GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION (GDI) IN TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE Submitted by A$THOR/ P0 KISHORE K$MAR CO*A$THOR/ M0 GOK$LA KRISHNAN

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (An Autonomous Institution a i!iat"# to Anna $ni%"&sit' Coim(ato&") COIM)ATORE * +,- ..,

four"stroke engine$. This is accomplished by using the beginning of the compression stroke and the end of the combustion stroke to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust #or scavenging$ functions. n this way two"stroke engines often provide strikingly high specific power, at least in a narrow range of rotations speeds. The functions of some or all of the valves re%uired by a four"stroke engine are usually served in a two"stroke engine by ports that are opened and closed by the motion of the pistons, greatly reducing the number of moving parts. Fou& St&o2" En3in" The four strokes refer to intake, compression, combustion #power$ and exhaust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per power cycle &T'() stroke* on the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, increasing the volume of the cylinder. ' mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel engine, is forced by atmospheric #or greater$ pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve then closes. The volume of air+fuel mixture that is drawn into the cylinder, relative to the maximum volume of the cylinder, is called the volumetric efficiency of the engine. ,-./0)11 -& stroke* with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air or fuel"air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head. 2uring the compression stroke the temperature of the air or fuel"air mixture rises by several hundred degrees. /-3)0 stroke* this is the start of the second revolution of the cycle. 3hile the piston is close to Top 2ead ,entre, the compressed air4fuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, usually by a spark plug,

A)STRACT The two stroke engines which was majorly used for single cylinder two wheelers are now expired from the market due its poor fuel efficiency and pollution. Besides these drawbacks the two stroke engines have many advantages over fourstroke engines like mechanical effeciency of the two stroke engine is 1.3 times the four stroke engines since there is no valves, t is simple in construction and weight of the engine is comparabley less, manufacturing and maintanance cost is less, the parts to be lubricated is less. !ence by elemenating the disdvantages specified above the two stroke engines could be brought back to the use and employed in the two wheelrs. This research work deals with the solution to those problems in two stroke engine. By this low cost efficient two wheelers could be manufactured to adhering to the latest pollution norms. The fuel efficiency and low emission of the four stroke engine is due to fuel injection system. f this system is suitably employed in the two stroke engines these benefits could be achieved in low cost compared to the four stroke engines. mplementation of this system will increase the fuel efficiency and reduce the emission. INTROD$CTION T1o st&o2" "n3in" Two"stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the process cycle in one revolution of the crank shaft #an up stroke and a down stroke of the piston, compared to twice that number for a

or fuel is injected into a diesel engine, which ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression stroke. The resulting pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel"air mixture forces the piston back down toward bottom dead centre. )5!'61T stroke* during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead centre while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent fuel"air mixture through the exhaust valve COMPARISON )ETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FO$R STROKE ENGINE 1$ 7enerally a two stroke engine is lighter and has less moving parts so loses less power through friction and inertia, Because 8 stroke engines fire every 8 strokes they can develop more power. 8$ n the case of two"stroke engines, for every two strokes of the piston inside the cylinder, one power stroke is produced 3$ n four"stroke engines, power is produced once during four strokes of the piston. 9or the same si:e engine, the power produced by the two"stroke engine is more that the four"stroke engine. ;$ 1ince there are no valves in the two" stroke engine and only ports, they are cheaper and re%uire less maintenance. <$ 3ith two"stroke engines, the tor%ue produced on the crankshaft is more uniform because the power is produced during every alternate stroke of the piston. =$ .echanical efficiency is high since the moving parts is less >$ 1tarting is easy ?$ The two"stroke engine does not operate with the same efficiency at different speeds. 1@$ 3hen the carburetorAs throttle valve is partly opened, the air"fuel mixture taken inside the cylinder is not sufficient to drive out all the exhaust gases,

11$ Beaving some of the exhaust gases inside the cylinder even during the combustion stroke causes non"uniform burning of the fuel and inconsistent efficiency at different speeds. 18$ 1ince in two"stroke engines power stroke is produced after every stroke, a large amount of heat is generated within them. 13$ To reduce the temperature of the engine and keep the moving parts well" lubricated, good lubrication and cooling systems for the engine are re%uired. 1;$ ,onsumption of lubricant oil is high 1<$ 3ear and tear of the moving parts is high 1;$ Thermal efficiency is very low, since the combustion of the air fuel mixture is not complete

OPERATION/ PISTON FROM TDC TO )DC

1. The inlet port is closed and the air is subjected to crankcase compression. 8. The piston opens the exhaust port the exhaust gasses in the previous cycle combustion will leave the cylinder. 3. Then the transfer port is opened and the scavenging is done by the incoming air by this the remaining exhaust gas is forced out by the incoming air. PISTON FROM )DC TO TDC

1. The piston close transfer port. 8. The piston closes the exhaust. &ow the compression of the charge starts 3. The fuel is injected inside combustion chamber immediately after the exhaust port is closed ;. The injection pressure is around ?@ bars. <. The piston uncover the inlet port and the air enter inside the crankcase =. gnition takes place just before the piston reaches T2, and the fuel is burnt. AD4ANTAGES/ 1. -nly air is used for scavenging so waste of air fuel mixture through the exhaust port is prevented. 8. 9uel is injected in high pressure so atomisation of the fuel is good and complete combustion will takes place.#injection pressure is around ?@ bar$

F$EL INJECTION IN TWO STROKE ENGINE

Then the fuel injection starts at >3@ after B2, <. The fuel injection ends by >?@ after B2, COMPONENTS ;. 1$ 9uel injection pump 8$ 9uel injector 3$ 1ensors 1. The fuel from the fuel tank is given to the fuel pump. 8. Then the pump pressuri:es the fuel to around ?@ bar pressure. 3. Then the fuel is taken to the injector through the high pressure line. ;$ Cirtual instrumentation <$ battery

ELECTRONIC ENGINE MNAGEMENT SYSTEM

HARDWARE DESIGN OF 4I SYSTEM

PROGRAM
SENSING PLACE ACT$ATORS SENSORS

INLET MANIFOLD CRANK SHAFT

TEMP SENSOR
SPEED SENSOR

DAQ CARD

HIGH PRESSURE PUMP

INLET MANIFOLD

MANIFOLD PRESSURE

FUEL INJECTOR

THROTTLE VALVE

THROTTLE POSITION

SPARK PLUG MASS FLOW

AIR INLET

LAMBDA SENSOR (OXYGEN)

EXHAUST MANIFOLD

SENSORS/ T5&ott!" Position S"nso&* Throttle position sensor will give the position of the throttle valve by which the control system is able to sense the re%uirement of the driver. )ngine idling condition is also given by this system. S6""# S"nso&" 1peed sensor will give the engine rpm to the system this will help the system to determine the timing of injection and ignition Mass F!o1 Rat" S"nso&* mass flow rate sensor in placed in the inlet manifold. t will give the amount of fuel drawn into the cylinder per cycle. This will help the control system to determine the load on the engine Atmos65"&i7 Ai& T"m6"&atu&" S"nso&* 'tmospheric air temperature sensor will give temperature of the air in the inlet.

In!"t P&"ssu&" S"nso&* inlet manifold pressure sensor is placed in the inlet manifold this will give the information about the suction created in the cylinder during the suction stroke Lam(#a S"nso&* Bambda sensor is an oxygen sensor which will give the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas. This will give the feedback of the combustion to the system. This intern will control the amount of air and fuel for the combustion 4IRT$AL SYSTEM/ INSTR$MENTATION /ort Timing 2iagram of Two 1troke 72 )ngine The inlet port is opened by the piston ;<@ to <<@ before T2, position. 8$ The inlet port is closed ;<@ @ to << after the T2,. 3$ The exhaust port is closed =<@ to ><@ before B2,. ;$ The exhaust port is closed =<@ to ><@ after the B2,. <$ The transfer port is opened <<@ to =<@ before B2,. =$ The transfer port is closed <<@ =<@ after T2,. >$ The ignition takes place at 1<@ to 8<@ before T2,. ?$ The fuel injection starts at >@@ to ><@ after B2,. D$ The fuel injection ends ><@ to ?@@ after B2, CONCL$SION/ Thus implementing gasoline direct injection system in two stroke petrol )ngines along with the electronic engine management system we could achieve various advantages which will be competitive with the modern four stroke engine in all the ways like fuel efficiency, power developed and emission norms. The ultimate aim of this project is to bring the two stroke use again with satisfying the latest social and environmental re%uirements. REFERENCE/ 1$ , )ngines" v. 7anesan 1$

t is the control unit of the system, Cirtual instrumentation is software which will interface the sensors and give the signals to the actuators according to the program loaded. The entire system of operation is controlled by this system with the help of inputs from the sensors and the program loaded to it. t collects the various data from sensors like throttle position, inlet air pressure, mass flow rate of air, atmospheric air temperature, engine speed, load on engine, and control the entire operation of the engine. t is a closed loop system since it will get the feedback from the lambda sensor placed in the exhaust manifold which will give the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust gas. 'mount of oxygen present in the exhaust gas will indicate the incomplete combustion so with respect to the input from the lambda sensor control system will evaluate the fuel injection timing and amount of fuel to be injected. PORT TIMING

8$ 'utomotive spark"ignited direct" injection gasoline engine"9. Ehao, 2.B. !arrington 3$ 1ensors for 'utomotive Technology " F. .arek

;$ 7asoline 9uel njection 1ystem " B" Fetronic 4 Bosch <$ 'utomotive ,ontrol 1ystems " Bars &ielsen