CH 11

11-1
One approach used to determine the thermal conductivity of metals is to sandwich an electric heater between two identical plates. Consider two pieces of a metal; each piece is 1-cm thick, 10-cm wide, and 10-cm long. All edges are heavily insulated, and the exposed faces have the same convective boundary conditions. For an applied power input of 173 W to the heater, the temperatures of the inner and outer faces of the metal plates are 42.3 C and 38.7 C, respectively. Determine the thermal conductivity of the metal.
Approach:
We apply the conduction equation for steady, onedimensional conduction (Eq. 11-29).
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. The processes are steady. The conduction is one dimensional. There is no internal heat generation. The thermal conductivity is constant.
Solution:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional heat internal conduction with constant thermal conductivity, and as heat generation, Eq. 11-29 is:
Q= kA (T1 T2 ) t
Solving for k , and recognizing that the heat input goes to both faces because of symmetry
k=
(173 W )( 0.01m ) Qt W = = 24.0 A (T1 T2 ) 2 ( 0.10 m )( 0.10 m )( 42.3 38.7 ) K mK
Answer
11- 1
11-2
In an experiment, the boiling heat transfer coefficient is to be measured using the apparatus shown in the figure below. Condensing steam at 120 C is used to heat the end of the 304-stainless steel rod with a 25mm diameter. The outside perimeter of the rod is heavily insulated, and the temperature in the rod is measured in two places, T4 = 91.19 C and T3 = 100.20 C. The boiling fluid is at 10 C. The condensing heat transfer coefficient is 7500 W/ m2K. Determine: a. the heat transfer rate (in W) b. the temperatures (T2 and T5) on the two ends of the rod (in C) c. the heat transfer coefficient on the test specimen end (in W/m2K).
Approach:
We apply the conduction equation for steady, onedimensional conduction (Eq. 11-29).
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Assuming steady, one-dimensional heat conduction, constant thermal conductivity, and no internal heat generation, Eq. 11-29 is applicable between points, 3 and 4 kA Q= (T3 T4 ) L From Appendix A-2 for 304 stainless steel, k = 14.9 W m K
Q=
(14.9 W
m K )( 4 )( 0.025 m ) 0.01m
(100.20 91.19 ) K = 6.59 W
Answer
b) The same equation as used in part (a) can be used between points 4 and 5, and between points 2 and 3. Solving for the two temperatures:
T5 = T4 T2 = T3 +
( 6.59 W )( 0.005 m ) QL = 91.19 C = 86.68 C 2 k Ax (14.9 W m K )( 4 )( 0.025 m ) ( 6.59W )( 0.020m ) QL = 100.20 C + = 118.22 C 2 kA (14.9 W m K )( 4 )( 0.025m )
Answer Answer
c) Convective heat transfer is calculated with Q = h A (T5 T6 ) Solving for the heat transfer coefficient: Q 6.59 W W h= = = 175 2 A (T5 T6 ) ( 4 )( 0.025 m )2 ( 86.68 10 ) K m K
Answer
11- 2
11-3
Large electrical currents are often carried in aluminum conductors. Consider a long, 2-cm diameter cable covered by insulation 2-mm thick. For a particular application, the outside insulation temperature is limited to 35 C, and none of the insulation can exceed 50 C. The cable is in an environment in which the convective heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2K, the air temperature is 24 C, the insulation thermal conductivity is 0.10 W/mK, and the electrical resistance per unit length of the wire is 3.9 10-4 /m. Determine the maximum current allowed (in A).
Approach:
This is a composite conduction problem in cylindrical coordinates. The rate equation, Q = T Rtot , can be used. The heat transfer rate (current) must be calculated from the given electrical resistance characteristics. Define the system as the insulation and convective resistance.
Assumptions:
Solution:
For a steady, one-dimensional, constant thermal conductivity system with no internal heat generation: T1 T f T Q= = ln ( D2 D1 ) Rtot 1 + 2 k L h D2 L The heat transfer rate per unit length is obtained from the electrical characteristics Q = I 2 R . Substituting this into the rate equation, and solving for I :
T T ( f ) 1 I = R 1 + ln ( D2 D1 ) 2 k L h D2
0.5
( 50 24 ) K Answer = = 285 A ln ( 0.024 0.020 ) 1 4 + 3.9 10 m 25 W m 2 K ) ( 0.024 m ) 2 ( 0.10 W mK ) ( This current ensures that the inside insulation temperature does not exceed 50 C . To check if the outside surface temperature does not exceed the allowable temperature, we can do the same calculation across only the convective resistance:
T1 T f ( 35 24 ) Answer I = = = 231A 1 R 1 3.9 104 ) ( 25) ( 0.024 ) ( L h D2 Any current greater than 231 A would cause the surface temperature to exceed the limit, so the maximum allowable current is 231 A.
0.5 0.5
0.5
11- 3
11-4
For the design of a chemical processing plant in Hawaii, you need to determine the thickness of insulation on several steam lines that would make the most sense economically. The steel steam lines have a total length of 350 m, have an outside diameter of 2.5 cm, and carry saturated steam at 200 kPa. The design air temperature is 27 C. We assume we can obtain insulation with thickness in 1.0 cm increments. The insulation thermal conductivity is 0.05 W/mK, and costs $0.00015/cm3. From previous studies when you took into account the prevailing wind, you developed a simple correlation for the heat transfer coefficient to be h = 75(D/10)-0.38 where D is the outside diameter in cm and h is in W/m2K. Natural gas is used in the boiler (boiler = 87%) and costs $0.50/105 kJ. For a 20 year life, assuming the plant runs 8200 hrs/yr, determine: a. the recommended insulation thickness b. the maximum savings compared to no insulation.
Approach:
A schematic of the system is shown below. We need to determine the total energy loss for the required time period. For this system radiation losses are ignored. Thus, beginning with the rate equation, Q = T Rtot , we can integrate it with respect to time to get energy loss. Because the pipe is steel we assume its thermal resistance is negligible compared to that of the insulation; likewise, we have saturated steam flowing inside the pipe and also assume that the steam convective thermal resistance is negligible compared to the insulation. Hence, the total resistance, Rtot, consists of the conduction resistance through the insulation and the convective resistance. With the cost of energy, the boiler efficiency, and the total energy loss, we can calculate the total cost of the lost energy. The thickness of the insulation varies, and the cost of it can be calculated with the given information. Total cost consists of the sum of the insulation and energy costs over the 20 year life of the processing plant.
Assumptions:
1 The heat transfer is one dimensional. 2. The system is steady.
Solution:
We assume we have a steady system, with constant properties. The rate equation is T Q= Rtot Integrating this with respect to time, where t is the total time period (20 years and 8200hr/year), and recognizing that both the temperature difference and the thermal resistance are not functions of time), we obtain: T Q= t Rtot The driving temperature difference over the total resistance is from the steam temperature to the air temperature. Hence, the temperature difference is T = Tsteam T . From Appendix A-11 at 200 kPa, the saturation temperature is Tsteam = 120.2 C. The total resistance is Rtot = Rconv + Rins . The convective thermal resistance is
Rconv = = 1 1 = hA 75 ( D2 2.5 )0.38 ( D2 L )
( 75 W m K ) ( D cm 2.5)
2 2
1
0.38
( D2 cm )( 350m )(1m 100cm )
0.000856 K 0.62 ( D2 cm ) W
The insulation thermal resistance is that of a cylinder, so 11- 4
Rins =
ln ( D2 D1 ) 2 kL
2 ( 0.05 W mK )( 350m )
ln ( D2 cm 2.5cm )
= ( 0.0091) ln ( D2 cm 2.5cm )
K W
Energy cost must take into account the energy lost directly from the steam pipes and the inefficiency of the boiler. Thus, Q Q kJ = Qboiler = boiler 0.87 With Cenergy = $0.50/105 kJ Q Q kJ $0.50 6 Energy cost = Qboiler Cenergy = Cenergy = 5 = $5.75 10 ( Q kJ ) 0.87 10 kJ boiler With Cinsulation = $0.00015/cm3, the cost of the insulation is
= Vins Cinsulation =
Insulation cost
=
(D
2 2
D12 ) LCinsulation
2 2 3 2
4 Therefore, the total cost is
100cm ([ D cm] [2.5cm] ) (350m ) $0.00015 = $4.12 ([ D cm ] 6.25 ) cm m

2 2
Total cost = Energy cost + Insulation cost The above equations can be entered into a spreadsheet, and the calculated values are given in the table below. 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 D2 (cm) Rcond 0 0.0016591 0.0030619 0.004277 0.00535 0.00631 0.00717 0.00797 (K/W) Rconv 0.000485 0.000433 0.000394 0.000362 0.00034 0.00032 0.0003 0.00028 (K/W) Rtot (K/W) 0.000485 0.00209 0.00346 0.00464 0.00569 0.00662 0.00747 0.00825 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Q (kJ) 11.3510 2.6310 1.5910 1.1910 0.9710 0.8310 0.7410 0.67107 Energy 652.34 151.22 91.56 68.20 55.65 47.77 42.34 38.36 Cost ($) Insulation 0.00 11.33 24.72 40.17 57.68 77.25 98.88 122.57 Cost ($) Total Cost 652.34 162.55 116.28 108.37 113.33 125.02 141.22 160.93 ($) From the total cost, we can see that the optimum insulation diameter is 4 cm. The maximum savings would be $652.34 - $108.37= $543.97. Answer
11- 5
11-5
Consider a solid cylindrical rod with radius R0, a uniform volumetric heat generation q , a known outside wall temperature Tw, and constant thermophysical properties. Using Example 11-3 as a guide and the general conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates, develop the following expression for the steady temperature profile in the rod: 2 q Ro2 r 1 T = Tw + 4k Ro
Approach:
The conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates must be used. First, we need to simplify the equation by applying what we know about the system being analyzed. Appropriate boundary conditions need to be stated and used.
Assumptions:
1. The system is steady. 2. Conduction is one-dimensional. 3. All properties are constant.
Solution:
The general conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates is 1 T 1 T T T k + x k r + + q = cP r r 2 x x t r r We assume steady, one-dimensional in the r-direction, and constant properties. Applying these assumptions, we obtain 1 T k r + q = 0 r r r Because this equation tells us that T is only a function of r , we can change this from a partial differential equation to an ordinary one with k constant: k d dT r + q = 0 r dr dr We require two boundary conditions: 1) at r = Ro , T = Tw 2) at r = 0 , dT dr = 0 Separating the variables in the ODE and integrating: d dT q r q r dr dT = = r d r dr dr k k dr
dT q r 2 dT q r C1 = + C1 = + dr dr r 2k 2k Separating the variables again and integrating q r C1 + dr dT = r 2k q r 2 T= + C1 ln r + C2 Therefore, the general temperature profile is: 4k Applying the two boundary conditions: q Ro2 + C1 ln Ro + C2 at r = Ro Tw = 4k q ( 0 ) C1 + C1 = 0 at r = 0 0= 2k 0 Solving for C2 = Tw + q Ro2 4k . Substituting C1 and C2 into the temperature profile and simplifying: r
T = Tw +
2 q Ro2 r 1 4k Ro
Answer
11- 6
11-6
Gargantuan Motors has developed a new rear window defogging system. The electric heating element is a thin and transparent film applied to the entire inner surface of the rear window. The glass is 4-mm thick with a thermal conductivity of 0.94 W/mK. The design operating condition for the defogger is for an outside condition of -10 C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 65 W/m2K and an inside condition of -10 C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2K. The inner surface of the window is to be maintained at 10 C. Determine: a. the heat flux that must be supplied to the heater (in W/m2) b. the temperature on the outside surface of the window (in C).
Approach:
An energy balance is done on the glass and heater. The steady, one-dimensional heat transfer equation can be used to evaluate the thermal resistances.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The processes are steady. The conduction is one dimensional. There is no internal heat generation. The thermal conductivity is constant. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
Solution:
a) Apply an energy balance to the glass/heater combination. Assume steady, no potential or kinetic effects, and a closed system: Q W = 0 Q1 + Q2 W = 0
W is the power input and is negative due to sign convention. The heat transfer rates are obtained by assuming one-dimensional conduction, constant properties, and no internal heat generation in the glass. Conduction across the electric heater is ignored because it is so thin. Therefore, T f ,2 Ts ,1 T f ,1 Ts ,1 + ( q A ) = 0 1 1 t + h2 A k A h1 A Solving for the heat flux: 10 ( 10 ) Ts ,1 T f ,2 Ts ,1 T f ,1 10 ( 10 ) K K = 1218 W Answer + = + q = 1 t 1 1 0.004 m 1 m2 + + 65 W m 2 K 0.94 W mK 10 W m 2 K h2 k h
b) The temperature on the outside surface, Ts ,2 , can be found with the one-dimensional conduction equation
Q= kA (Ts,1 Ts,2 ) t Ts ,2 = Ts ,1 Qt q t = Ts ,1 Ak k
W ( 0.004 m ) Ts ,2 = 10 C 1218 2 = 4.82 C m ( 0.94 W m K )
Answer
Comments:
The surface temperature of the glass on the outside of the window will melt ice on the outside surface.
11- 7
11-7
An approach to determining the thermal conductivity of a material is to put a known material in series with the unknown material, as shown in the figure below. A heat input is applied to one end of the assembly, and the other end is cooled. Temperatures are measured at specific locations in both materials. Material A is stainless steel with a thermal conductivity of 15.2 W/mK. The specimens are rods 2-cm in diameter. The rods are heavily insulated. In one test the following temperatures were measured: T1 = 93.00 C T 2 = 82.57 C T 3 = 69.21 C T 4 = 66.28 C Determine the thermal conductivity of the unknown material (in W/mK).
Approach:
The same heat transfer rate flows through both materials. We assume steady, one-dimensional conduction with constant properties and use the appropriate conduction equation.
Assumptions:
Solution:
With the heavily insulated circumference, heat flows only in the axial direction. Assuming steady, onedimensional conduction with constant thermal physical properties and no internal heat generation, Eq. 11-29 is applicable. kA Q= T x Equating the heat transfer in Material A to that in B
k A AA (T1 T2 ) x A = k B AB (T3 T4 ) xB
Noting that AA = AB and x A = xB , so that

kB = k A T1 T2 W ( 93.00 82.57 ) C = 15.2 T3 T4 m K ( 69.21 66.28 ) C W mK
k B = 54.1
Answer
11- 8
11-8
When natural gas is burned, water vapor and other products of combustion are produced. These products can mix with the water vapor to produce a dilute acid. To prevent acid attack on the chimney, the gases should be kept above a minimum temperature. Consider a 304 stainless steel chimney 200-mm inside diameter with walls 1-mm thick. Insulation (k = 0.075 W/mK) 10-mm thick covers the outside of the metal. The outside air is -5 C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m2K. The inside convective heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m2K. To avoid condensation forming on the inside surface of the chimney, that surface temperature must be greater than 100 C. Determine the minimum required gas temperature (in C).
Approach:
From the resistance network shown, we can calculate the heat transfer rate using the rate equation Q = T Rtot between T1 and T f 3 . Once we
have Q , then we use the same equation again, but this time between T f ,3 and T1 ; the only unknown is T f ,3 , which is the quantity we seek.
Assumptions:
Solution:
We assume steady, one-dimensional heat transfer and use the rate equation T1 T f ,3 T Q= = Rtot ln ( D2 D1 ) ln ( D3 D4 ) 1 + + h3 D3 L 2 k L 2 k L We can divide by L to obtain the heat transfer per unit length. From Appendix A-2, for 304 stainless steel, k = 14.9 W m K . Therefore,
Q W 100 ( 5 ) C = = 407 L ln ( 0.202 0.20 ) ln ( 0.222 0.202 ) m 1 + + W W W 2 14.9 2 0.075 25 2 ( 0.222 m ) m K m K m K
Now using the rate equation between T f ,1 and T1

Q= T f ,1 T1 1 h1 D1 L T f ,1 = T1 +
(Q L )
C
h1 D1
T f ,1 = 100 C +
( 407 W m ) = 143 (15 W m2 K ) ( 0.20 m )
Answer
11- 9
11-9
Consider an infinite plane wall 2L thick, with a uniform volumetric heat generation rate, q . The wall surfaces are maintained at T = T1 at x = L and T = T2 at x = + L . For constant thermal conductivity k, steady-state operating conditions, and defining the origin of the coordinate x from the centerline of the plane, show that the solution of the general conduction equation for the temperature distribution in the wall is: 2 q L2 x T2 T1 x T1 + T2 1 T ( x) = + + 2k 2 L 2 L
Approach:
We use the general conduction equation in rectangular coordinates. With appropriate assumptions, we simplify the partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation that can be solved by integration to give the temperature distribution.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is one-dimensional.
Solution:
The general heat conduction equation in rectangular coordinates is: T T T T + k k + k + q = cP x x y y z z t Assuming steady, one-dimensional in the x-direction, constant thermal conductivity k , and a uniform volumetric heat generation rate, we reduce the governing equation to T k + q = 0 x x This shows that T is only a function of x , so we change this partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation. Removing k from the differential: d 2T q = k dx 2 The two boundary conditions are: 1) at x = L , T = T1 2) at x = + L , T = T2 Separating variables and integrating: dT q x dT q = + C1 = dx d dx k dx k Separating variables again and integrating
q x 2 + C1 x + C2 2k This is the general temperature profile. Applying the boundary conditions: 2 q ( L ) T1 = + C1 ( L ) + C2 1) 2k T=
2)
T2 =
q ( L ) 2k
+ C1 ( L ) + C2
Solving for C1 and C2

T2 T1 T + T q L2 and C2 = 1 2 + 2 2k 2L Substituting into the general temperature profile and simplifying 2 q L2 x T2 T1 x T1 + T2 Answer T= 1 + + 2k 2 L 2 L C1 =
11- 10
11-10 A large 2-kW electric heater (30-cm by 30-cm square by 0.1-cm thick) can be approximated as an infinite
plane wall of thickness 2L = 0.1 cm. The heater element is exposed on both sides to air at T = 25 C and a heat transfer coefficient h = 75 W/m2K. The heater material has a thermal conductivity of k = 0.5 W/mK. We need to determine the maximum steady-state temperature in this heater. With the equation developed in P 1-10, determine: a. the maximum temperature inside the heater (in C) b. the location at which it occurs.
Approach:
Using the temperature profile given in Problem P 11-9, by inspection we can see that the highest temperature will occur at the plate centerline. The surface temperature is needed, so we will use what we know about the convective heat transfer coefficient to calculate it.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is two-dimensional.
Solution:
The temperature profile in the plane wall with internal heat generation is: 2 q L2 x T2 T1 x T1 + T2 T= 1 + + 2k 2 L 2 L For the specified conditions, this heater is symmetric around the centerline of the plate, x = 0 , and by inspection the highest temperature will occur there. To use the temperature profile developed above we need to calculate the surface temperature. The rate equation is Q = h A (Tw T f ) Note that Tw = T1 = T2 and A = 2WD , so that
Tw = T f + Q Q 2000 W = Tf + = 25 C + = 173.1 C W hA h 2WD 75 2 ( 2 )( 0.30 m )( 0.30 m ) m K Q 2 LWD
Answer
For the centerline temperature, x = 0 , q =

TCL =
q L2 Q L2 QL + T1 = + T1 = + T1 2k 2 LWD 2k 4 WD k
( 2000 W )( 0.0005 m ) ( 4 )( 0.30 m )( 0.30 m ) 0.5

W mK
+ 173.1 C = 178.7 C
Answer
11- 11
11-11 Water heaters are insulated to minimize heat losses. Consider an electric hot water heater that is 60-cm
inside diameter, 175-cm tall, 4-mm wall thickness tank made with 316 stainless steel, and covered with a 5cm layer of fiberglass. The basement where the tank is kept is at 15 C. The air side convective heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2K and that on the water side is 100 W/m2K. If electricity is $0.05/kWhr, determine: a. the cost required to maintain the water at 60 C for 24 hr when no water is removed or added to the tank b. the cost required to maintain the water at 60 C for 24 hr if 100 L of water is removed and replaced with 100 L of 10 C water.
Approach:
The cost depends on the amount of energy used. Therefore, the heat transfer rate can be calculated with the rate equation Q = T Rtot . Multiplying this by
the time period will give the total energy used. When water flows through the water heater, conservation of energy also must be used to determined the total energy charge.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Electricity cost is calculated by multiplying the energy used by the cost of energy ( C ) : Electricity cost = (Wt ) C where W = Q is the heat transfer rate and t is the time period of interest. We assume steady, one-dimensional heat transfer and use the rate equation to calculate Q . Heat transfer from the side and two ends must be taken into account T f ,1 T f ,3 T f ,1 T f ,3 Q= +2 t1 t2 1 1 ln ( D2 D1 ) ln ( D3 D2 ) 1 1 + + + + + + h1 AE ,1 k s AE ,1 kins AE ,3 h3 AE ,3 2 k s L 2 kins L h1 A1 h3 A3 where A1 = D1 L , AE ,1 = D12 4 , A3 = D3 L , and AE ,3 = D32 4 From Appendix A-2 and A-4
2
k s = 13.4 W m K , kins = 0.046 W m K AE ,3 = ( 4 )( 0.708 ) = 0.394 m 2

2
AE ,1 = ( 4 )( 0.60 m ) = 0.283m 2
A1 = ( 0.60 m )(1.75 m ) = 3.30 m 2 A3 = ( 0.708 m )(1.75 m ) = 3.89 m 2
1 1 K = = 0.00303 2 2 W h1 A1 (100 W m K )( 3.30 m ) ln ( D2 D1 ) 2 k s L

=
1 1 K = = 0.00353 2 2 W h1 AE ,1 (100 W m K )( 0.283m ) K W
2 (13.4 W m K )(1.25 m )
ln ( 0.608 0.60 )
= 0.000090
1 1 K = = 0.0257 W h3 A3 (10 )( 3.89 ) ln ( D3 D2 ) 2 kins L

=
1 1 K = = 0.254 W h3 AE ,3 (10 )( 0.394 )

= 0.301
2 ( 0.046 )(1.75 )
ln ( 0.708 0.608 )
K W
( 0.05 ) t2 K = = 2.76 kins AE ,3 ( 0.046 )( 0.394 ) W
( 0.004 ) t1 K = = 0.0011 kins AE ,1 (13.4 )( 0.283) W
11- 12
Q=
( 60 15 )
K ( 0.00303 + 0.000090 + 0.301 + 0.0257 ) W = 136 + 14.8 = 151W
+2
( 60 15)
C K W
( 0.0353 + 0.0011 + 2.76 + 0.254 )
$ 0.05 1kw Electricity cost = (151W )( 24 hr ) = $ 0.181 kw hr 1000 W
Answer
b) We use conservation of energy for when water flows through the water heater. The control volume is defined as shown. Assume the water in the tank remains at 60 C , and these are no potential or kinetic energy effects:
dU = Q W + min hin mout hout dt The water temperature in the tank remains constant so dU dt = 0 . Solving for W W = Q + m ( hin - hout )
The heat transfer rate calculated with the rate equation is always a positive number, but with heat transfer from the water, for the energy equation it must be negative. Assuming an ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that h = cP T and multiplying through by time t :
W t = Q t + m t cP (Tin Tout ) = Q t + m cP (Tin Tout )
From appendix A
at Tavg = (10 + 60 ) 2 = 35 C , = 993.9 kg m3 , cP = 4.175 kJ kg K
10-3 m3 1Ws 1hr kg kJ J W t = (151W )( 24 hr ) + 993.9 3 (100 L ) 4.175 (10 60 ) C 1000 m kg K 1L 1J 3600 s kJ = 3, 620 W hr 5760 W hr = 9380 W hr = 9.38 kW hr $ 0.05 Electricity cost = ( 9.38 kW hr ) = $ 0.47 kW hr
Answer
11- 13
11-12 A plane wall has a thickness 0.1 m and a thermal conductivity of 25 W/mK. One side is insulated and the
other side is exposed to a fluid at 92 C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m2K. The wall has a uniform volumetric heat generation rate of 0.3 MW/m3. The wall is at steady state. Using the result given in Problem P 11-9, determine: a. the maximum temperature in the wall (in C) b. the location where it occurs.
Approach:
Because one side of this wall is insulated, this system is equivalent to a symmetric wall with double the given wall thickness. That is, in the situation presented in Problem P 11-9 a symmetrically cooled wall with uniform heat generation no heat flows across the wall centerline, so the centerline acts as an insulted surface, identical to that shown above.
Assumptions:
1. The properties are constant. 2. The heat transfer is one dimensional.
Solution:
The temperature profile given in Problem P 11-9 with T1 = T2 is:
T ( x) = q L2 2k x 2 1 + T1 L
By inspection, the maximum temperature occurs at x = 0 : q L2 T= + T1 2k The surface temperature, T1 , can be determined from the rate equation
Q = h A (T1 T f
Answer
T1 = T f +
Q q L A q L = Tf + = Tf + hA hA h
500 W m 2 K The maximum temperature is
= 92 o C+
( 300,000 W m ) ( 0.1m ) =152

3 3 2
( 300000 W m ) ( 0.1m ) T=
2 ( 25 W m K )
+152 o C=212 o C
Answer
11- 14
11-13 The curing of concrete is an exothermic reaction; that is, the curing process produces heat. If a concrete
slab is large enough, the temperature can rise to the point where the magnitude of thermal stresses may cause cracking. Consider a large slab of concrete 1-m thick. Both sides are maintained at 20 C. The curing process produces a uniform internal heat generation rate of 60 W/m3. If the thermal conductivity of the concrete is 1.1 W/mK and using the results from Problem P 11-9 determine the steady temperature at the centerline of the slab.
Approach:
Direct application of the equation given in Problem P 11-9 will give us the centerline temperature of this slab.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The system is steady. The properties are constant. The heat transfer is one-dimensional.
Solution:
We assume that the heat generation rate is uniform and the thermal conductivity is constant in this curing problem. With T1 = T2 and x = 0 (centerline), the temperature is
T= q L2 + T1 2k 2 W 60 3 ( 0.5 m ) m = + 20 C = 26.8 C W 2 1.1 mK
Answer
11- 15
11-14 A large steel plate is exposed to 800 C combustion gases on one side; the heat transfer coefficient is 300
W/m2K, and the plate is 25-mm thick with a thermal conductivity of 40 W/mK. The other side of the plate is to be insulated so that the insulations outside temperature does not exceed 35 C. To save money, two layers of insulation are to be used. An expensive, high-temperature insulation (k = 0.055 W/mK) is to be applied to the steel, and the second layer is a less expensive insulation (k = 0.071 W/mK). The maximum allowable temperature for the less expensive insulation is 350 C. The heat transfer coefficient on the insulation surface is 10 W/m2K, and the ambient air temperature is 30 C. Determine the thickness of each of the layers of insulation.
Approach:
Using the given information, a circuit diagram can be drawn. The basic heat transfer rate equation can be used Q = T Rtot to determine
the required thicknesses.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The system is steady. The properties are constant. The heat transfer is one-dimensional.
Solution:
A circuit diagram of the system is shown above. We have assumed one-dimensional, steady heat transfer with perfect contact between the layers. The same heat transfer rate flows through all the resistances. From point 5 to 6, every thing is known, so we can calculate the heat flux, q = Q A :
Q = h A (T5 T6 ) k3 (T4 T5 ) q = Q A = h (T5 T6 ) = (10 W m 2 K ) ( 35 30 ) K = 50 W m 2 k3 (T4 T5 ) ( 0.071W m K )( 350 35 ) K = = 0.447 m 50 W m 2 q
Now, equating this known q to conduction from point 4 to point 5

t3 Likewise, from point 1 to point 4 T1 T4 q = 1 t1 t2 + + h1 k1 k2 q = t3 =
Solving for t2 :
T T 1 t t2 = k 2 1 4 1 h1 k1 q W ( 800 350 ) K 1 0.025 m = 0.055 2 2 m K 50 W m 300 W m K 40 W mK W Km 2 Km 2 Km 2 = 0.055 0.00333 0.000625 = 0.495 m 9 m K W W W
Answer
Comment:
Note that the resistances due to the convection resistance of the hot gas and conduction resistance through the steel are negligible.
11- 16
11-15 A brass rod 0.2-in. in diameter and 3-in. long with k = 64 Btu/hrftF connects two plates, each of which is
at 150 F. Air at 75 F flows over the rod with h = 40 Btu/hrft2F. Determine: a. the temperature of the rod midway between the two plates (in F) b. the total heat transfer rate from the rod (in Btu/hr).
Approach:
This is a fin problem. By inspection, because of symmetry, no heat flows through the plane midway between the two walls. Therefore, we analyze this as a pin fin with an insulated tip.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. The process is steady. The conduction is one dimensional. There is no internal heat generation. The thermal conductivity is constant.
Solution:
a) Assuming steady, one-dimensional conduction with constant properties and a uniform heat transfer coefficient, the solution for a fin with an adiabatic tip is given in Table 11-5: cosh m ( L x ) T ( x ) T f = (Tb T f ) cosh m L For the tip, x = L and L =
hP m L = L k Ax
0.5
( 2 12 )
= 0.125ft
0.5
h D = L k ( 4 ) D 2
4h = L kD
0.5
Btu 4 40 hr ft 2 F m L = ( 0.125ft ) 64 Btu 0.2 ft hr ft F 12 T ( L ) = 75 F + (150-75 ) F
0.5
= 1.531
cosh (1.531)
cosh ( 0 )
= 106 F
Answer
b) The heat transfer from the whole rod is twice that from one fin. Again, from Table11-5
Q = (Tb T f
h p k Ax tanh ( m L )
0.5
40 Btu 0.2 64 Btu 0.2 2 = (150 75 ) F ft ft hr ft F 12 hr ft F 4 12 = 11.7 Btu hr
tanh (1.531)
for 1 fin
Therefore, for whole rod (2 fins)

Btu Btu Q = 2 11.7 = 23.4 hr hr
Answer
11- 17
11-16 A solar collector is constructed as shown on the figure below. The plate that absorbs the incident solar heat
flux is copper and 2-mm thick, and the space between the absorber plate and the glass cover plate is evacuated so there are no convective heat transfer losses. The tubes for the water flow are spaced 20-cm apart, and the water flowing in the tubes is at 50 C. Because of excellent conduction, the temperature of the absorber plate directly above the tubes is at the same temperature as the water. For a net steady-state radiation heat flux of 900 W/m2 absorbed by the plate, what is the maximum temperature on the plate? Develop the differential equation for this geometry similar to what was done for a convecting fin, and then solve the equation.
Approach:
As was done for the convecting fin, an energy balance can be performed on a differential element in this assembly. The resulting differential equation is solved for the temperature profile.
Assumptions:
Solution:
We assume steady, one-dimensional conduction in the fin, with constant properties. We assume the temperature at x = 0 is known Tb . An energy balance on an element, assuming steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: dT dT Qcond, x + q xW +Qcond,x+x = 0 k Ax + q xW + k Ax =0 dx dx x x + x With Ax = W t and simplifying, we obtain:
q W d 2T q =0 =0 kW t dx 2 k t x Separating variables and integrating once q dT q x dT = + C1 = dx d kt dx kt dx Integrating a second time q x q x 2 T= + C1 dx + C1 x + C2 dT = 2k t kt The two boundary conditions are: 1) At the base, x = 0 , T = Tb
x +x x
dT dx
dT dx
2) The centerline between two tubes is a line of symmetry, so that plane is an adiabatic surface x = L , dT dx = 0 Applying the two boundary conditions and solving for C1 and C2 : C1 = q L kt and C2 = Tb
q x 2 q L x + + Tb 2k t kt By inspection, the maximum temperature will occur at the midline between two tubes, x = L . Substituting this in and simplifying: T ( L ) = q L2 2 k t + Tb . For the given data, with kcopper = 401W m K from Appendix A-2: T ( x) = T ( L) = 2 ( 401W m K )( 0.002 m )
( 900 W m ) ( 0.10 m )
2
+ 50 C=55.6 C
Answer
11- 18
11-17 Baseboard convectors using hot water are used to heat rooms in houses. A common design is to attach
annular fins to a horizontal tube and use natural convection to add heat to the room. Consider a design that has 75-mm diameter fins attached to a 25-mm outside diameter tube. The fins are 1-mm thick and are spaced 5-mm apart; the tube is 3-m long with a wall thickness of 2-mm. The water is at 55 C and has a convective heat transfer coefficient of 1250 W/m2K. Assume the temperature decrease of the water is small. The room air is at 20 C and has a convective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2K. Determine the heat transfer rate to the air (in W).
Approach:
We assume this is a one-dimensional steady heat transfer problem. The heat transfer rate (with constant water and air temperatures) is calculated with the basic rate equation, Q = T Rtot . We need to evaluate all the thermal resistances.
Assumptions:
Solution:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional conduction, with uniform heat transfer coefficients, constant properties, no radiation, constant water temperature, and no heat generation, the heat transfer rate can be determined from: Tw - Ta T Q= = Rtot Rwater + Rtube + R fin The thermal resistance due to the water is: 1 1 1 K Rwater = = = = 4.04 103 W h A h 2 r W (1250 W m 2 K ) 2 ( 0.0105 m )( 3m ) The conduction resistance in the tube, using from Appendix A-2, kalum = 177 W m 2 K
Rtube = ln ( r2 r1 ) 2 kW = 2 (177 W m K )( 3m ) ln ( 0.0125 0.0105 ) = 5.23 105 K W
On the fin side N Af 1 R fin = where o = 1 (1 f ) Atot o ha Atot We will use Figure 11-17 to obtain the fin efficiency. The total area requires the number of fins, N, over the total length W W S 3m 0.005 m W = N (S + t) + S N= = = 499.2 S +t 0.005 m + 0.001m Therefore, N = 499 (an integer number) The total area is (taking into account tip area using the corrected length): r2 c = r2 + t 2 = 0.0375m + 0.001m 2 =0.0380m Area of one fin: Total Area
2 2 Af = 2 ( r22c r12 ) = 2 ( 0.038m ) - ( 0.0125m ) =8.0910-3 m 2 Atot = 2 r0 (W N t ) + N Af
3 2 2 = 2 ( 0.0105m ) 3m ( 499 )( 0.001m ) + ( 499 ) ( 8.09 10 m ) = 4.202 m
Now for the parameters on Fig. 11-17 r2 c 0.0380 m = = 3.62 r1 0.0105 m 11- 19
L* = L +
t 0.001m = 0.025m+ = 0.0255 m 2 2 Ap = L* t = ( 0.0255 m )( 0.001m ) = 2.55 105 m 2
*3 2
h k A p
0.5
= ( 0.0255 m ) 0.94
32
10 W m 2 K 2 5 (177 W mK ) ( 2.55 10 m )
0.5
= 0.192
From the figure, f
Therefore, the overall surface efficiency is ( 499 ) (8.09 103 m 2 ) o = 1 (1 0.94 ) = 0.942 4.202 m 2
R fin = 1 K = 0.02525 W W 2 ( 0.942 ) 10 2 ( 4.202 m ) m K
Q=
( 55 20 ) K
( 4.04 10
+ 5.23 105 + 0.02525 )
K W
= 1190 W
Answer
11- 20
11-18 In a heat transfer experiment, the objective is to determine the convective heat transfer coefficients on three
fins. Each of the three fins (one of which is shown below) is a solid rod 15-cm long with a diameter of 1cm. The first fin is a pure copper, the second is 2024-T6 aluminum, and the third is 304 stainless steel. Small electric heaters are attached to the bases of the fins, and the power is adjusted such that the base temperature is 100 C when the room temperature is 25 C. The measured powers are: copper rod, 4.1 W; aluminum rod, 4.0 W; 304 SS, 2.7 W. Estimate: a. the convective heat transfer coefficient on each of the three fins (in W/m2K) b. the tip temperature on each fin (in C).
Approach:
This is a pin fin. Since the heat transfer rate and the base temperature are given, if we assume one-dimensional conduction, then we can use the equations given in Table 11-5 to calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the tip temperature.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Assuming steady, one-dimensional conduction, constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no radiation, for a fin with an adiabatic tip: cosh m ( L x ) T ( x ) = T f + (Tb T f ) (1) cosh ( m L )
Q = (Tb T f
h p k Ax tanh ( m L )
12
(2)
where m = ( h p k Ax ) . The geometry of all three fins is the same. The thermal conductivity, Q , and h are different. Equation (2) is solved for the heat transfer coefficient, and then Eq. (1) is solved for the tip temperature. We use a corrected length to account for convection from the tip.
p = D = ( 0.01m ) = 0.0314 m Ax = D 2 4 = ( 0.01m ) 4 = 7.85 105 m 2
2
L* = L + Ax p = 0.15 m + 7.85 105 m 2 0.0314 m = 0.1525 m
From Appendix A-2 for copper, k = 401W m 2 K , aluminum, k = 177 W m 2 K , 304 SS, k = 14.9 W m 2 K
( h W m 2 K ) ( 0.0314 m ) m= 5 2 ( k W m K ) ( 7.85 10 m )
12
h = 20.0 m -1 k
12
2 5 2 Q = (100 25 ) K m ( 0.1525m ) ( h W m K ) ( 0.0314m )( k W mK ) ( 7.85 10 m ) tanh
For each rod, we solve these two equations for the heat transfer coefficient. The results are: Copper h = 3.71W m 2 K Aluminum 304 SS
h = 3.75 W m 2 K h = 4.14 W m K
2
Answers
cosh m ( L L )
b) For the tip temperature: For each rod: Copper Aluminum 304 SS
T ( L ) = 25 C + (100 25 ) K T ( L ) = 96.9 C T ( L ) = 93.2 C T ( L ) = 53.9 C
cosh m ( 0.1525 m )
Answers
Comments:
As you can see, the fin material has a significant effect on the temperature distribution. 11- 21
11-19 Electronic equipment is to be encased in an aluminum box whose temperature must be limited to 60 C.
Vertical rectangular pure aluminum fins are to be attached to the box top to aid heat removal. Air at 25 C will flow over the fins with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2K. If 10 fins spaced 1-cm apart are used that are 25-mm long, 250-mm high, and 2-mm thick, what is the heat transfer from the top of the box (in W)?
Approach:
Assuming one-dimensional heat conduction in these fins, the rate equation Q = o h Atot T can be used to
calculate the heat transfer from this finned surface. The overall surface efficiency o needs to be determined.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The process is steady. The conduction is one dimensional. There is no internal heat generation. The thermal conductivity is constant. There is no radiation.
Solution:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional, constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no radiation, the heat transfer from this finned surface can be calculated. Q = o h Atot (Tb T f ) We will assume an adiabatic tip fin and use the corrected fin length, L* = L + t 2 = 0.025 + 0.002 2 = 0.026m The total area is: Atot = N 2 L* H + ( N + 1) S H = (10 )( 2 )( 0.026 m )( 0.25 m ) + (10 + 1)( 0.01m )( 0.25 m ) = 0.158 m 2 The overall surface efficiency is N Af o = 1 (1 f ) Atot The area of one fin is Af = 2 L* H = 2 ( 0.026 m )( 0.25 m ) = 0.013m 2 From Table 11-5, the fin efficiency is tanh ( m L* ) f = where m L*
( 2 ) ( 50 W m 2 K ) m= 237 W m K )( 0.002 m ) ( tanh ( 0.378 ) 0.378
12
m=
hp = k Ax
h 2H ktH
From Appendix A-2, for pure aluminum, k = 237 W m K

= 14.52 m -1
m L* = (14.52 m -1 ) ( 0.026 m ) = 0.378 = 0.954
f =
o = 1
(10 ) ( 0.013m 2 )
0.158 m 2
(1 0.954 ) = 0.962
Answer
Q = ( 0.962 ) ( 50 W m 2 K )( 0.158 m 2 ) ( 60 25 ) K = 266 W
11- 22
11-20 The failure rate of integrated chips increases rapidly with higher operating temperatures. The ability to
pack more components into smaller areas results in higher power and, therefore, more severe cooling requirements. One way to improve cooling is to add fins to chips to increase surface area. Consider a 12.5mm by 12.5-mm chip. A 4 4 array of pure copper circular pin fins, 1.5-mm in diameter and 10-mm long is attached to the outer surface of the chip. The surface has a maximum operating temperature of 75 C, and the heat transfer coefficient (with air cooling) around the fins is 200 W/m2K. The design air temperature is 35 C. Determine: a. the maximum power dissipation from the surface if no fins were used (in W) b. the maximum power dissipation from the surface if the pin fins are used (in W)
Approach:
For steady heat transfer, the basic rate equation, Q = T Rtot , can be used to determine the maximum chip power. The resistance without fins is simply 1 hA ; with fins, the resistance is 1 o h Atot .
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is steady and one-dimensional.
Solution:
a) The basic heat transfer rate equation for the no-fin case is: T Tb T f Q= = Rtot (1 h A ) Everything is known, so ( 75 35) K Answer Q= = 1.25 W 1 ( 200 W m 2 K ) ( 0.0125 m )2 b) With fins, assuming steady, one-dimensional, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no radiation, the heat transfer rate can be calculated with: Tb T f Q= 1 ( o h Atot ) Assuming an adiabatic tip and using a corrected fin length to account for convection from the tip, the overall surface efficiency and fin efficiency are
o = 1
N Af Atot
(1 )
f
f =
tanh ( m L ) mL
where
hp m= k Ax
12
From Appendix A-2, for copper, k = 401W m K Evaluating the parameters in the above equations
Ax = D 2 4 = ( 0.0015 m ) 4 = 1.767 106 m 2
2
p = D = ( 0.0015 m ) = 4.712 103 m
L* = L + Ax p = L + D 4 = 0.01m + 0.0015 m 4 = 0.01038 m Area of one fin Af = D L* = ( 0.0015 m )( 0.01038 m ) = 4.89 105 m 2
Total area
Atot = W 2 + N D L* = ( 0.0125 m ) + (16 )( 0.0015 m )( 0.01038 m ) = 9.39 104 m 2
2
W 3 200 m 2 K ( 4.712 10 m ) m = 401 W 1.767 106 m 2 ) ( mK
0.5
= 36.47 m -1
m L* = ( 36.47 m -1 ) ( 0.01038 m ) = 0.379
11- 23
Fin efficiency tanh ( 0.379 ) f = = 0.955 0.379 Overall surface efficiency (16 ) ( 4.89 105 m 2 ) o = 1 (1 0.955 ) = 0.962 9.39 10-4 m 2 Heat transfer rate ( 75 35 ) K Q= = 7.23 W 1 ( 0.962 ) ( 200 W m 2 K )( 9.39 104 m 2 )
Answer
Comment:
The addition of fins increased the heat transfer by 480%. This demonstrates well the effect of extended surfaces.
11- 24
11-21 Air flows over a plane wall with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 40 W/m2K. Insufficient heat
transfer is obtained from this situation, so aluminum alloy fins (alloy 2024-T6) of rectangular profile are attached to the plane wall. The fins are 50 mm long, 0.5 mm thick, and are equally spaced at a distance of 4 mm (250 fins/m). With the fins, the convective heat transfer coefficient is reduced to 30 W/m2K. What percentage increase in heat transfer is obtained with the fins compared to the plane wall arrangement without fins?
Approach:
We can calculate the relative increase in heat transfer with fins compared to without fins by using the appropriate rate equations. The fin efficiency must be taken into account. Only the area associated with one fin needs to be taken into account.
Assumptions:
1. The properties are constant.
Solution:
The heat transfer rate for the surface without fins can be obtained for a unit cell; that is, a representative area that encompasses the same base area as associated with one fin is used: Qw/o = hw/o A (Tb - T f ) = hw/o S W (Tb - T f ) For the surface with fins we use Eq 11-94: N Af Qw = o hAtot (Tb T f ) = 1 (1 f ) h Atot (Tb T f A tot The relative increase in heat transfer is N Af 1 - h f ) hw Atot (Tb - T f ) ( 1 A Qw tot = Qw/o hw/o S W (Tb - T f )
Note that the temperature different cancels. The fin efficiency must be calculated. Assuming a rectangular fin with an adiabatic tip (using adjusted lengths) and obtaining the thermal conductivity from Appendix A-2 L* = L + t 2 = 0.050 m + 0.0005 m 2 = 0.05025 m
m= h p h 2W = k Ax k W t
tanh ( m L )
12
2h = kt
12
f =
mL
tanh (1.308 ) 1.308
2 ( 30 W m 2 K ) = 177 W m K )( 0.0005 m ) (
12
= 26.04 m -1
m L* = 1.308
= 0.66 Ab = W ( S t ) , Atot = Ab + N Af
The other parameters in the equations are: N = 1 , Af = 2W ( L* ) ,
Substituting all these expressions into the heat transfer ratio and canceling terms, we obtain: 2 L* * 1 1 hw ( ) f ( S t ) + 2 L * + S t 2 L ( ) Qw = hw/o S Qw/o
2 ( 0.05025m ) W 30 2 0.004 0.0005 + 2 ( 0.05025 ) (1 0.66 ) 1 0.004 0.0005 2 0.05025 + m K ( ) ( ) = W 40 2 ( 0.004 m ) m K = 13.10 or 1210% increase Answer
11- 25
11-22 Motorcycle engines often are air-cooled with annular fins attached to the cylinder head. Consider a
cylinder (k = 55 W/mK) with an inside diameter of 100-mm and a wall thickness of 6-mm. Over the cylinder a fin assembly is interference fit so that there is negligible contact resistance between the cylinder and the fin assembly. The fin assembly (k = 230 W/mK) has a base thickness of 4-mm; the 6 fins are 25mm long, 2-mm thick, and spaced 2-mm apart. A heat flux (assumed constant) of 105 W/m2 is imposed at the inside surface of the cylinder. Air outside the engine is at 30 C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 100 W/m2K. Determine: a. cylinder wall temperature (in C) b. the interface temperature between the cylinder and the base of the fin assembly (in C) c. the fin base temperature (in C).
Approach:
We assume this is a one-dimensional heat transfer problem. With the imposed heat flux, the temperatures can be calculated with the basic rate equation, Q = T Rtot . We need to evaluate all the series thermal resistances.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The conduction is steady and one-dimensional. Radiation is ignored.
Solution:
a) Assuming steady, one-dimensional conduction, with uniform heat transfer coefficient, constant properties no radiation, no resistance between the cylinder wall and fin assembly, the rate equation from the inside cylinder wall to the air is T1 - T f T = Q= Rtot Rwall + Rbase + R fins Solving for the inside wall temperature T1 = T f + Q Rwall + Rbase + R fins Evaluating each term: The total height H is H = N ( s + t ) + s = 6 ( 0.002 + 0.002 ) m + 0.002 m = 0.026 m
ln ( r2 r1 ) 2 kwall H ln ( r3 r2 ) 2 kfin H ln ( 0.056 0.050 ) K W K W
Q = q A1 = q 2 r1 H = (105 W m 2 ) 2 ( 0.050 m )( 0.026 m ) = 816.8 W Rwall = Rbase =

= = 2 ( 55 W m K )( 0.026 m ) ln ( 0.060 0.056 ) = 0.0126
2 ( 230 W m K )( 0.026 m )
= 0.00184
For the fin side

N Af 1 where o = 1 (1 f ) Atot o h Atot We will use Figure 11-17 to obtain the fin efficiency. The total area is Atot = 2 r3 ( H Nt ) + NAf R fins = r4C = r4 + t 2 = 0.085 + 0.002 2 = 0.086m
Area of one fin:
2 2 Total area: Atot = 2 ( 0.060 m ) 0.026 m ( 6 )( 0.002 m ) + 6 ( 0.02385 m ) = 0.1484 m
2 2 Af = 2 ( r42C r32 ) = 2 ( 0.086 m ) ( 0.060 m ) = 0.02385 m 2
Now for the parameters in Fig. 11-17.
11- 26
L* = L + t 2 = ( 0.085 0.60 ) + 0.002 2 = 0.026 m AP = L*t = ( 0.026 m )( 0.002 m ) = 5.2 105 m 2 L

*3 2 0.5
r4C 0.086 = = 1.43 0.060 r3
h k Ap
= ( 0.026 m ) 0.84
32
150 W m 2 K 2 5 ( 230 W m K ) ( 5.2 10 m )
0.5
= 0.469
From Fig 11-17, f
The overall surface efficiency is 6 ( 0.02385 m 2 ) o = 1 (1 0.84 ) = 0.846 0.1484 m 2

R fins =
( 0.846 ) (100 W
m K )( 0.1484 m
2
= 0.0797
K W
Finally, the inside wall temperature is:

K = 106.9 C W Because the total heat transfer rate is the same through all resistances: b) At the interface between cylinder and fin assembly: T2 = 30 + ( 816.8 ) [ 0.00184 + 0.0797 ] = 96.6 C Answer
T1 = 30 + ( 816.8 W ) [ 0.0126 + 0.00184 + 0.0797 ]
Answer
c)
At the base of the fins: T3 = 30 + ( 816.8 ) [ 0.0797 ] = 95.1 C
Answer
Comment:
Note that if no fin assembly were placed over the cylinder wall ln ( r2 r1 ) 1 T1 = T f + Q + 2 2 K H h r H 2
K 1 =933 o C T1 = 30 o C+ ( 816.8W ) 0.0126 + 2 W (100 W m K ) 2 ( 0.056m )( 0.026m )
11- 27
11-23 A densely populated circuit board has 113 electronic devices attached to it. Forty of the devices dissipate
0.3 W each, 30 dissipate 0.2 W each, and the rest dissipate 0.15 W each. Because this is a critical installation, the circuit board, 3-mm thick, is constructed of a high thermal conductivity material (k = 15.6 W/mK) so that the heat from the devices is spread out evenly over the 10-cm by 20-cm area of the board. The backside of the board is cooled with air at 25 C with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m2K. To obtain a worse-case estimate, no heat transfer credit is taken for convection from the device side of the circuit board. Determine: a. the temperature of the surface of the circuit board cooled by air (in C) b. the temperature of the surface of the circuit board cooled by air if 500 pin fins, 0.2-cm diameter and 2-cm long, are attached to an aluminum plate (2-mm thick, k = 177 W/mK) that is epoxied to the circuit board. The epoxy (k = 2 W/mK) is 0.1-mm thick.
Approach:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional heat transfer, the basic rate equation, Q = T Rtot , can be used to calculate the surface temperature of the circuit board, TCB .
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. Heat transfer is one dimensional.
Solution:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional heat transfer, with uniform heat transfer coefficient constant properties, and no radiation, the governing equation is: T TCB T f = Q= Rtot Rtot and Q = 40 ( 0.3 W ) + 30 ( 0.2 W ) + 43 ( 0.15 ) = 24.5 W a) Without fins, the equation to solve is TCB T f t 1 Q= TCB = T f + Q 1 + t1 1 k1 ACB h1 ACB + k1 ACB h1 ACB
t1 0.003m K = = 0.00962 W k1 ACB (15.6 W m K )( 0.1m )( 0.2 m )
1 1 K = = 2.00 2 h1 ACB ( 25 W m K ) ( 0.1m )( 0.2 m ) W K K TCB = 25 C + ( 24.5 W ) 0.00962 + 2.00 = 74.2 C W W
Answer
b) With fins, we have four resistances to take into account: TCB T f Q= t t1 t 1 + 2 + 3 + k1 ACB k2 ACB k3 ACB o h Atot
t2 0.0001 m K = = 0.0025 W k2 ACB ( 2 W m K )( 0.1m )( 0.2 m ) t3 0.002 m K = = 0.000565 W k3 ACB (177 W m K )( 0.1m )( 0.2m )
For the fin resistance, assuming an adiabatic tip and using a corrected fin length to account for convection from the tip, the overall surface efficiency and fin efficiency are 11- 28
o = 1
N Af Atot
(1 f
where f =
tanh ( m L )
mL
and
hp m= k Ax
12
Evaluating the parameters in the above equations: 2 D 2 ( 0.002m ) = = 3.142 106 m 2 Ax = 4 4 p = D = ( 0.002 m ) = 6.283 103 m
L* = L + Ax p = L + D 4 = 0.02 + 0.002 4 = 0.0205 m
Area of one fin: Total area:
Af = D L* = ( 0.002 m )( 0.0205 m ) = 1.288 10 4 m 2
Atot = W S + N D L* = ( 0.1m )( 0.2 m ) + ( 500 ) ( 0.002 m )( 0.0205 m ) = 8.44 102 m 2

12
( 25 W m 2 K )( 6.283 103 m ) m= 2 6 (177 W m K ) ( 3.142 10 m )
= 16.81m -1
m L* = (16.81m -1 ) ( 0.0205 m ) = 0.3445
Fin efficiency
f =
tanh ( 0.3445 ) 0.3445
= 0.9622
Overall surface efficiency

1
o = 1
1
( 500 ) (1.28810-4 m 2 )
8.4410-2 m 2
(1 0.9622 ) = 0.971
K W K =37.3 o C W
o h Atot
( 0.971) ( 25 W m 2 K )(8.44 102 m 2 )
= 0.488
TCB = 25 o C+ ( 24.5 W ) [ 0.00962+0.0025+0.000565+0.488]
Answer
Comment:
As can be seen, the addition of fins dramatically reduces the circuit board temperature. Care must be taken to minimize contact resistance.
11- 29
11-24 In many new homes, hot water pipes are encased in the floors to provide uniform heating in the winter.
Consider 2.5-cm hot water pipes located at the midplane of a 10-cm thick concrete floor (k = 1.1 W/mK). The pipes are spaced 20-cm apart. The air temperature is 23 C, and its convective heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2K. The water is at 60 C, and assume the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipes is very high. Determine: a. the heat transfer rate per unit length of the pipe (in W/m) b. the surface temperature of the concrete (in C).
Approach:
This is a steady conduction problem. The two-dimensional heat transfer in the concrete will be treated as one-dimensional through the use of the conduction shape factor, S . The basic rate equation, Q = T Rtot , is used to determine the heat transfer rate and the outside wall temperature.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Assuming steady, constant properties, and the water side heat transfer coefficient is very large (zero thermal resistance), the circuit diagram of this geometry is shown above. The conduction resistance is Rcond = 1 k S . From Table 11-1, for this geometry, the shape factor is:
2 x t ln sinh D x This is the conduction resistance for heat transfer out both walls. Because of symmetry, the heat transfer is the same out of the top and bottom surfaces. Therefore,
S=
2 L
Tw T f 1 1 + hA kS where A = 2 x L is representative of every pipe. Qin =
2 L = 4.225 L 2 ( 0.20 m ) ( 0.05 m ) ln sinh 0.20 m ( 0.025 m ) Therefore, the heat transfer per unit length per tube is S= Q = L
( 60 23) K W = 79.5 1 1 m + (10 W m2 K ) ( 2 )( 0.20 m ) (1.1W m K )( 4.225)
b) The wall temperature, Ts , can be calculated with

Q hA = (Ts T f L L Ts = 23 C +
)
2
79.5 W m
Ts = T f +
h ( A L)
(Q L )
(10 W m K ) ( 2 )( 0.20 m )
= 42.9 C
Answer
11- 30
11-25 Liquid nitrogen is stored in a 3-m sphere buried in the earth (k = 0.17 W/mK), with its center 4-m below the
surface. A 10-cm thick layer of insulation (k = 0.05 W/mK) covers the sphere. The nitrogen is at 180 C, and the surface of the earth is at 10 C. Nitrogen vaporizes (and the vapor is vented to the surface) because of heat transfer from the earth to the tank, thus maintaining a constant temperature and pressure in the nitrogen. The enthalpy of vaporization of the nitrogen is 198.6 kJ/kg. Determine: a. the heat transfer rate to the nitrogen (in W) b. the nitrogen vaporization rate (in kg/hr).
Approach:
This is a steady conduction problem. The two-dimensional heat transfer through the earth will be treated as one dimensional by using a conduction shape factor. The heat transfer rate is determined with the basic rate equation, Q = T Rtot . The vaporization rate can be determined from an energy and mass balance on the nitrogen.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The process is steady. The conduction is one dimensional. There is no internal heat generation. The thermal conductivity is constant. The system does no work, and potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
Solution:
a) Assuming steady constant properties, and one-dimensional heat transfer (except through the earth which is handled by a conduction shape factor), the heat transfer rate can be calculated with T T Ts Tins T Q= = s ins = D2 D1 1 Rtot REarth + Rins + k Earth S 4 D1 D2 kins From Table 11-1 for a sphere in a semi-infinite solid
S= 2 D 2 ( 3.20 m ) = = 25.1m D 3.20 m 1 1 4z 4(4 m) 10 ( 180 ) K = 711W 1 3.20 m 3.00 m + ( 0.17 W m K )( 25.1m ) 4 ( 3m )( 3.20 m ) ( 0.05 W m K )
Q=
Answer
b) The nitrogen vaporization rate is determined from an energy and mass balance on the nitrogen. Defining the control volume as shown, and assuming no work and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, the mass and energy balance equations result in
1J ( 711W ) Q 1Ws = 3.58 103 kg = m= h fg s kJ 1000 J 198.6 kg 1kJ
Answer
11- 31
11-26 Hot water is pumped between two buildings in an office complex. The 2-in. inside diameter pipe is buried
1.5 ft below the earths surface (k = 0.10 Btu/hrftF). Insulation 1-in. thick (k = 0.02 Btu/hrftF) covers the carbon steel pipe whose wall thickness is 0.25 in. The water has a convective heat transfer coefficient of 2350 Btu/hrft2F. If the soil surface temperature is 10 F and the water enters the pipe at 170 F, determine the initial heat transfer per unit length (in Btu/hrft) when the water enters the pipe.
Approach:
This is a steady conduction problem. The two-dimensional heat transfer through the earth will be treated as one dimensional by using a conduction shape factor. The heat transfer rate is determined with the basic rate equation, Q = T Rtot .
Assumptions:
Solution:
Assuming steady, constant properties, and one-dimensional conduction, except for that in the earth, the governing equation is: T1 Ts T Q= = Rtot Rconv + Rcond ,1 + Rcond ,2 + Rcond ,3 The convective resistance is 1 1 0.00081 hr ft F Rconv = = = h A ( 2350 Btu hr ft F ) ( 0.167 ft ) L L Btu For carbon steel pipe, from Appendix B-2, k1 = 35 Btu hr ft F , so across the steel pipe
Rcond ,1 =
ln ( D2 D1 ) 2 k1 L
2 ( 35 Btu hr ft F ) L
ln ( 0.208 0.167 )
0.00100 hr ft F L Btu
Across the insulation ln ( D3 D2 ) ln ( 0.375 0.208 ) 4.690 hr ft F Rcond ,2 = = = L 2 k2 L Btu 2 ( 0.02 Btu hr ft F ) Through the earth, from Table 11-1, with z D 2 L 2 L S= = = 2.266 L ln ( 4 z D ) ln 4 (1.5 ) 0.375
Rcond ,3 =
1 1 4.413 hr ft F = = k S ( 0.10 Btu hr ft F ) ( 2.266 L ) L Btu
Substituting in each resistance, and dividing out L

Q = L
(170 10 )
hr ft F ( 0.00081 + 0.00100 + 4.690 + 4.413) Btu
= 17.6
Btu hr ft
Answer
Comments:
The convective resistance and the conduction resistance through the steel pipe are negligible in this case. The two other resistances dominate the problem.
11- 32
11-27 A very long electrical conductor is buried in a large trench filled with sand (k = 0.03W/mK) to a centerline
depth of 0.5 m. The conductor has an outer diameter of 25 mm, and the current flow and resistance of the cable cause a dissipation of 1 W per meter of length. The conductor is covered with an insulating sleeve of thickness 3 mm with k = 0.01 W/mK. At the surface a 25 C wind blows such that the heat transfer coefficient is 75 W/m2K. Determine the temperature at the interface between the conductor and the insulating sleeve. (Note: you will need to make an assumption about the convective resistance, and you will need to justify it.)
Approach:
This is a multi-dimensional conduction problem. Assuming we can solve this as a one-dimensional problem with the appropriate conduction shape factor, the interface temperature can be determined with this basic rate equation Q = k S T .
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is steady and multi-dimensional.
Solution:
The basic heat transfer rate equation is T f TI T = Q= Rtot ln ( D2 D1 ) 1 1 + + ksand S h A 2 kins L For the conduction shape factor from Table 11-1, with z >> D 2 L S= ln ( 4 z D ) For the conduction resistance, A = LW , where W is some width on the surface. Because there is no obvious length to use, we will use 1 m and check the magnitude of the convective resistance. Substituting these expressions into the main equation T f TI Q= ln ( D2 D1 ) ln ( 4 z D ) 1 + + 2 kins L 2 k sand L h LW
ln ( D2 D1 ) 2 kins L ln ( 4 z D ) 2 k sand L = 2 ( 0.01W m K ) L ln ( 0.031 0.025 ) = 3.42 m K W L
ln 22.11m K W 4 ( 0.5 m ) 0.031m = L 2 ( 0.03 W m K ) L
1 1 0.0133m K W = = 2 h LW ( 75 W m K ) (1m ) L L
Note that the convective resistance is negligible compared to the other two resistances, so an exact evaluation of W is unimportant. Factoring out L and solving for TI
TI = T f +
1 Q ln ( D2 D1 ) ln ( 4 z D ) + + L 2 kins hW 2 ksand
mK W = 25 C + 1 [3.42 + 22.11 + 0.0133] = 50.5 C W m
Answer
11- 33
11-28 Your next door neighbor decides to construct a small underground room in his backyard. The room will be
8-ft tall and 12-ft square. He will construct it of concrete and bury it under 2-ft of earth (k = 0.62 Btu/hrftF). He wants to buy a heater that will maintain the room at 65 F when the outdoor temperature is 0 F and asked you to tell him how big the heater should be. Determine: a. the steady-state heat transfer rate from the room (in Btu/hr) b. the steady-state heat transfer rate if 5-in. of insulation (k = 0.02 Btu/hrftF) is added to the outside of the room (in Btu/hr).
Approach:
This is a multi-dimensional steady conduction problem. Using the rate equation, Q = T Rtot , and a conduction shape factor, the heat transfer rate can be determined.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) Assuming constant properties, uniform block temperature, and multi-dimensional conduction, the heat transfer rate is T T Q= 1 2 1 kearth S From Table 11-1, the conduction shape factor is:
z S = 2.756 a ln 1 + L
Q=
0.59
b z
0.078
2 = 2.756 (12 ft ) ln 1 + 12
0.59
8 2
0.078
= 111ft
F Btu = 4, 480 1 hr ( 0.62 Btu hr ft F) (111ft )
( 65 0 )
Answer
b) If insulation is added to all the inside surfaces then the heat transfer rate equation has a second term: T1 T2 Q= x 1 + kearth S kins A where x = 4in. = 0.333ft
A = 4b L + 2 L a = 4 ( 8ft )(12 ft ) + 2 (12 ft )(12 ft ) = 672 ft 2 Q=
( 65 0 )
1 + 0.62 Btu hr ft F ) (111ft ) ( 0.02 Btu hr ft F )( 672 ft 2 ) (
( 0.333ft )
= 1, 650
Btu hr
Answer
Comments:
The thermal resistance of the concrete ( k
5.2 Btu hr ft F ) is negligible compared to the other two resistances, so
that resistance has been ignored.
11- 34
11-29 Molds for plastics and other materials sometimes are heated by the insertion of electrical resistance heaters
at appropriate locations on the body. Consider a 150-mm long, 12.5 mm diameter, 100 W electric heater inserted into a hole drilled perpendicular to the surface of a large mold whose thermal conductivity is 10 W/mK. The surface temperature of the mold is maintained at 25 C a long way from the heater, estimate the steady-state temperature of the heater.
Approach:
This is a steady conduction problem in two dimensions. We will assume we can treat this as a one-dimensional problem through the use of a conduction shape factor. Q = k S T .
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is steady and two-dimensional.
Solution:
Assuming steady with constant properties, and a mold that is large relative to the heater depth, the heater temperature (assumed uniform) can be determined from: Q Q = k S (TH Tm ) TH = Tm + kS From Table 11-1, for a vertical cylinder in a semi-infinite solid 2 ( 0.15 m ) 2 L S= = = 0.243m 4L 4 ( 0.15 ) ln ln D 0.0125 The temperature of the heater is
TH = 25 C +
100 W = 66.1 C W 10 ( 0.243m ) mK
Answer
11- 35
11-30 A thin electronic component 20-mm square is epoxied to a large 2024-T6 aluminum heat sink. The thermal
resistance of the epoxy is 0.35 10-4 m2K/W. The temperature of the aluminum block far away from the electronic component is 25 C. The top of the component is swept by air at 25 C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2K. If the maximum component temperature is 75 C, what is its maximum allowable operating power (in W)?
Approach:
An energy balance is performed on the chip to calculate the maximum chip power. For the heat transfer rates, we assume the basic rate equation Q = T Rtot can be used.
The conduction into the heat sink is evaluated through the use of a conduction shape factor.
Assumptions:
Solution:
For a closed system control volume around only the chip and assuming steady state, conservation of energy gives: Q W = 0 W = Q = Qair - Qsink Using the circuit diagram and assuming one-dimensional heat transfer with constant properties (ignoring heat transfer from sides of chip) Tc T f Tc Tsink W = R 1 1 + hA A kS From Appendix A-2, for aluminum k = 177 W m K From Table 11-1, for a thin rectangular plate on the surface S =
W =
ln ( 4 L L )
( 0.02 m )
ln ( 4 )
= 0.0453m
( 75 25 )
1
2
C
2
( 75 25 C )
0.35 10 m K W
2
( 50 W m K ) ( 0.02 m )
Comment:
( 0.02 m )
1 177 W m K ( )( 0.0453m )
= 1.0 W 235.6 W = 236.6 W
Answer
The minus sign is because power is added to the chip, which is consistent with the sign convention we adopted for work in the conservation of energy.
11- 36
11-31 You are late preparing for a party; the soft drinks should have been placed into the refrigerator much
sooner. It is only 2 hours until the party. When the party has started, will the drinks have reached 5 C? The can is 6-cm in diameter and 12-cm high and is initially at 20 C. The air in the refrigerator is at 0 C, and you estimate h 4 W/m2K. Assume the properties of the drink can be approximated as those of water and the cans contribution to the transient is negligible. Determine: a. the estimated time required for the drink to reach 5 C b. a method to speed up the cooling process.
Approach:
We will assume (initially) that the lumped systems analysis method is valid. We check the Biot number, and then proceed from there.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. The properties are constant. There is no internal heat generation. The metal can contributes little to the process. The drinks properties are assumed equal to those of water.
Solution:
a) To determine if a lumped systems analysis is valid we need to evaluate the Biot number, Bi = hLchar k . The characteristic length is 2 ( 0.12m )( 0.06 m ) V H D2 4 Lchar = = = = 0.012 m A D H + 2 D 2 4 4 ( 0.06 m )( 0.12 m ) + 2 ( 0.06 m )2 Assuming the drinks properties are the same as water and are constant, and the metal can contributes little to the process, the water properties from Appendix A-6 at (5 + 20)/2 = 12.5 C are: = 999.3kg m3 , cP = 4.191kJ kg K , k = 0.591W m K
Bi =
( 4 W m K ) ( 0.012 m ) = 0.081 < 0.1

2
0.591W mK
The lumped systems method is valid. The governing equation is: Solving for t and letting V A = Lchar
t=
T (t ) Tf Ti T f
h A t = exp V cP
cP Lchar T T f ln h Ti T f
kg kJ J 999.3 3 4.191 ( 0.012 m ) 1000 m kg K kJ 50 ln = = 17, 400s = 4.84 hr W 20 0 4 2 m K Based on this time, the drinks do not cool down fast enough.
Answer
b) If we raise the convective heat transfer coefficient, the time required will decrease. Placing the cans in an icewater bath does not change the outside temperature but h increases significantly. Because time is inversely proportional to h , an increase in h (going from natural convection in air to water) would decrease the time.
11- 37
11-32 You are designing a radiant energy test facility and need to determine how long it will take a test specimen
to reach a steady temperature. Initially, a 3-cm thick brass plate is at a uniform temperature of 50 C. At time zero, one side of the plate is exposed to a radiant heat flux of 6,000 W/m2 and the other side is exposed to air at 20 C with h = 75 W/m2K. Determine: a. the steady-state temperature of the plate (in C) b. the temperature of the plate 15 min after the start of heating (in C) c. the time to reach steady state if steady state is when 99% of the difference between the final plate temperature and the air temperature is achieved (in s).
Approach:
The first part is solved simply by applying the rate equation, Q = h A T . The second part is a transient conduction problem. The Biot number should be checked first to determine if the lumped systems method can be used. If it cannot, then a new analysis will need to be developed for this system.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform and constant.
Solution:
a) The steady-state rate equation is Q = h A (TS T f )
Ts = 20 C +
2
Ts = T f + Q h A = T f + q h
6000 W m = 100 C Answer 75 W m 2 K b) For the transient problem, first evaluate the Biot number. h Lchar V LA Bi = where Lchar = = =L k A A From Appendix A-2, for brass = 8530 kg m3 , cP = 380 J kg K , k = 110 W m K 110 W m K Therefore, a lumped systems analysis is valid. Using the analysis given in Example 11-5, T Tf + W h A hA = exp t Ti T + W h A m cP
Bi =
( 75 W m K ) ( 0.03m ) = 0.02 < 0.1

2
where m = V = L A and W = q A where the minus sign is used because heat is into the system. Substituting these into the main equation and solving for T q q h T = T f + + Ti T f exp t h h L c P
= 20 C + ( 75 W m 2 K ) ( 900s ) 6000 W m 2 6000 = 75.0 C 50 20 K exp + 2 3 75 W m K 75 ( 8530 kg m ) ( 0.03m )( 380 J kg K )
Answer
c) When T T f = 0.99 (T T f
t=
steady
= 0.99 (100 20 ) K = 79.2 K . Solving the main equation for time
LcP T T f q h ln h Ti T f q h 75 W m K
2
( 8530 kg m3 ) ( 0.03m )( 380 J kg K )
79.2 6000 75 ln = 5360s = 1.49 hr 50 20 6000 75
Answer
11- 38
11-33 In some lumped systems, different parts of the surface may be exposed to different conditions. Consider
the exhaust pipe of an automobile engine. Just before the engine starts, the exhaust pipe is at a uniform temperature Ti. When the engine starts at t = 0, exhaust gases at Tg (assumed constant with time) flow through the tube with a convective heat transfer coefficient of hg. Outside the pipe, the air is at Ta with a convective heat transfer coefficient of ha. Using a lumped system analysis, develop an expression for the pipe temperature as a function of time.
Approach:
We solve this problem similar to Example 11-5. While there is no power addition, there are two heat transfer rates that must be taken into account.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform and constant. The lumped systems approach is valid.
Solution:
We define a control volume that encompasses just the exhaust pipe (not including the fluids). For this closed system, we assume no potential or kinetic energy effects or work, so that dU du =m =Q dt dt Assuming the pipe is an ideal solid with constant specific heat so that du = c dT cP dT , and describing the heat transfer in terms of convective heat transfer only: dT m cP = ha Aa (T Ta ) hg Ag (T Tg ) dt Rearranging this equation in preparation to separating the variables ha Aa Ta + hg Ag Tg dT m cP = T ( ha Aa hg Ag ) + ha Aa Ta + hg Ag Tg = ( ha Aa + hg Ag ) T dt ha Aa + hg Ag Let 1 = ha Aa + hg Ag and
2 =
ha Aa Ta + hg Ag Tg ha Aa + hg Ag
so that
m cP
dT = 1 [T 2 ] dt
Separating variables and integrating T dT t dt 1 Ti T 2 = 0 m cP Exponentiating both sides: t T 2 = exp 1 Ti 2 m cP
T 2 1 t ln = Ti 2 m cP
Answer
Comments:
Note that if ha Aa = hg Ag , and Ta = Tg then 1 = 2 h A = h Atot and 2 = (Ta + Tg ) 2 = T f . Substituting these into
the equation and simplifying, the equation collapses to the original lumped systems analysis equation: T Tf hA = exp t Ti T f m cP
11- 39
11-34 Steel balls with a diameter of 2 cm are annealed by heating them uniformly to 950 C and then cooling
them to 125 C in air at 35 C. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2K. For 347 stainless steel balls, determine the time required for the cooling process (in s).
Approach:
This is a transient cooling problem. First we check the Biot number. If it is small enough, then we will use the lumped systems method. If lumped systems is not valid, then we will use a one-dimensional transient solution.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform.
Solution:
The Biot number is h Lchar V D3 6 D Bi = with Lchar = = = k A 6 D2 From Appendix A-2, for 347 stainless steel at Tavg = ( 950 + 125 ) 2 = 537.5 C , = 7978 kg m3 ,
k = 21.5 W m K , cP = 585 J kg K
2
21.9 W m K So, the lumped systems approach is valid, and the governing equation is h A T (t ) Tf t = exp Ti T f Vc p Solving for time and letting V A = Lchar = D 6
t=
( 25 W m K ) ( 0.02 m 6 ) = 0.0038 < 0.1 Bi =
( 7978 kg m3 ) ( 585 J kg K )( 0.02 m 6 ) 25 W m 2 K
cP Lchar T T f ln h Ti T f
125 35 ln = 1440s 950 35
Answer
11- 40
11-35 During the start-up of a new natural gas furnace, the test engineers want to monitor the exhaust gas
temperature to assess the units performance. A 1-mm diameter copper constantan thermocouple is used to make the temperature measurement. Before they use the thermocouple, they want to determine its response characteristics and estimate the heat transfer coefficient on the thermocouple. They develop the following experiment. Initially, the thermocouple is at 25 C. They insert it quickly into a gas stream that is at 200 C and has the same velocity as the stream they want to monitor. In 8.3 s, the thermocouple reads 199 C. Determine the heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2K). (Assume the properties of the thermocouple are the same as copper.)
Approach:
Ignoring radiation and assuming the heat transfer coefficient is low enough so that the lumped system approach is valid, we use the lumped system approach to calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Once it is calculated, we need to calculate the Biot number to check the validity of the assumption.
Assumptions:
1. The properties are constant.
Solution:
The governing equation for the lumped system solution is T (t ) Tf hA h = exp t = exp t Ti T f V c c L P P char where Lchar =
h= V D2 6 D = = . Solving for h : A D2 6
T Tf ln 6t Ti T f For copper from Appendix A-2, = 8933kg m3 , cP = 385 J kg K , k = 401W m K
cP D
h=
( 8933kg m3 ) ( 385 J kg K )( 0.001m ) 6 ( 8.3s )
W 199 200 ln = 357 2 m K 25 200
Answer
Now checking the Biot number 2 h Lchar ( 357 W m K ) ( 0.001m 6 ) Bi = = = 0.00015 < 0.1 k 401W mK Therefore, because the Biot number is less than 0.1, the approach is valid.
11- 41
11-36 An electronic device that dissipates 30 W is used infrequently. Its maximum allowable operating
temperature is limited to 65 C; as soon as 65 C is reached, the device must be shut off. The device and an attached heat sink have a combined mass of 0.25 kg, surface area of 56.3 cm2, and an effective specific heat of 800 J/kgK. If the device is initially at a uniform temperature of 25 C in air at 25 C with a heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2K, determine: a. the steady-state operating temperature (in C) b. the time required to reach the maximum operating temperature (in s) c. if a heat sink is to be added to the device so that the operating time is to be doubled, what additional mass and area are needed? Assume the mass to area ratio of the added material is the same as that of the original device.
Approach:
Because we know little about the shape of this device and we do not know its effective thermal conductivity, we are forced to assume that the lumped system approach is valid. We use the equation developed in Example 11-5 to find the required time.
Assumptions:
1. The properties are constant. 2. The lumped systems approach is valid.
Solution:
Assuming the lumped system analysis is valid, the solution to a transient problem with internal heat generation is given in Example 11-5: T Tf + W h A hA = exp t Ti T f + W h A m cP With Ti = T f and rearranging the equation
2
T Tf =
a) The steady state temperature occurs when t , so using the above equation
h A W t 1 exp hA m cP
( -30 W )(100 cm m ) W T = Tf = 25 o C=557.8 o C hA (10 W m2 K )( 56.3cm2 )

b) Solving the above equation for time: 2 m cP (T T f ) h A ( 0.25 kg )( 800 J kg K )(100 cm 1m ) = t= ln 1 + hA W (10 W m2 K )( 56.3cm2 )
Answer
( 65 25 ) K (10 W m 2 K )( 56.3cm 2 ) (1m 100 cm )2 = 277 s ln 1 + 30 W
Answer
2
(c) We want t = 2 ( 277 s ) = 554s .
From the given data,
m 0.25 kg 100 cm kg = = 44.4 2 = C 2 A 56.3cm m m T Tf =

h m t WC 1 exp hm C m cP
Let m = CA , and substituting into the governing equation
Solving for m (the total mass required to double the operating time) (10 W m 2 K ) ( 554s ) h t ( 30 W ) ( 44.4 kg m 2 ) W C 1 exp = 0.481kg m= = 1 exp 2 2 h (T T f ) C c p (10 W m K ) ( 65 25 ) K ( 44.4 kg m ) ( 800 J kg K ) Answer So additional mass is ( 0.472 0.25 ) kg = 0.222 kg
0.481kg 100 cm 2 2 Additional area is 56.3cm = 52.0 cm 2 44.4 kg m m
2
Answer
11- 42
11-37 To obtain a hard surface on a metal plate with a somewhat softer core for toughness, heat treatment is
required. Often the hot metal plate is plunged into a much colder bath so that the surface temperature drops very rapidly. The rapid temperature drop results in a favorable grain structure that causes a very hard surface material. The slower cooling of the core of the plate results in a softer core material. Consider a large stainless steel slab, initially at a uniform temperature of 1250 F. It is to be plunged into a heat treatment bath which is at 150 F. The research engineers state that from their studies, the correct surface hardness will be reached if the temperature at a depth of 0.2 in. in the slab reaches 700 F in less than 35 sec. The steel has a thermal diffusivity of = 0.135 ft2/hr and a thermal conductivity of k = 7 Btu/hrftF. Determine: a. the time required for the temperature to reach 700 F at a depth of 0.2 in. if you assume a very large heat transfer coefficient b. the time required for the temperature to reach 700 F at a depth of 0.2 in. if the heat transfer coefficient is 250 Btu/hrft2F.
Approach:
We are told this is a large slab, no thickness is given, and the location of interest is close to the surface, so this transient conduction problem can be treated as a semi-infinite solid. For part (a) with the very large heat transfer coefficient, we have a step change in the surface temperature. Part (b) must be solved with a finite heat transfer coefficient.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is one-dimensional in a semi-infinite solid.
Solution:
a) The temperature transient in a semi-infinites solid with a step change in surface temperature is: x T ( x, t ) T f = 1 erfc 2 t Ti T f 700 150 0.0162 ft Substituting in the known values: = 1 erfc 12 2 1250 150 2 0.135ft hr ) t ( The only unknown is time, t , so solving this equation using information given in Table 11-4 or appropriate software: t = 0.00226 hr = 8.1s Answer b) For a step change in surface convection, the governing equation is: x x T Tf h t h x h2 t = 1 erfc + 2 erfc + + exp Ti T f k k k 2 t 2 t Substituting in what is known: 2 x 0.0167 ft 0.02273 h x ( 250 Btu hr ft F ) ( 0.0167 ft ) = = = = 0.595 12 7 Btu hr ft F t1 2 k 2 t 2 0.135ft 2 hr t
2 2 h 2 t ( 250 Btu hr ft F ) ( 0.135 ft hr ) t = = 172.2 t 2 k ( 7 Btu hr ft F) 2
Btu ft 2 0.135 t 250 hr h t hr ft 2 F = Btu k 7 hr ft F
12
= 13.12 t1 2
0.02273 0.02273 1 2 0.5 = 1 erfc + 12 exp ( 0.595 + 172.2 t ) erfc t1 2 + 13.12 t t
Solving with appropriate software:
t = 0.0132 hr = 47.5s
Answer
11- 43
11-38 Heat treating furnaces are heavily insulated on their outer surfaces and are lined with fireclay bricks that are
10-cm thick. Initially, the bricks are at a uniform temperature of 25 C. After start-up, the furnace walls are exposed to 1300 C gases with a combined convective/radiative heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2K. Determine the temperature (in C) of: a. the outer surface of the bricks after 30 min b. the outer surface of the bricks after 4 hrs c. the temperature next to the insulation after 30 min and 4 hr.
Approach:
Because the outer wall is heavily insulated, this system is equivalent to a symmetrically heated wall with thickness 2L; in the symmetrically heated wall, no heat crosses the centerline of the wall. Brick is a poor conductor, so we will analyze this transient conduction problem as a onedimensional transient in an infinite plane wall.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is one-dimensional in an infinite wall.
Solution:
The governing equation for one-dimensional transient conduction in an infinite plane wall is T ( x, t ) T f x = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos 1 > 0.2 Ti T f L We want T ( L, t ) , so we need to calculate Bi and obtain 1 and C1 from Table 112. From Appendix A-3, for fireclay brick, = 2645 kg m3 , cP = 960 J kg K , k = 1.5 W m K , and = k c p = 5.91 107 m 2 s
2 h L ( 50 W m K ) ( 0.10 m ) Bi = = = 3.33 k 1.5 W m K
By interpolation 1 = 1.2165 and C1 = 1.2164 a) For the outer surface temperature at 30 min =
t
L2
( 5.9110 =
m 2 s ) (1800s )
2
( 0.10 m )
= 0.1064
This does not quite satisfy the requirement for the one term approximation, but Figure 11-7 will not give any better results, so we will use the one-term approximation with the understanding of considerable uncertainty 2 T ( L, t ) = 1300 C + ( 25 1300 ) K (1.2165 ) exp (1.2165) ( 0.1064 ) cos (1.2165 ) = 840 C Answer b) For the outer surface temperature at 4 hr = 14,400 s
( 5.9110 ) (14, 400 ) = 0.8510 for which

7
( 0.10 )
> 0.2
2 T = 1300 + ( 25 1300 )(1.2165 ) exp (1.216 J ) ( 0.8510 ) cos (1.2165 ) = 1147 C Answer c) For the temperature next to the insulation after 30 min 2 T = 1300 + ( 25 1300 )(1.2165 ) exp (1.2165 ) ( 0.1064 ) cos ( 0 ) = 25 C This is physically impossible. The result is a consequence of violating the restriction that the one-term approximation is valid when > 0.2 . In this situation we can conclude that after 30 minutes, the wall temperature next to the insulation is still probably about 25 C . For the temperature next to the insulation after 4 hours 2 T = 1300 + ( 25 1300 )(1.2165 ) exp (1.2165 ) ( 0.8170 ) cos ( 0 ) = 837 C Answer
Comments:
The one-term approximation was used even though parts of the solution did not meet the validity criterion. Hence, some of the answers must be interpreted and used with caution. 11- 44
11-39 Hot metals are quenched in cold fluids to change material properties. Consider a long 7.5-cm diameter
cylinder of 316 stainless steel that is taken out of a furnace at 500 C and plunged into a cold bath at 25 C. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 1000 W/m2K. Determine: a. the centerline temperature of the cylinder 90 s after it is quenched (in C) b. the surface temperature of the cylinder 5 min after it is quenched (in C) c. the time required for the centerline temperature to reach 50 C (in s).
Approach:
This is a transient conduction problem. We first check the Biot number to determine if the lumped systems method is valid. If not, because the cylinder is very long, we can treat this as one-dimensional transient in an infinite cylinder.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is one-dimensional in an infinite wall.
Solution:
The Biot number is defined as
Bi = hLchar k
where
Lchar = V A =
for 316 stainless steel (assuming, Tavg 600K ) = 8238 kg m 2 ,
L D 2 4 = D 4 . From Appendix A-2 DL cP = 550 J kg K , k = 18.3 W m K ,
= k c p = 4.04 106 m 2 s
2
18.3 W m K So the lumped systems approach not valid, and a one-dimensional transient analysis is used. a) For an infinite cylinder, the governing equation for the temperature transient is T ( r, t ) Tf r = c1 exp ( 12 ) J 1 > 0.2 Ti T f ro We want to determine T ( 0,90s ) . Recalculating Bi so we can obtain (by interpolation) 1 and C1 from Table 11-
Bi =
(1000 W m K ) ( 0.075m 4 ) = 1.02 > 0.1
2:
Bi =
h ro (1000 )( 0.075 2 ) = = 2.05 K 18.3
m 2 s ) ( 90s )
2
1 = 1.609
= 0.258
C1 = 1.3424
With J o ( 0 ) = 1 and =
t
ro2
( 4.04 10
( 0.075 m 2 )
This is greater than 0.2, so the one-term approximation is applicable. 2 T ( r , t ) = 25 C + ( 500 25 ) K (1.3424 ) exp (1.609 ) ( 0.258 ) = 351.5 C b) Using the same equation for time of 5 min: 6 t ( 4.04 10 ) ( 300s ) = 2 = = 0.862 2 ro ( 0.075 2 ) From Table 11-3 (by interpolation)
J o ( 1 r ro ) = J o ( 1 ro ro ) = 0.450
2 T ( ro ,300s ) = 25 C + ( 500 25 ) K (1.3424 ) exp (1.609 ) ( 0.862 ) ( 0.450 ) = 55.8 C c) Solving the general equation for with J o ( 0 ) = 1
Answer
Answer
= =
T ( r, t ) Tf 50 25 1 = ln ln = 1.251 2 (Ti T f ) C1 (1.609 ) ( 500 25 )(1.3424 )
2 1
t
ro2
t=
ro2 (1.251)( 0.075m 2 ) = = 435s 4.04 106 m 2 s

2
Answer
11- 45
11-40 An 8-cm-diameter potato ( = 1100 kg/m3, cp = 3900 J/kgK, k = 0.6 W/mK), initially at a uniform
temperature of 25 C, is baked in an oven at 170 C until a temperature sensor inserted to the center of the potato indicates a temperature of 70 C. The potato is then taken out of the oven and is wrapped into thick towels so that no heat is lost from the potato. Assume the heat transfer coefficient in the oven to be 25 W/m2K. Determine: a. how long the potato is baked (in min) b. the surface temperature of the potato before it is wrapped in the towel (in C) c. the final equilibrium temperature of the potato (in C).
Approach:
This is a transient conduction problem. We assume the potato is spherical has constant properties, and radiation is not present. We check the Biot number to determine if the lumped system approach is valid. If not, we can solve this as a one-dimensional transient in a sphere
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. Conduction is one-dimensional transient in a sphere. Moisture is ignored in the potato.
Solution:
The Biot number is Bi = hLchar k
2
where
Lchar =
0.6 W m K So, a lumped systems approach is not valid. a) We will assume that the one-dimensional transient solution for a sphere is applicable. Assuming constant properties, the governing equation using the one-term approximation is: T ( r, t ) Tf sin ( 1 r ro ) = C1 exp ( 12 ) when > ~ 0.2 Ti T f 1 r ro
Bi =
( 25 W m K ) ( 0.08 m 6 ) = 0.56 >~ 0.1
V D2 6 D = = A 6 D2
The criterion > ~ 0.2 needs to be checked. sin ( 1 r ro ) t At the centerline r = 0 , and = 1 . Solving for = 2 1 r ro r
T Tf ln C T T ( ) i f 1 To evaluate 1 and C1 in Table 11-2, we need the Biot number
2 1
Bi =
h ro ( 25 )( 0.08 2 ) = = 1.667 k 0.6
By interpolation,
1 = 1.878
C1 = 1.411
70 170 ln = 0.203 > ~ 0.2 (1.878 ) ( 25 170 )(1.411) So, the one-term approximation is valid. Therefore, 2 r 2 ( 0.203)( 0.04 m ) t= o = = 2322s = 38.7 min 1.40 107 m 2 s b) The surface temperature is sin ( 1 ro ro ) T = T f + (Ti T f ) C1 exp ( 12 ) 1 ro ro
Answer
2 T = 170o C+ ( 25-170 ) K (1.411) exp - (1.878 ) ( 0.203)
sin (1.878 ) 1.878
=119.2 o C
Answer
11- 46
c) The final equilibrium temperature can be calculated by recognizing that if the potato had a uniform temperature throughout its volume, the heat transfer to it would be equal to Q Q = m cP (Tavg Ti ) Tavg = Ti + m cP Because there is a non-uniform temperature, we use Eq. 11-63 to calculate the actual heat transfer sin 1 1 cos 1 Q = 1 3 o, sphere 13 Qmax
kg ( 0.08 m ) = 0.295 kg m = V = 1100 3 6 m J 1kg Qmax = m cP (T f Ti ) = ( 0.295 kg ) 3900 (170 25 ) K = 166.8 kJ kg K 1000 J
3
70 170 sin (1.878 ) 1.878cos (1.878 ) Q = (166.8 kJ ) 1 3 = 87.5 kJ 3 25-170 1.878 ( ) 1000 J (87.8 kJ ) 1 kJ =101.1 o C Answer Tavg = 25 o C+ J ( 0.295 kg ) 3900 kg K
11- 47
11-41 In the manufacturing of laminated wood table tops, a more expensive and attractive wood surface layer
(1.5-mm thick) is glued to a less expensive structural wood. Heat is applied to the surface of the table to speed the curing of the glue. A heater consists of a massive plate maintained at 150 C by an imbedded electrical heater. The glue will cure sufficiently if heated above 50 C for at least 2 min, but its temperature should not exceed 120 C to avoid deterioration of the glue. Assume the laminate and structural wood have an initial temperature of 25 C and that they have equivalent thermophysical properties of k = 0.15 W/mK and cp = 1.5 106 J/m3K. Determine: a. how long will it take to heat the glue b. the glue temperature at the end of the 2 min curing time c. the energy removed from the heater during the time it takes to cure the glue if the heater has a square surface area of 250 mm to the side (in kJ).
Approach:
The table top is very large relative to the depth of interest, so this transient conduction problem can be analyzed as one-dimensional conduction into a semi-infinite solid with a step change in the surface temperature:
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant and uniform throughout the laminate. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform and constant. One-dimensional transient conduction in a semi-infinite solid is valid.
Solution:
a) Assuming the properties of all the materials are the same, the glue thickness is negligible compared to the laminate and structural wood, and one-dimensional transient conduction into a semi-infinite solid is applicable, the temperature transient for a step change in surface temperature is given by: x T ( x, t ) T f = 1 erfc 2 t Ti T f 2 k 0.15 W m K 7 m 1 10 From the given information, = = = cP 1.5 106 J m3 K s We want the time required for the glue to reach 50 C , so substituting in known quantities
50 150 0.0015 m = 1 erfc 0.5 2 7 25 150 2 (1 10 m s ) t 0.5 0.8 = 1 erfc 2.3717 t
2.3717t 0.5 = 0.906
t = 6.85s Answer b) At the end of 2 minutes of curing, the glue temperature would be x T = T f + (Ti T f ) 1 erfc 2 t With t = 2 ( 60s ) + 6.85s = 126.85s
0.0015 m = 135 C T = 150 C + ( 25 150 ) K 1 erfc 0.5 2 7 2 (1 10 m s ) (126.85s )
Answer
This is above the temperature at which the glue deteriorates. Because of uncertainties in the thermal physical properties, the actual temperature could be higher or lower than the calculated value. Therefore, a cooler heater should be used.
11- 48
c) The energy removed from the heater is equal to that which enters the table top. We can integrate the power over time to find the energy:
Q = Q dt = q A dt
0 0 t t
The heat flux at the surface is given by k (T f Ti ) q ( 0, t ) = t

Q= Q=
t
k (T f Ti )
A dt =
2k (T f Ti ) At 0.5
2 12 0.5
2 ( 0.15 W m K )(150 25 ) K ( 0.250 m ) (126.85s )
(1 107 m 2 s )
= 47,100 J
Answer
If the heater operated continuously during the curing, the power required would be approximately
W Q 47100 J J = 371 = 371W t 126.85s s
Answer
11- 49
11-42 You have built your dream cabin and now need to lay a water line from the well to the cabin. You need to
estimate how deep the water line should be placed. From historical records, you discover that there has never been a cold spell of 10 C weather for longer than 4 weeks, but often the temperature is as low as 0 C for 12 weeks. Through the fall, you note that the ground temperature for a reasonable depth is approximately uniform at about 10 C. You assume that if the ground temperature at depth does not reach 0 C in 12 weeks of 10 C weather (this includes a factor of safety), then the water in the pipes will not freeze. The soil on your property has k = 2.1 W/mK and = 7 10-7 m2/s. How deep should you lay the water pipe?
Approach:
Because the earths radius is large compared to the depth of the water line, we will analyze this problem as transient conduction in a semi-infinite medium with a step change in surface temperature. We assume the surface temperature is fixed and the properties constant.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The conduction is one-dimensional in a semi-infinite solid. Neglect any freezing of water in the soil.
Solution:
The equation governing the temperature transient in a semi-infinite solid with a step change in surface temperature is: x T Tf = 1 erfc 2 t Ti T f We assume properties are constant and neglect any freezing of water in the earth above the water line. Substituting in what is known: 0 ( 10 ) x = 1 erfc 0.5 2 6 7 10 ( 10 ) 2 ( 7 10 m s )( 7.258 10 s ) Using Table 11.-4 for the erfc: x = 0.477 4.508 Solving for x
x = 2.15 m
Answer
Comments:
This depth for the water line is very deep. The factor of safety mentioned in the problem statement may be too large.
11- 50
11-43 When cold weather reaches into Florida, if the air temperature remains below freezing (0 C) for an
extended period of time, the orange, lime, and other citrus fruit crops can be severely damaged. Consider an 8-cm orange, whose properties can be approximated as those of water. If the orange is initially at 10 C and the air temperature drops suddenly to 5 C, determine how long it will take for any part of the orange to begin to freeze (ignore radiation): a. if it is a relatively still night and the heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2K b. if it is a windy night and the heat transfer coefficient is 40 W/m2K.
Approach:
The first location that will freeze is the surface. We check the Biot number to determine of the lumped systems method can be used. If not, we will use one-dimensional transient conduction in a sphere.
Assumptions:
Solution:
a) The Biot number is: h Lchar V D2 6 D where Lchar = = = Bi = A 6 k D2 Assuming constant properties that are those of water from Appendix A-6 at Tavg = (10 + 0 ) 2 = 5 C ,
= 999.9 kg m3 , cP = 4.203kJ kg K , k = 0.578 W m K = 1.371 107 m 2 s
(10 W m K ) ( 0.08 m 6 ) = 0.230 > 0.1 Bi =

2
0.578 W m K
so the lumped system method is valid
With the higher h in part (b), Bi is even larger, so we will assume the one-term approximation for onedimensional transient conductor is valid. Assuming constant properties, no heat generation, and uniform heat transfer coefficient: T ( r, t ) Tf sin ( 1r ro ) when > 0.2 = C1 exp ( 12 ) 1r ro Ti T f Solving for
( 1r ro ) sin ( r r ) r 1 o Let r = ro , and recalculate the Biot number so that we can evaluate 1 and C1 from Table 11-2.
t
2 o
1 T Tf ln C1 Ti T f
1
2 1
h ro (10 )( 0.08 2 ) = = 0.692 k 0.578 By interpolation, 1 = 1.3446 and C1 = 1.1954 . Bi =
(1.3446 )
0 ( 5 ) (1.3446 ) 1 ln = 0.528 > 0.2 (1.1954 ) 10 ( 5 ) sin (1.3446 ) t= ro2
So, the one-term approximation is valid b) With h = 40 W m 2 K ,
( 0.08 m 2 ) ( 0.528 )
2
1.371 107 m 2 s
= 6170s = 1.71hr
Answer
Bi = 2.77
1 = 2.229 and C1 = 1.590
( 2.229 )
2 1 0 ( 5 ) ( 2.229 ) ( 0.08 2 ) ( 0.106 ) ln 0.106 = t = = 1240s = 0.34 hr 1.37 107 (1.590 ) 10 ( 5 ) sin ( 2.229 )
Answer
Comment:
Note that the criterion for using the one-term approximation is not satisfied for part b. Because the figures do not have sufficient detail to provide a better answer, and because of other approximations in the problem solution, a more involved solution is not justified. 11- 51
11-44 Stainless steel (AISI 304) ball bearings, which have been uniformly heated in an oven to 850 C, are
hardened by quenching them in an oil bath that is maintained at about 40 C by removing warm oil from the top of the bath and adding cool oil at the bottom. The ball diameter is 20 mm. The balls move through the bath on a conveyor belt at a velocity of 0.15 m/s. Assume the oil has cp = 1960 J/kgK, and its convective heat transfer coefficient is 1230 W/m2K. Determine: a. how long the balls must be in the bath until their surface temperature reaches 100C b. the center temperature at the conclusion of the cooling c. what oil flow is required if the oil temperature cannot rise more than 5 C and 10,000 balls per hour are to be quenched.
Approach:
This is a transient conduction problem. The Biot number should be checked first to determine if the lumped systems method can be used. If it cannot, then we will use a onedimensional transient solution for a sphere.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform. The conduction is one-dimensional transient in an sphere.
Solution:
a) The Biot number for a sphere is h Lchar D3 6 D where Lchar = V A = = Bi = 6 k D2 From Appendix A-2, for 304 stainless steel at 800 K , = 7900 kg m3 , k = 22.6 W m K , cP = 582 J kg K ,
= k c p = 4.92 106 m 2 s
2
22.6 W m K So, we cannot use the lumped systems approach, so we will use a one-dimensional solution. Assuming constant properties and heat transfer coefficient, the one-term approximation for a sphere is: T Tf sin ( 1r ro ) = C1 exp ( 12 ) > 0.2 1r ro Ti T f
Bi =
(1230 W m K ) ( 0.020 m 6 ) = 0.181 > 0.1
We will need to check for the validity of the method. To obtain C1 and 1 from Table 11-2, we need
h ro (1230 )( 0.02 2 ) = = 0.54 k 22.6 Solving for with r = ro Bi =
by interpolation, 1 = 1.2093 and C1 = 1.1561 .
1 1.2093 100 40 ln = = 1.703 > 0.2 2 (1.2093) (1.1561)( sin1.2093) 850 40 So, the approach is valid. Solving for the time
T Tf 1 ln C1 sin 1 Ti T f
1
2 1 2
t=
ro2 (1.703)( 0.01m ) = = 34.6s 4.92 106 m 2 s
Answer
sin ( 1 r ro )
b) The center temperature is obtained with same equation. Noting that with r = 0 ,
T = T f + (Ti T f ) C1 exp ( 12 )
1 r ro
2 = 40 C + ( 850 40 ) K (1.1561) exp (1.2093) (1.703) = 117.6 C Answer c) The heat transfer to the oil can be determined from an energy balance on it. Assume steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that h = cP T :
11- 52
Qoil = m cP (Tout - Tin )
m=
Qoil cP (Tout - Tin )
The heat transfer rate is determined from the number of balls cooled per hour, N ball/hr, and the energy per ball Q
QB = N Q
Note that Qoil = Qballs For a sphere

sin 1 1 cos 1 Q = 1 3 o , sphere 13 Qmax
Qmax = m cP (T f Ti ) = V cP (T f Ti )
kg J ( 0.02 m ) = 7900 3 582 ( 40 850 ) K = 15, 600 J m kg K 6 Q 117.6 40 sin (1.2093 ) (1.2093) cos (1.2093) = 1 3 = 0.918 3 Qmax 850 40 (1.2093)
3
Q = 0.918 ( 15600 J ) = 14320 J

J 10000 balls 14320 J 1hr QB = = 39800 hr s ball 3600s J 39800 kg s Answer m= = 4.06 s J 1960 (5 K ) kg K
11- 53
11-45 For a large party celebrating your graduation from college, your parents buy a case of frozen steaks.
Before you can throw the steaks onto the grill, they need to be thawed at room temperature of 77 F with an estimated convective heat transfer coefficient of 5 Btu/hrft2F on both sides of the steak. The very large 1in. thick steaks initially are at 10 F, and they are thawed when the centerline temperature is at 32 F. Assume the steaks properties can be approximated as that of water, and you can neglect the energy associated with the melting phase change. Determine: a. the time required for the steaks to thaw (in min) b. the time required if you speed up the thawing by hanging the steaks on hooks and blowing air over them with a fan such that the heat transfer coefficient is increased to 50 Btu/hrft2F (in min).
Approach:
For this transient conduction problem we first check the Biot number to determine of the lumped system method is valid. If not, we will use a one-dimensional transient in an infinite plane wall. (The steak is large compared to its thickness.)
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform. The conduction is one-dimensional transient in an infinite plane wall.
Solution:
a) The Biot number is Bi = hLchar k where Lchar = V A = 2 L A A = 2 L Assuming the steak properties can be approximated as water, evaluate the properties from Appendix B-6 at Tavg = ( 32 + 77 ) 2 = 54.5 F, = 62.3lbm ft 3, cP = 1.00 Btu lbm F, k = 0.336 Btu hrft F , = 5.47 103 ft 2 hr
Bi =
( 5 Btu hr ft
F ) ( 2 )( 0.0833ft )
0.336 Btu hr ft F
= 2.48 > 0.1
so the lumped systems approach is not valid. With the higher h in part (b), Bi is even larger, so we assume the one-term approximation for one-dimensional transient conduction in an infinite plane wall is applicable. Assuming constant properties, no heat generation, and a uniform heat transfer coefficient, and ignoring the effects of phase change (ice to liquid), the governing equation is T Tf x > 0.2 = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos 1 Ti T f L
1 T Tf ln C1 Ti T f Reevaluate the Biot number so that we can obtain 1 and C1 from Table 11-2.
At the centerline x = 0 , so cos(0) = 1 . Solving for = t L2
2 1
Bi =
( 5 )( 0.0833)
0.336 1
2
= 1.24
By interpolation, 1 = 0.9123 and C1 = 1.1336
1 32 77 ln = 0.712 > 0.2 (1.1336 ) 10 77 ( 0.9123) t= L2
So the one-term approximation is valid: b) With

h = 50 Btu hr ft 2 F 1
2
( 0.0833ft ) ( 0.712 )
2
5.47 103 ft 2 hr
2
= 0.90 hr = 54 min
Answer
C1 = 1.2639
Bi = 12.4
1 = 1.445 and
(1.445 )
( 0.0833) ( 0.303) 1 32 77 ln = 0.38 hr = 23min = 0.303 t = 5.47 10 3 ft 2 hr (1.2639 ) 10 77
Answer
Comment:
Freezing/thawing requires much energy, so ignoring the change of phase in this problem significantly underestimates the time required to thaw the steak. 11- 54
11-46 One method to experimentally determine thermal conductivity is to measure the temperature response of a
thick slab when it is subjected to a step change in surface temperature. Consider a solid with = 2500 kg/m3 and cp = 630 J/kgK. The solids temperature, initially a uniform 25 C, is measured with a thermocouple embedded 6-mm from the surface. Boiling water at 100 C is brought into contact with the surface and the heat transfer coefficient is very large. After 90 s the thermocouple reads 73 C. Determine the thermal conductivity of the solid (in W/mK).
Approach:
This is transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite medium. Because of the very large convective heat transfer coefficient, when boiling water is brought into contact with the surface, there is a step change in the surface temperature. Equation 11-64 can be used to obtain the thermal conductivity.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform. The conduction is one-dimensional transient in a semiinfinite solid.
Solution:
The equation governing conduction in a semi-infinite solid subject to a step change in its surface temperature is x T ( x, t ) T f = 1 erfc 2 t Ti T f Solving for the complementary error function: x T ( x, t ) T f 73 100 = 1 = 0.64 erfc = 1 2 t Ti T f 25 100 Interpolating in Table 11-4 at this value of erfc (or using appropriate software): Z 0.32 0.64 0.6509 = 0.34 0.32 0.6306 0.6509 x Z= = 0.3308 2 t With =
k
cP
and solving for k :

kg J 2500 3 630 m kg K
2
x2 c k= 2 P = Z 4t
( 0.006 m )
( 0.3308) ( 4 )( 90s )
= 1.44
W mK
Answer
11- 55
11-47 Curing of the epoxy in a laminated material can be accelerated by the application of heat. Consider an
electric heater that is pressed tightly against a thick slab of a laminated material whose properties are estimated to be = 1200 kg/m3, cp = 1350 J/kgK, and k = 1.3 W/mK. The laminate initially is at a uniform 25 C. The heater has a heat flux of 350 W/m2. Determine: a) the temperature at the surface of the laminate 3 min after the heat is applied (in C), and b) the temperature 5-mm into the laminate 3 min after the heat is applied (in C).
Approach:
Because the laminate is thick, we will analyze this transient conduction problem as a semi-infinite medium with a step change in applied surface heat flux.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat flux is uniform. The conduction is one-dimensional transient in a semiinfinite solid.
Solution:
a) The temperature transient equation for a step change in the surface heat flux into a semi-infinite medium with constant properties is: T ( x, t ) Ti x2 x 2 x2 = exp erfc t ( q k ) t 2 t 4 t We want to determine T ( 0,180s ) . From the given properties
2 k 1.3 W m K 7 m 8.02 10 = = cP (1200 kg m3 ) (1350 J kg K ) s
Because x = 0
2 ( 350 W m 2 ) ( 8.02 107 m 2 s ) (180s ) 2q t = 25 C + T ( 0,180s ) = Ti + k 1.3 W m K b) Using the same general equation with x = 0.005 m
12
= 28.7 C
Answer
( 0.005 m ) x2 = = 0.0433 4 t 4 ( 8.02 107 m 2 s ) (180s )

2
x2 = 4 ( 0.0433) = 0.1732 t x 2 t = 2 ( 8.02 107 ) (180 ) 0.005 = 17.32

12
2 q 350 W m 2 12 7 m ( t ) = 8.02 10 (180s ) k 1.3 W m K s
= 3.25 K
2 12 T ( x, t ) = 25 C + ( 3.25 K ) exp ( 0.0433) ( 0.1732 ) erfc (17.32 ) = 28.5 C
Answer
11- 56
11-48 A consulting engineer is asked to investigate a suspicious fire. A room paneled with thick oak planks
burned very quickly. The insurance company wants an estimate of the time required for the surface of the oak planks to reach their ignition temperature of 400 C. Initially, the wood was at 25 C. The temperature of the hot gases from the fire was estimated to be 850 C with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m2K. Determine: a. the time required to reach the ignition temperature (in s) b. the temperature 1 cm inside the wall at this time c. comment on the influence of radiation.
Approach:
We will treat this problem as a one-dimensional transient conduction problem because the oak is thick (but not specified) and ignition will begin at the surface.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform. The conduction is one-dimensional transient in a semi-infinite solid.
Solution:
a) The solution for one-dimensional transient conductor in a semi infinite medium with a step change in surface convection is given by Eq. 11-66: T ( x, t ) T f x hx h 2 t h t x = 1 erfc + + exp + 2 erfc 2 t Ti T f k k 2 t k From Appendix A-3 for oak, k = 0.17 W m K , = 545 kg m3 , cP = 2385 J kg K , and
2 k 0.17 W m K 7 m 1.308 10 = = cP ( 545 kg m3 ) ( 2385 J kg K ) s
Calculating what is known at the surface with x = 0: T Tf x 400 850 =0 = = 0.545 25 850 Ti T f 2 t
2 -7 2 h 2 t ( 25 W m K ) (1.30810 m s ) t = = 0.002829t 2 k2 ( 0.17 W mK ) 2 2 -7 2 h t ( 25 W m K ) (1.30810 m s ) t = k 0.17 W mK Substituting these into the main equation: 0.5
hx =0 k
= 0.05319t 0.5
0.5 0.545 = 1 erfc ( 0 ) + exp ( 0 + 0.002829t ) erfc ( 0 + 0.05319t )
Using appropriate software, we solve for t 151s b) For the temperature 1 cm inside the wall at this time ( t
x 2 t = 0.01m
-7 2 2 (1.308 10 m s ) (151s ) 0.5
Answer
151s ), using the same equation but with: =
= 1.125
h t k
( 25 W m K ) (1.30810
2
2
-7
m 2 s ) (151s )
0.5
0.17 W mK
= 0.654
2 hx ( 25 W m K ) ( 0.01m ) = = 1.47 k 0.17 W mK
2 -7 2 h 2 t ( 25 W m K ) (1.30810 m s ) (151s ) = = 0.4271 2 k2 ( 0.17 W mK )
o = 850 + ( 25 850 ) 1 erfc (1.125 ) + exp (1.47 + 0.4271) erfc (1.125 + 0.654 ) = 51.5 C
Answer
c) Because of the high combustion temperature, radiation will have an influence, and the ignition time will be Answer shorter than that calculated above. 11- 57
11-49 For proper heat treatment of metals, the temperature distribution in the metal must be carefully controlled.
Consider the annealing of a large slab of 304 stainless steel. Initially, the slab is at 150 C. It is placed in an oven in which the air temperature is 1040 C and a heat transfer coefficient of 450 W/m2K. The average temperature of the slab must be raised to 800 C, but the surface temperature should not rise above 900 C. Determine: a. the maximum slab thickness that can be processed (in cm) b. the time required for the annealing process (in s and min).
Approach:
Assuming that the lumped systems method is not valid, we will use the one-dimensional transient in an infinite plane wall. With neither time nor thickness given, an iterative procedure probably will be required.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The system is steady. The properties are constant. The conduction is one-dimensional in a infinite plane wall.
Solution:
Assuming constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no internal heat generation, the equations governing one-dimensional transient heat transfer in an infinite plane wall are: T ( x, t ) T f x = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos 1 Ti T f L
T ( 0, t ) T f Q = 1 Qmax Ti T f sin 1 1
Note that Qmax = m cP (T f Ti ) and using Tavg ,

Q = m cP (Tavg Ti ) so that T ( 0, t ) T f Tavg - Ti Q = 1 = Qmax T f - Ti Ti T f sin 1 1 T ( 0, t ) 1040 sin 1 800 - 150 = 1 1040 - 150 150 1040 1 T ( L, t ) 1040 150 1040 T ( 0, t ) 1040 150 1040 L = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos 1 L = C1 exp ( 12 )
(1)
For the surface temperature T ( L, t )

T ( L, t ) T f Ti T f T ( 0, t ) T f Ti T f Bi =
L = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos 1 L = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos ( 0 )
(2)
For the centerline temperature T ( 0, t ) : (3)
The constants 1 and C1 from Table 11-2 depend only on Biot number
hL k The three equations (1), (2), and (3) involve 3 unknowns: T ( 0, t ) , T ( L, t ) , and .
The solution procedure is: 1) Guess Bi 2) Evaluate 1 and C1 3) Solve the three simultaneous equations for the three unknowns 4) Determine if the calculated T ( L, t ) < 900 C 5) Return to step 1 if step 4 is not satisfied.
11- 58
For 304 stainless steel from Appendix A-2 at Tavg = ( 800 + 150 ) 2 = 475 o C = 748 K
so at 800 K ,
= 7900 kg m , k = 22.6 J kg K , cP = 582 J kg K , = k cP = 4.92 10 m s Guessing Bi = 2.0 : 1 = 1.0769 and C1 = 1.1795

3
6
Solving the equation T ( 0, t ) = 746.5 o C
T ( L, t ) = 900.8 o C
= 1.099
The surface temperature is close enough to our target, so we do not need to iterate. Now L =
Bi k ( 2.0 )( 22.6 W m K ) = = 0.100 m h ( 450 W m2 K )
So the maximum slab thickness is 2 L = 0.200 m Calculating the time 2 L2 (1.099 )( 0.10 m ) t= = = 2234s = 37.2 min 4.92 106 m 2 s
Answer
Answer
11- 59
11-50 Quenching of a metal slab in an oil bath requires that the bath temperature does not rise significantly. The
temperature rise in the bath can be determined if the heat transferred to the oil from the slab is known. Consider a plain carbon steel slab 2.5-cm thick and 2-m square. Initially at 1000 C, it is quenched in an oil bath at 100 C. The heat transfer coefficient is 450 W/m2K. Ignoring edge effects, determine: a. the time required for the centerline temperature to reach 425 C b. the temperature at a depth of 0.5 cm from the surface at the same time (in C) c. the heat transfer from the slab to the oil (in kJ).
Approach:
Because of the large width and length of this slab compared to its thickness, we will solve this problem as a onedimensional transient in an infinite plane wall. We will calculate the Biot number to see if the lumped systems approach is valid, but we doubt it, is because of the large heat transfer coefficient.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The system is steady. The properties are constant. The conduction is one-dimensional in a plane wall.
Solution:
The Biot number is Bi = hLchar k where Lchar = V A = 2 L A A = 2 L . From Appendix A-2, for carbon steel at ~ 1000 K , = 7854 kg m3 , k = 30.0 W m K , c p = 1169 J kg K , = 3.27 106 m 2 s so the lumped systems approach is not valid. 30.0 W mK a) Assuming constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no edge effects, the equation governing the temperature transient in an infinite plane wall is: T ( x, t ) T f = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos ( 1 x L ) when > ~ 0.2 Ti T f For the centerline, x = 0 , and solving for = t L2 Evaluating Bi =
h L ( 450 )( 0.0125 ) = = 0.1875 k 30
2
( 450 W m K ) ( 0.025 m ) = 0.375 > 0.1 Bi =

2
T Tf ln C1 (Ti T f 1
2 1
1 = 0.4213 and C1 = 1.0293
425 100 ln = 5.90 > 0.2 ( 0.4213) (1.0293)(1000 100 ) 1
So, the one-term approximation is valid. Solving for t
L2 ( 5.90 )( 0.0125 m ) t= = = 282s 3.27 106 m 2 s

2
Answer
b) The general equation can be used to find the temperature at a depth 0.5cm from the surface x = 0.0125 m 0.005 m = 0.0075 m
( 0.4213)( 0.0075 m ) 2 o T = 100 o C + (1000 100 ) K (1.0293) exp ( 0.4213) ( 5.90 ) cos = 414.7 C 0.0125 m c) The heat transfer is calculate with sin 1 Q 425 100 sin ( 0.4213) = 1 Qo = 1 = 0.649 Qmax 1 1000 100 0.4213 Qmax = m cP (T f Ti )
Answer
Q = 0.649 ( 8.26 105 kJ ) = 5.37 105 kJ
= ( 7854 kg m3 ) ( 0.025 m )( 2 m )( 2 m )(1169 J kg K )(100 1000 ) K = 8.26 108 J = 8.26 105 kJ
Answer
11- 60
11-51 For the cylinder in Problem P 11-39 assume it now is only 15-cm long. For the same conditions as given in
that problem, determine: a. the center temperature of the cylinder 1 min after it is quenched (in C) b. the center temperature of the cylinder 5 min after it is quenched (in C) c. the time required for the center temperature to reach 50 C (in s)
Approach:
This is a transient problem in a finite size cylinder. We first check the Biot number to see if the lumped systems method is valid. If not, we can combine two one-dimensional transient solutions to obtain the transient in this cylinder. We can use Example 11-9 for the procedure to follow.
Assumptions:
1. 2. The properties are constant. The conduction is two-dimensional.
Solution:
First check the Biot number: Bi = h Lchar k where Lchar = V A = L D 2 4
V = ( 0.15 m ) ( 0.075 m ) 4 = 6.627 104 m3
2
A = D L + 2 D 2 4 = ( 0.075 m )( 0.15 m ) + 2 ( 0.075 m ) 4 = 4.418 102 m 2

2
Lchar = 6.62710-4 m 2 4.41810-2 m = 0.015 m
From Appendix A-2 for 316 stainless steel at Tavg 600 K
= 8.238 kg m3 , cP = 550 J kg K , k = 18.3 W m K , = k cP = 4.04 106 m 2 s

Bi = (1000 W m 2 K ) ( 0.015 m ) 18.3 W mK = 0.82 > 0.1
so the lumped systems approach is not valid. a) Following Example 11-9, the non-dimensional temperature for the infinite wall uses
wall = t L2 = ( 4.04 106 m 2 s ) ( 300s ) ( 0.075 m ) = 0.215 > 0.2

2
so the one-term approximation is okay Biwall = h L k = (1000 )( 0.075 ) 18.3 = 4.10
From Table 11-2, 1 = 1.2695 and C1 = 1.2299

2
o , wall = C1 exp ( 12 ) = (1.2299 ) exp (1.2695) ( 0.215 ) = 0.870

For an infinite cylinder cyl =
t
r
2 o
( 4.04 10 ) ( 300 ) = 0.862

6
( 0.0375)
Bicyl =
h ro (1000 )( 0.0375 ) = = 2.05 18.3 k
2 From Table 11-2, 1 = 1.6090 and C1 = 1.3424 , o ,cyl = C1 exp ( 12 ) = (1.3424 ) exp (1.6090 ) ( 0.862 ) = 0.144 The center temperature is T ( 0, 0,300s ) = T f + (Ti T f ) o , wall o , cyl = 25 C + ( 500 25 ) K ( 0.870 )( 0.144 ) = 84.6 C Answer
b) The same equations are used to determine the time required for the center temperature to reach 50 C
T ( 0, 0, t ) T f Ti T f
2 o 2 = C1 exp ( 1 ) 2 wall 2 C1 exp ( 1 ) cyl
with cyl = t r and wall = t L , we can solve the above equation for time.
t= = 1
2 1, wall
L +
2
2 1, cyl
1 ln C r 1,cyl C1, wall

2 o
T Tf T T f i
2
1 50 25 ln = 401s = 6.68 min 2 (1.3424 )(1.2299 ) 500 25 1.6090 -6 m 1.2695 4.0410 + s 0.075m 0.0375m 1
2
Answer
11- 61
11-52 Raw clay molded into bricks is fired in a kiln at 1300 C and cooled in air at 25 C with a convective heat
transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2K. The 5.7-cm 10-cm 20-cm brick has the following properties: = 2050 kg/m3; k = 1.0W/mK; cp = 960 J/kgK; = 0.5110-6 m2/s. After 50 min of cooling, determine: a. the temperature at the center (in C) b. the temperature of the corners of the brick (in C).
Approach:
We will assume lumped heat capacity is not applicable and use the product of three one-dimensional transient conduction solutions for infinite plane walls to determine the two temperatures, T ( 0, 0, 0, t ) and T ( L1 , L2 , L3 , t ) .
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The conduction is three-dimensional. Radiation is ignored.
Solution:
As shown on Figure 11-13, the intersection of three infinite plane walls is the transient solution for this brick. Assuming constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and ignoring radiation (the very high brick temperature will result in large radiative losses, but we will ignore them.), the equation we need to solve is: T ( x1 , x2 , x3 , t ) T f = ( x1 , t ) plane ( x2 , t ) plane ( x3 , t ) plane wall wall wall Ti T f The one-term approximation is ( x, t ) plane = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos ( 1 x L )
wall
where > 0.2 and = t L2 .
Each wall has its own values for T , x, 1 , and C1 , and the latter two quantities are obtained from Table 112 once the Biot number is evaluated. So for the three walls 2 h L ( 50 W m K ) ( 0.0285 m ) Wall 1) L1 = 0.0285 m Bi1 = = = 1.425 k 1W m K by interpolation Wall 2) L2 = 0.05 m Wall 3) L3 = 0.10 m
1 = 0.9524 and C1 = 1.1448

Bi2 = Bi3 =
1 =
t
2 L1
( 0.5110 =
m 2 s ) ( 3000s )
2
( 0.0285 m )
= 1.884
( 50 )( 0.05 )
1 ( 50 )( 0.10 )
= 2.50
1 = 1.1347 and C1 = 1.1949
2 = 0.612 3 = 0.153
= 5.00 1 = 1.3138 and C1 = 1.2402 1 a) For the centerline temperature, x = 0 , and cos ( 0 ) = 1 so
1 ( 0, t ) = (1.1448 ) exp ( 0.9524 ) (1.884 ) = 0.2073

2
2 ( 0, t ) = (1.1949 ) exp (1.1347 ) ( 0.612 ) = 0.5434

2
The center temperature is: T ( 0, 0, 0, t ) = 25 C + (1300 25 ) K ( 0.2073)( 0.5434 )( 0.9524 ) = 161.8 C
3 ( 0, t ) = (1.2402 ) exp (1.3138 ) ( 0.153) = 0.9524

2
Answer
b) For the corner temperature, we use 1 ( L1 , t ) = 1 ( 0, t ) cos ( 1 L L ) = ( 0.2073) cos ( 0.9524 ) = 0.1202
2 ( L2 , t ) = ( 0.5434 ) cos (1.1347 ) = 0.2295 3 ( L3 , t ) = ( 0.9524 ) cos (1.3138 ) = 0.2421

The corner temperature is: T ( L1 , L2 , L3 , t ) = 25 + (1300 25 )( 0.1202 )( 0.2295 )( 0.2421) = 33.5 C 11- 62
Answer
11-53 Exposed ceiling beams are popular many modern houses. However, because they are exposed, their
ignition in the event of a fire is of concern. Consider a 15-cm by 15-cm yellow pine beam, initially at 25 C, attached to a ceiling, thus insulating the base. The three other sides are exposed to fire at 600 C with a combined convective/radiative heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2K. Determine the beams maximum temperature 5 min after a fire starts.
Approach:
By inspection, the highest temperature will occur at a corner in this two-dimensional transient conduction problem. We will assume the lumped heat capacity method is not valid. The transient temperature can be calculated by the intersection of the solutions for two infinite plane walls. Because the attachment plane to the ceiling is insulated, we need to analyze wall 2 with a length 2 L2 , since a line of symmetry acts as an adiabatic surface.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The conduction is two-dimensional. Radiation is ignored.
Solution:
As shown on Fig 11-13, an infinity long bar is constructed from the intersection of two infinite plane walls. Assuming constant properties and uniform heat transfer coefficients, the equation we need to solve for the corner T ( L1 , L2 , t ) T f temperature, T ( L1 , L2 , t ) is: = ( L1 , t ) plane ( L2 , t ) plane wall wall Ti T f where ( x, t ) plane = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos ( 1 x L )
wall
if > 0.2
Each wall has its own values for , x, 1 , and C1 , and the latter two quantities are obtained from Table 112 once the Biot number is evaluated. For the two walls 2 h L ( 50 W m K ) ( 0.075 m ) Wall 1 L1 = 0.075 m Bi1 = 1 = = 25.0 k 0.15 W m K For pine from Appendix A-3, = 640 kg m3 , k = 0.15 W mK , cP = 2805 J kg K , = k c p = 8.36 108 m 2 s From Table 11-2, 1 = 1.5082 and C1 = 1.2708
t
2 L1
(8.36 10
m 2 s ) ( 300s )
2
( 0.075m )
= 0.00446 < 0.2
So, the one-term approximation is not valid. However, Figure 11-7 is not of any help either because of the very small spacings on the graph, so we will continue with this method with the understanding that uncertainties exist. Wall 2, using the same approach as used for the first wall L2 = 0.15 m Bi2 = 50.0 1 = 1.5400 C1 = 1.2727 = 0.00111 Therefore,
( L1 , t ) = (1.2708 ) exp (1.5082 ) ( 0.00446 ) cos (1.5082 ) = 0.0787

2
( L2 , t ) = (1.2727 ) exp (1.5400 ) ( 0.00111) cos (1.5400 ) = 0.0391

2
Solving for T ( L1 .L2 , t )
T ( L1 , L2 , t ) = T f + (Ti T f ) ( L1 , t ) ( L2 , t ) = 600 C + ( 25 600 ) K ( 0.0787 )( 0.0391) = 598.2 C
Answer
Comments:
This answer suggests that the corner temperature is about the same as the fire. Ignition temperature is lower than this. Because the one-term approximation validity certain was not satisfied, there is a large uncertainty in the calculation 11- 63
11-54 For a fire investigation, the insurance company for whom you work wants to know how long it would take
for an oak beam 2-in. by 4-in. to ignite under certain conditions. The air temperature is 1000 F with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 1.8 Btu/hrft2F. The initial temperature of the wood is 75 F, and its ignition temperature is 900 F. The wood has = 45 lbm/ft3, cp = 0.30 Btu/lbmF, and k = 0.10 Btu/hrftF. Ignore radiation. Determine the time required for any of the wood to start burning when suddenly exposed to these operating conditions (in s).
Approach:
We will assume the lumped heat capacity method is not applicable. As shown on Fig. 11-13, the intersection of two infinite plane walls creates an infinite rectangular bar. By inspection we can see that ignition will begin along the corner of the beam. We can use these onedimensional solutions to calculate the time required for T ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = 900 F .
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The process is steady. The conduction is one dimensional. There is no internal heat generation. The thermal conductivity is constant. There is no radiation.
Solution:
Assuming constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no radiation heat transfer, the transient temperature profile for an infinite (two-dimensional) beam can be calculated by: T ( x1 , x2, t ) T f = ( x1 , t ) plane ( x2 , t ) plane wall wall Ti T f where the one-term approximation is:
x wall L Combining the equations, with x1 = L1 and x2 = L2
( x, t ) plane = C1 exp ( 12 ) cos 1

T Tf Ti T f t=
r > 0.2 and
t
L2
2 2 1 ) cos ( 1,1 ) C1,2 exp ( 1,2 2 ) cos ( 1,2 ) = C1,1 exp ( 1,1
Solving for time:

T Tf 1 ln Ti T f C1,1 cos ( 1,1 ) C1,2 cos ( 1,2 ) + L L Each wall has its own values for , x, 1 and C1 , and the latter two quantities are obtained from Table 11-2, once the Biot number is evaluated. From the given information ( 0.10 Btu hr ft F) ft 2 k 0.00741 = = = hr cP ( 45lbm ft 3 )( 0.30 Btu lbm F ) 1
2 1,1 2 1 2 1,2 2 2
For each wall 1) by interpolation 2)

L1 = 0.0833ft
2 h L1 (1.8 Btu hr ft F ) ( 0.0833ft ) Bi1 = = = 1.50 k 0.10 Btu hr ft F
1,1 = 0.9686 and C1,1 = 1.1493

L2 = 0.1667 ft Bi2 =
(1.8)( 0.1667 )
0.10
= 3.0
1,2 = 1.1925 and C1,2 = 1.2102
Substituting in numbers
11- 64
t=
1 900 1000 ln ft 0.9686 1.1925 (1.1493) cos ( 0.9686 )(1.2102 ) cos (1.1925 ) 75 1000 0.00741 + hr 0.0833ft 0.1667ft = 0.718 hr Answer 1
2 2 2
Check the Fourier number

ft 2 0.00741 ( 0.718 hr ) hr t 1 = 2 = = 0.766 > 0.2 2 L1 ( 0.0833ft )
2 =
( 0.00741)( 0.718) = 0.191 2 ( 0.1667 )
This is close enough to > 0.2 to be a good approximation.
11- 65
11-55 A hot dog 20-mm in diameter and 15-cm long at 5 C is placed into boiling 100 C water; because of the
vigorous boiling, the heat transfer coefficient on the hot dog is 250 W/m2K. To be fully cooked its center should be at 80 C. The hot dogs properties are: = 890 kg/m3, cp = 3350 J/kgK, and k = 0.5 W/mK. Determine how long the hot dog should be in the water (in s).
Approach:
For this transient conduction problem, we should first check the Biot number to determine if the lumped system approach can be used. If not, we will treat this as a multi-dimensional conduction problem in a solid with constant properties.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform. The conduction is two-dimensional transient in short cylinder.
Solution:
The Biot number for a short cylinder is Bi = hLchar k where Lchar = V A Volume Area
2 V = ( D 2 4 ) 2 L = ( 0.020 m ) 4 ( 0.15 m ) = 4.712 105 m3
A = D + 2 D 2 4 = ( 0.020 m )( 0.15 m ) + ( 0.02 m ) 2 = 1.005 102 m 2

2
= 2.34 > 0.1 0.5 W m K Because Bi > 0.1, the lumped systems approach is not valid. Assuming constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no internal heat generation, the transient temperature in a short cylinder is obtained by combining the solutions for an infinite plane wall and a infinite cylinder. T ( r, t ) Tf T ( r , x, t ) T f T ( x , t ) T f = Ti T f Ti T f plane Ti T f infinite
wall cylinder
( 250 W m K )( 4.688 10 Bi =
2
Lchar = 4.71210-5 m -3 1.00510-2 m 2 = 4.688 10 3 m

7
m)
At the centerline ( r = 0, x = 0 ) , the one-dimensional transient responses using the one-term approximation are: Plane wall T ( 0, t ) T f
Ti T f
2 = C1, w exp ( 1, ww )
Cylinder T ( 0, t ) T f
Ti T f
2 = C1,c exp ( 1, c c )
Combining these three equations T ( 0, 0, t ) T f 2 2 2 2 = C1, w exp ( 1, w rw ) C1, c exp ( 1, c c ) = C1, w C1, c exp ( 1, w w + 1, c c ) Ti T f with w = t L2 and c = t ro2 , = k c p = Solving for t 1 t= 2 2 1, w 1, c 2 + 2 ro L
(890 kg

0.5 W m K m
3
) ( 3350 J kg K )
= 1.68 107
m2 s
ln 1 C1, w C1,c
T ( 0, 0, t ) T f Ti T f
11- 66
The constants 1 and C1 are obtained from Table 11-2. Plane wall: 2 h L ( 250 W m K ) ( 0.075 m ) = = 37.5 1, w = 1.5294 and C1, w = 1.2722 Bi = k 0.5 W m K Cylinder: h r ( 250 )( 0.01 ) = 5.0 1,c = 1.9898 and C1 = 1.5029 Bi = o = 0.5 k
t=
(1.5294 ) (1.68 10 2 ( 0.075 m )

2
m s)
2
1 +
1 80 100 ln (1.2722 )(1.5029 ) 5 100 (1.9898) (1.68 10 m s )

2 7 2
( 0.01m )
Answer
= 232.5 = 3.86 min
11- 67
11-56 The same heat treating oven used in Problem P 11-44 is used to prepare the same geometry balls for a
different application. If the hot balls are cooled by natural convection in air at 20 C such that the heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m2K, determine the time for the surface temperature to reach 100 C (in s).
Approach:
This is a transient conduction problem. The Biot number should be checked first to determine if the lumped system method can be used. If it cannot, then we will use a onedimensional solution for a sphere.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The properties are constant. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform. The conduction is one-dimensional transient in a semi-infinite solid.
Solution:
The Biot number for this sphere is:
V D3 6 D = = A 6 D2 From Appendix A-2, for 304 stainless steel at 800 K , = 7900 kg m3 , k = 22.6 W m K , cP = 582 J kg K , Bi = h Lchar k
where
Lchar =
and
= k cP = 4.92 106 m 2 s
2
22.6 W m K So, a lumped system analysis is valid. The governing equation is T Tf h At = exp Ti T f m cP Solving for t with m = V and Lchar = V A = D 6 t= cP D T T f ln 6h Ti T f
(15 W m K ) ( 0.020 m 6 ) = 0.013 < 0.1 Bi =
kg J 7900 3 582 ( 0.020 m ) m kg K 100 40 = ln = 2660s = 44.3min = 0.74 hr W 850 40 15 ( 6) 2 m K
Answer
11- 68
11-57 In the thermal conductivity measurement device described in Problem P 11-7, you ask that a new sample of
the material be tested and the temperatures have changed to: T1 = 93.00 C T 2 = 84.97 C T 3 = 71.39 C T 4 = 69.13 C The same thermal conductivity for the unknown material is obtained. However, you are puzzled by the different temperatures and a decreased heat transfer rate. When you disassemble the test piece, you discover that the new operator did not assemble the pieces carefully enough, and the two ends have some roughness that should not be there. As a result of the roughness, there is thermal contact resistance. Determine the magnitude of the thermal contact resistance (in m2K/W).
Approach:
The heat transfer rate equation can be used ( Q = T Rtot ) to determine the contact resistance. The same heat transfer flows through both materials. We assume steady, onedimensional conduction with constant properties, and use the appropriate conduction equation.
Assumptions:
Solution:
We can use the rate equation between point 2 and point 3:
T2 T3 T = x R x Rtot 2I + contact + I 3 kA A A kB A where the subscript I represents the interface location. Dividing by A T2 T3 Q = q = x x2 I A + Rcontact + I3 kA kB Solving for Rcontact Q= T2 T3 x2 I xI 3 q kA kB Heat flux is determined from conduction in Material A (15.2 W m K ) k W q = A (T1 T2 ) = ( 93.00 84.97 ) K = 6100 2 0.02 m m x12 The thermal conductivity of Material B is determined by equating the heat flux in A to that in B k A (T1 T2 ) k B (T3 T4 ) but x12 = x34 = x12 x34 = Rcontact T T kB = k A 1 2 T3 T4 Rcontact = W 93.00 84.97 W = 15.2 = 54.0 m K m K 71.39 69.13 C 0.02 m 0.02 m m2 K = 5.40 104 15.2 W m K 54.0 W m K W
(84.97 71.39 )
6100 W m 2
Answer
11- 69
11-58 A device is to be constructed with a 3-mm 304 stainless steel plate and a 9-mm layer of 2024-T6
aluminum. The temperature drop across the composite wall will be 150 C. Two different manufacturing methods can be used. The first method will result in a surface roughness of the contacting parts of 25 m and a contact pressure of 25 MPa. The second method will result in a surface roughness of the contacting parts of 1.5 m and a contact pressure of 7 MPa. Estimate: a. the heat flux for these two manufacturing methods (in W/m2) b. the percent decrease in the heat flux compared to no contact resistance.
Approach:
The basic heat transfer rate equation, Q = T Rtot , can be used to estimate the heat flux. The thermal contact resistance must be estimated form those given in Table 11-6.
Assumptions:
Solution:
The heat transfer rate through the composite wall, assuming steady, one-dimensional conduction with constant properties is: T T = Q= Rcontact t1 t Rtot + + 2 k1 A1 k A 2 A2 Dividing through by area T Q = q = t1 t A + Rcontact + 2 k1 k2 The thermal conductivities are obtained from appendix A, and the two thermal contact resistances are estimated to be (from Table 11-6) R1 3 104 m 2 K W ( 25 m, 25 MPa ) and R1 = 0.5 4 m 2 K W
(1.5 m + 7 MPa )
q1 = 150 C W = 271, 600 2 2 0.003m m K 0.009 m m + 3 104 + 14.9 W m K W 177 W m K 150 W = 496, 400 2 0.003 0.009 m + 0.5 104 + 14.9 177
Answer
= q2
Answer
b) If there is no contact resistance 150 W Answer q = = 594,800 2 0.003 0.009 m + 14.9 177 594,800 271, 600 100 = 54.3% % decrease in case 1 594,800 594,800 496, 400 100 = 16.5% % decrease in case 2 594, 600
Answer Answer
Comment:
The estimate of the contact resistance can have a large impact on the answer. Because of uncertainties, care should be exercised when choosing a value to use.
11- 70
11-59 Significant manufacturing advances have been made to improve the speed of computer chips. The
technique is to place more discrete electronic components closer together. However, this increases the electric power dissipation to such high levels that cooling is becoming a problem. To accommodate the high power densities direct cooling with boiling has been investigated. Consider the 10-mm by 10-mm thin chip shown below, which is cooled by liquid at 25 C with a boiling heat transfer coefficient of 750 W/m2K. The chip is attached to the circuit board, and the contact resistance between the chip and board is estimated to be 1.4 10-4 m2K /W. The circuit board is 4-mm thick with a thermal conductivity of 2 W/mK. The backside of the board is exposed to air at 25 C with a heat transfer coefficient of 35 W/m2K. Determine: a. the thermal circuit of the chip, board, and cooling fluids combinations b. the chip temperature if the chip heat dissipation rate is 4 W (in C).
Approach:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional conduction, the basic rate equation Q = T Rtot can be used with
an energy balance on the chip to determine the chip temperature.
Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. The system is steady. The properties are constant. The heat transfer is onedimensional.
Solution:
a) Heat is transferred to the liquid and air, so the circuit diagram is shown above. b) Using the circuit diagram in part (a):
Tc T2 Tc T1 + 1 Rcontact 1 + h2 A2 A h1 A1 Solving for the chip temperature Q = QL + Qa = R 1 Q + h2 A2 T2 + contact + T1 A h1 A1 Tc = 1 R 1 h2 A2 + contact + h1 A1 A 1.4 104 m 2 K W 1 + 4 W + ( 750 W m K )( 0.0001m )( 25 C ) + 2 2 2 0.0001m 35 W m K 0.0001m ( )( ) = 1 1.4 104 m 2 K W ( 750 W m2 K )( 0.0001m2 ) + 0.0001m2 + 35 W m2 K1 0.0001m2 ( )( )
2 2
1 1
( 25 C )
= 76.0 C
Answer
11- 71
11-60 Annular fins 1.5-mm thick and 15-mm long are attached to a 30-mm diameter tube. Tube and fins are
2024-T6 aluminum. The thermal contact resistance between the fins and the tube is 2.5 10-4 m2K/W. The tube wall is at 75 C, the surrounding air temperature is 25 C, and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2K. For a single fin, determine: a. the heat transfer rate without contact resistance (in W) b. the heat transfer rate with contact resistance (in W).
Approach:
This is steady, one-dimensional conduction in a constant area fin. We can use the basic heat transfer rate equation Q = T Rtot to calculate the heat transfer from one fin.
Assumptions:
Solution:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional, constant properties, uniform heat transfer coefficient, and no radiation, and taking into account both the fin resistance and the contact resistance, the heat transfer rate equation is Tb T f T Q= = 1 R Rtot + f h Af Ab We use Figure 11-17 for the fin efficiency of this annular fin. For aluminum from Appendix A-2, k = 177 W m K . r1 = R = 0.015 m
r2C = r2 + t 2 = ( R + L ) + t 2 = 0.015 + 0.015 + 0.0015 2 = 0.0308 m r2C r1 = 0.0308 0.015 = 2.05 Lc = L + t 2 = 0.015 + 0.0015 2 = 0.0158 m h L k A p
32 c
Ap = Lc t = ( 0.0158 m )( 0.0015 m ) = 2.36 105 m 2

12
= ( 0.0158 m ) 0.90
32
100 W m 2 K 2 5 177 W m K 2.36 10 m ( ) ( )
12
= 0.307
From Figure 11-17, f
2 2 Af = 2 ( r22C r12 ) = 2 ( 0.0308 m ) ( 0.015 m ) = 4.55 103 m 2 4 Ab = 2 R t = 2 ( 0.015m )( 0.0015 m ) = 1.41 10 m 2
Without contact resistance

Q=
Answer = 20.5 W 1 ( 0.90 ) (100 W m 2 K )( 4.55 103 m 2 ) With contact resistance ( 75 25 ) K Q= = 11.9 W 1 2.5 104 m 2 K W + ( 0.90 ) (100 W m 2 K )( 4.55 103 m 2 ) 1.41104 m 2 Comment:
( 75 25 ) K
Answer
As can be seen in this problem, contact resistance can have a significant negative effect on heat transfer.
11- 72

CH 11

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CH 11

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11-1

(173 W )( 0.01m ) Qt W = = 24.0 A (T1 T2 ) 2 ( 0.10 m )( 0.10 m )( 42.3 38.7 ) K mK

(100.20 91.19 ) K = 6.59 W

( D2 cm )( 350m )(1m 100cm )

The insulation thermal resistance is that of a cylinder, so 11- 4

4 Therefore, the total cost is

100cm ([ D cm] [2.5cm] ) (350m ) $0.00015 = $4.12 ([ D cm ] 6.25 ) cm m

W ( 0.004 m ) Ts ,2 = 10 C 1218 2 = 4.82 C m ( 0.94 W m K )

Noting that AA = AB and x A = xB , so that

Now using the rate equation between T f ,1 and T1

( 407 W m ) = 143 (15 W m2 K ) ( 0.20 m )

Solving for C1 and C2

For the centerline temperature, x = 0 , q =

( 2000 W )( 0.0005 m ) ( 4 )( 0.30 m )( 0.30 m ) 0.5

k s = 13.4 W m K , kins = 0.046 W m K AE ,3 = ( 4 )( 0.708 ) = 0.394 m 2

A1 = ( 0.60 m )(1.75 m ) = 3.30 m 2 A3 = ( 0.708 m )(1.75 m ) = 3.89 m 2

1 1 K = = 0.00303 2 2 W h1 A1 (100 W m K )( 3.30 m ) ln ( D2 D1 ) 2 k s L

1 1 K = = 0.00353 2 2 W h1 AE ,1 (100 W m K )( 0.283m ) K W

1 1 K = = 0.0257 W h3 A3 (10 )( 3.89 ) ln ( D3 D2 ) 2 kins L

1 1 K = = 0.254 W h3 AE ,3 (10 )( 0.394 )

( 0.05 ) t2 K = = 2.76 kins AE ,3 ( 0.046 )( 0.394 ) W

( 0.004 ) t1 K = = 0.0011 kins AE ,1 (13.4 )( 0.283) W

K ( 0.00303 + 0.000090 + 0.301 + 0.0257 ) W = 136 + 14.8 = 151W

( 0.0353 + 0.0011 + 2.76 + 0.254 )

$ 0.05 1kw Electricity cost = (151W )( 24 hr ) = $ 0.181 kw hr 1000 W

at Tavg = (10 + 60 ) 2 = 35 C , = 993.9 kg m3 , cP = 4.175 kJ kg K

500 W m 2 K The maximum temperature is

( 300,000 W m ) ( 0.1m ) =152

the required thicknesses.

Now, equating this known q to conduction from point 4 to point 5

Btu 4 40 hr ft 2 F m L = ( 0.125ft ) 64 Btu 0.2 ft hr ft F 12 T ( L ) = 75 F + (150-75 ) F

40 Btu 0.2 64 Btu 0.2 2 = (150 75 ) F ft ft hr ft F 12 hr ft F 4 12 = 11.7 Btu hr

Therefore, for whole rod (2 fins)

3 2 2 = 2 ( 0.0105m ) 3m ( 499 )( 0.001m ) + ( 499 ) ( 8.09 10 m ) = 4.202 m

t 0.001m = 0.025m+ = 0.0255 m 2 2 Ap = L* t = ( 0.0255 m )( 0.001m ) = 2.55 105 m 2

From the figure, f

+ 5.23 105 + 0.02525 )

L* = L + Ax p = 0.15 m + 7.85 105 m 2 0.0314 m = 0.1525 m

2 5 2 Q = (100 25 ) K m ( 0.1525m ) ( h W m K ) ( 0.0314m )( k W mK ) ( 7.85 10 m ) tanh

T ( L ) = 25 C + (100 25 ) K T ( L ) = 96.9 C T ( L ) = 93.2 C T ( L ) = 53.9 C

From Appendix A-2, for pure aluminum, k = 237 W m K

m L* = (14.52 m -1 ) ( 0.026 m ) = 0.378 = 0.954

Q = ( 0.962 ) ( 50 W m 2 K )( 0.158 m 2 ) ( 60 25 ) K = 266 W

p = D = ( 0.0015 m ) = 4.712 103 m

W 3 200 m 2 K ( 4.712 10 m ) m = 401 W 1.767 106 m 2 ) ( mK

m L* = ( 36.47 m -1 ) ( 0.01038 m ) = 0.379

tanh (1.308 ) 1.308

The other parameters in the equations are: N = 1 , Af = 2W ( L* ) ,

Q = q A1 = q 2 r1 H = (105 W m 2 ) 2 ( 0.050 m )( 0.026 m ) = 816.8 W Rwall = Rbase =

For the fin side

Area of one fin:

2 2 Total area: Atot = 2 ( 0.060 m ) 0.026 m ( 6 )( 0.002 m ) + 6 ( 0.02385 m ) = 0.1484 m

2 2 Af = 2 ( r42C r32 ) = 2 ( 0.086 m ) ( 0.060 m ) = 0.02385 m 2

Now for the parameters in Fig. 11-17.

L* = L + t 2 = ( 0.085 0.60 ) + 0.002 2 = 0.026 m AP = L*t = ( 0.026 m )( 0.002 m ) = 5.2 105 m 2 L

r4C 0.086 = = 1.43 0.060 r3

150 W m 2 K 2 5 ( 230 W m K ) ( 5.2 10 m )

From Fig 11-17, f

The overall surface efficiency is 6 ( 0.02385 m 2 ) o = 1 (1 0.84 ) = 0.846 0.1484 m 2

Finally, the inside wall temperature is:

At the base of the fins: T3 = 30 + ( 816.8 ) [ 0.0797 ] = 95.1 C

1 1 K = = 2.00 2 h1 ACB ( 25 W m K ) ( 0.1m )( 0.2 m ) W K K TCB = 25 C + ( 24.5 W ) 0.00962 + 2.00 = 74.2 C W W

Area of one fin: Total area: