Endurance

Repeated applications of force

What is Endurance?
Have to think about energy and energy flow
What is limiting in speed or strength activities?
Flow of energy more precisely energy converted into mechanical force energy converted = force = speed/strength

Stronger/faster person has a higher energy flow

What is Endurance?
Which of the following is endurance?
Swimming faster over 10km Swimming longer before having to stop

Both, but
Swimming faster means greater flow of energy Swimming longer means?

Physics
Normally in racing, an athlete covers a set distance
The winner is the one who does it in the least amount of time

So this means distance and time are important factors

=

Velocity, Work and Power

Velocity (speed) is a function of Force
F = ma
Where force is required to accelerate the body (or push against a resistance)

Relationship between Force and distance () = Energy expenditure =

Power
In strength Power was referred to as = In endurance, it is better to think of power as = Where Speed, length of race and time taken are included

Power
Power is also useful as it tells us about energy
Remember that = Gives us the amount of energy in joules

Where else do we see joules? Food! kJ is the metric version of kilocalories 1 kcal = 4.184kJ

Efficiency
Allows us to calculate mechanical energy use during movement
Only mechanical energy not total energy
Keep in mind that significant amounts of energy in food are converted to heat

. = 100

Efficiency
Difficult to measure in humans
Dont have a clear idea of inputs (food burned) or outputs Cycling - easy to measure output in units of energy Running difficult to measure output in units of energy Food CHO, Fat and Protein are burned differentially during exercise remember RER/R/RQ

Running Economy
Kinda like efficiency but not really
Input and output units are different

However can be a useful measure RE = VO2 / a given running speed

Less oxygen use at a given speed indicates improved running economy

What does this all mean?

For distance performance: 1. Ability to produce high power output for extended period of time 2. Ability to efficiently convert chemical energy into mechanical energy 3. Ability to efficiently convert mechanical energy of muscles into movement 4. Eliminate losses of efficiency due to friction

Friction
Trying to move through air or water results in friction
Also note that there is internal friction during movement

Force is required to overcome friction

Means less unbalanced force, less acceleration

Pacing Strategy
Running slower but still winning!
Olympic 800m final N. Schumann 1:44.08 V=7.63m/s W. Kipketer 1:45.14 V=7.73m/s Distance Run: Schumann 802m Kipketer 813m

Pacing Strategy

Final times were not significantly different per strategy (SUB 351.1 +/- 6.2, EVEN 348.9 +/- 7.5, and SUPRA 345.8 +/- 5.8 s).