing 1= ;56 ;C.4 554!222 52.1 ;1!222 3C.= 53=!222 Electronic E>uip. and omponents ;C 32C C.= 5=!222 3=.5 55C!222 4;.= 5;;!222
Bubber and "isc. Plastics ;2 5!4=9 556.3 =4!222 34 19!222 5C;.3 523!222 "otor *ehicles! #odies! Parts! and Accessories ;=5 C29 =9.; 5;2!222 534.4 1;9!222 113.6 ;C9!222
Pulp and Paper 1C55%1C;5 ;29 5C9.= 439!222 36.3 54=!222 156.5 =2C!222 (norganic hem. "fg. 165 444 5=9.C ;13!222 =2 51C!222 139.= 342!222 Petroleum Refining ,('' ')( =<#; <-<,--- <'>#) ,,=,),--- <?'#( ;,-??,--7abricated "etals ;3 1!;C; =1 ;2!222 594.= 6;!222 1C=.= 51;!222 (ron and Steel ;;5 ;65 64.6 114!222 C29.4 5!C22!222 C94.; 5!614!222 .onferrous "etals ;;;! ;;3 126 561.4 6==!222 96.1 3=1!222 162.= 5!;39!222 -rganic hemical "fg. 16C 35= 545.C ;C3!222 16C.= C66!222 3;6.3 5!241!222 "etal "ining 52 (ndustry sector not subFect to TB( reporting. .onmetal "ining 53 (ndustry sector not subFect to TB( reporting. +ry leaning =15C (ndustry sector not subFect to TB( reporting. Source: U.S. EPA! To<ics Belease (nventory +atabase! 599;.
Sector Notebook Project B# P%//U2&%N PR!B!N2&%N %PP%R2UN&2&!S
Petroleum Refining
The best way to reduce po llution is to prevent it in the first place. Some co mpanies have creatively implemented pollution prevention techni>ues that improve efficiency and increase pr ofit s while at the same time minimi$ing environmental impacts. This can be done in many ways such as reducing material inputs! re%engineering processes to reuse by%products! improving management practices! and employing substitution of to<ic chemicals. Some smaller facilit ie s are able to actually get below regulatory t hresholds Fust by reducing pollutant releases through aggressive pollution prevention policies. (n order to enco urage these appr oaches! this section provides both general and company%specific descriptions of some po llution pr evention advances that have been impleme nted within the petroleum refining industry. 0hile the list is not e<haustive! it does provide co re information that can be used as the star ting point for fa cilities interested in beginning their own pollution prevention proFects. 0hen possible! this section provides information from real activities that can be! or are being! implemented by this sector %% including a discussion of associated co sts! time frames! and e<pected rates of return. This sectio n provides summary information from activit ie s that may be! or are being imple me nted by this sector. 0hen possible! info rmatio n is provided that gives the conte<t in which the techni>ue can be effectively used. Please note that the activities described in this section do not necessarily apply to all facilitie s that fall within this sector. 7acility%specific conditio ns must be carefully co nsidered when pollution pr evention options are evaluated! and the full impacts of the change must e<amine how each option affects air! land and water pollutant releases. !r $ers and Barr ers to Pollut on Pre$ent on n the Petroleum )e# n ng Industry Pollution prevention in the petroleum refining industry is e<pected to become increasingly important as federal! state and municipal regulations become more stringent and as waste disposal costs rise. Acco rding to the American Petroleum (nstitute! the industry curr ently spends a significant amount of =6 . This provides the money every year on environmental >ualityand protection industry with a strong incentive to find ways to reduce the generation of waste and to lessen the burden of environmental compliance investments. 7or the petroleum refining industry! pollution prevention will primar ily be reali$ ed through improved operating procedures! increased recycling! and pr ocess modific ations. A cooperative effort of the Amoco o rporation and EPA to study po llution prevention at an operating oil refinery identified a number of co st effective pollution prevention techni>ues for the refinery that could also be adopted by other refineries. (n addition! the Amer ican Petroleum (nstitute ( AP() has
Petroleum Refining
assembled a compendium of waste minimi$ation practices for the petroleum industry based on a survey of its members. #r ie f descriptions of some of the more widespread pollution prevention techni>ues found to be effective at petroleum refineries are provided below. 7or more detail on the po llution prevention options listed below and for descriptions of facilit y% and process% specific options refer to the above mentioned do cuments and other pollution preventionAwaste minimi$ation documents listed in Section (8 % Besource "aterials. Although numerous cases have been documented where petr oleum refineries have simultaneously reduced pollution outputs and operating costs through pollution prevention techni>ues! there are often barriers to their implementation. The prima ry barrier to mo st pollution prevention proFects is cost. "any pollution prevention options simply do not pay for themselves. orporate investments typically must ear n an ade>uate return on invested capital for the shareholders and some pollution prevention options at some facilitie s may not meet the re>uireme nts set by the companies. ( n addition! the e>uipment used in the petroleum refining industry are very capital intensive and have very long life times. This r educes the incentive to ma /e process modific ations to (e<pensive) installe d e>uipment that is still useful. (t should be no ted that pollution prevention techni>ues are! nevertheless! often more co st%effective than pollution reduction thr ough end%of%pipe treatment. A case study based on the AmocoAEPA Foint study claimed that the same pollution reduction currently reali$ed through end%of%pipe regulatory re>uirements at the Amoco fa cility c ould be achie ved at 54 percent the current costs using pollution prevention techni>ues. A number of regulatory disincentives to voluntary reductions of emissions from petroleum refineries also e<ist. "any environmental statutes define a baseline period and measure progress in pollution reductions from that baseline. Any reduction in emissions befo re it is re>uir ed could lower a facilityNs baseline emissions. onse>uently! future regulations re>uiring a specified reduction from the baseline could be more costly to achieve because the most cost% effective r eductions would already have been made. 0ith no credit given fo r voluntar y reductions! those facilit ies that do the minimum may be in fact be rewarded when emissions reductions are re>uired. The 5992 lean Air Act Amendments aimed to encourage voluntary reductions above the regulatory r e>uirements by allowing facilit ies to obtain emission credits for voluntary reductions in emissions. These credits would serve as offsets against any potentia l future fa cility modifications result ing in an increase in emissions. -ther regulations established by the amendments! however! will re>uire the constr uction of maFor new unit s within e<isting refineries to produce reformulated fuels. These new operations will r e>uire emission offsets in order to be permitted. This will consume many of the
Petroleum Refining
credits available fo r e<isting facilit y modific atio ns. A shortage of credits for facility modifications will ma/e it difficult to r eceive credits for emission reductions through po llution prevention proFects. Under the lean 0ater Act! discharge of water%borne pollutants is limit ed by .P+ES permits. Befineries that easily meet their permit re>uirements will often have their permit limits changed to lower values. #ecause o ccasional system upsets do occur resulting in significant e<cursions above the normal performance values! refineries feel they must maintain a large operating margin below the permit limits to ensure continuous complia nce. Those refineries that can significantly reduce water%borne emissions through pollution prevention techni>ues may find the r is/ of having their permit limits lowered to be a substantial disincentive. 0astes fa iling a To<icity haracter istic ( T ) test are considered ha$ardo us under B BA. There is less incentive for a refiner y to attempt to r educe the to<icity of such waste below the T levels because! even though such to<icity reductions may render the waste non%ha$ar do us! it may still have to comply with new )and +isposal treatment standards under subtitle of B BA before being land disposed. Similarly! there is lit tle positive incentive to reduce the to<icity of listed r efinery ha$ardous wastes because! once listed! the waste is subFect to subtitle regulations without regard to how much the to<icity levels are reduced. E<amples of Process or E>uipment "odifications -ptions Place secondar seals on storage tanks % -ne of the largest sources of fugitive emissions from refineries is storage tan/s co ntaining gasoline and other volatile products. These losses can be significantly reduced by installing secondar y seals on storage tan/s. The AmocoAEPA Foint study estimated that *- losses from storage tan/s could be reduced =4 to 9; percent. E>uipping an average tan/ with a secondary seal system was estimated to cost about M12!222. !stablish leak detection and repair program % 7ugitive emissions are one of the largest sources of refinery hydrocarbon emissions. A lea/ detection and repair ()+AB) pr ogr am co nsists of using a portable *- detecting instrument to detect lea/s during regularly scheduled inspections of valves! flanges! and pump seals. )ea/s are then repaired immediately or are scheduled for repair as >uic/ly as po ssible. A )+AB program could reduce fugitive emissions 32 to C3 percent! depending on the fre>uency of =9 inspectio ns. Regenerate or eliminate filtration cla % lay fr om refinery filt ers must periodically be replaced. Spent clay often contains significant amounts of
September 5994 =2 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
entrained hydrocarbons and! therefore! must be designated as ha$ardo us waste. #ac/ washing spent clay with water or steam can reduce the hydrocarbon content to levels so that it can be reused or handled as a nonha$ardo us waste. Another method used to regenerate clay is to wash the clay with naphtha! dry it by steam heating and then feed it to a burning /iln for regeneration. (n some cases clay filtration can be replaced entirely with hydrotreating. Reduce the generation of tank bottoms % Tan/ bottoms from crude oil stor age tan/s co nstitute a large percentage of refinery so lid waste and pose a par ticular ly difficult disposal problem due to the presence of heavy metals. Tan/ bottoms are co mpr ised o f heavy hydrocarbons! so lids! water! rust and scale. "inimi$ation of tan/ bottoms is carried out most cost effectively through careful separation of the oil and water remaining in the tan/ bottom. 7ilters and centrifuges can also be used to recover the oil for recycling. 1inimi:e solids leaving the desalter % Solids enter ing the crude distilla tion unit are li/ely to eventually attract more oil and produce additional emulsions and sludges. The amount of solids removed from the desalting unit should! therefore! be ma<imi$ed. A number of techni>ues can be used such as: using low shear mi<ing devices to mi< desalter wash water and crude oilL using lower pr essure water in the desalter to avoid turbulenceL and replacing the water Fets used in some r efineries with mud ra/es which add less turbulence when removing settled so lids. 1inimi:e cooling to"er blo"do"n % The disso lved solids concentration in the recirculating cooling water is controlled by purging or blowing do wn a portion of the cooling water stream to the wastewater tr eatment system. Solids in the blowdown eventually create additional sludge in the wastewater treatment plant. 'owever! the amount of co oling tower blowdown can be lowered by minimi$ing the dissolved solids content of the cooling water. A significant portio n of the total dissolved solids in the cooling water can originate in the cooling water ma/eup stream in the form of natur ally occurring calcium carbonates. Such solids can be co ntrolled either by selecting a source of cooling tower ma/eup water with less dissolved solids or by remo ving the dissolved solids from the ma /eup water stream. ommon treatment methods include: cold lime soft ening! reverse osmo sis! or electrodialysis. &nstall vapor recover for barge loading % Although barge loading is not a factor for all refineries! it is an important emissions source for many fa cilities. -ne of the largest so urces of *- emissions identified during the AmocoAEPA study was fugitive emissions from loading of tan/er barges. (t was estima ted that these emissions could be reduced 96 percent by installing
Petroleum Refining
a marine vapor loss contr ol system. Such systems could consist of vapor recovery or *- destruction in a flare. 1inimi:e 7CCU decant oil sludge% +ecant oil sludge from the fluidi$ed bed catalytic crac/ing unit (7 U) can contain significant concentr ations of catalyst fines. These fines o ften prevent the use o f decant oil as a feedstoc/ or re>uire treatment which generates an oily catalyst sludge. atalysts in the decant oil can be minimi$ed by using a decant oil catalyst removal system. -ne system inco rporates high voltage electr ic fields to polari$e and capture catalyst particles in the oil. The amount of catalyst fines reaching the decant oil can be minimi$ ed by installing high efficiency cyclones in the reactor to shift catalyst fines losses from the decant oil to the regenerator where they can be co llected in the electrostatic pr ecipitator. Control of heat e0changer cleaning solids % (n many refineries! using high pressure water to clean heat e<changer bundles generates and releases water and entrained solids to the refinery wastewater treatment system. E<changer solids may then attract oil as they move thr ough the sewer system and may also produce finer solids and stabili$ed emulsions that are mor e difficult to remove. Solids can be removed at the heat e<changer cleaning pad by installing concr ete overflow weirs around the surface drains or by covering drains with a screen. -ther ways to r educe solids gener ation ar e by using anti%foulants on the heat e<changer bundles to prevent scaling and by cleaning with reusable cleaning chemicals that also allow for the easy removal of oil. Control of surfactants in "aste"ater % Surfactants entering the refinery wastewater str eams will increase the amount of emulsions and sludges generated. Surfactants can enter the system from a number of so urces including: washing unit pads with detergentsL treating gasolines with an end point over 322 degrees (7) thereby producing spent causticsL cleaning tan/ truc/ tan/ interiorsL and using soaps and cleaners for miscellaneous tas/s. (n addition! the overuse and mi<ing of the organic po lymers used to separate oil! water and solids in the wastewater tr eatment plant can actually stabili$ e emulsions. The use o f su rfactants should be minimi$ed by educating operators! routing surfactant sources to a point downstream of the +A7 unit and by using dry cleaning! high pressure water or steam to clean oil surfaces of oil and dirt. 2hermal treatment of applicable sludges% The to<icity and volume of some deo iled and dewatered sludges can be further reduced thr ough ther mal treatment. Thermal sludge treatment units use heat to vapori$e the water and volatile components in the feed and leave behind a dry solid residue. The vapors ar e co ndensed for separ ation into the hydrocar bon and water co mponents. .on%condensible vapo rs are either flared or sent to the refiner y amine unit for treatment and use as refinery fuel gas.
Petroleum Refining
!liminate use of open ponds % -pen ponds used to cool! settle out solids and store process water can be a significant sour ce of *- emissions. 0astewater fr om co/e cooling and co/e *- removal is occasionally co oled in open ponds where *- s easily escape to the atmosphere. (n many cases! open po nds can be replaced with closed storage tan/s. Remove unnecessar storage tanks from service % Since storage tan/s are one of the largest sources of *- emissions! a reduction in the number of these tan/s can have a significant impact. The need for certain tan/s can often be eliminated through improved pr oduction planning and mo re continuous operatio ns. #y minimi$ing the number of storage tan/s! tan/ bottom solids and decanted wastewater may also be reduced. Replace old boilers % -lder refinery boilers can be a significant source of S-< ! .-< and particulate emissions. (t is possible to replace a large number of old boilers with a single new cogeneration plant with emissions controls. 1odif the 7CCU to allo" the use of catal st fines % Some 7 modified to recycle some of the catalyst fines generated. Us can be
Reduce the use of ))@gallon drums % Beplacing 44%gallon drums with bul/ stor age can minimi$e the chances of le a/s and spills. &nstall rupture discs and plugs % Bupture discs on pr essure relieve valves and plugs in open ended valves can r educe fugitive emissions. &nstall high pressure po"er "asher % hlorinated solvent vapor degreaser s can be replaced with high pressure power washers which do not generate spent solvent ha$ardous wastes. Refurbish or eliminate underground piping % Undergr ound piping can be a sour ce of undetected releases to the so il and groundwater. (nspecting! repairing o r replacing undergr ound piping with surface piping can reduce or eliminate these potential sources. E<amples o f Potential 0aste Segregation and Separation -ptions Segregate process "aste streams % A significant portion of r efinery waste arises fr om oily sludges found in combined processAstor m sewers. Segregation of the r elatively clean rainwater runoff from the process streams can reduce the >uantity of oily sludges generated. 7urthermore! there is a much higher potential for recovery of oil from smaller! more concentrated process streams.
September 5994 =; S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
Control solids entering se"ers % Solids released to the wastewater sewer system can account for a large po rtion of a refiner yNs oily sludges. Solids entering the sewer system (primar ily soil particle s) become coated with oil and are deposited as oily sludges in the AP( oilAwater separator. #ecause a typical sludge has a solids content of 4 to ;2 per cent by weight! preventing one pound of solids from entering the sewer system can eliminate ; to 12 pounds of oily sludge. The AmocoAEPA study estimated that at the Jo r/town facilit y 5!222 tons of solids per year enter the refinery sewer system. "ethods used to control solids include: using a str eet sweeper on paved areas! paving unpaved ar eas! planting ground cover on unpaved ar eas! re%lining sewers! cleaning so lids from ditches and catch basins! and r educing heat e<changer bundle cleaning solids by using antifoulants in cooling water. &mprove recover of oils from oil sludges % #ecause oily sludges ma/e up a large portio n of r efinery solid wastes! any improvement in the recovery of oil from the sludges can significantly reduce the volume of waste. There are a number of technologies cur rently in use to mechanically separate oil! water and solids! including: belt filter presses! recessed chamber pressur e filters! rotary vacuum filters! scroll centrifuges! disc centr ifuges! sha/ers! ther mal driers and centrifuge%drier combinations. &dentif ben:ene sources and install upstream "ater treatment % #en$ene in wastewater can often be treated more easily and effectively at the point it is generated rather than at the wastewater treatment plant after it is mi<ed with other wastewater. E<amples o f Becycling -ptions Rec cle and regenerate spent caustics % austics used to absorb and remove hydrogen sulfide and phenolcontaminants from intermediate and final product streams can often be recycled. Spent caustics may be saleable to chemical recovery companies if concentrations of phenol or hydrogen sulfide are high enough. Process changes in the refinery may be needed to raise the co ncentration of phenols in the caustic to ma/e recovery of the co ntaminants economical. austics containing phenols can also be recycled on%site by reducing the p' of the caustic until the phenols become inso luble thereby allowing physical separation. The caustic can then be treated in the r efinery wastewater system. Use oil sludges as feedst ock % "any oily sludges can be sent to a co/ing unit or the crude distillation unit where it becomes part of the refinery products. Sludge sent to the co/er can be inFected into the co/e drum with the >uench water ! inFected dir ectly into the delayed co/er! or inFected into the co /er blowdown contactor used in separating the >uenching pr oducts. Use of sludge as a feedstoc/ has increased significantly in recent years and is
Petroleum Refining
currently carried out by most refineries. The >uantity of sludge that can be sent to the co/er is restricted by co/e >uality specifications which may limit the amount of sludge solids in the co/e. o/ing operations can be upgraded! however! to increase the amount of sludge that they can handle. Control and reuse 7CCU and coke fines % Significant >uantities o f catalyst fines are often present around the 7 U catalyst hoppers and reactor and regeneration vessels. o/e fines are often pr esent around the co/er unit and co /e storage areas. The fines can be collected and recycled before being washed to the sewers or migrating off%site via the wind. ollection techni>ues include dry sweeping the catalyst and co/e fines and sending the solids to be recycled or disposed o f as non% ha$ardous waste. o/e fines can also be recycled for fuel use. Another collection techni>ue involves the use of vacuum ducts in dusty areas ( and vacuum hoses for manual co llection) which run to a small baghouse for collection. Rec cle lab samples % )ab samples can be recycled to the o il r ecovery system. E<amples o f Training and Supervision 2rain personnel to reduce solids in se"ers % A facilit y t raining pr ogram which emphasi$es the importance of /eeping solids out of the sewer systems will help reduce that portio n of wastewater treatme nt plant sludge arising from the everyday activities of refinery personnel. 2rain personnel to prevent soil contamination % ontaminated so il can be reduced by educating personnel on how to avoid lea/s and spills. !0amples of Potential 1aterial Substitution Use non@ha:ardous degreasers % Spent conventional degreaser so lvents can be reduced or eliminated through substitution with less to<ic andAor biodegradable products. !liminate chromates as an anti@corrosive% hromate co ntaining wastes can be reduced or eliminated in cooling tower and heat e<changer sludges by replacing chromates with less to<ic alternatives such as phosphates. Use high Eualit catal st s % #y using catalysts of a higher >uality! process efficiencies can be increased while the re>uired fre>uency of catalyst replacement can be reduced. Replace ceramic catal st support "ith activated alumina supports Activated alumina supports can be recycled with spent alumina catalyst. %
Petroleum Refining
B&# SU11AR9 %7 APP/&CA4 /! 7!*!RA/ S2A2U2!S AN* R!8U/A2&%NS This section discusses the 7ederal regulations that may apply to this sector. The purpose of this sectio n is to highlight and briefly describe the applicable 7ederal re>uireme nts! and to provide citations for more detailed information. The three following sections are included: Section *(.A contains a general overview of maFor statutes Section *(.# contains a list of regulations specific to this industry Section *(. contains a list of pending and proposed regulations The descriptions within Sectio n *( ar e intended solely for general infor mation. +epending upon the nature or scope of the activit ies at a particular facility! these summar ies may or may not necessarily describe all applicable envir onmental re>uirements. "oreover! they do not co nstitute formal interpr etations or clarifications of the statutes and regulations. 7or further information! readers should consult the ode of 7eder al Begulations and other state or local regulatory agencies. EPA 'otline co ntacts are also provided for each maFor statute. B&#A# 8eneral *escription of 1ajor Statutes )esour"e &onser$at on and )e"o$ery ,"t 8)&),9 The Besource onservation And Beco very Act (B BA) of 59=C! which amended the Solid 0aste +isposal Act! addresses solid (Subtitle +) and ha$ardous (Subtitle ) waste management activities. The 'a$ardous and Solid 0aste Amendments ('S0A) of 5963 strengthened B BADs ha$ardous waste management provisions and added Subtitle (! which governs underground storage tan/s (USTs). Begulations pr omulgated pur suant to Subtitle of B BA (32 7B Parts 1C2%199) establish a ?cradle%to%grave@ system governing ha$ardo us waste from the po int of generation to disposal. B BA ha$ardous wastes include the specific materials listed in the regulations (commercial chemical products! designated with the code KPK or KUKL ha$ardous wastes from specific industriesAsources! designated with the co de KIKL or ha$ardo us wastes from non%specific sources! designated with the code K7K) and materials which e<hibit a ha$ardous waste characteristic (ignitabilit y! corrosivity! reactivity! or to<icity and designated with the code K+K). Begulated entities that generate ha$ardo us waste are subFect to waste accumulation! manifesting! and reco rd /eeping standards. 7acilities that treat! stor e! or dispose of ha$ardous waste must obtain a permit! either from EPA or from a State agency which EPA has authori$ed to implement the permitting
September 5994 == S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
program. Subtit le permits contain general facilit y standards such as co ntingency plans! emergency procedures! record /eeping and repo rting re>uirements! financial assurance mechanisms! and unit%specific standards. B BA also co ntains provisions (32 7B Part 1C3! Subpart S and T1C3.52) for co nducting corrective actions which go vern the cleanup of releases o f ha$ardous waste o r constituents from solid waste management units at B BA%regulated facilities. Although B BA is a 7ederal statute! many States implement the B BA program. urrently! EPA has delegated it s authorit y to implement various provisions of B BA to 3C of the 42 States. "ost B BA re>uirements ar e not industry specific but apply to any co mpany that transports! treats! stores! or dispo ses o f ha$ardous waste. 'ere are some important B BA regulatory re>uirements: &dentification of 3a:ardous Aastes (32 7B Part 1C5) lays out the procedure every generator should follow to determine whether the material created is co nsidered a ha$ardous waste! solid waste! or is e<empted from regulation. Standards for 8enerators of 3a:ardous Aaste ( 32 7B Part 1C1) establishes the r esponsibilit ies of ha$ardous waste generators including obtaining an (+ number! preparing a manifest! ensuring proper pac/aging and labeling! meeting standards for waste accumulation units! and reco rd /eeping and reporting re>uirements. ,enerators can accumulate ha$ardous waste for up to 92 days (or 562 days depending on the amount of waste generated) without obtaining a permit. /and *isposal Restrictions ()+Bs) are regulations pr ohibit ing the dispo sal of ha$ardous waste on land without prior treatment. Under the )+Bs (32 7B Part 1C6)! materials must meet land disposal restriction ()+B) treatment standards prior to placement in a B BA land disposal unit (landfill! la nd treatment unit ! waste pile ! or surface impound ment). 0astes subFect to the )+Bs include solvents! electroplating wastes! heavy metals! and acids. ,enerators of waste subFect to the )+Bs must provide notification of such to the designated TS+ facilit y t o ensure proper treatment prior to disposal. Used %il 1anagement Standards (32 7B Par t 1=9) impose management re>uirements affecting the storage! transpo rtation! burning! processing! and re%refining of the used oil. 7or parties that merely generate used oil! regulations establish storage standards. 7or a party consider ed a used oil mar /eter (one who generates and sells
Petroleum Refining off% specification used oil directly to a used oil burner)! additional trac/ing and paperwor/ re>uirements must be satisfied. 2anks and Containers used to store ha$ardous waste with a high volatile organic concentration must meet emission standards under B BA. Begulations (32 7B Part 1C3%1C4! Subpart ) r e>uire generators to test the waste to determine the concentration of the waste! to satisfy tan/ and container emissions standards! and to inspect and monitor regulated units. These regulations apply to all facilitie s who store such waste! including generators operating under the 92%day accumulation rule. Underground Storage 2anks (USTs) co ntaining petroleum and EB )A ha$ardous substance ar e regulated under Subtitle ( of B BA. Subtitle ( regulations (32 7B Part 162) contain tan/ design and release detectio n re>uirements! as well as financial responsibility and corr ective action standards for USTs. The UST program also establishes increasingly stringent standards! including upgrade re>uirements for e<isting tan/s! that must be met by 5996. 4oilers and &ndustrial 7urnaces (#(7s) that use or burn fuel co ntaining ha$ardous waste must comply with strict design and operating standards. #(7 regulations (32 7B Part 1CC! Subpart ') address unit design! provide performance standards! re>uire emissions monitoring! and restrict the type o f waste that may be burned.
+P,;s )&),.Su'er#und.UST 0otl ne/ at 8<009 =2=-96=>/ res'onds to ?uest ons and d str %utes gu dan"e regard ng all )&), regulat ons. The )&), 0otl ne o'erates 3ee(days #rom <:60 a.m. to 7:60 '.m./ +T/ e2"lud ng @ederal hol days. &om'rehens $e +n$ ronmental )es'onse/ &om'ensat on/ ,nd A a% l ty ,"t 8&+)&A,9 EB )A! a 5962 law commonly /nown as Superfund! authori$es EPA to respond to releases! or thr eatened releases! of ha$ardo us substances that may present an imminent and substantial e ndangerment to public health! welfar e! or the environment. EB )A also enables EPA to force parties respo nsible for environmental contamination to clean it up or to reimburse the Superfund for r espo nse costs incurred by EPA. The Superfund Amendments and Beauthori$ation Act (SABA) of 596C revised various sections of EB )A! e<tended the ta<ing authority for the Superfund! and created a free%standing law! SABA Title (((! also /nown as the Emergency Planning and ommunity Bight%to%Inow Act (EP BA).
Petroleum Refining
The EB )A ha:ardous substance release reporting regulations (32 7B Part ;21) direct the person in char ge of a fa cility t o report to the .ational Besponse enter (.B ) any environmental release o f a ha$ar do us substance which e<ceeds a reportable >uantity. Beportable >uantities are defined and listed in 32 7B T;21.3. A release repo rt may trigger a response by EPA or by one or more 7ederal or State emergency response authorities. EPA imple ments ha:ardous substance responses according to procedures outlined in the .ational -il and 'a$ardous Substances Pollution ontingency Plan (. P) (32 7B Part ;22). The . P includes provisions for permanent cleanups! /nown as remedial actions! and other cleanups referred to as Kremovals.K EPA generally ta/es remedial actions only at sites on the .ational Priorities )ist (.P))! which currently includes appro<imately 5!;22 sites. #oth EPA and states can act at other sitesL however! EPA provides responsible parties the o pportunity to conduct removal and remedial actions and enco urages community involvement throughout the Superfund response process. +P,;s )&),.Su'er#und.UST 0otl ne/ at 8<009 =2=-96=>/ ans3ers ?uest ons and re#eren"es gu dan"e 'erta n ng to the Su'er#und 'rogram. The &+)&A, 0otl ne o'erates 3ee(days #rom <:60 a. m. to 7:60 '.m./ +T/ e2"lud ng @ederal hol days. +mergen"y Plann ng ,nd &ommun ty ) ght-To-:no3 ,"t 8+P&),9 The Superfund Amendments and Beauthori$ation Act (SABA) of 596C created EP BA! also /nown as SABA Title (((! a statute designed to improve co mmunity access to information about chemical ha$ards and to facilit ate the development of chemical emergency response plans by State and local governments. EP BA re>uired the establishment of State emergency response commissions (SEB s)! responsible for coordinating certain emergency r espo nse activities and for appointing local emergency planning co mmittees ()EP s). EP BA and the EP BA regulations (32 7B Parts ;42%;=1) establish four types of reporting obligations for facilit ies which store or manage specified chemicals: !PCRA F;-, re>uires fa cilities to notify t he SEB and )EP of the presence of any Ke<tremely ha$ardo us substanceK (the list of such substances is in 32 7B Part ;44! Appendices A and #) if it has such substance in e<cess o f the substanceNs threshold planning >uantity! and directs the facilit y to appoint an emergency response coordinator.
Petroleum Refining !PCRA F;-< re>uires the fa cility to notify the SEB and the )EP in the event of a non%e<empt release e<ceeding the repo rtable >uantity of a EB )A ha$ardous substance or an EP BA e<tremely ha$ardous substance. !PCRA F;'' and F;', re>uire a facility a t which a ha$ardous chemical! as defined by the -ccupational Safety and 'ealth Act! is present in an amount e<ceeding a specified threshold of chemical use to submit to the SEB ! )EP and local fire departme nt material safety data sheets ("S+Ss) or lists of "S+SNs and ha$ardo us chemical inventory forms (also /nown as Tier ( and (( forms). This information helps the local go vernment respond in the event of a spill or r elease o f the chemical. !PCRA F;'; re>uires ma nufacturing facilit ie s included in S( codes 12 through ;9! which have ten or more employees! and which manufacture! process! or use specified chemicals in amounts greater than threshold >uantities! to submit an annual to<ic chemical release report. This report! commonly /nown as the 7orm B! covers releases and transfers of to<ic chemicals to various facilit ies and environmental media! and allows EPA to compile the national To<ic Belease (nventory (TB() database.
All info rmatio n submit ted pursuant to EP BA regulatio ns is publicly accessible! unless protected by a tr ade secret claim. +P,;s +P&), 0otl ne/ at 8<009 B6B-0202/ ans3ers ?uest ons and d str %utes gu dan"e regard ng the emergen"y 'lann ng and "ommun ty r ght-to-(no3 regulat ons. The +P&), 0otl ne o'erates 3ee(days #rom <:60 a.m. to 7:60 '.m./ +T/ e2"lud ng @ederal hol days. &lean Water ,"t 8&W,9 The primary obFe ctive of the 7ederal 0ater Pollution ontrol Act! commonly referred to as the 0A! is to restor e and maintain the chemical! physical! and biological integrity of the nationNs surface waters. Pollutants regulated under the 0A include KpriorityK pollutants! including various to<ic po llutantsL KconventionalK pollutants! such as biochemical o<ygen demand (#-+)! total suspended solids (TSS)! fecal coliform! oil and grease! and p'L and Knon% conventionalK pollutants! including any pollutant not identified as either conventional or priority. The 0A r egulates both direct and indirect discharges. The National Pollutant *ischarge !limination S stem +NP*!S. program ( 0A T321) co ntrols direct discharges into navigable waters. +irect discharges or Kpoint
Petroleum Refining
sourceK discharges are from so urces such as pipes and sewers. .P+ES permits! issued by either EPA or an authori$ed State (EPA has presently authori$ed forty States to administer the .P+ES program)! contain industry% specific ! technology%based andAor water >ualit y% based limit s! and establish pollutant monitoring reporting r e>uirements. A fa cility that intends to discharge into the nationNs waters must obtain a permit prior to init ia ting a discharge. A permit applicant must provide >uantitative analytical data identifying the types of pollutants present in the fa cilityNs effluent. The permit will then set forth the conditio ns and effluent limitations under which a facilit y may ma/e a discharge. A .P+ES permit ma y also include discharge limit s based on 7ederal or State water >uality criteria or standards! that were designed to protect designated uses of surface waters! such as suppo rting a>uatic life o r recreation. These standar ds! unli/e the technological standards! generally do not ta/e into account technological feasibility or costs. 0ater >uality crit eria and standards vary from State to State! and site to site! depending on the use classification of the r eceiving body of water. "ost States follow EPA guidelines which propose a>uatic life and human health criteria for many of the 51C priority pollutants. Storm 0ater +ischarges (n 596= the 0A was amended to re>uire EPA to establish a program to address storm "ater discharges. (n response!EPA promulgated the .P+ES stor m water permit application regulations. Stormwater discharge asso ciated with industrial activity means the discharge from any conveyance which is used for collecting and conveying stormwater and which is directly r elated to manufacturing! processing or r aw material storage areas at an industrial plant (32 7B 511.1C(b)(53)). These regulations re>uire that facilities with the following stor m water discharges apply for an .P+ES permit: (5) a discharge associated with industrial activityL (1) a discharge from a large o r medium municipal storm sewer systemL or (;) a discharge which EPA or the State determines to contribute to a violation of a water >uality standard or is a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States. The term Kstorm water discharge associated with industrial activityK means a stor m water discharge from one of 55 categorie s of industrial activity defined at 32 7B 511.1C. Si< of the catego ries are defined by S( codes while the other five are identified through narrative descriptions of the regulated industrial activity. (f the prima ry S( code of the fa cility is one of those identified in the regulations! the facilit y is subFect to the storm water permit application re>uireme nts. (f any activit y at a facility is covered by one of the five narrative categor ies! storm water discharges fr om those areas where the
Petroleum Refining
activities occur are subFect to storm water discharge permit application re>uirements. Those facilit iesAactivities that are subFect to storm water discharge permit application re>uirements are identified below. To determine whether a particular facilit y falls within one of these categories! the regulation should be co nsulted. Categor i : 7acilit ie s subFect to storm water effluent guidelines! new sour ce performance standards! or to<ic po llutant effluent standards. Categor ii: 7acilities classified as S( 13%lumber and wood products (e<cept wood /itchen cabinets)L S( 1C% paper and allied products (e<cept paperboard containers and products)L S( 16%chemicals and allied products (e<cept drugs and paints)L S( 195%petroleum refiningL and S( ;55%leather tanning and finishing. Categor iii: 7acilit ies classifie d as S( 52%metal miningL S( 51%coal miningL S( 5;%oil and gas e<tractio nL and S( 53%nonmetallic mineral mining. Categor iv: 'a$ardo us waste treatment! storage! or disposal facilit ies. Categor v: )andfills! la nd application sites! and open dumps that receive or have received industrial wastes. Categor vi: 7acilit ies classified as S( 4254%used motor vehicle partsL and S( 429;%automotive scrap and waste material recycling facilit ie s. Categor vii: Steam electr ic power gener ating facilit ie s. Categor viii: 7acilit ies classified as S( 32%railroad transportationL S( 35% local passenger transportationL S( 31%truc/ing and warehousing (e<cept public warehousing and storage)L S( 3;%U.S. Postal ServiceL S( 33%water transportationL S( 34%transportation by airL and S( 45=5%petroleum bul/ stor age stations and terminals. Categor i0: Sewage treatment wor/s. Categor 0: o nstr uction activities e<cept operations that result in the disturbance of less than five acres of total land area. Categor 0i: 7acilities classified as S( 12% food and /indred productsL S( 15%tobacco productsL S( 11%te<tile mill pr oductsL S( 1;%apparel related productsL S( 13;3%wood /itchen cabinets manufactur ingL S( 14%furniture
Petroleum Refining
and fi<turesL S( 1C4%paperboard containers and bo<esL S( 1C=%converted paper and paperboard productsL S( 1=%printing! publishing! and allied industriesL S( 16;%drugsL S( 164%paints! varnishes! lac>uer! enamels! and allied productsL S( ;2%rubber and plasticsL S( ;5%leather and leather products (e<cept leather and tanning and finishing)L S( ;1;%glass productsL S( ;3%fabricated metal products (e<cept fabricated str uctural metal)L S( ;4%industrial and commercial machinery and computer e>uipmentL S( ;C% electr onic and o ther electrical e>uipment and componentsL S( ;=% transportation e>uipment (e<cept ship and boat building and repairing)L S( ;6%measuring! analy$ ing! and controlling instrumentsL S( ;9%miscellaneous manufacturing industr iesL and S( 3115%3114%public warehousing and stor age. Pretreatment Program Another type of discharge that is regulated by the 0A is one that goes to a publicly%owned treatment wor/s (P-T0s). The national pretreatment program ( 0A T;2=(b)) controls the indirect discharge of pollutants to P-T0s by Kindustrial users.K 7acilities regulated under T;2=(b) must meet certain pretreatment standards. The goal of the pretreatment program is to protect municipal wastewater treatment plants fr om damage that may occur when ha$ar do us! to<ic! or other wastes are discharged into a sewer system and to protect the to<icity characteristics of sludge generated by these plants. +ischar ges to a P-T0 are regulated primarily by the P-T0 itself! rather than the State or EPA. EPA has developed general pretreatment standards and technology%based standards fo r industria l users of P-T0s in ma ny industria l c ategories. +ifferent standards may apply to e<isting and new sources within each catego ry. K ategoricalK pretreatment standards applicable to an industry on a nationwide basis are developed by EPA. (n addition! another /ind of pretreatment standard! Klocal limits!K are developed by the P-T0 in order to assist the P-T0 in achie ving the effluent limit ations in it s .P+ES permit. Begardless of whether a State is authori$ed to implement either the .P+ES or the pr etr eatment program! if it develo ps it s own program! it may enforce re>uirements more stringent than 7ederal standards. +P,s 5## "e o# Water/ at 82029 2>0-B700/ 3 ll d re"t "allers 3 th ?uest ons a%out the &W, to the a''ro'r ate +P, o## "e. +P, also ma nta ns a % %l ogra'h " data%ase o# 5## "e o# Water 'u%l "at ons 3h "h "an %e a""essed through the 4round Water and !r n( ng Water resour"e "enter/ at 82029 2>0-77<>.
Sector Notebook Project Sa#e !r n( ng Water ,"t 8S!W,9
Petroleum Refining
The S+0A mandates that EPA establish regulations to protect human health from contaminants in drin/ing water. The law authori$es EPA to develop national drin/ing water standards and to create a Foint 7ederal%State system to ensure compliance with these standards. The S+0A also directs EPA to protect underground sources of drin/ing water thr ough the co ntrol of underground inFection of li>uid wastes. EPA has developed primary and secondary drin/ing water standards under its S+0A authority. EPA and author i$ed States enforce the primary dr in/ing water standards! which are! contaminant%specific concentratio n limit s that apply to certain public drin/ing water supplies. Primary drin/ing water standards consist of ma<imum contaminant le vel goals (" ),s)! which are non%enforceable health%based goals! and ma<imum contaminant levels (" )s) ! which are enforceable limit s set as close to " ),s as possible! considering cost and fe asibility of attainme nt. The S+0A Underground &njection Control (U( ) program (32 7B Parts 533%536) is a per mit program which protects underground sources of drin/ing water by regulating five classes of inFe ctio n wells. U( permits include design! operating! inspection! and monitoring re>uirements. 0ells used to inFect ha$ardous wastes must also comply with B BA corrective action standards in order to be gr anted a B BA permit! and must meet applicable B BA land disposal restrictions standards. The U( permit progr am is primarily State%enforced! since EPA has authori$ed all but a few States to administer the progr am. The S+0A also provides for a 7ederally%implemented Sole Sour ce A>uifer program! whic h prohibit s 7ederal funds from being e<pended on pr oFects that may contaminate the sole or principal source o f drin/ing water for a given area! and for a State%implemented 0ellhead Protection program! designed to protect drin/ing water wells and drin/ing water recharge areas. +P,s Sa#e !r n( ng Water 0otl ne/ at 8<009 =2>-=791/ ans3ers ?uest ons and d str %utes gu dan"e 'erta n ng to S!W, standards. The 0otl ne o'erates #rom 9:00 a.m. through B:60 '.m./ +T/ e2"lud ng @ederal hol days. To2 " Su%stan"es &ontrol ,"t 8TS&,9 TS A gr anted EPA authority to create a r egulatory framewor/ tocollect data on chemicals in order to evaluate! assess! mitigate! and control ris/s which may be posed by their manufacture! processing! and use. TS A provides a variety of control methods to prevent chemicals from posing unreasonable ris/.
Petroleum Refining
TS A standards may apply at any point during a chemicalDs life cycle. Under TS A T4! EPA has established an inventory of chemical substances. (f a chemical is not already on the inventory! and has not been e<cluded by TS A! a premanufacture notice (P".) must be submitted to EPA prior to manufacture or import. The P". must identify the chemical and provide available information on health and environmental effects. (f available data are not sufficient to evaluate the chemicals effects! EPA can impose restrictions pending the development of information on its health and environmental effects. EPA can also restrict significant new uses of chemicals based upon factors such as the proFected volume and use o f the chemical. Under TS A TC! EPA can ban the manufacture or distribution in commerce! limit the use! re>uire labeling! or place other restrictions on chemicals that pose unreasonable ris/s. Among the chemicals EPA regulates under TC authority are asbestos! chlorofluorocarbons ( 7 s)! and po lychlorinated biphenyls (P #s). +P,s TS&, ,ss stan"e In#ormat on Ser$ "e/ at 82029 BB=- 1=0=/ ans3ers ?uest ons and d str %utes gu dan"e 'erta n ng to To2 " Su%stan"es &ontrol ,"t standards. The Ser$ "e o'erates #rom <:60 a.m. through =:60 '.m./ +T/ e2"lud ng @ederal hol days. &lean , r ,"t 8&,,9 The AA and its amendments! including the lean Air Act Amendments ( AAA) of 5992! are designed to ?protect and enhance the nationNs air resources so as to promote the public health and welfar e and the productive capacity of the population.@ The AA consists of si< sections! /nown as Titles! which direct EPA to establish national standards for ambient air >uality and for EPA and the States to implement! maintain! and enforce these standards through a variety of mechanisms. Under the AAA! many facilitie s will be re>uired to obtain permit s for the first time. State and lo cal governments oversee! manage! and enforce many of the re>uirements of the AAA. AA regulations appear at 32 7B Parts 42%99. Pursuant to Title ( of the AA! EPA has established national ambient air >ualit y standards (.AAESs) to limit levels of Kcriteria pollutants!K including carbon mono<ide! lead! nitrogen dio<ide! particulate matter! o$one! and sulfur dio<ide. ,eographic areas that meet .AAESs for a given pollutant are classified as attainment areasL those that do not meet .AAESs are classified as non%attainment areas. Under T552 of the AA! each State must develop a State (mplementation Plan (S(P) to identify sources of air pollution and to determine what reductions are re>uired to meet 7eder al air >uality standards.
Petroleum Refining
Title ( also authori$es EPA to establish .ew Source Performance Standar ds (.SPSs)! which are nationally uniform emission standards for new stationary sources fa lling within partic ular industrial categorie s. .SPSs are based on the pollution control technology available to that catego ryof industrial source but allow the affe cted industries the fle <ibility t o devise a cost%effective means of reducing emissions. Under Title (! EPA establishes and enforces .ational Emission Standards for 'a$ar dous Air Pollutants (.ES'APs) ! nationally unifor m standards oriented towards controlling particular ha$ardous air pollutants ('APs). Title ((( of the AAA further directed EPA to develop a list of sources that emit any of 569 'APs! and to develop regulations for these categories of sources. To date EPA has listed 5=3 categories and developed a schedule for the establishment of emission standards. The emission standards ar e being developed for both new and e<isting sources based on ?ma<imum achievable co ntrol technology ("A T).@ The "A T is defined as the control technology achieving the ma <imum degree of reduction in the emission of the 'APs! ta/ing into account cost and other factors. Title ( ( of the AA pertains to mobile sources! such as cars! truc/s! buses! and planes. Beformulated gasoline! automobile pollution co ntrol devices! and vapor recovery no$$les on gas pumps are a few of the mechanisms EPA uses to regulate mobile air emission sources. Title (* establishes a sulfur dio<ide emissions program designed to reduce the formation of acid r ain. Beduction of sulfur dio<ide rele ases will be obtained by gr anting to certain sources limit ed emissions allowances! which! beginning in 5994! will be set below previous levels of sulfur dio<ide rele ases. Title * of the AAA o f 5992 created an operating permit program for all KmaFor sourcesK (and certain other sources) regulated under the AA. -ne purpose of the operating permit is to include in a single document all air emissions re>uireme nts that apply to a given fa cility. States are developing the permit programs in accordance with guidance and regulations from EPA. -nce a State program is approved by EPA! permit s will be issued and monitored by that State. Title *( is intended to protect str atospheric o$one by phasing out the manufacture of o$one%depleting chemicals and restricting their use and distribution. Production of lass ( substances! including 54 /inds of chlorofluorocarbons ( 7 s)! will be phased out entirely by the ye ar 1222! while certain hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( ' 7 s) will be phased out by12;2. +P,;s &ontrol Te"hnology &enter/ at 89199 B=1-0<00/ 'ro$ des general ass stan"e and n#ormat on on &,, standards. The Stratos'her " 51one
Petroleum Refining
In#ormat on 0otl ne/ at 8<009 29>-199>/ 'ro$ des general n#ormat on a%out regulat ons 'romulgated under T tle -I o# the &,,/ and +P,;s +P&), 0otl ne/ at 8<009 B6B-0202/ ans3ers ?uest ons a%out a"" dental release 're$ent on under &,, C1128r9. In add t on/ the Te"hnology Trans#er Det3or( Bullet n Board System 8modem a""ess 89199 B=1-B7=299 n"ludes re"ent &,, rules/ +P, gu dan"e do"uments/ and u'dates o# +P, a"t $ t es. B&#4# &ndustr Specific ReEuirements The petroleum refining industry is uni>ue in that the environmental re>uirements aimed at the industr y are of two basic types: (5) re>uirements mandating specific pr oduct >ualities for the purpose of reducing the environmental impacts associated with the downstream use of the productL and ( 1) r e>uirements directed at reducing the environmental impacts of the refineries themselves. Presently! some of the most significant environmental statutes affecting refineries economically are geared toward altering the product formulation with the aim of reducing pollutant r eleases fr om use of the finished products (primarily fuels). Since 59=2! various product >uality regulations have been promulgated affecting specific formulations of gasoline and other fuels. These formulations often re>uire significant process changes and capital investments at petroleum refineries. Environmental re>uirements aimed at reducing the pollution outputs from refinery operations themselves also re>uire significant investments to change the processes and e>uipment. These re>uir ements aimed at reformulating refinery products and reducing emissions from refinery operations ma/e petroleum refining one of the most heavily regulated industries. &lean , r ,"t o# 1970 8&,,9 -f the various environmental statutes affecting the industry! the AA of 59=2 and the AAA of 5992 have had! and will continue to have! the most significant impact on the petroleum refining industry. The 59=2 AA authori$ed EPA to establish! in 59=5! the .ational Ambient Air Euality Standards (.AAES) which set standards for sulfur dio<ide! nitrous o<ides! carbon mono<ide! o$one! non%methane hydrocarbons! opacity and total suspended particulates in the ambient air . The Act also established a schedule for the reduction and eventual elimination of lead in gasoline. (n 59=6! a national ambient air standard for lead was established. "ore comple< refining techni>ues such as incor porating more downstreamconversion units! catalytic processes! octane boosting additives! and lubricating additives! were developed to ma/e up for the properties lost as a result of reducing lead anti% /noc/ additives. Another provision of the Act limit ed the sulfur content in residual a nd distilla te fuel oils used by electric utilit ies and industria l plants.
Petroleum Refining
To meet the dema nd for lo w%sulfur fuels! desulfuri$ atio n processing units were developed.62 &lean , r ,"t ,mendments o# 1990 8&,,,9 +espite a maFor r eduction in automobile emissions after the 59=2 AA! many areas o f the U.S. were not in co mpliance with the .AAES. These areas! termed Knonattainment areas!K became an important subFect of the 5992 amendments to the 59=2 AA. The AAA of 5992 provide much more stringent re>uirements than the original AA. The Act is organi$ed into nine titles: Ur ban Air Euality! "obile Sources! To<ic Air Pollutants! Acid Bain ontrol! Per mits! Stratospheric -$one +epletion! Enforcement! ,eneral Provisions! and Besearch. The maFor re>uirements altering product formulations to reduce emissions from mobile so urces are contained in four programs: the -<ygenated 7uels Program! the 'ighway +iesel 7uel Program! the Befor mulated 7uels Program! and the )eaded ,asoline Bemoval Program. Additional programs aimed at reducing air emissions fr om the refineries themselves and which have significant impacts o n refineries include: .ew Source Beview (.SB)! .ew Source Performance Standards (.SPS)! and .ational Emission Standards for 'a$ardous Air Pollutants (.ES'AP). 65 -<ygenated 7uels Program The -<ygenated 7uels Program re>uired that by.ovember 5991! all gasoline sold in the ;9 carbon mo no<ide nonattainment areas must have a minimum of 1.= per cent o<ygen (by weight) for at least four winter months. The higher o<ygen content lo wers the levels of carbon mono<ide produced during combustion. (n aliforniaNs carbon mono <ide nonattainment areas! the winter fuel o<ygen content is set at 5.6 to 1.1 percent because it is e<pected that higher o<ygen levels increase nitrogen o<ide emissions to unacceptable levels (for whic h the area is also in nonattainment) . (n response to the program! the domestic capacity to produce o <ygenates for o<ygenated fuels has increased 49 percent from 5995 to 599;. This r e>uired significant investments in o<ygenate production facilit ies at both refineries and at nonrefinery stand%alone facilit ie s that produce ethanol fr om grain! methyl tertiary butyl ether ("T#E) from oil field butane streams! and methanol from natural gas.61 The mandatory use o f ethanol as an o<ygenate! however! was overturned by a co urt in "ay of 5994.
'ighway +iesel 7uel Program
Petroleum Refining
The 'ighway +iesel 7uel Program re>uired that the sulfur content of all highway diesel fuel be reduced from 2.4 percent to 2.24 percent (by weight) by -ctober 5! 599;. Small refineries (below 56!142 thousand barrels of crude oil throughput per year) were given the option of using tradeable credits on sulfur reduction as a means of compliance until +ecember ;5! 5999. The program also re>uires that the cetane inde<! which measures the self%ignition >ualit y o f diesel fuel! must be ma intained at a minimum of 32. (ncreased construction of desulfuri$ation do wnstream units! such as catalytic hydrocrac/ing and hydrotreating units is underway to co mply with these new re>uirements. Small refineries not wanting to invest in new downstream units may have the option of producing only distillate fuel oil for non%highway use. +iesel fuel and distillate fuel oils can be interchangedL however! as of -ctober 5! 599;! distilla te fuel oil and diesel fuel with high sulfur content were ma r/ed with a dye to prevent sale for highway use. (ndustry estimates a capital cost of M;.; billion to comply with the 'ighway +iesel 7uel Program. 6; Beformulated 7uels Program The Beformulated 7uels Program! or Beformulated ,asoline (B7,) Program! re>uires the use of reformulated gasoline by Ganuary 5! 5994 in nine U.S. metropolitan areas (more than 142!222 people) with the wor st ground level o$one problems. -ther nonattainment ar eas can Kopt inK to the program as a way of reducing o $one levels. EPA can delay a re>uest to opt%in for up to three years if the supply of r eformulated gasoline is not large enough. Such reformulated gasoline must have a minimum o<ygen content of two percent by weight! a ma<imum ben$ene content of one percent by volume! and no lead o r manganese. ( n addition! the year round average of nitrogen o<ide emissions may not e<ceed that of a 5992 summertime baseline gasolineL the 5992 baseline tailpipe emissions of volatile organic compounds and to<ic air pollutants (TAPs) must be reduced by 54 percentL and ben$ene must be below 5 percent. #y 5996! a new Kcomple<K formula for reformulated gasoline will replace the original KsimpleK formula. #y 1222! TAPs emissions are to be reduced by at least 12 percent! *- emissions reduced by at least 14 percent! and .-< emissions reduced by at least 4 percent in the summer time. 63 -f the four highway fuels programs! complying with the reformulated gasoline rules will re>uire the lar gest process changes. ,asoline fo rmulation will need to be upgraded to reduce the aromatic and *- emissions from motor vehicles. The catalytic reforming process is e<pected to be used less! thereby lowering the levels of ben$ene and o ther aromatics produced. 'ydrotreating unit s will be utili$ed more in or der to meet the lower sulfur specific atio ns. (t is uncertain how many nonattainment areas will eventually opt%in to the program! which could have a significant effect on the capacity
Petroleum Refining
needs for the var ious downstream processes. As of Gune 5994! 56 areas have opted%in. )eaded ,asoline Bemoval Program The fourth program t o limit emissions from mobile sources pr ohibit s the sale of leaded gasoline for use in motor vehicles after 5994. The AA 59=2 has already reduced le ad content substantia lly and the elimination of le aded gas is not e<pected to create significant changes in the industry. 64 Beid *apor Pressure Begulations of 5969 and 5991 The Beid *apor Pressure (B*P) regulations were implemented by the EPA to reduce emissions of *- s and o ther o$one precursors. The regulations set standards for the volatilit y of summer time mo tor gasoline in some U.S. urban ar eas. The pr ogram was implemented in two phases with the first beginning in the spring of 5969 and the seco nd in 5991. The Phase ( summer volatilit y standards limited the average Beid *apor Pressure ( a measure of the volatilit y of motor gasoline) to a ma<imum of 52.4 psi and 9.2 psi in cer tain areas of the country. The Phase (( summer volatility standards set a nationwide ma <imum B*P of 9.2 psi and! in some o$one nonattainment cities in the south! the standard was set at =.6 psi. Phase (( will stay in effect through the summer of 5993 in the nine B7, ar eas. (n 5994! the *standards of the 5992 AAA Beformulated ,asoline Program will t a/e the place of the B*P regulations. The Phase ( standards were met by reducing the amount of butane blended into gasoline. (n addition to having a high B*P! butane is also high octane. To compensate for the resulting loss in octane and volume both crude oil inputs and the use of catalytic crac/ing and al/ylation units have increased. The Phase (( standards were met by increasing downstream processing and the blending with high%octane! lower B*P components. To meet the B*P regulations! large capit al investments were ma de in facilit ies to produce these blending components.6C .ew Source Beview and .ew Source Performance Standards The 5992 AA .ew Source Beview ( .SB) re>uirements apply to new facilitie s! e<pansions of e<isting facilit ie s! or process modifications. .ew sources o f the .AAES KcriteriaK pollutants in e<cess o f ?maFor@ levels defined by EPA are subFect to .SB re>uirements (32 7B T41.15( b)(5) (i) (a)% (b)). .SBs are typically conducted by the state agency under standards set by EPA and adopted by the state as part of its state implementation plan (S(P). There are two types of .SBs: Prevention of Significant +eterioration (PS+) r eviews for those areas that are meeting the .AAESL and
Petroleum Refining
nonattainment (.A) reviews for areas that are violating the .AAES. Permits are re>uired to construct or operate the new source for PS+ and .A areas. 7or .A areas! permits r e>uire the new so urce to meet lowest achievable emission rate ()AEB) standards and the o perator of the new so urce must procure reductions in emissions o f the same pollutants from other sources in the .A area in e>ual or gr eater amounts to the new so urce. These Kemission offsetsK may be ban/ed and traded through state agencies. 7or PS+ areas! permits re>uire the best available control technology ( #A T) ! and the oper ator or owner of the new source must conduct co ntinuous o n%site air >uality monitoring for one year prior to the new source addition to determine the effects that the new emissions may have on air >uality. EPA sets the minimum standards for )AEB and #A T fo r petroleum r efinery .SBs in its new source performance standards (.SPS)! 32 7B Part C2: Subpart G Subpart I!I!I Subpart ,, Subpart ,,, Subpart ... Standards o f Performance for Petroleum Befineries Standards of Performance for *olatile -rganic )i>uid Storage *essels Standards o f Performance for Stationary ,as Turbines Standards o f Per formance for E>uipment )ea/s of *in Petroleum Befineries Standards of Performance for *- Emissions fr om S- "( +istillation -perations (manufacturing of organic chemicals e.g.! "T#E) Standards of Performance for *- Emissions fr om Petroleum 0astewater Systems 6=!66
Subpart EEE
.ational Emission Standards for 'a$ardous Air Pollutants (.ES'AP) Under Title ((( of the 5992 AAA! EPA is re>uired to develop national emission standards for 569 ha$ardous air po llutants (.ES'AP) including ben$ene and appro<imately 12 other chemicals typically emitted at petr oleum refineries. The development of the .ES'AP regulations are ta/ing place in two phases. ( n the first phase! EPA is developing ma<imum achievable co ntrol technology ("A T) standards for all new and e<istingsources ( Games +urham! U.S. EPA! -ffice of Air! (959) 435%4C=1). EPA can give a si< year e<tension of .ES'AP re>uirements in e<change for an enforceable co mmitment to an ear ly reduction of emissions by 92 percent. At the time this document went to print EPA estimated that the "A T standar ds for petroleum refineries would be finali$ed by the end of Guly 5994. The second phase of the .ES'AP regulations is to be implemented in 1222 and re>uires
Petroleum Refining
assessing whether or not remaining ris/ after the "A T standards have been implemented is acceptable. 69 7or petroleum refineries! the following .ES'APs apply! 32 7B Part C5: Subpart G Subpart " .ational Emission Standards for E>uipment )ea/s of #en$ene .atio nal Emission Standards for Asbestos ( +emolit ion and Benovation) .ational Emission Standards for E>uipment )ea/s (7ugitive Emission Sources) .ational Emission Standards for #en$ene Emissions fr om #en$ene Storage Tan/s .ational Emission Standards for #en$ene Emissions from #en$ene Transfer -perations .ational Emission Standards for #en$ene 0aste -perations
Subpart * Subpart J
Subpart ## Subpart 77
(n addition! Subpart E (.ational Emission Standards for "ercury) will apply if the refinery has a wastewater treatment plant sludge incinerator . 92 )esour"e &onser$at on and )e"o$ery ,"t 8)&),9 B BA gives EPA the authority to establish a list of solid and ha$ardo us wastes! and to establish standards and regulations for handling and disposing of these wastes. Although the costs of co mplying with B BA re>uirements may not be as great as that of the 5992 AAA! there are significant capital and operational co sts as well as administrative costs related to permitting! technical studies and analytical re>uirements. The maFority of solid wastes generated at refineries are non%ha$ardo us residuals. "ost of these wastes are typically recycled within the refinery or are landfilled or incinerated onsite as non%ha$ardo us wastes. Some of these wastes are sent off%site for treatment! land disposal or land treatment (land farming). A number of wastes commonly generated at refineries! however! are ha$ardous under B BA. The largest number of different B BA ha$ardous wastes are generated during wastewater treatment prior to discharge. These could include: AP( separator sludge ( I245)L slop oil emulsion solids ( I239)L other primary oil%water separator sludge! barscreen debris (72;=)L characteristic wastes containing chromium (+22=) or lead (+226)L dissolved air flotation floats (I236)L and all other sludge! floats and used filter bags (72;6). -ther potential refinery wastes regulated under B BA include those generated from cleaning of heat e<changer bundles
Petroleum Refining
(I242) ! desalter mud (72;=)! laboratory wastes (722;! 7224! +225! etc.)! spent al/ylation sulfuric acid (+221L e<cept when used to produce virgin sulfuric acid! 32 7B T1C5.3(a)(=)) and leaded tan/ bottom corr osion solids (I241) ! waste paint materials (+225)! and wastes containing ben$ene (+256).95 Spent process catalysts are occasionally B BA characteristic ha$ardous wastes for reactivity due to ben$ene (+256) or for to<icity due to sulfur on the catalyst surface (+22;). 91 Some of the handling and treating re>uirements for B BA ha$ardous wastes generators are covered under 32 7B Part 1C1 and involve: determining what co nstitutes a B BA ha$ardous waste (Subpart A)L manifesting (Subpart #)L pac/aging! labeling and accumulation time limit s ( Subpart )L and record /eeping and reporting (Subpar t +).9; "any refineries store so me ha$ardous wastes at the facility fo r mo re than 92 days and! therefore! are a storage facilit y under B BA and must have a B BA treatment! storage and disposal facilit y (TS+7) permit ( 32 7B T1C1.;3). Some of the specific re>uirements that may apply to refiner ies that are TS+ facilit ies are covered under 32 7B Part 1C3! and include: co ntingency plans and emergency procedures (32 7B Part 1C3 Subpart +)L manifesting! record /eeping and repor ting ( Subpart E)L use and management of containers (Subpart ()L tan/ systems (Subpart G)L surface impoundments (Subpart I)L land treatment (Subpart ")L incinerators (Subpart -)! although few refineries incinerate ha$ardo us wastes onsiteL corrective action of ha$ardous waste releases (Subpart S)L air emissions standards for process vents of processes that process o r generate ha$ardous wastes (Subpart AA)L emissions standards for lea/s in ha$ardous waste handling e>uipment (Subpart ##)L and emissions standards for containers! tan/s! and surface impoundments that contain ha$ardous wastes (Subpart ). The 5963 'a$ardous and Solid 0aste Amendments ('S0A) to B BA re>uire that any area at a facility where solid wastes have been routinely and systematically released at a treatme nt! storage! or disposalfacilit y are r e>uired to carry out ?corrective actions.@ orrective action re>uirements are decided by EPA or the states on a facilit y%by%facility basis and can e<tend to reme diation beyond the fa cility boundary. Since most refineries have filed for B BA permits and because it is common for refineries to have released wastes to the envir onment! it is e<pected that most refineries will eventually undergo a B BA corrective action. The costs of remediating contamination that has o ccurred over the life of a refinery co uld potentially be one of the 93 most costly items facing a facilit y. A number of B BA wastes have been prohibited from land disposal unless treated to meet specific standards under the B BA )and +isposal Bestriction ()+B) program. The wastes covered by the B BA )+Bs are listed in 32
Petroleum Refining
7B Part 1C6! Subpart and include a number of wastes commonly generated at petroleum refineries. Bestrictions on common refinery wastes include to<icity character istic wastes! which include those containing greater than 2.4 ppm ben$ene (+256) and sludges from refinery process wastewater treatment systems (72;=) . Bestrictions on +256 wastes are e<pected to further reduce the amount of refinery wastes that are treated by landfar ming off% site which has already been reduced significantly in recent years for both ha$ardous and non%ha$ardous wastes. 94 To meet the )+Bs! these wastes are typically treated through inciner ation. (n addition to the land disposal restrictions! standards for the treatment and storage of restricted wastes are also described in Subparts + and E! respectively. 9C &lean Water ,"t 8&W,9 Petroleum refinery wastewater r eleased to surface waters is regulated under the 0A. .ational Pollutant +ischarge Elimination System (.P+ES) permits must be obtained to discharge wastewater into navigable water s (32 Part 511). Effluent limitatio n guidelines fo r wastewater discharged from petroleum refineries were promulgated in 5964 and are currently being reviewed for updating in 5994 (Bonald Iirby! U.S. EPA -ffice of 0ater! (121)%1C2%=5C6). The effluent guidelines for the Petroleum Befining Point Source ategory ar e listed under 32 7B Par t 359 and are divided into subparts according to the processes used by the refinery: Subpart A Applies to facilit ies using topping (distillation) and catalyt ic reforming Applies to facilitie s using topping and crac/ing Applies to fa cilit ies using topping! crac/ing and petrochemical operations Applies to facilit ies using topping! crac/ing and lube oil manufacturing Applies to fa cilities that use topping! crac/ing! lube oil manufacturing and petr ochemical operations.
Subpart # Subpart
Subpart + Subpart E
(n addition to the effluent guidelines! facilit ies that dischar ge to a P-T0 ma y be r e>uired to meet .ational Pretreatment Standards for some co ntaminants. ,eneral pretreatment standards applying to most industries discharging to a P-T0 are described in 32 7B Part 32;. Pr etr eatment standards applying specifically to the Petroleum Befining atego ry are listed in the subparts of 32 7B Part 359 ( as shown above). 9=
Petroleum Refining
The term Kstorm water discharge associated with industrial activityK means a stor m water discharge from one of 55 categorie s of industrial activity defined at 32 7B 511.1C.(f the primary S( code of the facility is one of those identified in the regulations! the facilit y is subFect to the storm water permit application re>uireme nts. (f any activity at a fa cilit y is covered by one of the five nar rative categories! storm water discharges fr om those areas where the activities occur are subFect to storm water discharge permit application re>uirements. Those facilit iesAactivities that ar e subFect to storm water discharge permit application re>uirements are identified below. To determine whether a particular facilit y falls within one of these categorie s! the regulation should be co nsulted. Categor i : 7acilit ies subFect to storm water effluent guidelines! new sour ce performance standards! or to<ic po llutant effluent standards. Categor ii: 7acilities classified as S( 13%lumber and wood products (e<cept wood /itchen cabinets)L S( 1C%paper and allied products (e<cept paperboard containers and products)L S( 16%chemic als and allied products (e<cept drugs and paints)L S( 195%petroleum refiningL and S( ;55%leather tanning and finishing. The recent storm water rules re>uir e certain facilit ies with storm water dischar ge from any one o f 55 catego ries of industrial activity defined at 32 7B 511.1C be subFect to the storm water permit application re>uirements (see Section *( .A). Petroleum refineries are covered in ategory ii by virtue of S( code. The Storm 0ater Bule (32 7B T511.1C( b)(53) subparts (i! ii)) re>uires the capture and treatment of stormwater at all facilit ies falling under S( code 195! including petroleum refineries. Be>uired treatment of storm water flows are e<pected to remove a large fraction of both conventional pollutants! such as suspended solids and biological o<ygen demand (#-+)! as well as to<ic pollutants! such as certain metals and organic compounds. 96 Sa#e !r n( ng Water ,"t 8S!W,9 Those refineries that dispose of wastewater in underground inFection wells are subFect to the underground inFection control (U( ) program of the Safe +rin/ing 0ater Act. The U( program is aimed at protecting usable a>uifers from contaminants migrating from inFection wells. The program re>uires a permit for the placement of fluids into a well. ( nFection wells are also subFect to substantive standards and criteria that may re>uire a study of the po tential of the well to contaminate the groundwater (32 7B Parts 53;%53=). An inFection well is classified in one of five categorie s ( lass (%*) which reflect the rela tive r is/ of contaminating usable a>uifers based on the pro<imity t o
Petroleum Refining
drin/ing water supplies and the hydrogeological conditions in the area. Begulations vary for each well class. The U( program is closely related to the B BA program. (nFection wells into which ha$ardo us waste is inFected constitute a land disposal facilit y under B BA and! therefor e! also re>uire a B BA permit. Under the B BA regulations! inFection wells with permits under the U( program and which meet certain additional B BA 99 re>uirements! ar e considered to have a B BA permit (32 7B T1=2.C2(b) ). &om'rehens $e +n$ ronmental )es'onse/ &om'ensat on and A a% l ty ,"t 8&+)&A,9 Petroleum and crude oil are specifically e<empt from listing in EB )A. 0astes generated dur ing the refining pr ocess and refined petroleum products co ntaining EB )A ha$ardo us substances above specific levels are covered under EB )A. Therefore! past releases of ha$ardous substances from a refinery are li/ely to re>uire remedial clean%up actions under Superfund. 522 +mergen"y Plann ng and &ommun ty ) ght- to-:no3 ,"t 8+P&),9 Befineries are also co vered by the repo rting re>uirements of the Emergency Planning and ommunity Bight% to%Inow Act (EP BA). The ommunity Bight%to%Inow provisions re>uire that facilit ies with ten or more employees that manufactured! processed! or otherwise used a listed to<ic chemical in e<cess of the Kestablished thresholdK must annually file a To<ic hemical Belease form with EPA and the state (EP BA T;5;L 32 7B Part ;=1). 7acilitie s must submit material safety data sheets or the e>uivalent and Tier (ATier (( annual inventory report forms to the ap propriate local emergency planning commission and emergency response and fir e departments (EP BA TT ;55% ;51L 32 7B Part ;=2). Those handling Ke<tremely ha$ardous substancesK are also re>uired to submit a one% time notice to the state emergency response commission (EP BA T;21(A)L 32 7B Part ;44). Unintentional releases o f a reportable >uantity of a EB )A ha$ardo us substance or an e<tremely ha$ardous substance must be reported to the state emergency planning commission and the local emergency planning co mmission (32 7B Part ;23).525 Petroleum refineries are li/ely to use or produce a number of the chemicals listed! including ammonia! chlorine! hydrogen sulfide! methyl mer captan! sulfur dio<ide and sulfuric acid. 1990 5 l Pollut on ,"t and S' ll Pre$ent on &ontrol and &ountermeasure Plans The 5992 -il Pollution Act establishes strict! Foint and several liabilit y against onshore and offshore facilit ies that discharge oil or pose a substantial t hreat of discharging oil to navigable waterways. The act re>uires that facilities posing a substantial threat of harm to the environment prepare and implement more rigorous Spill Prevention ontrol and ountermeasure Plan r e>uired under the 0A ( 32 7B T551.=) . Standards have been set for tan/
Petroleum Refining
e>uipment! spill pr evention control plans! and vessels. An important re>uirement affecting refining facilit ies is oil response plans for above ground stor age tan/ facilit ie s. There are also criminal and civil penalties for deliberate or negligent spills of oil. Begulations covering response to oil discharges and contingency plans (32 7B Part ;22)! and facility response plans to oil discharges ( 32 7B Part 551) are being r evised and finali$ed in 5994.521 5S0, 0ealth Standards and Pro"ess Sa#ety * anagement )ules The -ccupational Safety and 'ealth Administration (-S'A) limits ben$ene e<posure in the wor/place at petroleum refineries (19 7B T 5952.5216). #en$ene is a common emission of petroleum refining operations. ontrol strategies may involve substantial process changes and e>uipment modifications. -S'A has also developed safety management rules re>uiring refineries to co nduct a detailed review o f all operational processes to deter mine wor/place ris/ and inFury potential to wor /ers and to define co urses of action in the case of emergencies (19 7B T5952) . (ndustry reports that this regulation may prove to be relatively costly due to the 52; numerous and co mple< pr ocess units at petr oleum refineries. State Statutes Some of the most important state regulations affecting the petroleum refining industry are those of the alifor nia Air Besource #oard ( AB#). The AB# Phase (( regulations for reformulated gasoline so ld in alifornia are more stringent than the federal AAA. The South oast Air Euality "anagement +istrict (S AE"+) in southern alifo rnia has an Air Euality "aintenance Plan which aims to reduce emissions of sulfur o<ides! nitrogen o<ides! particulates and *- s fr om stationary sources. 7or refineries! one of the most important re>uirements will be an 6 per cent r eduction in emissions of .-< by 599C. 523 Befineries must also carr y out a comprehensive lea/ identification! maintenance! and inspection program. *- emissions from sumps! wastewater systems and sewer s ar e also limit ed! and any emission increases must be offset by emission decreases within the facilit y. ertain refiner ies must conduct analyses for carcinogenic ris/s to neighboring populations! and new unit s or facility modific atio ns cannot e<ceed specified limits for incr eased specified cancer ris/ to individuals in the surrounding community. (ndustry representatives reported that substantial emission controls and changes in facilit y operations would be needed to me et the S AE"+ re>uirements. 524 Befineries are also affected by some state statutes that designate waste oils as ha$ardous waste. (n some states! such as alifornia! any oily waste or waste
Petroleum Refining
oil generated in a refinery process must be handled as a B BA ha$ardo us waste. B&#C# Pending and Proposed Regulator ReEuirements +nergy Pol "y ,"t o# 1992 The Energy Policy Act of 5991 provided for a number of programs aimed at reducing the U.S. dependence on foreign oil through increased domestic oil production! the use of alternative fuels! and incr eases in energy efficiency. Some programs established by the Energy Polic y Act may have significant effects o n the petroleum refining industry in the long term. The Ener gy Policy Act mandates the phase%in of alternative fuels in government and private automobile and truc/ fleets. A national goal for 1252 has been set for ;2 percent of the light%duty vehicle mar/et to be powered by natural gas! electr icity! methanol! ethanol! or co al%derived li>uid fuels. The Act also re>uires that efficiency standards be set for all new feder al buildings! buildings with federally bac/ed mortgages! and comme rcial a nd industrial e>uipment. Besearch and development programs are being sponsored for high%efficiency engines and superconducting electric power systems. The effe cts of these programs will ultimately reduce the growth rate of demand for refined petroleum products in the U.S. 52C &lean Water ,"t 8&W,9 Effluent limit ations guidelines fo r wastewater discharge from petroleum refineries are currently being reviewed by the -ffice of 0ater for possible updatingin 5994 ( Bonald Iirby! U. S. EPA -ffice of 0ater ! (121)%1C2%=5C6). Specifically! the -ffice o f 0ater is evaluating the need to reduce selenium releases which! in the past! have e<ceeded water >uality standards. Selenium rele ases are usually only fo und in facilit ies pr ocessing alifo rnia crude oil. Effluent guidelines for selenium will! therefore! probably only a ffect these 52= facilitie s.
Sector Notebook Project &lean , r ,"t ,mendments 1990 ( AAA)
Petroleum Refining
"ost of the programs of the AAA are being phased%in over a period of ten years between 5992 and 1222. Some of the re>uirements of the AAA have not yet been set and! as mentioned above! there is a great deal of uncertainty as to the effects that these unspecified standards will have on the industry. The Beformulated ,aso line Progr am and the .ES'AP standards may have the most significant future re>uirements on the industry. Under the Beformulated ,aso line Program! a Kcomple<K formula for reformulated gasoline is scheduled to go into effect in 5996. The standards for this formula were not yet finali$ed as of Gune 5994. (t is not /nown how many other nonattainment areas will eventually ? opt in!@ thereby creating mor e demand for reformulated gasoline. Several nonattainment areas have already so ught to Kopt outK of the program. 526 The .ES'AP standards are scheduled to be promulgated by EPA by late Guly 5994 (Games +ur ham! U.S. EPA! -ffice o f Air ! (959) 435%4C=1). The standards re>uired will be in the for m of "A T standards. The .ES'AP standards will li/ely be simila r to those developed for the chemical industr y and will cover air emissions from many refinery processes including! but not limited to! most catalytic processes! industr ia l boilers! process heaters! stor age tan/s and e>uipment! process vents! and wastewater treatment facilitie s. The standards fo r the contr ol o f ben$ene emissions will re>uire signific ant capit al investments.529 Under Title * of the AAA 5992 (32 7B Parts =2%=1) all of the applicable re>uirements of the Amendments are integrated into one federal renewable operating permit. 7acilitie s defined as KmaFor sourcesK under the Act must apply for permits within one year from when EPA approves the state per mit programs. Since most state programs were not approved until after .ovember 5993! Title * permits w ill! for the most part! begin to be due in late 5994. A facility is designated as a maFo r source if it includes sources subFect to the .SPS acid rain provisions or .ES'APS! or if it releases a certain amount of any one of the AAA r egulated pollutants ( S-! .-< ! -! < *- ! P"52 ! ha$ardous air pollutants! e<tremely ha$ardous substances! o$one depleting substances! and pollutants covered by .SPSs) depending on the regionNs air >uality category. Although revisions to the definition of what co nstitutes a maFor source wer e being negotiated at the time that this document went to press (August 5994) ! it is important to note that maFor source determination will li/ely be based on a fa cilityNs potentia l emissions and not its actual emissions. These revisions to the Title * rules were e<pected to be published in late August 5994. Title * permits may set limit s on the amounts of pollutant emissionsL r e>uire emissions monitoring! and record /eeping and reporting. Under a separate rule! the ontinuous Air "onitoring Bule ( A") being developed! co ntinuous monitoring of certain emissions
September 5994 522 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
from certain facilit ie s may be re>uired ( Peter 0estlin! U.S. EPA! -ffice of Air! (959) 435% 5246). 7acilit ies are re>uired to pay a fee for filing for a permit and are re>uired to pay an annual fee based on the magnitude o f the facilityNs potential emissions.552 )esour"e &onser$at on and )e"o$ery ,"t 8)&),9 EPA is studying four teen refinery theor etical waste streams for potential additions to the B BA ha$ardous waste lists under a settlement agreement with the Envir onmental +efense 7und ("a<imo +ia$! Gr.! -ffice of Solid 0aste and Emergency Besponse! (121)%1C2%3=6C). A decision is to be made on each stream by -ctober ;5! 599C. Treatment standar ds under the )and +isposal Bestrictions program will be developed for any wastes listed. Alternatives to listing ar e also being considered! including management standards based on po llution prevention! recycling! reclamation! or feedstoc/ to other manufacturing processes. 555 (n 5993! a Befinery 0or /gr oup co mprised of representatives from -S0EB! -ffice of 0ater! and -ffice of Begulatory ouncil reviewed the issues surrounding a B BAA 0A interface pertaining to co ntaminated ground water seeps to surface water from petroleum refineries. The legal authorities over seeps still remains unclear. ( n a report completed in September 5993! the 0or/group r ecommended that the legal authority per taining to seeps to surface waters should be made on a case% by%case basis. The report also discussed the various authorities and circumstances in which they should be utili$ ed.
September 5994 525 S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project B&&# C%1P/&ANC! AN* !N7%RC!1!N2 3&S2%R9 4ackground
Petroleum Refining
To date! EPA has focused much of its attention on measuring compliance with specific environmental statutes. This approach allows the Agency to trac/ compliance with the lean Air Act! the Besour ce onservation and Becovery Act! the lean 0ater Act! and other environmental statutes. 0ithin the last sever al years! the Agency has begun to supplement single%media compliance indicators with facilit y% specific! mult ime dia indicators of compliance. ( n doing so! EPA is in a better position to trac/ complia nce with all statutes at the facilit y le vel! and within specific industria l sector s. A ma For step in building the capacity to compile multimedia data for industrial sectors was the creation of EPANs (ntegrated +ata for Enforcement Analysis ((+EA) system. (+EA has the capacity to Kread intoK the AgencyNs single% media databases! e<tract compliance records! and match the records to individual facilit ies. The (+EA system can match Air ! 0ater ! 0aste! To<icsAPesticidesAEP BA! TB(! and Enforcement +oc/et records for a given facility! and generate a list of historical permit! inspection! and enforcement activity. (+EA also has the capability to analy$ e data by geographic area and co rporate holder. As the capacity to generate multimedia compliance data improves! EPA will ma/e available more in%depth compliance and enforcement information. Additionally! sector %specific measur es of success for co mpliance assistance efforts are under development. Compliance and !nforcement Profile *escription Using inspection! violation and enforcement data from the (+EA system! this section provides information regarding the histor ical compliance and enforcement activit y of this sector. (n order to mir ror the fa cility universe repo rted in the To<ic hemical Profile! the data reported within this section co nsists of records only from the TB( reporting universe. 0ith this decision! the selection criteria are consistent across sector s with certain e<ceptions. 7or the sectors that do not normally report to the TB( program! data have been provided from EPANs 7acilit y (nde<ing System (7(.+S) which trac/s facilitie s in all me dia databases. Please note! in this section! EPA does not attempt to define the actual number of facilitie s that fall within each sector. (nstead! the section portrays the records of a subset of facilities within the sector that are well defined within EPA databases. As a chec/ on the r elative si$e of the full sector universe! most noteboo/s contain an estimated number of facilit ies within the sector according to the #ureau of ensus (See Section ((). 0ith sectors dominated by small businesses! such as metal finishers and printers! the reporting universe within
September 5994 52; S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
the EPA databases may be small in comparison to ensus data. 'owever! the group selected for inclusion in this data analysis section should be consistent with this sectorNs general ma/e%up. 7ollowing this introduction is a list defining each data column presented within this section. These values represent a retrospective summary of inspections or enfor cement actions! and solely reflect EPA! state and local co mpliance assur ance activity that have been entered into EPA databases. To identify any changes in trends! the EPA ran two data >ueries! one for the past five calendar years (August 52! 5992 to August 9! 5994) and the other for the most recent twelve%month period (August 52! 5993 to August 9! 5994). The five%year analysis gives an aver age level of activity for that period for co mparison to the more recent activity. #ecause most inspections focus on single%media re>uirements! the data >ueries presented in this section are ta/en from single media databases. These databases do not provide data on whether inspections ar e stateAlocal or EPA% led. 'o wever! the table brea/ing down the universe of violations does give the reader a crude measurement of the EPANs and statesN effor ts within each media program. The presented data illustrate the variations across regions for e This variation may be attributable to stateAlocal data entry certain sector s. variations! specific geographic concentrations! pro<imit y t o population centers! sensitive ecosystems! highly to<ic chemicals used in production! or historical noncompliance. 'ence! the e<hibited data do not ran/ regional performance or necessar ily reflect which regions may have the most compliance problems. Compliance and !nforcement *ata *efinitions 8eneral *efinitions 7acilit &nde0ing S stem +7&N*S. %% this system assigns a common facilit y number to EPA single%media permit reco rds. The 7(.+S identification number allows EPA to compile and review all permit! complia nce! enforcement and pollutant release data fo r any given regulated fa cility. &ntegrated *ata for !nforcement Anal sis + &*!A. %% is a data integration system that can retrieve information from the maFor EPA progr am office databases. ( +EA uses the 7(.+S identification number to glue together@
EPA Begions include the following states: ( ( T! "A! "E! B(! .'! *T)L (( (.G! .J! PB! *()L ((( (+ ! +E! "+! PA! *A! 0*)L (* (A)! 7)! ,A! IJ! "S! . ! S ! T.)L * (()! (.! "(! ".! -'! 0()L *( (AB! )A! ."! -I! T8)L *(( ((A! IS! "-! .E)L *((( ( -! "T! .+! S+! UT! 0J)L (8 (AS! A! '(! .*! Pacific Trust Territories)L 8 (AI! (+! -B! 0A).
September 5994 523 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
separate data records from EPADs databases. This is done to create a ma ster list@ of data r ecords for any given facilit y. Some of the data systems accessible through (+EA are: A(BS (Air 7acilit y (nde<ing and Betrieval System! -ffice of Air and Badiation)! P S (Per mit ompliance System! -ffice o f 0ater)! B B(S (Besour ce o nservation and Becovery (nformation System! -ffice of Solid 0aste)! . +# (.ational o mpliance +ata #ase! -ffice of Prevention! Pesticides! and To<ic Substances)! EB )(S ( omprehensive Environmental and )iabilit y (nfo rmation System! Super fund)! and TB(S (To<ic Belease (nventory System). (+EA also contains information from outside so urces such as +un and #r adstreet and the -ccupational Safety and 'ealth Administration (-S'A). "ost data >ueries displayed in noteboo/ sections (* and *(( were conducted using (+EA. *ata 2able Column 3eading *efinitions 7acilities in Search %% are based on the universe o f TB( repo rter s within the listed S( code range. 7or industries not covered under TB( reporting re>uirements! the noteboo/ uses the 7(.+S universe for e<ecuting data >ueries. The S( code range selected for each search is defined by each noteboo/Ns selected S( code coverage described in Section ((. 7acilities &nspected %% indicates the level of EPA and state agency facility inspectio ns for the facilit ies in this data sear ch. These values show what percentage of the facilit y universe is inspected in a 51 or C2 mo nth period. This column does not count non%inspectional compliance activit ies such as the review of facility%reported dischar ge reports. Number of &nspections %% measur es the total number of inspections co nducted in this sector. An inspection event is counted each time it is entered into a single media database. Average 2ime 4et"een &nspections %% provides an average length of time! e<pressed in months! that a complia nce inspectio n occurs at a facilit y within the defined universe. 7acilit ies "ith %ne or 1ore !nforcement Actions% % e<presses the number of facilit ie s that were party to at least one enforcement action within the defined time per iod. This category is bro/en down further into federal and state actions. +ata are obtained for administrative! civilA Fudicial! and criminal enforcement actions. Administrative actions include .otices o f *iolation (.-*s). A facilit y with multiple enforcement actions is only counted once in this column (facility with three enforcement actions counts as one) . All percentages that appear are r efe renced to the number of facilitie s inspected.
September 5994 524 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
2otal !nforcement Actions %% describes the total number of enforcement actions identified for an industrial sector across all environmental statutes. A facility with mult iple enforcement actions is counted mult iple times (a facility with three enforcement actions co unts as three). State /ead Actions @@ shows what percentage o f the total enforcement actions are ta/en by state and local environmental agencies. *arying levels of use by states of EPA data systems ma y limit the volume of actions accorded state enforcement activity. Some states e<tensively report enforcement activities into EPA data systems! while other states may use their own data systems. 7ederal /ead Actions % % shows what percentage of the total enforcement actions are ta/en by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This value includes referrals from state agencies. "any of these actions result from coordinated or Foint stateAfederal efforts. !nforcement to &nspection Rate%% e<presses how often enforcement actions result from inspections. This value is a ratio of enfor cement actions to inspections and is presented for co mparative purpo ses only. This measure is a rough indicator of the relationship between inspections and enforcement. This measure simply indicates historically how many enforcement actions can be attributed to inspection activity. Beported inspections and enforcement actions under the lean 0ater Act (P S)! the lean Air Act (A7S) and the Besource onservation and Becovery Act ( B BA) are included in this ratio. (nspections and actions from the TS AA7(7BAAEP BA database ar e not factored into this ratio because most of the actions ta/en under these programs are not the result of facilit y inspections. This ratio does not account for enforcement actions ar ising from non%inspection compliance monitoring activities (e.g.! self%repo rted water discharges) that can result in enforcement action within the AA! 0A and B BA. 7acilities "ith %ne or 1ore Biolations &dentified %% indicates the number and percentage of inspected facilit ies having a violation identified in one of the following data categories: (n *iolation or Significant *iolation Status ( AA)L Beportable .oncompliance! urrent Jear .oncompliance! Significant .oncompliance ( 0A)L .oncompliance and Significant .oncomplia nce (7(7BA! TS A! and EP BA)L Unresolved *iolation and Unresolved 'igh Priority *iolation (B BA). The values presented for this column r eflect the e<tent of noncompliance within the measured time frame! but do not distinguish between the severity of the noncompliance. Percentages within this column can e<ceed 522 percent because facilit ie s can be in violation status without being inspected. *iolation status may be a precursor to an enforcement action! but does not necessarily indicate that an enforcement action will occur.
Petroleum Refining
1edia 4reakdo"n of !nf orcement Actions and &nspections %% four co lumns identify the proportion of total inspections and enforcement actions within EPA Air! 0ater! 0aste! and TS AA7(7BAAEP BA databases. Each co lumn is a percentage of either the Total (nspections!@ or the Total Actions@ column. B&&#A# Pet roleum Refining Compliance 3istor E<hibit 13 provides an overview of the reported compliance and enforcement data for the refining industry over the past five years (August 5992 to August 5994). These data are also bro/en out by EPA Begion thereby permitting geographical comparisons. A few points evident from the data are listed below. Almost all of the facilit ies identifie d in the database search were inspected in the past five years. These fa cilities were inspected on average every thr ee months. The r atio of enforcement actions to inspections varied widely between Begions over the past five years with little o r no direct correlation to the number of facilit ies in the Begion or the proportion of state le ad versus federal lead actions. Those facilit ies with one or more enfo rcement actions had! on average! over the five year period! almost eight enforcement actions brought against them.
September 5994 52= S( 1955
!0hibit ,<: 7ive@9ear !nforcement and Compliance Summar for Petroleum Refining
A 4 C * ! 7 8 3 & 6
Average 1onths 4et"een &nspections 7acilities "ith ' or 1ore !nforcement Ac tions 2otal !nforcemen t Actions Percent State /ead Actions Percent 7ederal /e ad Actions !nforcement to &nspection Rate
Region
7acilities in Search
7acilities &nspected
Number of &nspections
( 2 2 2 2 2 (( 6 6 131 1 6 =5 44O 34O 2.19 (( ( 51 51 311 1 52 525 64O 54O 2.13 (* 53 5; 131 ; 3 ;1 ==O 1;O 2.29 * 5= 5= ;4; ; 52 3C C=O ;;O 2.5; *( 34 31 6C9 ; ;C 1C9 C9O ;5O 2.;5 *(( 4 4 5=1 1 4 1C 6O 91O 2.54 *((( 5C 54 4;4 1 5; 556 =;O 1=O 2.11 (8 16 1; 16C C 59 55C 44O 34O 2.35 8 55 52 55C C 4 16 C3O ;CO 2.13 T-TA) 54C 534 ;!14= ; 552 =9= CCO ;3O 2.14
%% %% %% %%
Sector Notebook Project B&&#4# Comparison of !nforcement Activit 4et"een Selected &ndustries
Petroleum Refining
E<hibits 14 and 1C allow the compliance history of the petroleum refining sector to be co mpared to the other industries covered by the industry sector noteboo/s. omparisons between E<hibits 14 and 1C permit the identification of trends in compliance and enforcement records of the industry by comparing data covering the last five years to that of the past year. Some points evident from the data are listed below. -f those sector s listed! the petroleum refining industry has been the most fre>uently inspected industry over the past five years. The industry has a relatively la rge proportion of facilities with violations and enfor cement actions! in comparison to the other sectors. The rate of enforcement actions per inspection for the industry is relatively high! and has changed little over the past year. E<hibits 1= and 16 provide a more in%depth compar ison between petroleum refining industry and other sectors by br ea/ing out the compliance and enforcement data by environmental statute. As in the previous E<hibits (E<hibits 14 and 1C)! the data cover the last five years (E<hibit 1=) and the last one year (E<hibit 16) to facilitate the identific atio n of recent trends. A few points evident from the data are listed below. The number of inspections carried out under each environmental statute as a percent of the total has changed little between the aver age of the past five years and that of the past year. (nspections under AA appear to be slightly mo re fre>uent while inspections under B BA appear to be slightly less fre>uent. The distribution of enforcement actions between statutes has also changed very little between the past five years and one year. Enforcement actions under B BA decr eased slightly while enforcement actions under 0A have increased slightly.
September 5994 529 S( 1955
!0hibit ,): 7ive@9ear !nforcement and Compliance Summar for Selected &ndustries
A 4 C * ! 7 8 3 & 6
Average 1onths 4et"een &nspections 7acilities "ith ' or 1ore !nforcement Actions 2otal !nforcement Actions Percent State /ead Actions Percent 7ederal /ead Ac tions !nforcement to &nspection Rate
&ndustr Sector
7acilities in Search
7acilities &nspected
Number of &nspections
Pulp and Paper ;2C 1C4 ;!=CC 4 554 421 =6O 11O 2.5; Printing 3!52C 5!2;4 3!=1; 41 5=C 453 64O 54O 2.55 (norganic hemicals 436 196 ;!2;3 55 99 321 =CO 13O 2.5; -rganic hemicals 351 ;5C ;!6C3 C 541 =1C CCO ;3O 2.59 Petroleum Refining ')= '<) ;,,)> ; ''- >(> ==G ;<G -#,) (ron and Steel ;=3 1=4 ;!444 C 554 399 =1O 16O 2.53 +ry leaning 9;; 134 C;; 66 19 52; 99O 5O 2.5C "etal "ining 6=; ;;9 5!459 ;3 C= 544 3=O 4;O 2.52 .on%"etallic "ineral "ining 5!53; C;5 ;!311 12 63 591 =CO 13O 2.2C
)umber and 0ood 3C3 ;25 5!695 54 =6 1;1 =9O 15O 2.51 7urniture 19; 15; 5!4;3 55 ;3 95 95O 9O 2.2C Bubber and Plastic 5!CC4 =;9 ;!;6C ;2 53C ;95 =6O 11O 2.51 Stone! lay! and ,lass 3C6 1C6 1!3=4 55 =; ;25 =2O ;2O 2.51 7abricated "etal 1!;3C 5!;32 4!429 1C 162 632 62O 12O 2.54 .onferrous "etal 633 3=3 ;!29= 5C 534 3=2 =CO 13O 2.54 Electronics 324 111 === ;5 C6 151 =9O 15O 2.1= Automobiles 496 ;92 1!15C 5C 65 132 62O 12O 2.55
!0hibit ,=: %ne@9ear &nspection and !nforcement Summar for Selected &ndustries
A 4 C * ! 7 8 3
7acilities "ith ' or 1ore Biolations 7acilities in Search 7acilities &nspected Number of &nspections 7acilities "ith ' or more !nforcement Actions 2otal !nforcement Actions !nforcement to &nspection Rate
&ndustr Sector
Number PercentH Number PercentH
Pulp and Paper ;2C 569 4=C 5C1 6CO 16 54O 66 2.54 Printing 3!52C ;9= C=C 145 C;O 14 CO =1 2.55 (norganic hemicals 436 546 31= 5C= 52CO 59 51O 39 2.51 -rganic hemicals 351 594 434 59= 525O ;9 12O 556 2.11 Petroleum Refining ')= '-( <;> '-( '--G ;( ;=G ''< -#,= (ron and Steel ;=3 5C= 366 5C4 99O 12 51O 3C 2.29 +ry leaning 9;; 62 555 15 1CO 4 CO 55 2.52 "etal "ining 6=; 553 593 61 =1O 5C 53O 13 2.5; .on%metallic "ineral "ining 5!53; 14; 314 =4 ;2O 16 55O 43 2.5;
)umber and 0ood 3C3 531 1C6 529 ==O 56 5;O 31 2.46 7urniture 19; 5C2 55; CC 35O ; 1O 4 2.44 Bubber and Plastic 5!CC4 1=5 3;4 169 52=O 59 =O 49 2.53 Stone! lay! and ,lass 3C6 53C ;;2 55C =9O 12 53O CC 2.12 .onferrous "etals 633 121 321 161 532O 11 55O =1 2.56 7abricated "etal 1!;3C 3== =3C 414 552O 3C 52O 553 2.54 Electronics 324 C2 6= 62 5;;O 6 5;O 15 2.13 Automobiles 496 5C9 163 5C1 9CO 53 6O 16 2.52
H Percentages in olumns E and 7 are based on the number of facilities inspected ( olumn ). Percentages can e<ceed 522O because violations and actions can occur without a facility inspection.
!0hibit ,>: 7ive@9ear &nspection and !nforcement Summar b Statute for Selected &ndustries
Resource Conservation and Recover Act G of 2otal Actions G of 2otal &nspections G of 2otal Actions 7&7RA$2SCA$ !PCRA$%ther G of 2otal &nspections G of 2otal Actions
Clean Air Act Clean Aater Act 7acilities &nspected 2otal 2otal !nforcement &nspections Actions G of 2otal &nspections G of 2otal Actions G of 2otal &nspections
&ndustr Sector
Pulp and Paper 1C4 ;!=CC 421 45O 36O ;6O ;2O 9O 56O 1O ;O Printing 5!2;4 3!=1; 453 39O ;5O CO ;O 3;O C1O 1O 3O (norganic hemicals 196 ;!2;3 321 19O 1CO 19O 5=O ;9O 4;O ;O 3O -rganic hemicals ;5C ;!6C3 =1C ;;O ;2O 5CO 15O 3CO 33O 4O 4O Petroleum Refining '<) ;,,;> >(> <<G ;,G '(G ',G ;)G ),G ,G )G (ron and Steel 1=4 ;!444 399 ;1O 12O ;2O 56O ;=O 46O 1O 4O +ry leaning 134 C;; 52; 54O 5O ;O 3O 6;O 9;O 2O 5O "etal "ining ;;9 5!459 544 ;4O 5=O 4=O C2O CO 53O 5O 9O .on%metallic "ineral "ining C;5 ;!311 591 C4O 3CO ;5O 13O ;O 1=O 2O 3O
)umber and 0ood ;25 5!695 1;1 ;5O 15O 6O =O 49O C=O 1O 4O 7urniture 19; 5!4;3 95 41O 1=O 5O 5O 34O C3O 5O 6O Bubber and Plastic =;9 ;!;6C ;95 ;9O 54O 5;O =O 33O C6O ;O 52O Stone! lay! and ,lass 1C6 1!3=4 ;25 34O ;9O 54O 4O ;9O 45O 1O 4O
.onferrous "etals 3=3 ;!29= 3=2 ;CO 11O 11O 5;O ;6O 43O 3O 52O 7abricated "etal 5!;32 4!429 632 14O 55O 54O CO 4CO =CO 3O =O Electronics 111 === 151 5CO 1O 53O ;O CCO 92O ;O 4O Automobiles ;92 1!15C 132 ;4O 54O 9O 3O 43O =4O 1O CO
!0hibit ,?: %ne@9ear &nspection and !nforcement Summar b Statute for Selected &ndustries
Resource Conservation and Recover Act
G of 2otal Actions G of 2otal &nspections G of 2otal Ac tions
Clean Air Act Clean Aater Act

7acilities &nspected 2otal &nspections 2otal !nforcement Actions G of 2otal &nspections G of 2otal Actions G of 2otal &nspections
7&7RA$2SCA$ !PCRA$%ther
G of 2otal &nspections G of 2otal Actions
&ndustr Sector
Pulp and Paper 569 4=C 66 4CO C9O ;4O 15O 52O =O 2O ;O Printing ;9= C=C =1 42O 1=O 4O ;O 33O CCO 2O 3O (norganic hemicals 546 31= 39 1CO ;6O 19O 15O 34O ;CO 2O CO -rganic hemicals 594 434 556 ;CO ;3O 5;O 5CO 42O 39O 5O 5O Petroleum Refining '-( <;> ''< )-G ;'G '(G '=G ;-G <>G 'G =G (ron and Steel 5C= 366 3C 19O 56O ;4O 1CO ;CO 42O 2O CO +ry leaning 62 555 55 15O 3O 5O 11O =6O C=O 2O =O "etal "ining 553 593 13 3=O 31O 3;O ;3O 52O CO 2O 59O .on%metallic "ineral "ining 14; 314 43 C9O 46O 1CO 5CO 4O 5CO 2O 55O
)umber and 0ood 531 1C6 31 19O 12O 6O 5;O C;O C5O 2O CO 7urniture 19; 5C2 4 46O C=O 5O 52O 35O 52O 2O 5;O Bubber and Plastic 1=5 3;4 49 ;9O 53O 53O 3O 3CO =5O 5O 55O Stone! lay! and ,lass 53C ;;2 CC 34O 41O 56O 6O ;6O ;=O 2O ;O .onferrous "etals 121 321 =1 ;;O 13O 15O ;O 33O C9O 5O 3O 7abricated "etal 3== =3C 553 14O 53O 53O 6O C5O ==O 2O 1O Electronics C2 6= 15 5=O 1O 53O =O C9O 6=O 2O 3O Automobiles 5C9 163 16 ;3O 5CO 52O 9O 4CO C9O 5O CO
Sector Notebook Project B&&#C# Revie" of 1ajor /egal Actions 1ajor Cases$Supplemental !nvironmental Projects
Petroleum Refining
This sectio n provides summa ry info rmatio n about ma Fo r cases that have affected this sector! and a list of Supplementary Envir onmental ProFects (SEPs). SEPs are complia nce agreements that reduce a facilit yNs stipulated penalty in return for an envir onmental proFect that e<ceeds the value of the reduction. -ften! these pr oFects fund pollution prevention activities that can significantly reduce the future pollutant loadings of a facility. B&&#C#'# Revie" of 1ajor Cases 'istorically! -E ADs Enforcement apacity and -utreach -ffice does not regularly compile information rela ted to ma For cases and pending litigation within an industry sector . The staff are willing to pass along such information to Agency staff as re>uests are made. (-ffice of Enforcement apacity and -utreach 121%1C2%3532) (n addition! summaries of completed enforcement actions are published each fiscal year in the Enforcement Accomplishments Bepor t. To date! these summaries are not organi$ed by industry sector. ( ontact: Bobert #an/s! 121%1C2%619C) B&&#C#,# Supplementar !nvironmental Projects Supplemental environmental proFects (SEPs) ar e an enforcement option that re>uires the non%compliant facilit y to complete specific proFects. Begional summaries of SEPs underta/en in the 599; and 5993 federal fiscal years were reviewed. Eleven proFects were underta/en that involved petroleum refineries! as shown in the following table. (n the petroleum refiner y sector ! no single statute engendered the maFor ity of SEPs. +ue to differences in regional descriptions! the specifics o f the o riginal violations are not /nown. -verall! lean Air Act ( AA) violations were the most common amongst petroleum refineriesL even so! only three o ut of the ten proFects were due to AA violations. The SEPs in the petroleum refinery sector can be grouped into four catego ries: U Process change . Two SEPs invo lved the discontinuation of particular crude oil units that generated regulated waste streams. osts to companies were M;!122!222 and M1!222!222! respectively! the most costly o f all petr oleum refinery SEPs.
September 5994 553 S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project U
Petroleum Refining /eak prevent ion. 7acilities improved le a/ detectio n and pr evention technologies in piping or tan/s as the result of four proFects. -riginal violations for these SEPs were B BA! AA! and the -il Pollution Act (-PA) . ost to company ranged from M1C4!222 to M622!222. Control technolog improvement$installation . The three AA rela ted original violations all had control technolo gyimproveme nts or installations as proFects. Sulfuric air emissions (' 1 S! S- 1 ) were reduced in two cases (a r eduction of 1=3 tonsAyear of S) and 1 opacity monitoring was initia ted in the third case. ost to company ranged from M64!222 to M1=2!222. Non@process related projects . Some SEPs involved proFects that were not directly related to the petroleum refining process. (n one case! P #%containing transformers were removed as the r esult of a TS A violation. -ther cases involved e>uipment donations to )ocal Emergency Planning ommissions due to EB )A non%repo rting violations. ost to company ranged from M9!222 to M59!222.
September 5994 554 S( 1955
!0hibit ,(: 79@'((;,'((< Supplemental !nvironmental Projects %vervie": Petroleum Refining

,eneral SEP (nformation *iolation (nformation Pollutant Beduction
7J ompany .ame StateA Begion Type (nitial Penalty 7inal Penalty SEP redit SEP ost to ompany Pollutant oncern Pollutant Beduction ProFect +escription P #%contaminated transformers waste stream
9; Union -il ompany of alifornia 9; U.- A)
AI TS A M55!222 M9!;42 M3!C=4 VM52!222 P # .AA Early disposal of P # transformers andAor
A .AA MC69!222 M122!222 M14!222 M1!222!222 .AA .AA Shut down crude unit that generated the regulated 'A B BA ;226(a) AAA.SPS Subpart G
9; 'awaiian (ndependent Befinery (nc. 9; "arathon -il o. (.
MC15!122 M422!222 M122!222 .AA #en$ene 522O (nstalled double%lining in three crude oil storage tan/s and installed lea/ detection systems to protect groundwater from ben$ene leachate .AA .AA .AA M1C4!222 -il lea/age! hydrogen sulfide .AA Bepiping of refinery fuel gas lines! increased monito ring re>uirements! installation of hydrogen sulfide emission scrubber
9; 7ina -il T8
EB )A
52;(a) M14!222 M1!222 .AA M59!222 .AA .AA +onation of emergency andAor computer e>uipment to )EP for responseAplanning for chemical emergencies! agreed to participate in )EP activities! and to provide technical assistance 52;(a) M14!222 M6!222 .AA M9!222 .AA .AA +onated emergency andAor computer e>uipment to )EP for responseAplanning for chemical emergencies! participation in )EP activities! and technical assistance report submission computeri$ed lea/ detection system computeri$ed lea/ detection system 1=3 tonsAyr Sremoval efficiency of the SBU upgraded from 1 66.4O to 9;.4O responsible for generating most of the facility Ns ben$ene contaminated wastewater
9; Amoco -il T8
EB ) A
9; (ndiana Befining )td. Beg. *
AA%S(P .AA .AA .AA M64!2C= -pacity .AA (nstalled opacity monitors and began compliance
9; U.S. -il & Befining 0A -PA .AA M3=2!222 .AA M622!222 -il spill .AA Purchase and installation of state of the art 9; Te<aco Befining and "ar/eting! (nc. 0A -PA .AA M422!222 .AA M622!222 -il spill .AA Purchase and installation of state of the art 9; Sinclair -il orp. 0J 93 U.- A) AA! Sec. 55; (d) .AA M524!222 M=2!222 M1=2!222 S1
A B BA .AA .AA M14!222 M;!122!222 #en$ene .AA +ecommissioning of a crude processing unit
Biolation &nformation 2erms (nitial penalty: (nitial proposed cash penalty for violation 7inal penalty: Total penalty after SEP negotiation SEP credit: ash credit given for SEP so that! 7inal penalty % SEP credit Q 7inal cash penalty SEP cost to company: Actual cost to company of SEP implementation .-TE: +ue to differences in terminology and level of detail between regional SEP information! in some cases the figure listed as 7inal p enalty may be the 7inal cash penalty after deduction fo r SEP credit .AA: (nformation not available at time of printing.
Sector Notebook Project B&&&# C%1P/&ANC! ASSURANC! AC2&B&2&!S AN* &N&2&A2&B!S
Petroleum Refining
This section highlights the activities underta/en by this industry sector and public agencies to voluntarily improve the sectorNs environmental performance. These activities include those independently initiated by industrial trade associations. (n this section! the noteboo/ also contains a listing and description of national and r egional trade associations. B&&&# A# Sector@Related !nvironmental Programs and Act ivities &ommon Sense In t at $e The EPANs ommon Sense (nitiative ( S() was announced in .ovember of 599; to encour age pollution pr evention in a few pilot industrial sectors including: iron and steel! electronics! metal plating and finishing! automobiles! printing! and petr oleum refining. The program shifts regulatory focus from concentrating on individual po llutants and media! to industry%wide approaches to environmental problems. An EPA team has been assigned to each industr y and a strategic plan will be drawn up to identify opportunit ie s to coordinate rulema/ing and to streamline record% /eeping and permitting re>uirements. The teams are wo r/ing with industry to identify innovative approaches in pollution prevention and environmental techno logy. o%chairs for the Petroleum Befining ommit tee are Elliot )aws! Assistant Administrator for the -ffice of Solid 0aste and Emergency BesponseL and Gane Saginaw! Begional Administrator % Begion *(. Starting in .ovember of 5993! meetings of most sta/eholders including EPA and other government officials! industr y representatives! and environmental groups! have been held to e<plain the (nitiative and its go als as well as to e<change ideas o n how to best prevent pollution in the petroleum refining industry. ( ontact: Petroleum Befining Team )eaders! "eg Ielly! -ffice of Solid 0aste and Emergency Besponse! =2;%;26%6622L ,erald 7ontenot! Begion *( % Air #ranch! 153%CC4%=124L and -E A staff lead! Tom Bipp! 121%4C3%=22;.) +P, )eg onal &om'l an"e and +n#or"ement ,"t $ t es A number of regions have focused on enforcement and compliance activities that affect the petroleum refining sector. Begion * is currently carrying out a geographic enforcement initiative which includes the petroleum refining industry ( ontact: Beg Pallesen! ;51%66C%2444). (n addition! the EP BA program of Begion * conducts a minimum of si< outreach training sessions annu ally! one in each state! which cover all industries. (n Begion *((( the .P+ES #ranch began an enforcement initiative aimed at petroleum r efineries in 7J93. The initiative addresses surface water and groundwater contamination by fo cusing on the prevention and elimination of future discharges. The B BA branch of Begion *((( is developing a program for 7J94 that includes forming a "ulti%"edia Befinery 0or/group that will
September 5994 55= S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
integrate it s activit ies with the ommo n Sense (nitiative 0or/group. -ne of the issues to be e<amined by the wor/group are integrated permits for watersheds. Begion (8 is wor/ing with the .ational Enforcement (nvestigation enter on a multi%media petroleum refining enforcement initiative. B&&&#4# !PA Boluntar Programs 66.B0 Program The K;;A42 ProgramK is EPANs voluntary pr ogram to reduce to<ic chemical rele ases and transfers of seventeen chemicals from manufacturing fa cilities. Participating companies pledge to reduce their to<ic chemical releases and transfers by ;; percent as of 5991 and by 42 percent as of 5994 from the 5966 baseline year . ertificates of Appreciation have been given out to participants meeting their 5991 goals. The list of chemicals includes seventeen high%use chemicals repor ted in the To<ics Belease (nventory. E<hibit ;2 lists those companies participating in the ;;A42 program that repo rted the S( code 1955 to TB(. "any of the companies shown listed multiple S( codes and! therefore! are li/ely to carry out operations in addition to petroleum refining. The S( codes reported by each company are listed in no partic ular order. (n addition! the number of facilitie s within each co mpany that are participating in the ;;A42 program and that report S( 1955 to TB( ar e shown. 7inally! each companyDs total 599; releases and transfers of ;;A42 chemicals and the percent r eduction in these chemicals since 5966 are presented. The petroleum refining industry as a whole used! generated or processed all seventeen target TB( chemicals. -f the target chemicals! ben$ene! toluene! <ylene and methyl ethyl /etone ar e released and tr ansferred most fre>uently and in similar >uantities. These four to<ic chemicals acco unt for about 4 percent of TB( rele ases and transfers from petroleum refining fa cilities. Twenty si< co mpanies listed under S( 1955 are currently participating in the ;;A42 program. They acco unt for 19 percent of the 95 companies carrying out petroleum refining operations! which is significantly higher than the average for all industries of 53 percent participation. E<hibit ;2 also shows that within these 1C companie s! 99 fa cilities reporting S( 1955 are participating in the ;;A42 program. This comprises about C1 percent of the petroleum refining facilit ies reporting to TB(. (7or more information! contact: "i/e #urns! 121% 1C2%C;93 or the ;;A42 Progr am 121%1C2%C92=)
September 5994 556 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
!0hibit ;-: ;;$)- Program Participants Reporting S&C ,('' +Petroleum Refining.
Parent Compan Cit , State S&C Codes Reported Number of Participating 7acilities '((; Releases and 2ransfers +lbs. G Reduction '(?? to '((;
Amerada 'ess orporation .ew Jor/! .J 1955! 45=5 3 5!16C!514 42 American Petrofina 'olding o. +allas! T8 1955 1 =3=!=99 32 Amoco orporation hicago! () 1955! 1945! 1991 = 3!C;1!5C; 42 Ashland -il (nc. Bussell! IJ 1955 ; =1;!4C1 42 Atlantic Bichfield ompany )os Angeles! A 1955 ; 1!3;4!136 1 #'P 'oldings (USA) (nc. San 7rancisco! A 1955 5 C3!;C4 HHH #P America (nc. leveland! -' 1955 4 5!49=!323 13 hevron orporation San 7rancisco! A 1955 55 1!=93!421 42 ibro Petroleum #ron< (nc. #ron<! .J 1955! 45=5 5 3!214 HHH itgo Petroleum orporation Tulsa! -I 1955 1 5!5C3!;43 12 lar/ USA (nc. Saint )ouis! "- 1955 1 ;;!961 HHH E. (. +u Pont +e .emours & o 0ilmington! +E 1955 3 55!=32!64; 42 E<<on orporation (rving! T8 1955! 45=5 4 1!3C9!9;2 42 Ierr%"c,ee orporation -/lahoma ity! -I 1955 ; ;=3!296 ;4 "obil orporation 7airfa<! *A 1955! 16C9 C 3!1C;!163 42 .ew Street apital orporation Atlanta! ,A 1955 5 1!433 42 Penn$oil ompany 'ouston! T8 1955 ; 1!493!52= ;2 Phillips Petroleum ompany #artlesville! -I 1955! 1659 3 1!;C=!6== 42 Eua/er State orporation -il ity! PA 1955! 1991 5 191!46= C Shell Petroleum (nc. 'ouston! T8 1955! 16C9 C ;!132!=5C 44 Star Enterprise 'ouston! T8 1955 4 C25!C32 42 Sun ompany (nc. Badnor! PA 1955 4 1!61C!=;= 42 Te<aco (nc. 0hite Plains! .J 1955 4 453!62; 42 Unocal orporation )os Angeles! A 1955 3 1;6!412 42 US8 orporation Pittsburgh! PA 1955 4 5!452!==1 14 0itco orporation .ew Jor/! .J 1955 5 ;1=!C55 42 H Q not >uantifiable against 5966 data. HH Q use reduction goal only. HHH Q no numerical goal. Source: U.S. EPA! To<ics Belease (nventory! 599;.
+n$ ronmental Aeadersh ' Program The Environmental )eader ship Program (E)P) is a national initiative piloted by EPA and state agencies in which facilities have volunteered to demonstrate innovative approaches to environmental management and compliance. EPA has selected 51 pilot proFects at industrial facilities and federal installations which will demonstrate the principles of the E)P
September 5994 559 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
program. These principles include: environmental management systems! multimedia compliance assurance! third%party verification of compliance! public measures of accountability! community involvement! and mentoring pr ograms. ( n retur n for participating! pilot participants receive public recognition and are given a period of time to correct any violations discovered during these e<perimental proFects. At present! no petroleum refineries are car rying out E)P pilot proFects. ( ontact: Tai% ming hang! E)P +irector 121%4C3%4265 or Bobert 7entress 121%4C3%=21;) ProEe"t 7A ProFect 8) was initiated in "arch 5994 as a par t of President lintonD s )e n$ent ng +n$ ronmental )egulat on initiative. The proFects see/ to achieve cost effective envir onmental benefits by allowing participants to replace or modify e<isting regulatory re>uirements on the condition that they produce greater environmental benefits. EPA and program participants will negotiate and sign a 7inal ProFect Agreement! detailing specific obFectives that the regulated entity shall satisfy. ( n e<change! EPA will allow the participant a certain degree of regulatory fle<ibility and may see/ changes in under lying regulations or statutes. Par ticipants are encouraged to see/ sta/eholder support from local governments! businesses! and environmental groups. EPA hopes to implement fifty pilot proFects in four categories including facilities! sectors! communities! and government agencies regulated by EPA. Applications will be accepted on a rolling basis and proFects will move to implementation within si< months of their selection. 7or additional information regarding 8) ProFects! including application procedures and criteria! see the "ay 1;! 5994 7ederal Begister .otice. ( ontact Gon Iessler at EPADs -ffice of Policy Analysis 121%1C2%32;3) 4reen A ghts Program EPADs ,reen )ights pr ogr am was initiated in 5995 and has the goal of preventing pollution by encouraging U.S. institutions to use energy%efficient lighting technologies. The program has over 5!422 participants which include maFor corpor ationsL small and medium si$ed businessesL federal! state and local governmentsL non%profit groupsL schoolsL universitiesL and health care facilities. Each par ticipant is re>uired to survey their facilities and upgrade lighting wherever it is profitable. EPA provides technical assistance to the par ticipants through a decision suppor t software pac/age! wor/shops and manuals! and a financing registry. EPADs -ffice of Air and Badiation is responsible for operating the ,reen )ights Program. ( ontact: "ar ia Ti/off at 121%1;;%95=6 or the ,reen )ightAEnergy Star 'otline at 121%==4%CC42)
September 5994 512 S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project WasteW Fe Program
Petroleum Refining
The 0aste0iMe Program was started in 5993 by EPADs -ff ice of Solid 0aste and Emergency Besponse. The pr ogram is aimed at reducing municipal solid wastes by promoting waste minimi$ation! recycling collection and the manuf actur ing and purchase of recycled products. As of 5993! the program had about ;22 companies as members! including a number of maFor corporations. "embers agree to identify and implement actions to reduce their solid wastes and must provide EPA with their waste reduction goals along with yearly progr ess reports. EPA in turn provides technical assistance to member companies and allows the use of the 0aste0iMe logo for promotional purposes. ( ontact: )ynda 0ynn 121%1C2% 2=22 or the 0aste0iMe 'otline at 622%;=1%93=;) &l mate W se )e"ogn t on Program The limate hange Action Plan was initiated in response to the U.S. commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the limate hange onvention of the 5992 Earth Summit. As part of the limate hange Action Plan! the limate 0ise Becognition Program is a partnership initiative run Fointly by EPA and the +epartment of Energy. The program is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging reductions acr oss all sectors of the economy! encouraging participation in the full range of limate hange Action Plan initiatives! and fostering innovation. Participants in the program are re>uired to identify and commit to actions that reduce gr eenhouse gas emissions. The program! in turn! gives or gani$ations early recognition for their reduction commitmentsL provides technical assistance through consulting services! wor/shops! and guidesL and provides access to the programDs centrali$ed information system. At EPA! the program is operated by the Air and Energy Policy +ivision within the -ffice of Policy Planning and Evaluation. ( ontact: Pamela 'erman 121% 1C2%332=) DI&+6 The U.S. +epartment of Energy and EPADs -ffice of Pollution Prevention are Fointly administering a grant program called The .ational (ndustrial ompetitiveness through Energy! Environment! and Economics (.( E ; ). #y pr oviding grants of up to 42 percent of the total proFect cost! the program encourages industry to reduce industrial waste at its source and become more energy%efficient and cost%competitive through waste minimi$ation efforts. ,rants are used by industry to design! test! demonstrate! and assess the feasibility of new processes andAor e>uipment with the potential to reduce pollution and increase energy efficiency. The program is open to all industriesL however! prior ity is given to proposals from participants in the
September 5994 515 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
pulp and paper! chemicals! primary metals! and petr oleum and coal products sectors. The program has wor/ed with the petroleum industry to evaluate the feasibility of using a closed%loop solvent e<traction system to recover organic material from solid wastes normally disposed of off%site. ( ontact: +-EDs ,olden 7ield -ffice ;2;%1=4%3=19) B&&&#C# 2rade Association$&ndustr Sponsored Activit B&&&#C#'# !nvironmental Programs 4lo%al +n$ ronmental *anagement In t at $e The ,lobal Environmental "anagement (nitiative (,E"() is made up of group of leading companies dedicated to fostering environmental e<cellence by business. ,E"( promotes a worldwide business ethic for environmental management and sustainable development! to improve the environmental performance of business through e<ample and leadership. (n 5993! ,E"(Ds membership consisted of about ;2 maFor corporations including Amoco orporation. ,mo"o - U.S. +P, Pollut on Pre$ent on ProEe"t The Amoco % U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention ProFect was a voluntary Foint proFect to study pollution prevention opportunities at an industrial facility. The Amoco -il ompanyNs refinery at Jor/town! *irginia was used to conduct a multi%media assessment of releases to the environment! then to develop and evaluate options to reduce these releases. The proFect identified pollutant release points and cost effective pollution prevention techni>ues. (n addition! a number of important observations were made relating to: differences in TB( estimated releases and actual releases! regulatory obstacles to implementing pollution prevention programs! and incentives for pollution pr evention. A proFect summary report was issued in Ganuary 5991.551 ,PI )es dual *anagement Sur$ey The American Petroleum (nstitute ( AP() has conducted yearly surveys of residual materials generation and residual management pr actices at refineries. The survey collects data on about ;2 different waste str eams! their management techni>ues and pollution prevention activities of AP( members. A yearly report is issued titled! K,eneration and "anagement of Besidual "aterials.K This report is available from the American Petroleum (nstitute.
September 5994 511 S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project ,PI 4round3ater )esear"h Program
Petroleum Refining
AP( conducts research to assist the petroleum industry in dealing with its groundwater contamination problems. The research is aimed at the problems faced by the petroleum industry! including petroleum refineries! but is made available to those outside the industry as well. Besearch studies evaluate techni>ues and develop new methods to detect! monitor and cleanup groundwater contamination. .umerous manuals and reports have been published and per iodic conferences and wor /shops on gr oundwater monitoring and cleanup techni>ues are sponsored. &om'end um o# Waste * n m 1at on Pra"t "es The American Petroleum (nstitute sponsored a waste minimi$ation practices compendium in the Summer of 5992 to summari$e waste minimi$ation techni>ues f or oil and gas e<ploration and pr oduction! refining and mar/eting industries. The compendium contains a liter ature survey and case studies. Petroleum +n$ ronmental )esear"h @orum The Petroleum Environmental Besearch 7orum is an industry group that shares research costs and findings that relate particularly to the petroleum industry. The 7orum has funded research on pollution prevention in the industry. ,PI ST+P Program The STEP (Strategies for TodayNs Environmental Partnership) program was developed by AP( member companies to address public environmental concerns by improving the industryNs environmental! health! and safety performanceL documenting perf ormance improvementsL and communicating them to the public. The foundation for STEP is the AP( Environmental "ission and the AP( ,uiding Environmental Principles. The program also includes a series of environmental strategic plansL a review and revision of e<isting industry standardsL documentation of industry envir onmental! health! and safety per formanceL and mechanisms for obtaining public input. (n 5991! AP( endorsed! as part of STEP! adoption of management practices as an AP( recommended practice. The management practices contain the following elements: pollution prevention! operating and process safety! community awareness! crisis readiness! product stewardship! proactive government interaction! and resource conservation. The management practices are an outline of actions to help companies incorporate environmental health and safety concer ns into their planning and decision ma/ing. Each company will ma/e its own decisions on how and whether to
September 5994 51; S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
change its operations. AP( has developed a compilation of resources that provide r ecommendations and guidance on various operational areas of the oil industr y to assist AP( members with their implementation of the management practices. ( ontact: 0alter Bet$ch! AP(! 121%C61%6496) B&&&#C#,# Summar of 2rade Associations The trade and professional organi$ations serving the petroleum refining industry are either specific to petroleum refining or to the petroleum production! refining and distribution as a whole. 7urther differences in membership ar e based on company si$e and ownership. "ore specifically! the large! multinational oil companies are members of industr y%wide trade groups and the small! independent petroleum r efiners are members of both industry%wide and small! independent trade groups. The maFor trade organi$ations are discussed below. American Petroleum (nstitute 5112 ) St. .0 0ashington! + 12224 "embers: ;22 Phone: (121) C61%6222 Staff: 322 7a<: (121) C61%62;2 ontact: Alison Ierester The American Petroleum (nstitute ( AP() is the largest trade group for the petroleum refining industry! with the largest membership and budget. AP( represents the maFor oil companies! and independent oil producers! refiners! mar/eters! and transporters of crude oil! lubricating oil! gasoline! and natur al gas. AP( conducts and promotes research in the petroleum industr y and collects data and publishes statistical r eports on oil production and ref ining. .umerous manuals! boo/lets! and other materials are published on petroleum refining to assist members in environmental compliance. .ational P etr oleum Bef iners Association 5699 ) St. .0 5222 0ashington! + 122;C Phone: (121) 34=%2362 7a<: (121) 34=%236C
"embers: ;=2 Staff: 16 ontact: .orbert +ee! Ph.+.
The .ational Petroleum Befiners Association (.PBA) was founded in 5921 and represents virtually all domestic refiner s and petrochemical manufacturers using processes similar to refineries. .PBADs membership includes both large companies and many small and independent companies.
September 5994 513 S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project "id% ontinent -il and ,as Association 625 Pennsylvania Ave. .0 Suite 632 0ashington! + 12223 Phone: (121) C;6%3322 7a<: (121) C;6%49C=
Petroleum Refining
"embers: =422 Staff: C ontact: "r. "odiano
The "id% ontinent -il and ,as Association was founded in 595= and represents oil and gas pr oducers! royalty owners! refiners! gasoline manufacturers! transporters! drilling contractors! supply and e>uipment dealers and wholesalers! ban/ers! and other individuals interested in oil business. American (ndependent Befiners AssociationA 0estern (ndependent Befiners Association 625 S. ,rand Ave.! 52th 7l. )os Angeles! A 9225= "embers: A(BA: 1=! 0(BA: 9 Phone: (15;) C13%632= ontact: raig "oyer The American (ndependent Befiners Association (A(BA) was f ounded in 596; and represents independent oil refiners and companies that supply services to the independent refining industry. The 0estern (ndependent Befiners Association (0(BA) was founded later to address the specific needs of r efiner s on the west coast. The associations are separate! but closely affiliated with many of the members of 0(BA also members of A(BA. .either organi$ation has a full% time staff . "uch of the associationsN activities ar e carr ied out by members and outside consultants. Thr ough the associationsN cooperative environmental services! members are each responsible for a federal or state agency andAor office! monitoring the environmental issues! and reporting to members. -utside consultants are hired to loo/ at safety and environmental compliance issues. 0estern States Petroleum Association 424 .. #rand #lvd.! Ste. 5322 ,lendale! A 9512; Phone: (656) 434%3524 "embers: C2 The 0estern States Petroleum Association was founded in 595= and represents oil and gas producers! r oyalty owners! refiners! gasoline manufacturers! transporters! drilling contractors! supply and e>uipment dealers and wholesalers! ban/ers! and other individuals interested in the oil business.
September 5994 514 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
f
&I# C%N2AC2S$AC5N%A/!*81!N2S$R!S%URC! 1A2!R&A/S$4&4/&%8RAP39 7or further information on selected topics within the petroleum refining industry a list of contacts and publications are provided below: Contacts Name %rgani:ation 2elephone Subject
Tom Bipp EPAA-E A (121) 4C3%=22; Begulatory re>uirements and compliance assistance Ien ,aring EPAA.E( (;2;) 1;C%;C;C (ndustrial processes and regulatory re>uirements (Air) )inda Te/rony EPAA.E( (;2;) 1;C%;C;C (ndustrial processes and regulatory re>uirements (B BA) Gim +urham EPAA-AB (959) 43C%4C=1 Begulatory re>uirements (Air) Bon Iirby EPAA-0 (121) 1C2%=5C6 Begulatory re>uirements (0ater) "a< +ia$ EPAA-S0EB (121) 1C2%3=6C Begulatory re>uirements (Solid waste) "eg Ielly EPAA-S0EB (=2;) ;26%6=36 S( lead % Source reduction
Iatherine Ieith EPAABegion * (;51) ;4;%C94C (nspections! regulatory re>uirements (Air)! and enforcement Ien ooper EPAABegion *( (=5;) 96;%1536 (nspections and regulatory re>uirements (0ater! B BA and TS A) Gohn Iim EPAABegion (8 (354) =33%51C; (nspections and regulatory re>uirements (Air) Paul #oys EPAABegion 8 (12C) 44;%54C= (nspections and regulatory re>uirements (Air) ,regory 7ilas +-EAE(A (121) 46C%5;3= (ndustry financial information .ancy Gohnson +-EA-7E (121) 46C%C346 Environmental issues Alison Ierester AP( (121) C61%6;3C 7ederal environmental re>uirements .orbert +ee! Ph.+. .PBA (121) 34=%2362 7ederal environmental re>uirements
-E A: -ffice of Enforcement and ompliance Assistance .E( : .ational Enforcement (nvestigations enter -AB: -ffice of Air and Badiation -0: -ffice of 0ater -S0EB: -ffice of Solid 0aste and Emergency Besponse E(A: Energy (nformation Administration -7E: -ffice of 7ossil Energy AP(: American Petroleum (nstitute .PBA: .ational Petroleum Befiners Association
"any of the contacts listed above have provided valuable bac/ground information and comments during the development of this document. EPA appreciates this support and ac/nowledges that the individuals listed do not necessarily endorse all statements made within this noteboo/.
September 5994 51= S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project 8eneral Profile
Petroleum Refining
The U.S. Petroleum Industry: Past as Prologue/ 1970-1992/ Energy (nformation Administration! September! 599;. (+-EAE(A%24=1) Petroleum: ,n +nergy Pro# le ! Energy (nformation Administration! August! 5995. (+-EAE(A% 2434(95) U.S. Industr al 5utloo( 199= ! +epartment of ommerce. 1992 &ensus o# *anu#a"turers Prel m nary )e'ort Industry Ser es: Petroleum and &oal Produ"ts/ #ureau of the ensus! Gune 5993. (" 91%l%19A(P)) Process *escriptions Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jor/! ..J.! 5993. Petroleum )e# n ng #or the Don-Te"hn "al Person ! 1nd ed.! 0illiam ). )effler! Penn0ell Publishing ompany! Tulsa! -/lahoma! 5964. 0and%oo( o# Petroleum )e# n ng Pro"esses ! "eyers! B.A.! "c,raw%'ill #oo/ ompany! .ew Jor/! 596C. Petroleum )e# n ng ! st llat on ! 0at/ins! B...! ,ulf Publishing! (nc.! 'ouston! T8! 59=9. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. Release Profiles &om' lat on o# , r Pollutant +m ss on @a"tors ! ;rd ed.! h. 9! 0illiam ". *atavu/! August 59==. ,ssessment o# ,tmos'her " +m ss ons #rom Petroleum )e# n ng ! B.,. 0etherold! Badian orporation! Austin! Te<as and U.S. EPA! -ffice of Besearch and +evelopment! 0ashington! + ! April! 5962. (EPA%C22A1%62%2=4e) Petroleum Industry +n$ ronmental Per#orman"e/ Th rd ,nnual )e'ort ! American Petroleum (nstitute! 0ashington! + ! 5994. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226.
September 5994 516 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
0a1ardous Waste 4enerat on: 1. Petroleum )e# n ng ! U.S. EPA! -ffice of Solid 0aste! Ganuary 5993. ,mo"o - U.S. +P, Pollut on Pre$ent on ProEe"t/ Hor(to3n/ - rg n a/ ProEe"t Summary EPA! Ganuary 5991. ! U.S.
The 4enerat on and *anagement o# Wastes and Se"ondary *ater als n the Petroleum )e# n ng Industry: 19<7-19<< ! American Petroleum (nstitute! 7ebruary 5995. (AP( Pub. no. 34;2) 4enerat on and *anagement o# Wastes and Se"ondary *ater als: Petroleum )e# n ng Per#orman"e/ 19<9 Sur$ey ! American Petroleum (nstitute! Gune 5991. (AP( Pub. no. ;2;) 4enerat on and *anagement o# Wastes and Se"ondary *ater als: Petroleum )e# n ng Per#orman"e/ 1990 Sur$ey ! American Petroleum (nstitute! August 599;. (AP( Pub. no. ;13) 4enerat on and *anagement o# Wastes and Se"ondary *ater als: Petroleum )e# n ng Per#orman"e/ 1991 Sur$ey ! American Petroleum (nstitute! "ay 5993. (AP( Pub. no. ;19) To2 "s )elease In$entory/ Pu%l " !ata )elease/ 1992 ! U.S. EPA! -ffice of Pollution Prevention and To<ics! April! 5993. (EPA =34%B%93%225) ! o2 n and @urans - , Pr mer: What They ,re and 0o3 to *easure Them (nstitute! 0ashington! + ! "arch 5992. ! American Petroleum ! !
)e# nery Waste3ater Pr or ty Pollutant Study - Sam'le ,nalys s and +$aluat on o# !ata American Petroleum (nstitute! 0ashington! + ! +ecember 5965. +n$ ronmental !es gn &ons derat ons #or Petroleum )e# n ng &rude Pro"ess ng Un ts American Petroleum (nstitute! 7ebruary 599;. (AP( Pub. no. ;55) Pollution Prevention 0a1ardous Waste * n m 1at on: Part - Waste * n m 1at on n the Petroleum Industry G.E.! GAP A ;6! no. C! Gune 5966. Waste * n m 1at on n the Petroleum Industry a &om'end um o# Pra"t "es (nstitute! .ovember 5995. (AP( Pub. no. ;212)
! )eeman!
! American Petroleum ! U.S.
,mo"o - U.S. +P, Pollut on Pre$ent on ProEe"t/ Hor(to3n/ - rg n a/ ProEe"t Summary EPA! Ganuary 5991. &ase Study: Ident #y ng Pollut on Pre$ent on 5't ons @or a Petroleum )e# nery Ioraido! S.".! Pollution Prevention Beview! Summer 5995.
! #ali/! G.A.! and
September 5994 519 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
De3 &atalyst !es gns *eet +n$ ronmental &hallenges o# the 1990;s ! orbgett! B.E.! -il & ,as Gournal! -ctober 5! 5992. !ry S"ru%%er )edu"es S5 2 n &al" ner @lue 4as ! #rown! ,.0.! Boderic/! +.! and .astri! A.! -il & ,as Gournal! 7ebruary 56! 5995. Inno$at $e Im'ro$ements 0 ghl ght @&&;s Past and @uture ! Avidan! A.A.! Edwards! ".! -wen! '.! -il & ,as Gournal! Ganuary 6! 5992. Pollut on Pre$ent on: Strateg es #or Petroleum )e# n ng (7act Sheet)! enter for 'a$ardous "aterials Besearch ( '"B)! Pittsburgh! PA. Pollut on Pre$ent on 5''ortun t es n Petroleum )e# n ng (7act Sheet)! U.S. EPA Begion (((! Philadelphia! PA! -ctober! 5992. Pollut on Pre$ent on 5''ortun t es ounty! Ganuary 5995. Regulator Profile Susta na%le +n$ ronmental Aa3 ! Environmental )aw (nstitute! 0est Publishing o.! St. Paul! "inn.! 599;. Issues ,##e"t ng the )e# n ng Se"tor o# the Petroleum Industry/ 0ear ngs Be#ore the &omm ttee on +nergy and Datural )esour"es/ Un ted States Senate/ Wash ngton/ !&/ *ay 19/ 1992/ &heyenne/ WH/ *ay 2</ 1992 ! U.S. ,P-! 0ashington! + ! 5991. &osts to the Petroleum Industry o# *aEor De3 and @uture @ederal 4o$ernment +n$ ronmental )e?u rements ! American Petroleum (nstitute! 0ashington! + ! -ctober 599;. (AP( +iscussion Paper W2=2B) U.S. Petroleum )e# n ng: *eet ng )e?u rements #or &leaner @uels and )e# ner es/ -olumes I-I ! .ational Petroleum ouncil ommittee on Befining! U.S. +epartment of Energy! August 599;. U.S. Petroleum Strateg es n the !e"ade o# the +n$ ronment ! 0illiams! #ob! Penn 0ell #oo/s! Tulsa! -I! 5995. +n$ ronmental )elated Issues Ta( ng The r Turn n )estru"tur ng Industry & ,as Gournal! Ganuary 11! 5992. ! 0illiams! #ob! -il hec/lists! ounty Sanitation +istricts of )os Angeles
&lean , r ,"t &om'l "ates )e# nery Plann ng ! Scherr! B. .! Smalley! ,.A.! and .orman! ".E.! -il & ,as Gournal! "ay 1=! 5995.
September 5994 5;2 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
&lean , r ,mendments Put B g Burden on )e# nery Planners ! Scherr! B. .! Smalley! ,.A.! and .orman! ".E.! -il & ,as Gournal! Gune 52! 5995. U.S. )egs &ause )e# ners to )eth n( Waste3ater Systems ! .orman! ".E.! Iapoor! S.! Smalley! ,.A.! and +aniel! #.".! -il & ,as Gournal! Gune 5! 5991. U.S. )e# ners &hoos ng -ar ety o# )outes to Produ"e &lean @uels ! Bagsdale! B.! -il & ,as Gournal! "arch 15! 5993.
September 5994 5;5 S( 1955
,P- +ocument -rdering 7orm (insert blan/ page)
Sector Notebook Project (nside #ac/ over (insert blan/ page)
Petroleum Refining
September 5994
S( 1955
#ac/ cover will be provided by EPA

Please note: endnotes print at end of document. They need to be manually inserted before Appendices.
Sector Notebook Project !N* N%2!S
Petroleum Refining
5. 1992 &ensus o# *anu#a"turers Prel m nary )e'ort Industry Ser es: Petroleum and &oal Produ"ts/ #ureau of the ensus! Gune 5993. (" 91% l% 19A(P)) 1. Petroleum: ,n +nergy Pro# le ! Energy (nformation Administration! August! 5995. (+-EAE(A% 2434(95)! p. 4. ;. Petroleum )e# n ng #or the Don-Te"hn "al Person ! 1nd ed.! 0illiam ). )effler! Penn0ell Publishing ompany! Tulsa! -/lahoma! 5964. 3. Petroleum: ,n +nergy Pro# le ! Energy (nformation Administration! August! 5995. (+-EAE(A% 2434(95) 4. Standard (ndustrial lassification "anual. C. Un ted States )e# n ng &a'a" ty. 0ashington! +. .: .ational Petroleum Befiner y Association! Ganuary 5! 5993. =. 1992 &ensus o# *anu#a"turers Industry Ser es: Petroleum and &oal Produ"ts/ ensus! Gune 5993. (" 91%(%19A) 6. (bid. 9. 1992 &ensus o# *anu#a"turers Industry Ser es: Blast @urna"es/ Steel Wor(s/ and )oll ng and @ n sh ng * lls. #ureau of the ensus! "ay 5993. (" 91%(%19A) 52. 1992 &ensus o# *anu#a"turers Industry Ser es: Petroleum and &oal Produ"ts. ensus! 596= (" 91%(%19A). #ureau of #ureau o f the
55. Un ted States )e# nery &a'a" ty . 0ashington! +. .: .ational Petroleum Befinery Association! Ganuary 5! 5993. 51. The U.S. Petroleum Industry: Past as Prologue/ 1970-1992/ Energy (nformation Administration! September! 599;. ( +-EAE(A% 24=1) 5;. U.S. I ndustr al 5utloo( 199= ! +epartment of ommer ce. 53. (bid. 54. AP( comments on draft document. 5C. Statement of the American Petroleum (nstitute. 5=. Statement of the American Petroleum (nstitute! (ssues Affecting the Befining Sector of the Petroleum (ndustry! 'earings #efore the ommittee o n Energy and .atural Besources! United States Senate! 0ashington! + ! "ay 59 and 16! 5991! U.S. ,overnment Printing -ffice!
September 5994
S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project 0ashington! + : 5991. 56. U.S. I ndustr al 5utloo( 199= ! +epartment of ommer ce. 59. U.S. I ndustr al 5utloo( 199= ! +epartment of ommer ce.
Petroleum Refining
12. )ichtblau! Gohn '.! Petroleum (ndustry Besearch 7oundation! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! .J. Prepared statement for the 'earings before the ommittee o n Energy and .atural Beso urces! United States Senate! -ne 'undred Second ongress! Second Session! on the (ssues Affecting the Befining Sector of the Petroleum (ndustry! 0ashington! + ! "ay 59! 5991. U.S. ,overnment Printing -ffice! 0ashington: 5991. (S#. 2%5C%2;93CC%8. 15. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 11. (bid. 1;. (bid. 13. U.S. EPA. !e$elo'ment !o"ument #or +##luent A m tat on 4u del nes: De3 Sour"e Per#orman"e Standards and Pretreatment Standards #or the Petroleum )e# n ng Po nt Sour"e &ategory. Buddy! +.! ProFect -fficer! -ffice of 0ater Begulations and Standards! 0ashington! +. .: U.S. EPA! -ctober 5961. 14. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 1C. ,ssessment o# ,tmos'her " +m ss ons #rom Petroleum )e# n ng ! B.,. 0etherold! Badian orporation! Austin! Te<as and U.S. EPA! -ffice of Besearch and +evelopment! 0ashington! + ! April! 5962. (EPA%C22A1%62%2=4e) 1=. U.S. EPA. !e$elo'ment !o"ument #or +##luent A m tat on 4u del nes: De3 Sour"e Per#orman"e Standards and Pretreatment Standards #or the Petroleum )e# n ng Po nt Sour"e &ategory. Buddy! +.! ProFect -fficer! -ffice of 0ater Begulations and Standards! 0ashington! +. .: U.S. EPA! -ctober 5961. 16. Petroleum )e# n ng #or the Don-Te"hn "al Person ! 1nd ed.! 0illiam ). )effler! Penn0ell Publishing ompany! Tulsa! -/lahoma! 5964. 19. ,ssessment o# ,tmos'her " +m ss ons #rom Petroleum )e# n ng ! B.,. 0etherold! Badian orporation! Austin! Te<as and U.S. EPA! -ffice of Besearch and +evelopment! 0ashington! + ! April! 5962. (EPA%C22A1%62%2=4e) ;2. U.S. EPA. !e$elo'ment !o"ument #or +##luent A m tat on 4u del nes: De3 Sour"e Per#orman"e Standards and Pretreatment Standards #or the Petroleum )e# n ng Po nt Sour"e &ategory. Buddy! +.! ProFect -fficer! -ffice of 0ater Begulations and Standards! 0ashington!
September 5994
S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project +. .: U.S. EPA! -ctober 5961.
Petroleum Refining
;5. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. ;1. Petroleum )e# n ng #or the Don-Te"hn "al Person ! 1nd ed.! 0illiam ). )effler! Penn0ell Publishing ompany! Tulsa! -/lahoma! 5964. ;;. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. ;3. (bid. ;4. (bid. ;C. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. ;=. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. ;6. U.S. EPA. !e$elo'ment !o"ument #or +##luent A m tat on 4u del nes: De3 Sour"e Per#orman"e Standards and Pretreatment Standards #or the Petroleum )e# n ng Po nt Sour"e &ategory. Buddy! +.! ProFect -fficer! -ffice of 0ater Begulations and Standards! 0ashington! +. .: U.S. EPA! -ctober 5961. ;9. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 32. (bid. 35. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. 31. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 3;. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. 33. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 34. (bid. 3C. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226.
September 5994
S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
3=. U.S. EPA. !e$elo'ment !o"ument #or +##luent A m tat on 4u del nes: De3 Sour"e Per#orman"e Standards and Pretreatment Standards #or the Petroleum )e# n ng Po nt Sour"e &ategory. Buddy! +.! ProFect -fficer! -ffice of 0ater Begulations and Standards! 0ashington! +. .: U.S. EPA! -ctober 5961. 36. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 39. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. 42. U.S. EPA. !e$elo'ment !o"ument #or +##luent A m tat on 4u del nes: De3 Sour"e Per#orman"e Standards and Pretreatment Standards #or the Petroleum )e# n ng Po nt Sour"e &ategory. Buddy! +.! ProFect -fficer! -ffice of 0ater Begulations and Standards! 0ashington! +. .: U.S. EPA! -ctober 5961. 45. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 41. Per sonal interviews with EPA staff and comments on draft document by AP(. 4;. U.S. EPA. !e$elo'ment !o"ument #or +##luent A m tat on 4u del nes: De3 Sour"e Per#orman"e Standards and Pretreatment Standards #or the Petroleum )e# n ng Po nt Sour"e &ategory. Buddy! +.! ProFect -fficer! -ffice of 0ater Begulations and Standards! 0ashington! +. .: U.S. EPA! -ctober 5961. 43. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. 44. Provided by arole ). Engelder! Ph+! PE! Amoco orporation! Permitting and -perating Services! Te<as ity! Te<as! "ay 5994. 4C. (bid. 4=. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. 46. (bid. 49. Petroleum )e# n ng #or the Don-Te"hn "al Person ! 1nd ed.! 0illiam ). )effler! Penn0ell Publishing ompany! Tulsa! -/lahoma! 5964. C2. (bid. C5. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226.
September 5994
S( 1955
Sector Notebook Project C1. (bid.
Petroleum Refining
C;. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. C3. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. C4. (bid. CC. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. C=. (bid. C6. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. C9. 0and%oo( o# Petroleum )e# n ng Pro"esses ! "eyers! B.A.! "c,r aw% 'ill #oo/ ompany! .ew Jo r/! 596C. =2. Petroleum )e# n ng #or the Don-Te"hn "al Person ! 1nd ed.! 0illiam ). )effler! Penn0ell Publishing ompany! Tulsa! -/lahoma! 5964. =5. Personal interviews with EPA staff. =1. ,ssessment o# ,tmos'her " +m ss ons #rom Petroleum )e# n ng ! B.,. 0etherold! Badian orporation! Austin! Te<as and U.S. EPA! -ffice of Besearch and +evelopment! 0ashington! + ! April! 5962. (EPA%C22A1%62%2=4e) =;. 0ether old! B.,.! Badian orporation. Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Befining: *olume 4. Appendi< 7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency! 0ashington! + ! 5962. EPA%C22A1%62%2=4e. =3. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. =4. Petroleum )e# nery +n#or"ement *anual ! U.S. EPA -ffice of Enforcement! by PE+ o Environmental (nc.! Arlington! Te<as! "arch 5962. EPA%;32A5%62%226. =C. Petroleum )e# n ng - Te"hnology G +"onom "s ! ,ary & 'andwer/! ;rd Edition! "arcel +e//er! (nc.! .ew Jo r/! ..J.! 5993. ==. &om' lat on o# , r Pollutant +m ss on @a"tors/ -olume I: Stat onary Po nt and ,rea Sour"es/ &ha'ter 9/ Petroleum Industry . U.S. EPA! -ffice o f Air and Badiation! -ffice o f Air Euality Planning and Standards! Besearch Triangle Par/! .orth arolina! U.S. ,overnment Printing -ffice! 0ashington! +. .! September 5964. September 5994 S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
=6. &osts to the Petroleum Industry o# * aEor De3 and @uture @ederal 4o$ernment +n$ ronmental )e?u rements. American Petroleum (nstitute! 0ashington! +. .! -ctober 599;. =9. Amoco % U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention ProFect! Jor/town! *irginia! ProFect Summary! Ganuary 5991. 62. The U.S. Petroleum Industry: Past as Prologue/ 1970-1992/ Energy (nformation Administration! September! 599;. ( +-EAE(A% 24=1) 65. (bid. 61. (bid. 6;. (bid. 63. (bid. 64. (bid. 6C. (bid. 6=. Susta na%le +n$ ronmental Aa3 ! Environmental )aw (nstitute! 0est Publishing o.! St. Paul! "inn.! 599;. 66. 32 7B Part C2. 69. Susta na%le +n$ ronmental Aa3 ! Environmental )aw (nstitute! 0est Publishing o.! St. Paul! "inn.! 599;. 92. 32 7B Part C5. 95. 32 7B Part 1C1. 91. Telephone interviews with EPA staff. 9;. 32 7B Part 1C1. 93. Susta na%le +n$ ronmental Aa3 ! Environmental )aw (nstitute! 0est Publishing o.! St. Paul! "inn.! 599;. 94. Telephone interviews with EPA staff. 9C. 32 7B Part 1C6. 9=. 32 7B Parts 32; and 359. 96. Telephone interviews with EPA staff.
September 5994
S( 1955
Petroleum Refining
99. Susta na%le +n$ ronmental Aa3 ! Environmental )aw (nstitute! 0est Publishing o.! St. Paul! "inn.! 599;. 522. (bid. 525. 32 7B Parts ;5;! ;21! and ;23. 521. Susta na%le +n$ ronmental Aa3 ! Environmental )aw (nstitute! 0est Publishing o.! St. Paul! "inn.! 599;. 52;. (bid. 523. Telephone interview with AB# staff. 524. Issues ,##e"t ng the )e# n ng Se"tor o# the Petroleum Industry/ 0ear ngs Be#ore the &omm ttee on +nergy and Datural )esour"es/ Un ted States Senate/ Wash ngton/ !&/ *ay 19/ 1992/ &heyenne/ WH/ *ay 2</ 1992 ! U.S. ,P-! 0ashington! + ! 5991. 52C. Susta na%le +n$ ronmental Aa3 ! Environmental )aw (nstitute! 0est Publishing o.! St. Paul! "inn.! 599;. 52=. Telephone interview with EPA staff. 526. The U.S. Petroleum Industry: Past as Prologue/ 1970-1992/ Energy (nformation Administration! September! 599;. ( +-EAE(A% 24=1) 529. Telephone interview with EPA staff. 552. The &lean , r ,"t ,mendments: Strateg es #or the 1990s. )aw and TB Environmental onsultants! (nc. 555. Telephone interview with EPA staff. 551. Amoco % U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention ProFect! Jor/town! *ir ginia! ProFect Summary! Ganuary 5991. 'ale and +orr ! ounsello rs and
September 5994
S( 1955

Petroleum Refining Industry

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Petroleum Refining Industry

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Sector Sector Notebook Notebook Project Project

Sector Notebook Project

Petroleum Refining EPAA;52%B%94%25;

!PA %ffice of Compliance Sector Notebook Project

Profile of the Petroleum Refining &ndustr

Sector Notebook Project Sector Notebook Contacts

*ocument Number &ndustr

Contact Phone +,-,.

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 i S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

(8. -.TA TSAA I.-0)E+,"E.TSABES-UB E "ATEB(A)SA#(#)(-,BAP'J . . 51= E.+ .-TES

September 5994 ii S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 iii S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 iv S( 1955

September 5994 v S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project 1essage from the Administrator

September 5994 vi S( 1955

September 5994 5 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 1 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 ; S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 3 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

!0hibit ': U#S# Refiner Products and 9ields

September 5994 4 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project &&#4#,# &ndustr Si:e and 8eographic *istribution

September 5994 C S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

!0hibit ,: /arge 7acilities *ominate Petroleum Refining &ndustr

.umber of 7acilit ies Percentage of 7acilit ie s

September 5994 = S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

!0hibit ;: Crude %il *istillation Capacit /ocated Primaril Along Coasts

September 5994 6 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

!0hibit < U#S# Petroleum Refiner *istribution

(Source: U.S. EPA To<ic Belease (nventory +atabase! 599;.)

Sector Notebook Project

!0hibit ): 2op U#S# Companies "ith Petroleum Refining %perations

September 5994 52 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 55 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 51 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project &&&# &N*US2R&A/ PR%C!SS *!SCR&P2&%N

September 5994 53 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

(Source: #ased on ,ary & 'andwer/!

! ;rd Edition! "arcel &

!0hibit =: Simplified Process 7lo" *iagram of 2 pical Refiner

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 5C S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

September 5994 5= S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

!0hibit >: Crude %il *istillation

September 5994 56 S( 1955

Sector Notebook Project

Sector Notebook Project &&&# &NUS2R&A/ PR%C!SS !SCR&P2&%N