ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING GIBILISCO CHAPTER 1 The atomic number of an element is determined by Ans: the

the number of protons The atomic weight of an element is approximately determined by Ans: the number protons plus the number of neutrons Suppose there is an atom oxygen. Containing eight protons and eight neutrons in the nucleus, and the two neutrons are added to the nucleus. What is the resulting atomic weight? Ans: 1 An ion Ans: !"n h"#e e$ther pos$t$#e or ne%"t$#e !h"r%e An isotope Ans: !"n h"#e e$ther pos$t$#e or ne%"t$#e !h"r%e A molecule Ans: !"n !ons$st of " s$n%le "tom of "n element In a compound, Ans: There must "l&"'s be t&o or more elements An electrical insulator can made a conductor Ans: b' $on$($n% $t) f the following substances, the worst conductor is Ans: "$r) f the following substances, the best conductor is Ans: !opper !o"ement of holes in a semiconductor Ans: results $n " !ert"$n "mount of ele!tr$! !urrent) If a material has low resistance, then Ans: $t $s " %oo* !on*u!tor) A coulomb Ans: $s "n e+tremel' l"r%e of !h"r%e !"rr$ers) A stro#e of lightning Ans: $s " *$s!h"r%e of st"t$! ele!tr$!$t') The "olt is the standard unit of Ans: ele!tromot$#e for!e If an $!% of & "olt is placed across a resistance of ' ohms, then the current is Ans: h"lf "n "mpere In a battery, chemical energy can sometimes be replenished by Ans: !h"r%$n% $t) A fluctuating magnetic field Ans: pro*u!es " flu!tu"t$n% ele!tr$! f$el*) (isible light is con"erted into electricity Ans: $n " photo#olt"$! !ell) The fre.uency of common household ac in the -nited States is Ans: 4. H( /alf0wa"e rectification means that Ans: h"lf of the "! &"#e $s !ut3off) In the output of a half0wa"e rectifier, Ans: the effe!t$#e #olt"%e $s less th"n th"t of the "! $nput &"#e) In the output of a full wa"e rectifier, Ans: the effe!t$#e #olt"%e $s the s"me "s th"t of the "! $nput &"#e) A low "oltage, such as &' (, Ans: !"n be *"n%erous un*er !ert"$n !on*$t$ons) Which of the following units can represent magnetomoti"e force? Ans: The "mpere3turn Which of the foloowing units can represent magnetic flux density? Ans: the %"uss) A ferromagnetic material Ans: !on!entr"tes m"%net$! flu+ l$nes &$th$n $tself)

CHAPTER 5 The attraction or repulsion between two electrically charged ob1ect is called Ans: Ele!trost"t$! for!e The change in the direction of a compass needle, when current carrying wire is brought near, is called Ans: Ele!trom"%net$! *efle!t$on Suppose a certain current in a gal"anometer causes the needle to deflect by '+ degrees, and then this current is doubled while the polarity stays the same. The angle of the deflection will Ans: $n!re"se) ne important ad"antage of an electrostatic meter is the fact that Ans: $t !"n *ete!t "n* $n*$!"te "! #olt"%es "s &ell "s *! #olt"%es) A thermocouple Ans: %ets &"rm &hen *! flo&s thou%h $t) An important ad"antage of an electromagnet type meter o"er a permanent magnet meter is the fact that Ans: the ele!trom"%net meter %ets more ru%%e*) Ammeter shunts are useful because Ans: the' "llo& for me"surements of l"r%e !urrents) (oltmeters should ha"e Ans: h$%h $ntern"l res$st"n!e) In order to measure the power0supply "oltage that is applied to an electrical circuit, a "oltmeter should be placed Ans: $n p"r"llel &$th the !$r!u$t th"t &or1s from the suppl') Which of the following will not normally cause a large error in an ohmmeter reading? Ans: A sm"ll !h"n%e $n the res$st"n!e to be me"sure*) The main ad"antage of %$T(! o"er a con"entional "oltmeter is the fact that the %$T(! Ans: *r"&s less !urrent from the !$r!u$t un*er test) Which of the following is not a function of a fuse? Ans: To ensure there $s enou%h !urrent "#"$l"ble for "n "ppl$"n!e to &or1 r$%ht) The utility2s motor speed depends directly on Ans: the number of &"tt3hours be$n% use* "t the t$me) A utility meter2s readout indicates Ans: ener%') A typical fre.uency counter Ans: $s "!!ur"te to s$+ *$%$ts or more) A (- meter is ne"er used to get a general indication of Ans: #$s$ble l$%ht $ntens$t') The meter mo"ement in an illumination meter directly measures

CHAPTER , A positi"e electric pole Ans: h"s fe&er ele!trons th"n the ne%"t$#e poleAn $!% of & ( Ans: !"n somet$mes pro*u!e " l"r%e !urrent A potentially lethal electric current is on the order of Ans: .)1 A A current of ') A is most li#ely drawn by Ans: " t'p$!"l househol* *ou are told that an air conditioner has cooled a room by )++ ,To"er a certain period of time. What is this amount of energy in #Wh? Ans: .)1/0 12h f the following energy units, the most often used to define electrical energy is Ans: the 1$lo&"tt3hour

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Ans: !urrent) An oscilloscope cannot be used to indicate Ans: Ener%' What power rating is good for this application, but not needlessly high? Ans: 9 2 Suppose a & # 3 resistor will dissipate &.+) W, and you ha"e a good supply of & W resistors of "arious ohmic "alues. If there2s room for '+ percent resistance error, the cheapest solution is to use Ans: " p"$r of ,), 1:6 132 res$stors $n p"r"llel)

CHAPTER / Suppose you double the "oltage in a somple dc circuit, and cut the resistance in half. The current will Ans: be!omes four t$mes "s %re"t) *ou can expect to find a wiring diagram Ans: $n the ser#$!e-rep"$r m"nu"l for " t&o3&"' r"*$o) Suppose you ha"e an unlimited supply of &0W, &++03 resistors. *ou need to get a &++0 3, &+0W resistor. This can be done most cheaply by means of a series0parallel matrix of Ans: /+/ res$stors) Suppose you ha"e an unlimited supply of &0W, &+++03 resistors and you need a )++03 resistance rated at 4 W or more. This can be done by assembling Ans: four sets of res$tors $n ser$es6 "n* !onne!t$n% these four sets $n p"r"llel) Suppose you ha"e an unlimited supply of &0W, &+++03 resistors and you need to get a 5+++03, )0W resistance. The best way is to Ans: *o someth$n% other th"n "n' of the "bo#e 6ood engineering practice usually re.uires that a series0parallel resisti"e networ# be assembled Ans: form res$stors th"t "re "ll $*ent$!"l)

CHAPTER 0 The chemical energy in a battery or cell Ans: !h"n%es to ele!tr$!"l ener%' &hen the !ell $s use*) A cell cannot be recharged is #nown as Ans: " pr$m"r' !ell) A Weston cell is generally used Ans: "s " #olt"%e referen!e sour!e) The "oltage produced by a battery of multiple cells connected in series is Ans: more th"n the #olt"%e pro*u!e* b' " !ell of the s"me !ompos$t$on) A direct short0circuit of a large battery can cause Ans: " ph's$!"l rupture or e+plos$on) Al#aline cells Ans: %ener"ll' &or1 better $n r"*$os th"n ($n!3!"rbon !ells) The energy in a cell or battery depends mainly on Ans: $ts ph's$!"l s$(e) In which of the following de"ices would a lantern battery most li#ely be found? Ans: " t&o3&"' port"ble r"*$o) In which of the following de"ices would a transistor battery be the best power choice? Ans: "n ele!tron$! !"l!ul"tor %or which of the following applications would you choose a lithium battery? Ans: A m$!ro!omputer memor' b"!1up) Where would you most li#ely find a lead0acid battery? Ans: In "n un$nterrupt$ble po&er suppl') A cell or battery that maintains a constant current0deli"ering capability almost until it dies is said to ha"e Ans: A fl"t *$s!h"r%e !ur#e) Where might you find a nic#el0based battery? Ans: ;ore th"n one of the "bo#e) A disad"antage of mercury cells and batteries is the fact that Ans: mer!ur' $s *estru!t$#e to the en#$ronment) What #ind of battery should ne"er be used until it dies? Ans: N$!1el b"se*) The useful current that is deli"ered by a solar power system Ans: !onne!t$n% t&o or more %roups of sol"r !ells $n p"r"llel) An interacti"e solar power system Ans: "llo&s " homeo&ner to sell po&er to the ele!tr$! !omp"n') An ad"antage of methanol o"er hydrogen for use in fuel cells is the fact that Ans: meth"nol $s e"s$er to tr"nsport "n* store)

CHAPTER 7 In a series0connected string of ornament bulbs, if one bulb gets shorted out, which of the following will occur? Ans: The !urrent $n the str$n% &$ll %o up) %ill in the blan# in the following sentence to ma#e it true7 8In a series or parallel dc circuit sum of the 999s in each component is e.ual to the 999 pro"ided by the power supply.: Ans: &"tt"%e In a "oltage di"ider networ#, the total resistance Ans: shoul* be "s sm"ll "s the po&er suppl' &$ll "llo&) The maximum "oltage output from a "oltage di"ider Ans: $s e8u"l to the suppl' #olt"%e) CHAPTER 4 ;roper biasing in an amplifier circuit Ans: !"n be obt"$ne* us$n% " #olt"%e *$#$*er net&or1) A transistor can be protected from needless o"erheating by Ans: " !urrent l$m$t$n% res$stor) A bleeder resistor Ans: $s !onne!te* "!ross the !"p"!$tor $n " po&er suppl') Carbon composition resitors Ans: h"#e essent$"ll' no !"p"!$t"n!e or $n*u!t"n!e) A logical place for a wirewound resistor Ans: $n " h$%h po&er *! !$r!u$t) A metal film resistor Ans: *oes not h"#e mu!h $n*u!t"n!e) What type of resistor, or combination of resistors, would you use as the meter0sensiti"ity control in a test instrument, when continuous ad1ustment is desired? Ans: A l$ne"r t"per potent$ometer) What type of resistor, or combination of resistors, would you use as the "olume control in a stereo compact0disc <C=> player? Ans: An "u*$o t"per potent$ometer) An ad"antage of rheostat o"er a potentiometer is the fact that Ans: " rheost"t !"n h"n*le more !urrent) A resistor has a "alue of ?@+ 3, and you expect that it will ha"e to draw & mA maximum continuous current in a circuit you2re building.

CHAPTER The geomagnetic field Ans: m"1es " !omp"ss &or1) 6eomagnetic lines of flux Ans: "re hor$(ont"l "t the %eom"%net$! e8u"tor) A material that can be permanently magnetiAed is generally said to be Ans: ferrom"%net$!)

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco The force between a magnet and a piece of ferromagnetic metal that has not been magnetiAed Ans: $s ne#er be repuls$#e) The presence of a magnetic field can always be attributed to Ans: mot$on of ele!tr$! !h"r%e !"rr$ers) Bines of magnetic flux are said to origniate Ans: "t " north m"%net$! pole) The magnetic flux around a straight, current0carrying wire Ans: $s stron%est ne"r the &$re) The gauss is a unit of Ans: m"%net$! flu+ *ens$t' A unit of o"erall magnetic field .uantity is the Ans: ;"+&ell) Which of the following can occur during a geomagnetic storm? Ans: ;ore th"n one "bo#e !"n o!!ur) An ac electromagnet Ans: "ttr"!ts pure6 unm"%net$(e* $ron) An ad"antage of an electromaganet o"er a permanent magnet is a fact that Ans: "n ele!trom"%net !"n be s&$t!he* on "n* off) A substance with high retenti"ity Ans: $s &ell su$te* to m"1$n% " perm"nent m"%net) Suppose a relay is connected into a circuit so that a de"ice gets a signal only when the relay coil carries current. The relay is Ans: norm"ll' open) A de"ice that repeatedly re"erses the polarity of a magnetic field in order to #eep a dc motor rotating is #nown as Ans: A !ommut"tor) A high tape0recorder motor speed is generally used for Ans: #$*eo re!or*$n% "n* pl"'b"!1) An ad"antage of a magnetic dis#, compared with magnetic tape, for data storage and retrie"al is that Ans: *"t" !"n be store* "n* retr$e#e* more 8u$!1l' &$th *$s1s th"n t"pes) A magnetic hard dis# is usually part of Ans: A !omputer) The current flowing into a power in a dc circuit is e.ual to the current Ans: <lo&$n% out of th"t po$nt) In a loudness meter in a hi0fi system is generally calibrated in Ans: =e!$bels) An electrically charged atom <either positi"e or negati"e> is #nown as Ans: "n $on) The pea# "oltage in an ac wa"e is always Ans: $s %re"ter th"n or e8u"l to the "#er"%e #olt"%e) A primiti"e de"ice for indicating the presence of an electric current is Ans: " %"l#"nometer) A disad"antage of mercury cells is the fact that they Ans: !"n "*#ersel' "ffe!t the en#$ronment &hen *$s!"r*e*) Which of the following is not a common use for a resistor or set of resistors Ans: Help$n% " !"p"!$tor to hol* $ts !h"r%e for " lon% t$me) When an electrical charge exists but there is no flow of current, the charge is said to be Ans: st"t$!) The sum of the "oltages, going around a dc circuit, but not including the power supply, has Ans: "n e8u"l #"lue6 but the oppos$te pol"r$t' from6 the suppl') A watt0hour meter measures Ans: Ener%') $"ery chemical element has its own uni.ue type of particle, which is #nown as its Ans: Proton) An ad"antage of magnetic dis# o"er magnetic tape for data storage is the fact that Ans: *"t" stor"%e "n* retr$e#"l $s f"ster on *$s1) A sample of material with resistance so high that it can be considered infinite for most practical purposes is #nown as Ans: "n $nsul"tor) ;rimary cells Ans: !"nnot be re!h"r%e*) A rheostat Ans: !"n be use* $n h$%h #olt"%e "n*-or h$%h po&er *! !$r!u$ts) /ow much a typical dry cell pro"ide? Ans: 1)7 >) A geomagnetic storm Ans: !"n *$sturb the e"rth?s m"%net$! f$el*) The ad"antage of an al#aline cell o"er a carbon Ainc cell is the fact that Ans: the "l1"l$ne !ell !"n *el$#er useful !urrent "t lo& temper"tures) A unit of electrical charge .uantity is the Ans: Coulomb) A unit of conductance is the Ans: S$emens) The main difference between a lantern battery and a transistor battery is the fact that Ans: A l"ntern b"tter' h"s more ener%' store* $n $t th"n " fresh tr"ns$stor b"tter') Cic#el based batteries would most li#ely be found Ans: $n h"n*hel* r"*$o tr"ns!e$#ers) A "oltmeter should ha"e Ans: H$%h $ntern"l res$st"n!e) The purpose of a bleeder resistor is to Ans: prote!t people "%"$nst the *"n%er of ele!tr$! sho!1) A dc electromagnet Ans: h"s !onst"nt pol"r$t')

TEST: PART 1 An application in which an analog meter would almost always be preferred o"er a digital meter is Ans: the s$%n"l stren%th $n*$!"tor $n " r"*$o re!e$#er) Which of the following statement is false? Ans: The !urrent $n " *! !$r!u$t $s *$#$*e* up "mon% the res$st"n!es) The ohm is a unit of Ans: oppos$t$on to ele!tr$!"l !urrent) A wiring diagram differs from a schematic diagram in that Ans: A &$r$n% *$"%r"m sho&s the !omponent #"lues6 but " s!hem"t$! *$"%r"m m$%ht not) In which of the following places would you be most li#ely to find a wirewound resistor? Ans: A *! !$r!u$t lo!"t$on &here " l"r%e "mount of po&er must be *$ss$p"te*) The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is #nown as the Ans: "tom$! number) A hot wire ammeter Ans: !"n me"sure "! "s &ell "s *!) Which of the following units indicates at which energy is expended? Ans: 2"tt Which of the following states hm2s Baw? Ans: Ohms e8u"l #olts *$#$*e* b' "mperes)

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco The rate at which charged carriers flow is measured in Ans: Amperes A de"ice commonly used for remote switching of high0current circuits is Ans: A rel"') !emory in nic#el0based cell or battery Ans: !"n usu"ll' be reme*$e* b' repe"te* *$s!h"r%$n% "n* re!h"r%$n%) A material with high permeability Ans: !on!entr"tes the m"%net$! l$nes of flu+) A chemical compound Ans: !ons$sts of t&o or more "toms) The main problem with bar0graph meters is the fact that Ans: the' !"nnot %$#e #er' pre!$se re"*$n%s) In a small inductance Ans: ener%' $s store* "n* rele"se* 8u$!1l') A ferromagnetic core is placed in an inductor mainly to Ans: $n!re"se the $n*u!t"n!e) Inductors in series, assuming there is no mutual inductance, combine Ans: l$1e res$stors $n ser$es) With permeability tuning, mo"ing the coil further into a solenoidal coil Ans: $n!re"ses the $n*u!t"n!e) A significant ad"antage in some situations of a toroidal core o"er a solenoid is the fact that Ans: the m"%net$! flu+ $n " toro$* $s pr"!t$!"ll' "ll &$th$n the !ore) A ma1or feature of a pot core inductor is Ans: l"r%e $n*u!t"n!e $n sm"ll #olume) As an inductor core material, air Ans: h"s h$%h perme"b$l$t') At a fre.uency of E++ /A, which is in the A% range, the most li#ely form for an inductor would be Ans: toro$*"l) At a fre.uency of F).4 !/A, which is in the fre.uency0modulation <%!> broadcast band and is considered part of the "ery high fre.uency <(/%> radio spectrum, a good form for an inductor would be Ans: "$r3!ore) The main problem with bar0graph meters is the fact that Ans: the' !"nnot %$#e #er' pre!$se re"*$n%s)

CHAPTER @ Which of the following can "ary with ac, but ne"er with dc? Ans: <re8uen!' The length of time between a point in one cycle and the same point in the next cycle of an ac wa"e is the Ans: Per$o* n a spectrum analyAer, an ac signal ha"ing only one fre.uency component loo#s li#e Ans: A s$n%le p$p) The period of an ac wa"e, in seconds, is Ans: e8u"l to 1 *$#$*e* b' the fre8uen!' $n Hert( The ?th harmonic of an ac wa"e whose period is &.+++ millisecond <&.+++ ms> has a fre.uency of Ans: 4)... 1H( A degree of phase represents Ans: 1-54. of " !'!le Suppose that two ac wa"es ha"e the same fre.uency but differ in phase by exactly &D'+ of a cycle. What is the phase difference between these two wa"es? Ans: 1 . *e%rees) A triangular wa"e exhibits Ans: " *ef$ne* r$se "n* " *ef$ne* *e!"'6 "n* the t&o "re e8u"l) Three phase ac Ans: !ons$sts of three s$ne &"#es $n *$fferent ph"ses) If two perfect sine wa"es ha"e the same fre.uency and the same amplitude, but are in opposite phase, the composite wa"e Ans: h"s (ero "mpl$tu*e Ath"t $s6 $t *oes noe e+$stB6 be!"use the t&o $nput &"#es !"n!el e"!h other out) If two perfect sine wa"es ha"e the same fre.uency and the same phase. The composite wa"e Ans: $s " s$ne &"#e &$th "n "mpl$tu*e e8u"l to the sum of the "mpl$tu*es of the t&o or$%$n"l &"#es) In a perfect sine wa"e, the pea#0to0pea# amplitude is e.ual to Ans: t&$!e the pe"1 "mpl$tu*e Which one of the following does not affect the power output a"ailable from a particular ac generator? Ans: The t'pe of n"tur"l ener%' sour!e use*) If a &4) ( dc source were connected in series with the utility mains from a standard wall outlet, the result would be Ans: <lu!tu"t$n% *!) An ad"antage of ac o"er dc in utility applications is the fact that Ans: "! $s e"s$er to tr"nsform one #olt"%e to "nother)

CHAPTER 11 Capacitance acts to store electrical energy as Ans: ele!tr$! f$el*) As capacitor plate area increases, all other things being e.ual, Ans: the !"p"!$t"n!e $n!re"ses) As the spacing between plates in a capacitor is smaller, all other things being e.ual, Ans: the !"p"!$t"n!e $n!re"ses) A material with a high dielectric constant Ans: "!ts to $n!re"se !"p"!$t"n!e per un$t #olume) The main ad"antage of air as a dielectric material for capacitors is the fact that it Ans: h"s lo& loss) Which of the following is not a characteristic of mica capacitors? Ans: Sm"ll s$(e6 e#en for l"r%e #"lues of !"p"!$t"n!e) The main problem with bar0graph meters is the fact that Ans: the' !"nnot %$#e #er' pre!$se re"*$n%s) Which of the following capacitance "alues is most typical of a dis#0 ceramic capacitor? Ans: 1.. p< Which of the following capacitance "alues is most typical of a paper capacitor? Ans: .).1 u< Which of the following capacitance "alues is most typical of an air0 "ariable capacitor? Ans: 1 to 1.. p< Which of the following capacitors is polariAed? Ans: Ele!trol't$! If a capacitor has a negati"e temperature coefficient, then Ans: $ts !"p"!$t"n!e *e!re"ses "s the temper"ture r$ses)

CHAPTER 1. An inductor wor#s by Ans: stor$n% ener%' "s " m"%net$! f$el*) Which of the following does not affect inductance of an air0core coil, if all other factors are held constant? Ans: fre8uen!'

CHAPTER 1, Which of the following is not a general characteristic of an ac wa"e? Ans: The ele!trons flo& $n the s"me *$re!t$on)

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco All sine wa"es Ans: h"#e s$m$l"r %ener"l "ppe"r"n!e) The deri"ati"e of a sine wa"e Ans: $s the r"te of !h"n%e $n the $nst"nt"neous #"lue) A phase difference of &@+G in the circular motion model of a sine wa"e represents Ans: C re#olut$on *ou can add or subtract a certain number of degrees of phase to or from a wa"e, and end up with exactly the same wa"e again. This number is Ans: 54.6 or "n' &hole3number mult$ple of $t) *ou can add or subtract a certain number of degrees of phase or to from a sine wa"e, and end up with an in"erted <upside down> representation of the original. This number is Ans: 1 .6 or "n' o**3&hole number mult$ple of $t) Suppose two wa"es are in phase coincidence. ne has pea# "alues of H 5 ( and the other has pea# "alues of H ) (. The resultant has "oltages of Ans: D > p16 $n ph"se &$th the !ompos$tes) As shown on a graph, shifting the phase of an ac sine wa"e by F+G is the same thing as Ans: mo#$n% $t r$%ht or left b' 9 !'!le) Two pure sine wa"e differ in phase by &@+G can be considered to Ans: be $n ph"se oppos$t$on Suppose two sine wa"es are in phase opposition. Wa"e I has a pea# amplitude of H E ( and wa"e * has a pea# amplitude of H @ (. The resultant has "oltages of Ans: D / > p16 $n ph"se &$th &"#e E) If wa"e I leads wa"e * by E)G, then Ans: 2"#e E $s 1- !'!le beh$n* &"#e F) If wa"e I lags wa"e * by &D5 cycle, then Ans: 2A'e E $s 1,.G "he"* of &"#e F) In "ector diagram, the length of the "ector represents Ans: the pe"1 "mpl$tu*e of " s$ne &"#e In "ector diagram, the angle between two "ectors represents Ans: the ph"se *$fferen!e bet&een t&o s$ne &"#es) In "ector diagrams, the distance from the center of the graph represents Ans: pe"1 "mpl$tu*e In diagrams, the progression, of the is sometimes depicted as Ans: !ounter!lo!1&$se rot"t$on of " #e!tor In a circuit containing inducti"e reactance but no resistance, the phase angle is Ans: e8u"l to @.G) If the inducti"e reactance and resistance in an JB circuit are e.ual <as expressed in ohms> then what is the phase angle? Ans: /7G

CHAPTER 1/ As the siAe of the plates in a capacitor increases, all other things are being e.ual Ans: the #"lue of +C *e!re"ses ne%"t$#el') If the dielectric material between the plates of a capacitor is changed, all other things being e.ual. Ans: &e !"nnot s"' &h"t h"ppens to +C &$thout more *"t") As the fre.uency of a wa"e gets lower, all other things being e.ual, the "alue of xC for a capacitor Ans: $n!re"ses ne%"t$#el') $ach point in the JC plane Ans: !orrespon*s to " un$8ue !omb$n"t$on of res$st"n!e "n* re"!t"n!e) If J increases in an JC circuit, but the capacitance and the fre.uency are nonAero and constant, then the "ector in the JC plane will Ans: %et lon%er "n* rot"te !ounter!lo!1&$se) $ach complex impedance "alue J 0 1IC Ans: represents " un$8ue !omb$n"t$on of res$st"n!e "n* re"!t"n!e) In an JC circuit, as the ratio xCDJ approaches Aero, the phase angle Ans: "ppro"!hes .G) In a purely resisti"e circuit, the phase angle is Ans: .G

If xCDJ L 0& then what is the phase angle? Ans: 3/7G CHAPTER 17 The s.uare of an imaginary number Ans: !"n ne#er be pos$t$#e A complex number Ans: h"s " re"l number p"rt "n* "n $m"%$n"r' p"rt) The complex impedance "alue ) K 1+ represents Ans: " pure res$st"n!e The complex impedance "alue + M 1'' represents Ans: " pure !"p"!$t"n!e If the center conductor of a coaxial cable is made to ha"e a smaller diameter, all other things being e.ual, what will happen to the No of the transmission line? Ans: It &$ll $n!re"se6 Susceptance and conductance add to form Ans: Comple+ "*m$tt"n!e Absolute "alue impedance is e.ual to the s.uare root of which of the following? Ans: R, H F, Inducti"e susceptance is defined in Ans: $m"%$n"r' s$emens Capaciti"e susceptance "alues can be defined by Ans: pos$t$#e $m"%$n"r' numbers Which of the following is false? Ans: Ch"r"!ter$st$! $mpe*"n!e $s !omple+) In general, as the absolute "alue of the impedance in a circuit increases Ans: the flo& of "! *e!re"ses

CHAPTER 15 As the number of turns in a coil that carries ac increases without limit, the current in the coil will Ans: *e!re"se6 "ppro"!h$n% (ero As the number of turns in a coil increases, the reactance at a constant fre.uency Ans: $n!re"ses As the fre.uency of an ac wa"e gets lower, the "alue of xB for a particular coil of wire Ans: *e!re"ses) $ach point in the JB plane. Ans: !orrespon*s to " un$8ue !omb$n"t$on of res$st"n!e "n* $n*u!t$#e re"!t"n!e) If the resistance J and the inducti"e reactance IB both are allowed to "ary from Aero to unlimited "alues, but are always in the ratio 57&, the points in the JB plane for all the resulting impedances will lie along Ans: " r"' of $n*ef$n$te len%th6 po$nt$n% out&"r* the or$%$n) $ach specific complex impedance "alue defined in the form J K 1IB Ans: All of the "bo#e "re true) A "ector is defined as mathematical .uantity that has Ans: m"%n$tu*e "n* *$re!t$on

CHAPTER 14

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco When J L + in a series JBC circuit, but the net reactance is not Aero, the impedance "ector Ans: none of the "bo#e $s !orre!t What will happen to the susceptance of a capacitor if the fre.uency is doubled and all other factors remain constant? Ans: It &$ll *ouble A "ector pointing southeast in the 6, plane would indicate Ans: !on*u!t"n!e "n* $n*u!t$#e sus!ept"n!e !utual inductance causes the net "alue of a set of coils Ans: #"r'6 *epen*$n% on the e+tent "n* ph"se of mutu"l !oupl$n%) In a series JB circuit, as the resistance becomes small compared with the reactance, the angle of lag approaches which of the following? Ans: @.G In a parallel configuration, susceptances Ans: s$mpl' "** up) If two sine wa"es are &@+G out of phase, it represents a difference of Ans: C of " !'!le) If J denotes resistance and N denotes absolute0"alue impedance then JDN represents the Ans: po&er f"!tor Which of the following capacitor is polariAed? Ans: Ele!trol't$! A coil with a toroidal, ferromagnetic core Ans: $s essent$"ll' self sh$el*$n%) The efficiency of electric generator Ans: $s e8u"l to the ele!tr$!"l output po&er *$#$*e* b' the me!h"n$!"l $nput po&er) Admittance is Ans: " me"sure of the e"se &h$!h " !$r!u$t p"sses "!) The absolute "alue of impedance N of a parallel JBC circuit, where J is the resistance and I is the net reactance, is found according to which of the following formulas? Ans: I, J R,F,-AR,HF,B Complex numbers are used to represent impedance because Ans: the' pro#$*e " &"' to represent &h"t h"ppens $n res$st"n!e3re"!t"n!e !$r!u$ts) Which of the following <within reason> has no effect on the "alue, in farads, of a capacitor? Ans: The fre8uen!') The +G phase point in an ac sine wa"e is usually considered to be the point in time at which the instantaneous amplitude is Ans: (ero "n* pos$t$#e %o$n%) The inductance of a coil can be ad1usted in a practical way by Ans: #"r'$n% the number of turns us$n% mult$ple t"ps) ;ower factor is defined as the ratio of Ans: true po&er to >A po&er) The "ector E+ K 15+ in the JI plane represents Ans: /. : of res$st"n!e "n* 5. : of $n*u!t$#e re"!t"n!e) In a series JC circuit where J L 5++ 3 and xC L 05+ 3, Ans: the !urrent le"*s the #olt"%e b' " fe& *e%rees) In a step down transformer, Ans: the pr$m"r' #olt"%e $s %re"ter th"n the se!on*"r' #olt"%e) A pure sine wa"e contains energy at Ans: onl' one spe!$f$! fre8uen!') Inducti"e susceptance is Ans: ne%"t$#e $m"%$n"r' The rate of change <deri"ati"e>9 of a pure sine wa"e is another pure sine wa"e that has the same fre.uency as the original wa"e, and Ans: le"*s the or$%$n"l &"#e b' @.G) True power is e.ual to Ans: the #e!tor *$fferen!e bet&een >A "n* re"!t$#e po&er) The reactance of a section of transmission line depends on all of the following factors except Ans: the !urrent $n the l$ne) When analyAing a parallel JBC circuit to find the complex impedance, you should Ans: f$n* the net !on*u!t"n!e "n* sus!ept"n!e6 !on#ert to res$"tn!e "n* re"!t"n!e6 "n* then "** these to %et R H KF

CHAPTER 10 The power in a pure reactance is Ans: $m"%$n"r') Which of the following is not an example of true power? Ans: The pro*u!t of the rms "! throu%h !"p"!$tor "n* the rms #olt"%e "!ross $t) ;ower factor is e.ual to Ans: true po&er *$#$*e* b' "pp"rent po&er) The phase angle in an ac circuit is e.ual to Ans: "r!t"n AR-IB Which of the following should be minimiAed in an J% transmission line? Ans: The l$ne loss Which of the following does not increase the loss in the transmission line? Ans: Re*u!$n% the po&er output of the sour!e) Which of the following is a significant problem that standing wa"es can cause in an J% transmission line? Ans: All of the "bo#e CHAPTER 1 In a step0up transformer, Ans: the pr$m"r' #olt"%e $s less th"n the se!on*"r' #olt"%e) The capacitance between the primary and the secondary windings of a transformer can be minimiAed by Ans: pl"!$n% the &$n*$n%s on oppos$te s$*es of " toro$*"l !ore) A transformer has a secondary to primary turns ratio of +.&?4. This transformer is Ans: " step *o&n un$t) Which of the following statements is false, concerning air cores compared with ferromagnetic cores? Ans: A$r !on!entr"tes the m"%net$! l$nes of flu+ $ddy currents cause Ans: "n $n!re"se $n !ore loss) The shell method of transformer winding Ans: pro#$*es m"+$mum !oupl$n% Which of these core types is best if you need a winding inductance of &.) /? Ans: <errom"%net$! pot !ore An ad"antage of toroid core o"er a solenoid core is the fact that Ans: the toro$* !onf$nes the m"%net$! flu+ /igh "oltage is used in long0distance power transmission because Ans: the I,R losses "re m$n$m$(e* In a household circuit, '5E0( rms electricity usually has Ans: three ph"ses) In a transformer, a center tap often exists in Ans: the se!on*"r' &$n*$n% An autotransformer Ans: !ons$sts of " s$n%le t"p &$n*$n% If there is reactance in the load to which a transformer is connected, then Ans: " perfe!t $mpe*"n!e m"t!h !"nnot be obt"$ne*)

TEST: PART ,

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Suppose that two pure sine wa"es ha"e no dc components, ha"e the same fre.uency, and ha"e the same pea#0to0pea# "oltages, but they cancel each other out when they combined. What is the phase difference between the wa"es? Ans: 1 .G The characteristic impedance of a transmission line Ans: *epen*s on the !onstru!t$on of " l$ne) A capacitor with a negati"e temperature coefficient Ans: e+h$b$ts $n!re"s$n% !"p"!$t"n!e "s the temper"ture *rops) When a diode is forward biased, the anode "oltage Ans: $s pos$t$#e rel"t$#e to the !"tho*e #olt"%e If a diode is connected in series with the secondary winding of an ac transformer, and if the pea# "oltage across the diode ne"er exceeds the a"alanche "oltage, then the output of the complete transformer diode circuit is Ans: none of the "bo#e A crystal set Ans: re8u$res no b"tter' A diode detector Ans: $s emplo'e* $n some r"*$o re!e$#ers If the output wa"e in a circuit has the same shape as the input wa"e, then Ans: the !$r!u$t $s oper"t$n% $n " l$ne"r m"nner) Suppose of the two input signal fre.uencies to a mixer circuit are 5.)'' !/A and 5.F44 !/A. At which of the following fre.uencies can we expect a signal to exist at the output? Ans: /77 1H( %ill in the blan#s to ma#e the sentence correct7 8 A spectrum analyAer pro"ides a display of 999 as a function of 9999. Ans: "mpl$tu*e-fre8uen!' Nener "oltage is a specialiAed manifestation of Ans: "#"l"n!he #olt"%e The forward brea#o"er "oltage of a silicon diode is Ans: "bout .)4 > A diode audio limiter circuit Ans: !"n !"use *$stort$on un*er some !on*$t$ons) The capacitance of a "aractor "aries with the Ans: re#erse #olt"%e The purpose of the I layer in a ;IC diode is to Ans: m$n$m$(e the Kun!t$on !"p"!$t"n!e Which of these diode types can be used as the #ey element in the oscillator circuit of a microwa"e radio transmitter? Ans: An I;PATT *$o*e A 6unnplexer is often used as a Ans: m$!ro&"#e !ommun$!"t$ons *e#$!e The most li#ely place you would find an B$= would be in Ans: " *$%$t"l fre8uen!' *$spl"' Coherent electromagnetic radiation is produced by Ans: l"ser *$o*e Suppose you want a circuit to operate in a stable manner when the load impedance "aries. *ou might consider a coupling method that employs Ans: "n opto$sol"tor The electrical power that a solar panel can pro"ide either in direct sunlight depends on all of the following factors except Ans: the "! #olt"%e "ppl$e* to the p"nel $mission of energy in an IJ$= is caused by Ans: !h"n%es $n ele!tron ener%' &$th$n "toms) A photodiode, when not used as a photo"oltaic cell, has Ans: re#erse b$"s)

CHAPTER 1@ The term semiconductor arises from Ans: #"r$"ble !on*u!t$#e propert$es of some m"ter$"ls) Which of the following is not an ad"antage of semiconductor de"ices o"er "acuum tubes? Ans: Ab$l$t' to &$thst"n* h$%h #olt"%e sp$1es) f the following substances, which is the most commonly used semiconductor? Ans: S$l$!on 6aAs is Ans: " !ompoun* A disad"antage of ! S de"ices is the fact that Ans: the' !"n be *"m"%e* b' ele!trost"t$! *$s!h"r%es) Selenium wor#s especially well in Ans: photo!ells f the following, which material allows the lowest forward "oltage drop in a diode? Ans: Germ"n$um A C! S integrated circuit Ans: re8u$res #er' l$ttle po&er to fun!t$on) The purpose of doping is to Ans: %$#es " sem$!on*u!tor m"ter$"l spe!$f$! propert$es) A semiconductor material is made into C type Ans: "**$n% " *onor $mpur$t' Which of the following does not result from adding an acceptor impurity? Ans: The subst"n!e re8u$res "n ele!tron surplus In a ; type material, electrons are Ans: the m$nor$t' !"rr$ers /oles mo"e from Ans: P3t'pe to N3t'pe m"ter$"l When a ;0C 1unction does not conduct e"en though a "oltage is applied, the 1unction is Ans: re#erse b$"se* "t " #olt"%e less th"n the "#"l"n!he #olt"%e) /oles flow the opposite way from electrons because Ans: the' h"#e oppos$te ele!tr$! !h"r%e If an electron is considered to ha"e a charge of 0& unit, then a hole can be considered to ha"e Ans: " !h"r%e of H 1 un$t When a ;C 1unction is forward biased, condiction will not occur unless Ans: the "ppl$e* #ol1t"%e e+!ee*s the for&"r* bre"1o#er #olt"%e) If the re"erse bias exceeds the a"alanche "oltage in a ;0C 1unction, Ans: the Kun!t$on &$ll !on*u!t !urrent) A"alanche "oltage is routinely exceeded when a ;0C 1unction acts as a Ans: #olt"%e re%ul"tor Which of the following does not affect the 1unction capacitance of a diode? Ans: the ph"se of "n "ppl$e* "! s$%n"l

CHAPTER ,1 The output of a rectifier circuit without a filter Ans: puls"t$n% *! Which of the following components is not necessarilt re.uired in a power supply designed to produce &'0( dc output with &&40( rms ac input? Ans: All of the "bo#e Atr"nsformer6 re!t$f$er6 "n* f$lterB f the following appliances, which need the biggest transformer? Ans: A tele#$s$on bro"*!"st tr"nsm$tter An ad"antage of full0wa"e bridge rectification is the fact that

CHAPTER ,.

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Ans: $t uses the &hole tr"nsformer se!on*"r' for the ent$re "! $nput !'!le) In a power supply designed to pro"ide high power at low "oltage, the best rectifier circuit would probably be the Ans: full &"#e6 !enter t"p "rr"n%ement The part of a power supply preceding the regulator is Ans: the f$lter If a half wa"e rectifier is used with &?) ( p# ac input, the effecti"e dc output "oltage is Ans: !ons$*er"bl' less th"n 147 >) If a full wa"e bridge circuit is used with a transformer whose secondary pro"ides )+ ( rms, the pea# "oltage that occurs across the diodes in the re"erse direction is approximately Ans: 0. > p1 What is the principal disad"antage of a "oltage0doubler power supply circuit? Ans: Poor re%ul"t$on un*er he"#' lo"*s) Suppose a transformer secondary pro"ides &+ ( rms ac to a "oltage doubler circuit. What is the approximate dc output "oltage with no load? Ans: , > The ripple fre.uency from a full wa"e rectifier is Ans: t&$!e th"t from " h"lf3&"#e !$r!u$t Which of the following would ma#e the best filter for a power supply? Ans: A !"p"!$tor $n p"r"llel "n* " !ho1e $n ser$es) If you need exceptionally good ripple filtering for a power supply, which of the following alternati"es will yield the best results? Ans: Lse t&o !"p"!$tor-!ho1e f$lter$n% se!t$ons $n !"s!"*e) (oltage regulation can be accomplished by a Nener diode connected in Ans: p"r"llel &$th the f$lter output6 re#erse b$"se*) A current surge ta#es place when a power supply is first turned on because Ans: the f$lter !"p"!$torAsB must be $n$t$"ll' !h"r%e*) Transient suppression is of importance mainly because it minimiAes the ris# of Ans: *$o*e f"$lure If a fuse blows, and it is replaced with one ha"ing a lower current rating, there is a good chance that Ans: the fuse &$ll blo& out r$%ht "&"') Suppose you set a fuse with nothing but a straight wire inside. *ou can assume that this fuse Ans: $s " 8u$!1 bre"1 t'pe) In order to minimiAe the ris# of diode destruction as a result of surge current that can occur when a power supply is first switched on, which of the following techni.ues can be useful? Ans: Conne!t$n% mult$ple *$o*es $n p"r"llel6 &$th lo&3#"lue res$stors $n ser$es &$th e"!h *$o*e) To repair a damaged power supply with which you are not completely familiar, you should Ans: le"#e $t "lone "n* h"#e " profess$on"l &or1 on $t) With no signal input, a bipolar transistor would ha"e the least Ic when Ans: The E3B Kun!t$on $s re#erse b$"se*) When a transistor is conducting as much as it can, it is said to be Ans: $n st"te of s"tur"t$on) Which of the operating point is best if a large amplification factor is desired with a wea# signal input? Ans: Po$nt C The forward brea#o"er po1nt for the $0, 1unction is nearest to Ans: po$nt B Saturation is nearest to Ans: po$nt = The greatest gain occurs at Ans: po$nt C In a common emitter circuit, the gain bandwidth product is Ans: the fre8uen!' "t &h$!h the %"$n $s 1) The bipolar transistor configuration most often used for matching a high input impedance to a low output impedance puts signal ground at Ans: the !olle!tor The output is in phase with the input in Ans: more th"n one of the "bo#e) The greatest possible amplification is obtained in Ans: " !ommon em$tter !$r!u$t) The input is applied to the collector in Ans: none of the "bo#e) The configuration noted for its stability in J% power amplifiers is the Ans: !ommon b"se !$r!u$t) In a common base circuit, the output is ta#en from the Ans: !olle!tor) Suppose that the input signal to a transistor amplifier results in saturation during part of the cycle. This produces Ans: the %re"test poss$ble "mpl$f$!"t$on) Suppose that the gain of a transistor in a common emitter circuit is &++ at a fre.uency of & #/A, and the gain is 4+.4 at 55) #/A. The gain drops to & at '&+ !/A. the alpha cutoff fre.uency is Ans: 557 1H(

CHAPTER ,5 The current through the channel of a O%$T is directly affected by all of the following except Ans: %"te b$"s In an C channel O%$T, pinchoff occurs when the gate bias is Ans: l"r%e "n* ne%"t$#e The current consists mainly of holes when a O%$T Ans: h"s " P3t'pe !h"nnel A O%$T might wor# better than a bipolar transistor in Ans: " &e"1 s$%n"l R< "mpl$f$er In a ;0channel O%$T, Ans: the *r"$n $s ne%"t$#e rel"t$#e to the sour!e A O%$T is sometimes biased at or beyond pinchoff in Ans: " po&er "mpl$f$er The gate of a O%$T exhibits Ans: h$%h $mpe*"n!e Which of the following conditions is not normally desirable in a O%$T? Ans: A for&"r* b$"se* PN Kun!t$on) When a O%$T is pinched off, Ans: the #"lue of *I=-*EG $s (ero &$th no s$%n"l $nput) Transconductance is a ratio of Ans: " !h"n%e $n *r"$n !urrent to " !h"n%e $n %"te #olt"%e)

CHAPTER ,, In a ;C; circuit, the collector Ans: $s ne%"t$#e &$th respe!t to the em$tter) In many cases, a ;C; transistor can be replaced with an C;C de"ice and the circuit will do the same thing, pro"ided that Ans: the po&er suppl' or b"tter' pol"r$t' $s re#erse*) A bipolar transistor has Ans: three sem$!on*u!tor l"'ers) In the dual0diode model of an C;C transistor, the emitter corresponds to Ans: e$ther of the *$o*e !"tho*es) The current through a transistors depends on Ans: more th"n one of the "bo#e)

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Characteristic cur"es for O%$Ts generally show Ans: *r"$n !urrent "s " fun!t$on of *r"$n #olt"%e) A disad"antage of ! S components is the fact that Ans: the' !"n be e"s$l' *"m"%e* b' st"t$! ele!tr$!$t') The input impedance of a ! S%$T is Ans: e+tremel' h$%h) A significant between ! S%$Ts and O%$Ts is the fact that Ans: ;OS<ETs !"n h"n*le " &$*er r"n%e of %"te b$"s #olt"%e) The channel in a Aero0biased O%$T is normally Ans: $n " !on*u!t$n% st"te) When an enhancement mode ! S%$T is at Aero bias, Ans: the *r"$n !urrent flu!tu"tes &$th no s$%n"l) An enhancement mode ! S%$T can be recogniAed in schematic diagrams by the presence of Ans: " bro1en #ert$!"l l$ne $ns$*e the !$r!le) In a source follower, which of the electrodes recei"es the input signal? Ans: The %"te Which of the following circuits produces an output signal wa"e that is &@+G out of phase with the input signal wa"e? Ans: The !ommon sour!e !$r!u$t) Which of the following circuits can produce the greatest gain <amplification factor>? Ans: The !ommon sour!e !$r!u$t If the impedance of the load connected to the output of an oscillator is extremely high, Ans: $t $s no !"use for !on!ernM $n f"!t6 $t $s " %oo* th$n%) Suppose a certain bipolar0transistor ;A is ?? percent efficient. The output power is 55 W. the dc collector power input is Ans: 7. 2 The arrangement in the bloc# diagram represents Ans: " &"#eform "n"l'(er A tuned J% ;A must always be Ans: "*Kuste* for m"+$mum po&er output) Class , amplification can be used to obtain low distortion for audio applications Ans: b' !onne!t$n% t&o $*ent$!"l b$pol"r tr"ns$stors or <ETs6 b$"se* e+"!tl' "t !utoff or p$n!hoff6 $n " push3pull !onf$%ur"t$on)

CHAPTER ,7 A radio wa"e has a fre.uency of &.)) !/A. The highest modulating fre.uency can be used effecti"ely is Ans: 177 1H( The reflected wa"e Ans: "rr$#es $n " #"r$"ble ph"se !omp"re* &$th the *$re!t &"#e) An ad"antage of %SP o"er onDoff #eying is the fact that Ans: re*u!es the number of re!e$#$n% errors) The highest layer of the ionosphere is Ans: < l"'er An BS, suppressed carrier signal can be demodulated by Ans: " pro*u!t *ete!tor) Which of the following modes is used to send image data o"er telephone lines? Ans: <"+ The SDC is a measure of Ans: the sens$t$#$t' of " re!e$#er) Suppose an SS, suppressed carrier is at &E.55) !/A, and audio data is contained in a band from &E.55) to &5.55@ !/A. What is this mode? Ans: LSB A recei"er that responds to a desired signal, but not to another signal "ery close by in fre.uency, has good Ans: sele!t$#$t') %ill in the blan# in the following sentence to ma#e it true7 8The de"iation of a narrowband "oice %! signal normally extends up to 9999 either side of the unmodulated0carrier fre.uency. Ans: 7 1H( An %! detector with built0in limiting is Ans: " r"t$o *ete!tor A continuously "ariable signal <Such as music audio> can be reco"ered from a signal ha"ing only a few discrete le"els or states by means of Ans: " =-A !on#erter) In which mode are signals interwined in the time domain at the transmitter, and then separated again at the recei"er? Ans: None of the "bo#e) Which of the following modes can be demodulated by an ene"elope detector? Ans: A; The bandwidth of a fax signal is #ept narrow by Ans: sen*$n% the *"t" "t " slo& r"te of spee*) The dynamic range in a superhet is largely influenced by the performance of the Ans: front en*) %re.uency sweeping can be used to get a transmitter to produce Ans: spre"*3spe!trum s$%n"ls)

CHAPTER ,/ The decibel is a unit of Ans: rel"t$#e s$%n"l stren%th An oscillator at J% amplifier re.uires the use of Ans: " st"%e &$th %"$n Suppose a circuit is found to ha"e a gain figure of M &) d,. Which of the following statements is true? Ans: The $nput s$%n"l $s stron%er th"n the output s$%n"l) In an oscillator circuit, the feedbac# should be Ans: Kust enou%h to sust"$n os!$ll"t$on) A power gain of EE d, is e.ui"alent to which of the following outputDinput power ratios? Ans: ,76...:1 An J% cho#e Ans: p"sses *! but blo!1s R< s$%n"ls) The optimum capacitance "alues in an amplifier circuit depend on Ans: the $nput s$%n"l fre8uen!') An oscillator might fail to start for any of the following reasons, except Ans: $n3ph"se fee*b"!1) In which of the following %$T amplifier types does drain current flow for exactly )+ percent of the signal cycle? Ans: Cl"ss B The fre.uency at which a .uartA crystal oscillator produces energy is largely dependent on Ans: the ph's$!"l th$!1ness of the 8u"rt( &"fer) What bipolar amplifier type has some distortion in the signal wa"e, with collector during most, but not all, of the cycle? Ans: !l"ss AB, An J% oscillator usually Ans: h"s most or "ll of $ts ener%' "t " s$n%le fre8uen!') A class C amplifier can be made linear by Ans: no me"nsM " !l"ss C "mpl$f$er $s "l&"'s nonl$ne"r) A fre.uency synthesiAer has Ans: e+!ept$on"l st"b$l$t' A graphic e.ualiAer is a form of Ans: tone !ontrol th"t !"n be use* $n "n "u*$o "mpl$f$er)

ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco %ill in the blan# to ma#e the sentence true7 8The reception of 9999 can be impro"ed by the use of =S;.: Ans: "n' of the "bo#e ASSB s$%n"ls6 SST> s$%n"ls6 s'n!hron$(e* !ommun$!"t$ons s$%n"lsB Ans: " tr"ns$ent) Which of the following is not a characteristic of an oscillator? Ans: Ne%"t$#e fee*b"!1) Which of the layer of the ionosphere exists at the lowest altitude? Ans: = l"'er) The beta of a bipolar transistor is another name for its Ans: !urrent "mpl$f$!"t$on f"!tor) In a schematic diagram, the symbol for a ;C; bipolar transistor can be recogniAed by Ans: "n "rro& $ns$*e the s'mbol !$r!le6 po$nt$n% from the em$tter to&"r* the b"se) %ill in the blan# in the following sentence to ma#e it true7 8 An oscillator, 9999 is an expression of the extent to which the circuit maintains constant signal fre.uency output under "ariable operating conditions, and is also an expression of its o"erall reliability.: Ans: st"b$l$t') A Nener diode would most li#ely be found in Ans: the #olt"%e re%ul"tor $n " po&er suppl') When the bias in an %$T stops the flow of current, the condition is called Ans: p$n!hoff The (A rating of a transformer is an expression of Ans: none of the "bo#e In an C0type semiconductor, the minority carriers are Ans: holes A disad"antage of a full wa"e rectifier is the fact that Ans: the output &"#eform $s h"r*er to f$lter th"n $s the !"se &$th " full3&"#e re!t$f$er) A power gain of 5+ d, is e.ui"alent to which amplification factor Ans: 1... If a listener is not expecting any change in the intensity of a signal or sound, the smallest change that can be noticed is approximately which of the following? Ans: D 5 *B A common base circuit is commonly employed as Ans: "n R< po&er "mpl$f$er A semiconductor material especially noted for its photoconducti"ity, and which is often used in ma#ing photocells is Ans: selen$um) Which type of ;A circuit pro"ides the highest efficiency when used with the appropriate amount of dri"ing power? Ans: Cl"ss C ,audot is a form of Ans: *$%$t"l !o*e) The most stable type of oscillator is Ans: " 8u"rt( !r'st"l) If the source0gate 1unction in an %$T conducts, Ans: $t $s " s$%n of $mproper b$"s) What is the radix of the octal number system? Ans: ,5 Signal to noise ratio <S?C> is often specified when stating Ans: the sens$t$#$t' of " re!e$#er) In a re"erse biased semiconductor diode, the 1unction capacitance depends on the Ans: the &$*th of the *eplet$on re%$on) A simple power supply filter can be built with Ans: " !"p"!$tor $n p"r"llel &$th the *! output) Which of the following bipolar transistor circuits can, in theory, pro"ide the most amplification? Ans: Common Em$tter) The ratio of the difference in IC to the difference in I, that occurs when a small signal is applied to the base of a bipolar transistor is called the

CHAPTER ,4 Suppose in"erters are placed in series with both inputs of an AC= gate. -nder what conditions is the output of the resulting blac# box high? Ans: If "n* onl' $f both $n#erter $nputs "re lo&) Suppose an AC= gat is followed by an in"erter. -nder what conditions is the output of the resulting blac# box is low? Ans: $f "n* onl' $f both $nputs "re h$%h In ,oolean algebra, addition represents Ans: the lo%$!"l OR oper"t$on) If the output to a logical in"erter is low, it means that Ans: the s$n%le $nput $s h$%h The output of an AC= gate is high if and only if Ans: "ll $nputs "re h$%h =e !rogans Theorem states that, for all logical statements I and *, Ans: A3FB H A3EB $s e8u$#"lent to AFNEB) If you see a number represented by %% in the documentation of an electronic circuit or system, you can be certain that the number is Ans: r"*$+ 14 Which of the following codes is digital? Ans: ;orse6 B"u*ot "n* ASCII A"ll of the "bo#eB) Which of the following "oltages coulde normally represent a & in positi"e logic? Ans: H7 > Which of the following "oltages might normally represent a & in negati"e logic? Ans: .). > %ill in the blan# to ma#e the following sentence true7 8 999 data transmission refers to digital bits sent along a single line, one bit after another.: Ans: Ser$"l The inputs of an J0S flip0flop are #nown as Ans: reset "n* set) When both inputs of an J0S flip0flop are Aero, Ans: the outputs st"' "s the' "re) The fifth digit from the right in a binary number carries which decimal "alue? Ans: 14 What is the octal e.ui"alent of binary &+&+? Ans: 1, What is the largest possible radix &+ number represented as a six0 digit binary number? Ans: 45 If one of the inputs to a two0input C J gate is high, what is the output state? Ans: Lo& Suppose a logic circuit has four inputs W,I, *, and N. /ow many possible input combinations are there? Ans: 14

TEST 5 In a O%$T, the control electrode is usually the Ans: %"te A diode can be used as a fre.uency multiplier because of its Ans: nonl$ne"r$t') Which of the following is not a common form of data transmission? Ans: Pol"r$("t$on mo*ul"t$on) A "ery brief, high "oltage spi#e on an ac power line is called

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Ans: *'n"m$! !urrent "mpl$f$!"t$on) An example of a de"ice that is commonly used as an oscillator at microwa"e fre.uencies is Ans: A Gunn *$o*e) In the operation of a ;C; bipolar transistor, which of the following is normal concerning the emitter and collector "oltages? Ans: The !olle!tor $s ne%"t$#e rel"t$#e to the em$tter) What can be done to minimiAe the capacitance of the ;0C 1unction in a semiconductor diode, thereby ma#ing the component effecti"e as a high0speed J% switch? Ans: A l"'er of $ntr$ns$! sem$!on*u!tor !"n be pl"!e* bet&een the P3 "n* N3t'pe m"ter$"l) Which type of modulation consists of one "oice sideband, with a suppressed carrier? Ans: LSB In an AC= gate, the output is high Ans: onl' &hen "ll $nputs "re h$%h) A "oltage controlled oscillator ma#es use of Ans: " #"r"!tor *$o*e) The best electrical ground for a power supply is obtained by Ans: ensur$n% th"t the %roun* &$re from the po&er suppl' $s !onne!te* to the th$r* &$re hole $n one of the ut$l$t' outlets of " properl' $nst"lle* three3&$re ele!tr$!"l !$r!u$t) In an exclusi"e J circuit, the output is high Ans: onl' &hen the $nputs h"#e oppos$te lo%$! st"tes) A ratio detector is a circuit for demodulating which of the following? Ans: <; Suppose there is a binary digital blac# box with two inputs, called I and *, and an output called N. if I L + and * L &, then N L +. In all other instances N L &. Which of the following logical expressions respresents the content of the blac# box? Ans: F H A3EB A method of modulation in which the strength of pulses "aries Ans: pulse "mpl$tu*e mo*ul"t$on ,oolean algebra is Ans: " useful toll $n b$n"r' *$%$t"l !$r!u$t *es$%n A "oltage doubler power supply is best use for Ans: !$r!u$ts th"t nee* h$%h #olt"%e but *o not *r"& mu!h !urrent) An optoisolator consists of an Ans: LE= "n* " photo*$o*e) When a semiconductor is re"erse0biased with a large enough "oltage, it will conduct. This phenomenon is #nown as Ans: "#"l"n!he effe!t) SynchroniAing pulses in a con"entional analog T( signal Ans: 1eep the $m"%e from te"r$n% or roll$n%) In an enhancement mode ! S%$T, Ans: the !h"nnel *oes not !on*u!t &$th (ero %"te b$"s) In a step up transformer, Ans: the se!on*"r' #olt"%e $s more th"n the pr$m"r' #olt"%e) CHAPTER ,0 Imagine a center fed, straight wire antenna in free space, whose length can be "aried at will. At which of the following lengths is the radiation resistance at the feedpoint the highest? Ans: O In order to obtain reasonable efficiency with a QDE "ertical antenna mounted poorly conducting soil at a fre.uency of &+ !/A, it is necessary to Ans: m$n$m$(e the loss res$st"n!e b' $nst"ll$n% numerous %roun* r"*$"ls) A dri"en element in a parasitic array is Ans: !onne!te* to the fee* l$ne In a Aepp antenna, feed0line radiation can be minimiAed by Ans: us$n% the "ntenn" onl' "t fre8uen!$es &here $ts len%th $s " &hole number mult$ple of O-,) Consider a single turn, closed loop ha"ing a circumference of F) ft. suppose this loop is circular lies entirely in a single plane, is fed with open wire transmission line and an antenna tuner, and is operated at '+ !/A. The maximum radiation and response for this loop can be expected to occur Ans: "lon% " l$ne perpen*$!ul"r to the pl"ne !ont"$n$n% the loop) Suppose an antenna has a radiation resistance of E+ 3 at @.) !/A. What is the efficiency of this system? Ans: Imposs$ble to *eterm$ne &$thout more $nform"t$on) Suppose an antenna system has a radiation resistance of E+ 3 and a loss resistance of &+ 3. What is the efficiency of this system? Ans: . per!ent The null in a loopstic# antenna exists Ans: $n the l$ne th"t !o$n!$*es &$th the !o$l "+$s) All elements are added to a properly designed *agi antenna, Ans: the f-s r"t$o $n!re"ses) When the radiation resistance in an antenna system represents most of the total system resistance, Ans: the s'stem !"n be e+pe!te* to h"#e h$%h eff$!$en!') What state of affairs is optimal in a wa"eguide? Ans: None of the "bo#e) Consider a single turn, closed loop ha"ing a circumference of ?) ft. Suppose this loop is circular, lies entirely in a single plane, is fed with open0wire transmission line and an antenna tuner, and is operated at 4) !/A. The maximum radiation and response for this loop can be expected to occur Ans: $n the pl"ne !ont"$n$n% the loop In a parasitic array, a director is usually Ans: tune* to " sl$%htl' h$%her fre8uen!' th"n the *r$#en element) A O pole is a modified form of Ans: (epp "ntenn" Which of the following antenna types is well suited to use with parallel0wire transmission line? Ans: The fol*e* *$pole) Which of the following antenna types is not designed for transmitting at &+6/A? Ans: A (epp "ntenn" A "ertical antenna measuring QD' in height does not re.uire a ground system with low resistance because Ans: None of the "bo#e "ppl')

CHAPTER , ,ecause of the small siAe of ICs compared with e.ui"alent circuits made from discrete components, Ans: h$%her s&$t!h$n% spee*s "re "tt"$n"ble) Which of the following is not an ad"antage of ICs o"er discrete components? Ans: Lo&er %"$n) In which of the following de"ices would ne"er find an IC as the main component? Ans: The f$n"l "mpl$f$er $n " l"r%e r"*$o bro"*!"st tr"nsm$tter) Which, if any, of the following component types is not practical for direct fabrication on a chip? Ans: All three ARes$stors6 C"p"!$tors "n* =$o*esB of the "bo#e !omponent t'pes "re pr"!t$!"l for *$re!t f"br$!"t$on on " !h$p) An op amp circuit usually employs negati"e feedbac# on Ans: !ontrol the %"$n Suppose a communications channel carries se"eral signals once. Which type of IC might be used to single signals out of reception? Ans: A mult$ple+er-*emult$ple+er Which type of IC is most commonly used to determine whether two dc "oltages are the same or different? Ans: A !omp"r"tor)

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Which type of digital IC is least susceptible to noise? Ans: Tr"ns$stor3tr"ns$stor lo%$! Which of the following is not a characteristic of C! S chips? Ans: Ab$l$t' to h"n*le e+tremel' h$%h po&er) An absolute limit to the component density that can be achie"ed in IC technology is determined by Ans: the s$(e of the sem$!on*u!tor "toms) With a J ! chip, Ans: $t $s e"s$er to re"* *"t" from the *e#$!e th"t to &r$te *"t" $nto $t) With a JA! chip, Ans: $t $s e"s' to re"* *"t" from the *e#$!e6 "n* Kust "s e"s' to &r$te *"t" $nto $t) Which type of IC must be physically remo"ed from the circuit to ha"e its memory contents changed? Ans: EPRO; !h$p With respect to memory, which of the following terms means that the data contents "anish if power is remo"ed from a chip? Ans: >ol"t$l$t' In terms of the maximum number of transistors on a single chip, how many orders of magnitude larger is (BSI than !BSI? Ans: <our Which of the following shows the input and output of a differentiator of a circuit? Ans: A Which of the following shows the input and output of an integrator of a circuit? Ans: C %lip0flops are used to store data in Ans: none of the "bo#e Capacitors are used to store data in Ans: none of the "bo#e The phase of a sine wa"e signal can be shifted &@+G by Ans: "ppl'$n% the s$%n"l to the $n#ert$n% $nput of the op "mp) The electron gun in a CJT is another name for its Ans: !"tho*e The electron beam in an electrostatic CJT is bent by Ans: ele!tr$! f$el*s pro*u!e* b' !h"r%e* ele!tro*es) A grounded grid J% power amplifier Ans: re8u$res more *r$#$n% po&er6 for " %$#en R< po&er output6 th"n " %roun*e*3!"tho*e R< po&er "mpl$f$er) In a Plystron, the electron beam density "aries as a result of Ans: #elo!$t' mo*ul"t$on) A "idicon camera tube is noted for its Ans: slo& response to $m"%e mo#ement $n *$m l$%ht) The plate in a tetrode tube is normally connected to Ans: " pos$t$#e *! po&er3suppl' #olt"%e) The screen grid in a tetrode tube is normally connected to Ans: " pos$t$#e *! po&er suppl' #olt"%e) Which of the following is most suitable for measuring the intensity of dim light? Ans: A photomult$pl$er tube In a dissector tube, the aperture siAe is directly related to the Ans: $m"%e resolut$on

CHAPTER 5. Which of the following de"ices would most li#ely be used for ad1usting the fre.uency setting of a digital radio transmitter or recei"er? Ans: An opt$!"l sh"ft en!o*er) Collimator of IJ rays can be done by means of Ans: "n or*$n"r' lens A computer map Ans: !"n help " robot f$n* $ts &"' "roun*) The distance of a target from a radar station is called Ans: the r"n%e) Which of the following de"ices is best for use as an ultrasonic pic#up? Ans: A p$e(oele!tr$! tr"ns*u!er) What do B JAC and the 6;S ha"e in common? Ans: The' both $n#ol#e me"surement of *$st"n!es to *eterm$ne the lo!"t$on of " re!e$#er A bright spot close to, and directly to the left, the center of a con"entional radar display indicates the presence of a target Ans: "t !lose r"n%e6 &est of the obser#$n% st"t$on) Which of the following system enables a "essel to na"igate entirely from its own frame of reference, without the need for any electronic de"ices external to itself? Ans: An ep$pol"r n"#$%"t$on s'stem) -ltrasonic wa"es tra"el through a "acuum Ans: <or%et $tP No form of "!oust$! &"#e !"n tr"#el throu%h " #"!uum) Which of the following de"ices or techni.ues ma#es use of artificially generated magnetic fields to facilitate location within a wor# en"ironment? Ans: None of the "bo#e) Which of the following is not an example of a transducer? Ans: All of the "bo#e Am$!rophone6 r"*$o "ntenn" "n* he"*etB "re e+"mples of tr"ns*u!ers) A foam li#e material, ha"ing a resistance that "aries depending on how much it is compressed, is #nown as Ans: "n el"stomer) A stepper motor Ans: results "ppl$e* tor8ue &hen stoppe* &$th !urrent %o$n% throu%h $ts !o$ls) A permanent magnet is a #ey component of Ans: " *'n"m$! m$!rophone)

CHAPTER ,@ A ma1or difference between a triode tube and an C0channel %$T is the fact that Ans: tr$o*es nee* h$%her po&er3suppl' #olt"%es) The control grid of a "acuum tube is the electrical counterpart of the Ans: %"te of "n <ET In a tetrode tube, the charge carriers are Ans: free ele!trons6 &h$!h p"ss "mon% the ele!tro*es) Which factor is most significant in limiting the maximum fre.uency at which a tube can operate? Ans: The !"p"!$t"n!e "mon% the ele!tro*es) In a tube with a directly heated cathode, Ans: the f$l"ment ser#es "s the !"tho*e) In a tube with a cold cathodes, Ans: there $s no f$l"ment) A screen grid enhances tube operation by Ans: m$n$m$($n% the r$s1 th"t " tube "mpl$f$er &$ll bre"1 $nto os!$ll"t$on) A tube with three grids is called a Ans: pento*e) A tube with four grids is called a Ans: he+o*e) An ad"antage of grounded0grid J% power amplifier o"er a grounded0cathode J% power amplifier is the fact that the grounded grid circuit Ans: $s more st"ble A heptode tube has Ans: one pl"te

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco An electric motor is an example of Ans: "n ele!trome!h"n$!"l tr"ns*u!er) A capaciti"e proximity sensor should not be expected to detect the presence of Ans: " steel post) A well0designed photoelectric sensor Ans: $s not e"s$l' foole* b' str"' sour!es of l$%ht) An acoustic transducer can translate an ac electrical signal into Ans: soun* or ultr"soun*) ,ody capacitance can be a problem with Ans: !"p"!$t$#e pressure sensors) Which of the following de"ices can be used to limit the tor.ue or force applied by an electromechanical de"ice such as robot? Ans: b"!1 pressure sensor) Ans: !on#erts soun* &"#es to flu!tu"t$n% ele!tr$! !urrent) A rac#0mounted hi0fi system Ans: !"n s"#e floor sp"!e) An audio mixer Ans: el$m$n"tes E;I problems $n "ll but the &orst !"ses) Which of the following de"ices or circuits ordinarily employs =DA con"ersion? Ans: A port"ble C= pl"'er) Which of the following is an ad"antage of digital audio o"er analog audio? Ans: =$%$t"l "u*$o $s !omp"t$ble &$th #$n'l *$s1s "n* ol* f"sh$one* reel to reel "n* !"ssette t"pe6 but "n"lo% "u*$o $s not)

CHAPTER 5, A networ# that employs one central computer and multiple personal computers is called Ans: !l$ent3ser#er net&or1) In order for a recei"er to render a digitally encrypted signal intelligible, that recei"er must Ans: h"#e " *e!r'pt$on 1e') Which of the following de"ices or systems is not wireless? Ans: A !omputer &$th " telephone mo*em) $a"esdropping of a wireless lin# Ans: $s *$ff$!ult $mposs$ble to *ete!t) In the -nited States, a license is re.uired for Ans: tr"nsm$tt$n% on "m"teur r"*$o fre8uen!$es) In a B$ satellite system, the repeaters are located Ans: $n sp"!e) In a geostationary satellite lin#, the repeater is located Ans: o#er the e8u"tor) The term shortwa"e, in reference to audio, refers to signals ha"ing wa"elengths of approximately Ans: 1. m to 1.. m) Which of the following is illegal to do in the -nited States using a ham radio station? Ans: A*#ert$se use* !"rs for s"le) A file ser"er is Ans: " !entr"l !omputer $n " lo!"l "re" net&or1) A de"ice consisting of a recei"er and transmitter in the same case or enclosure, and commonly used for wireless communications, is called Ans: " tr"ns!e$#er) $nd0to0end encryption pro"ides Ans: " h$%her *e%ree of se!ur$t' th"n &$reless onl' en!r'pt$on) A BAC in which each computer has more or less e.ual status, and in which each computer mores its own data, is #nown as a Ans: peer3to3peer LAN With respect to security, the term mil spec refers to Ans: the h$%hest obt"$n"ble le#el of se!ur$t') A radio signal is considered to be in the shortwa"e band if its fre.uency is which of the following7 Ans: 7 ;H( In cellular networ#, the region co"ered by a single base station is called a Ans: !ell) An ad"antage of a con"entional hard0wired telephone o"er a cell phone is the fact that a hardwired phone set Ans: "ffor*s better pr$#"!') An ad"antage of a cell phone o"er a hard0wired phone is the fact that a cell phone set Ans: offers better mob$l$t') In a two way communication systems with full duplex,

CHAPTER 51 A young person can hear sounds at fre.uencies as high as approximately which of the following? Ans: ,. 1H( $lectromagnetic interference to a hi0fi amplifier can occur in the presence of Ans: " ne"rb' r"*$o bro"*!"st st"t$on) The midrange audio fre.uencies Ans: none of the "bo#e) In the acoustical design of a room intended for a home audio system, Ans: refle!t$on of soun* &"#es from &"lls shoul* be m$n$m$(e*) A change of K &+ d, in an audio signal represents Ans: " tenfol* $n!re"se $n "!oust$! po&er) What is the fre.uency of an acoustic disturbance whose wa"e length is &'+ mm in air? Ans: ,)0@ 1H( What is the fre.uency of a sound wa"e that propagates at a speed of &&++ ftDs? Ans: <or%et $tP The fre8uen!' of soun* &"#e $s $n*epen*ent of the prop"%"t$on spee*) The relati"e phase of two acoustic wa"es from the same source at the same time, one wa"e direct and one wa"e reflected from a wall, can affect Ans: the pos$t$on of "nt$no*es "n* no*es) In an acoustic sound wa"e, Ans: "ll of the soun* po&er $s !on!entr"te* "t the s$n%le fre8uen!') (inyl dis#s are Ans: sus!ept$ble to ph's$!"l *"m"%e) If an amplifier introduces se"ere distortion in the wa"eforms of input signals, then that amplifier is Ans: oper"t$n% $n " nonl$ne"r fun!t$on) Suppose a &+0W amplifier is used with spea#ers designed for a &++0W amplifier. Which of the following statements is true? Ans: The spe"1ers "re !"p"ble of h"n*l$n% the "mpl$f$er output) Which of the following fre.uencies cannot be recei"ed by an A!D%! tuner? Ans: @7)0 1H( Which of the following statements about woofers is true? Ans: The' "re spe!$f$!"ll' *es$%ne* to repro*u!e lo&3 fre8uen!' soun*s) Suppose you ha"e an amateur radio station and its transmitter causes $!I to your hi0fi system. Which of the following would almost certainly not help? Ans: Bu$l* " ne& tr"nsm$tter th"t &or1s on the s"me fre8uen!$es &$th the s"me po&er output "s 'our e+$st$n% tr"nsm$tter) In an analog audio tape recorderDplayer, the recording head

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Ans: e$ther p"rt' !"n he"r the other "t "ll t$mes) An ad"antage of BJ satellite systems o"er geostationary satellite is the fact that Ans: the re%$ons ne"r the %eo%r"ph$! poles "re !o#ere* b' LEO s"tell$te s'stems6 but not b' %eost"t$on"r' s"tell$te s'stems) An J% field strength meter can be used to Ans: *ete!t the presen!e of " &$reless bu%%$n% s'stem) The extent to which a machine "ision system can differentiate between two ob1ects that are close together is called the Ans: opt$!"l resolut$on) A robot car or truc# can best #eep itself tra"eling down a specific lane of traffic by means of Ans: e*%e *ete!t$on) A rule based system is also #nown as Ans: "n e+pert s'stem) Suppose you are using a battery powered, multichannel baby monitor, and you hear one end of a two0way radio con"ersation on the recei"er. *ou can chec# the baby2s room, and it is .uiet. /ow might this problem be sol"ed? Ans: S&$t!h the mon$tor to " *$fferent !h"nnel) In robotics, the term manipulator refers to Ans: " robot "rm6 "n* the *e#$!e "t $ts en* Asu!h "s " %r$pperB A de"ice with an IJ sensor can be used to detect the presence of Ans: &"rm or hot obKe!ts) ;roximity sensing is most closely a #in to Ans: r"n%e plott$n%) A telechir is always used in con1unction with a specialiAed system of Ans: remote !ontrol) A limit to the distance o"er which telepresence is practical is imposed by Ans: the spee* of E; &"#e prop"%"t$on) The ioniAation potential of the air can be determined in order to Ans: *ete!t smo1e) Two0dimensional range plotting Ans: t"1es pl"!e $n " s$n%le %eometr$! pl"ne) Spherical coordinates can uni.uely define the position of a point in up to Ans: three *$mens$ons) The total number of ways in which a robot arm can mo"e is #nown as Ans: *e%rees of free*om) The region in space throughout which a robot arm can accomplish tas#s is called its Ans: &or1 en#elope) A robot arm that mo"es along three independent axes, each of which is straight and perpendicular to the other two, employs Ans: C"rtes$"n !oor*$n"te %eometr') %ill in the blan# to ma#e the following sentence true7 8 A color "ision system can use three grayscale cameras, e.uipped with filters that pass 999 light.: Ans: blue6 re*6 "n* %reen) A robot typically determines the steepness of a slope by means of Ans: " !l$nometer)

CHAPTER 55 ne megabyte is the same amount of data as Ans: 1.,/ QB The Web should be expected to wor# fastest for a user in Cew *or# City at Ans: ,:.. ")m) lo!"l t$me on " Tues*"') The sharpness of the image on a computer display can be specified in terms of Ans: *ot p$t!h) The term cylinder refers to Ans: " set of tr"!1s $n " h"r* *r$#e) An example of a mass0storage de"ice is a Ans: h"r* *r$#e The character string stangibiliscoRrushmore.com would most li#ely represent Ans: "n e3m"$l "**ress) The megabit per second <!bps> is a common unit that expresses Ans: the spee* of "n $nternet !onne!t$on A platter is Ans: " p"rt of h"r* *r$#e ;rotocol ensures that Ans: !omputers e+!h"n%e *"t") A pac#et is Ans: " p$e!e of *"t" sent o#er the Net) The main microprocessor in a computer is located Ans: on the motherbo"r*) Cross0referencing among Web pages is done with Ans: h'perte+t l$n1s) Web page addresses usually begin with the letters 8http,: which signifies a form of Ans: proto!ol) A telephone modem contains Ans: A-= !on#erter) An ad"antage of a flatbed scanner o"er a feedthrough scanner is the fact that Ans: " fl"tbe* s!"nner !"n be use* to s!"n m"%"($nes or boo1s $nt"!t6 but " fee*throu%h s!"nner !"nnot) Which of the following types of external storage pro"ide the fastest access time, pro"ided no software conflicts occur? Ans: A fl"sh memor' mo*ule) Which of the following is a serial0access medium? Ans: ;"%net$! t"pe) Which of the following character strings represents the proper format for an e0mail address? Ans: none of the "bo#e) Which of the following de"ices is best suited for animated graphics wor# in"ol"ing fast motion, such as high end gaming? Ans: A *$spl"' th"t *oes not use $nterl"!$n%) A thermal printer might be an ideal choice for Ans: " s"lesperson &ho $s on the ro"*)

TEST / Which of the following tas#s can a displacement transducer perform? Ans: It !"n !on#ert "n* ele!tr$!"l s$%n"l $nto me!h"n$!"l rot"t$on throu%h " *ef$ne* "n%le) Which of the following is not an ad"antage of an IC, compared to a circuit built with discrete components <indi"idual resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors>? Ans: Lnl$m$te* po&er h"n*l$n% !"p"!$t') Computer memory is typically measured in Ans: 1$lob'tes6 me%"b'tes6 "n* %$%"b'tes) A mode of communications in which either party can hear while tal#ing, thus allowing one party to instantly interrupt the other at any time, is called Ans: full *uple+)

CHAPTER 5/ Android ta#es the form of Ans: the hum"n bo*' According to Asimo"2s three laws, under what circumstances is it all right for a robot to in1ure a human being? Ans: Ln*er no !$r!umst"n!es)

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco An %! stereo tuner generally co"ers a fre.uency range of Ans: ;H( to 1. ;H() The pea# power output from a multica"ity Plystron Ans: !"n be mu!h %re"ter th"n the "#er"%e po&er output) To which of the following does the term platter apply? Ans: An $n*$#$*u"l *$s1 $n " h"r* *r$#e) Why can signals in the so0called shortwa"e band sometimes propagate for thousands of #ilometers without the need for satellites, repeaters, or any other infrastructure? Ans: Be!"use E; &"#es "t these fre8uen!$es "re often returne* to the e"rth b' the $onosphere) What is the purpose of the filament in a "acuum tube? Ans: It he"ts the !"tho*e6 thereb' $n!re"s$n% the ele!tron em$ss$on) %igure TestE0& is a schematic diagram of Ans: An open loop op3"mp !$r!u$t) Suppose that in the circuit %ig. Test E0&, a resistor is connected between the output and the in"erting input. What effect will this ha"e? Ans: It &$ll *e!re"se the %"$n) Which of the following is an example of series access storage medium for computer dis#? Ans: A m"%net$! t"pe) Which of the following is an undesirable characteristic of $B% radiation? Ans: None of the "bo#e "ppl') A Aepp antenna measuring QD' can be oriented "ertically, and the feed line placed so it lies in the same line as the radiating element. This antenna is #nown as Ans: A R pole) The 6;S can be used to determine the position of a point in Ans: three *$mens$ons In a component type hi0fi system, the cables connecting the "arious de"ices should Ans: be sh$el*e* &hene#er pr"!t$!"ble) In a radar display, the aAimuth of a target is e.ual or proportional to Ans: the !lo!1&$se "n%le bet&een " r"*$"l l$ne from the !enter to&"r* %eo%r"ph$! north6 "n* " r"*$"l l$ne from the !enter throu%h the bl$p represent$n% the t"r%et) Which of the following is an example of wireless technology? Ans: The Glob"l Pos$t$on$n% S'stem) The smo#e detector can function by sensing a change in the Ans: $on$("t$on potent$"l of the "$r) Computer dis# storage is typically measured in Ans: 1$lob'tes6 me%"b'tes "n* %$%"b'tes) Which of the following antennas would most li#ely be used in space communications? Ans: A hel$!"l "ntenn" The use of a cell phone may be prohibited in a commercial aircraft in flight because Ans: $t !"n $nterfere &$th fl$%ht $nstruments "n* !ommun$!"t$ons) The circuit in %ig. Test E0' would be a bad choice for use as a medium power audio amplifier because Ans: Hol* $tP The !$r!u$t $n <$% Test /3, &oul* be " %oo* !ho$!e for use "s " me*$um po&er "u*$o "mpl$f$er) In an electrostatic CJT, the electron beam can be di"erted up and down by Ans: !h"r%e* pl"tes th"t "ttr"!t or repel mo#$n% ele!trons) A de"ice that translates )++0/A sound wa"es into ac by means of the interaction between a permanent magnet and a coil of wire is an example of Ans: " *'n"m$! tr"ns*u!er) Which of the following considerations is most important in a hi0fi audio power amplifier? Ans: nulls $n the response to s$%n"ls !om$n% from the north "n* south) A loopstic# antenna, oriented so its end point toward the eastern and western horiAons , exhibits Ans: nulls $n the response to s$%n"ls !om$n% from the e"st to &est) %ill in the blan# to ma#e the following sentence true7 8 An 9999 functions by sensing "ariations in the relati"e phase acoustic wa"es reflected from ob1ects in the en"ironment. 8 Ans: ultr"son$! mot$on *ete!tor Which of the following is an ad"antage of a large BC= o"er a large CJT display? Ans: L$%hter &e$%ht) An op amp can produce or facilitate Ans: " h$%h s$%n"l %"$n o#er " &$*e r"n%e of fre8uen!$es) Which of the following is an application of gas filled tube? Ans: =e!or"t$#e l$%ht$n%) Which of the following is a characteristic of stepper motor? Ans: It rot"tes $n *ef$ne* $n!rements6 not !ont$nuousl') With respect to ICs, terms such as !SI, BSI, and (BSI define the Ans: m"+$mum number of tr"ns$stors per !h$p) In a tetrode "acuum tube amplifier, the screen grid Ans: re*u!es the !"p"!$t"n!e bet&een the !ontrol %r$* "n* the pl"te %ill in the blan# in the following sentence to ma#e it true7 8 n the Web data is transmitted by means of a 999 that allows the files on distant computers to appear as if they are on your own computer.: Ans: proto!ol) A robot arm with articulated geomtery Ans: h"s Ko$nts6 s$m$l"r to those $n " hum"n "rm) The instantaneous output "oltage of a differentiator is proportional to Ans: the r"te "t &h$!h the $nst"nt"neous $nput #olt"%e !h"n%es) What type of de"ices re.uire particular care in handling, so they are no destroyed by electrostatic discharges can build up on a technician2s body? Ans: ;OS !omponents) According to Isaac Asimo"2s rules for the beha"ior of robots, a robot must not in1ure, or allow the in1ury of any human, Ans: un*er "n' !$r!umst"n!es) Computer data speed is typically measured in Ans: 1$lob$ts per se!on*6 me%"b$ts per se!on*6 "n* %$%"b$ts per se!on*) =oppler radar is useful for measuring or estimating Ans: the &$n* spee* $n the funnel !lou* of " torn"*o) A de"ice that translates a 5+ #/A ac "oltage into ultrasonic wa"es by producing stress on a crystal, thereby causing the crystal to "ibrate, is an example of Ans: " p$e(oele!tr$! tr"ns*u!er) %ill in the blan# in the following sentence to ma#e it true7 8 A 999 is a "ertical radiator, usually measuring QDE, ele"ated abo"e the surface of the earth, and operated against a system of QDE horiAontal or slightly drooping radials.: Ans: %roun* pl"ne %igure Test E05 shows a robotic system that employs Ans: C'l$n*r$!"l !oor*$n"te %eometr') A satellite in a B$ system is usually placed in Ans: " pol"r orb$t Sound wa"es in the atmosphere consist of Ans: mo#$n% mole!ules)

<INAL EFA; A wire be coiled around a magnetic compass to ma#e Ans: " *! %"l#"nometer

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco Ans: IR r"*$"t$on *ete!tor The inducti"e reactance of a fixed air0core coil of wire, assuming the wire has Aero dc resistance <it conducts perfectly>, Ans: $n!re"ses "s the fre8uen!' $n!re"ses) ;ower is defined as Ans: the r"te "t &h$!h ener%' $s r"*$"te* or *$ss$p"te*) In an amplifier that employs a ;0channerl O%$T, the de"ice can usually be replaced with an C0channel O%$T ha"ing similar specifications pro"ided that Ans: the po&er suppl' pol"r$t' $s re#erse* for the !$r!u$t $n 8uest$on) At the exact moment a ?+0/A ac sine wa"e is at its positi"e pea# "oltage, the instantaneous rate of change is the "oltage is Ans: (ero In order for a bipolar transistor to conduct under conditions of no signal input, the bias must be Ans: $n the for&"r* *$re!t$on "t the em$tter3b"se AE3BB Kun!t$on6 suff$!$ent to !"use for&"r* bre"1o#er) The ris# of electrocution to personnel who ser"ice 8libe: electrical or electronic e.uipment increases in proportion to the Ans: m"+$mum potent$"l *$fferen!e6 $n #olts6 th"t e+$sts $n the e8u$pment) In a logical AC= gate with four inputs, the output is high if and only if Ans: "ll four of the $nputs "re h$%h6 "n* none "re lo&) In a power supply filter, the term B section refers to a combination of Ans: " !"p"!$tor $n p"r"llel to the re!t$f$er output6 "n* " !ho1e $n ser$es) %ill in the blan# in the following sentence to ma#e it correct7 8The pea# in"erse "oltage rating of a rectifier diode is the maximum instantaneous re"erse bias "oltage that it can withstand without 999 ta#ing place.: Ans: "#"l"n!he effe!t In an IC, the term linear arises from the fact that Ans: the "mpl$f$!"t$on f"!tor $s %ener"ll' !onst"nt "s the $nst"nt"neous "mpl$tu*e #"r$es) The high input impedance of a ! S%$T ma#es this type of de"ice ideal for use in Ans: &e"1 s$%n"l "mpl$f$ers) In %igure $xam0&, the dashed lines labeled <N> can represent Ans: the ele!tr$! l$nes of flu+ $n the #$!$n$t' of t&o ele!tr$!"ll' !h"r%e* obKe!ts AF "n* E $ns$*e the bl"!1 bo+B h"#$n% oppos$te pol"r$t') The drain of a O%$T is the analog of the Ans: pl"te of " #"!uum tube Suppose you want to obtain a &'0( battery by connecting &.)0( siAe = flashlight cells together. This can be done by Ans: !onne!t$n% !ells to%ether $n ser$es6 m"1$n% sure to "l&"'s !onne!t the term$n"ls so the' "re plus to m$nus) ne of the technical limitations of capaciti"e proximity sensors is the fact that they Ans: "re not #er' sens$t$#e to obKe!ts th"t "re poor ele!tr$!"l !on*u!tors) A flute sounds different than a "ioline, e"en if two instruments are played at the same picth, because of a difference in the Ans: &"#eform) In a personal computer, the internal mass storage medium is nearly always Ans: none of the "bo#e) A de"ice which signals can be sent as#ing for data, and that responds withs the re.uested information by means of radio or a wireless networ#, is #nown as a Ans: tr"nspon*er) %ill in the blan# in the following statement to ma#e it rue7 8Two problems can occur with the 999 type of intrusion alarm. %irst, the sun, suddenly emerging from clouds or from shadow, might shine on the sensor and trigger the de"ice when there is not threat. Second, someone with malicious intent, wearing winter clothing and entering on a cold day, might fail to set off the alarm in the presence of a real threat.: Suppose that fi"e resistors, each one ha"ing the same ohmic "alue as all the others, are connected in series and the entire combination is connected to a &'0( battery. /ow does the "oltage across any one of the resistors compare with the battery "oltage, assuming no other loads are connected to the circuit? Ans: The #olt"%e "!ross "n' one of the res$stors $s 1-7 of the b"tter' #olt"%e) When the carrier and one of the sidebands are remo"ed from an amplitude modulated signal, the result is Ans: " s$n%le s$*eb"n* s$%n"l) In log polar na"igation, a computer con"erts a polar coordinate image to Ans: A re!t"n%ul"r !oor*$n"te $m"%e) Which of the following functions <a>, <b>, <c>, or <d>, if any. Is a semiconductor diode ne"er used to perform? Ans: A sem$!on*u!tor *$o*e !"n perform "n' of the "bo#e fun!t$ons ARe!t$f$!"t$on6 =ete!t$on6 <re8uen!' ;ult$pl$!"t$on6 "n* S$%n"l ;$+$n%B The reactance of a fixed capacitor, assuming it has no lea#age conductance <that is, it has a theoretically infinite dc resistance>, Ans: *e!re"ses ne%"t$#el' A"ppro"!hes (eroB "s the fre8uen!' $n!re"ses) A common collector transistor circuit is often used Ans: to m"t!h " h$%h $mpe*"n!e to " lo& $mpe*"n!e) The internal conductance <expressed in siemens> of an ammeter is generally Ans: h$%h) A half+wire length of wire, fed at one end with a .uarter wa"e section of parallel0wire transmission line, is #nown as Ans: " (eppel$n "ntenn" A twin T oscillator is commonly used for generating Ans: A< s$%n"ls) Suppose that fi"e resistors, each one ha"ing the same ohmic "alue as all the others, are connected in series, and the entire combination is connected to a &' ( battery. /ow does that current through any one of the resistors compare with the current drawn from the battery? Ans: The !urrent throu%h "n' one of the res$stors $s s"me "s the !urrent *r"&n from the b"tter'S When a nonAero net reactance exists in an ac circuit, the "olt0 ampere <(A>, power also #nown as the apparent power is Ans: %re"ter th"n the true po&er)

When an impurity, also called a dopant, is added to a semiconductor material, it can contain either an excess of electrons or a deficiency of electrons. A dopant with an excess of electrons, also #nown as a donor impurity, results in the production of Ans: "n N3t'pe sem$!on*u!tor) In %ig. $xam ', suppose the "alue of the fixed capacitor, C&, is 55+ p%, and the range of the "ariable capacitor C', is &+ to 5?) p%. What is the span of capacitance "alues <minimum to maximum> that can be obtained with this parallel combination with switch S either open or closed, as desired? Ans: 1. to 4@7 p<6 o#er " !ont$nuous r"n%e In %ig. $xam ', suppose the "alue of the fixed capacitor, C&, is ''+ p%, and the range of the "ariable capacitor C', is &+ to &++ p%. What is the span of capacitance "alues <minimum to maximum> that can be obtained with this parallel combination with switch S either open or closed, as desired? Ans: 7 to 5,. p<6 but &$th " %"p $n the r"n%e Which of the following units is most often used for specifying data speed in digital communications systems? Ans: ;e%"b$ts bTper se!on*) In the output of a dc power supply, "oltage regulation can be obtained by Ans: !onne!t$n% " Iener *$o*e $n p"r"llel6 p"'$n% "ttent$on to the pol"r$t') Imagine an inductor and resistor connected in series, such that the inducti"e reactance and the resistance are both e.ual to E++ 3 at a

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco fre.uency of &++ !/A. /ow are the instantaneous current and the instantaneous "oltage related? Ans: None of the "bo#e "re true) Imagine a string of '+ holiday lights, all connected in parallel and plugged into a &'+ ( rms ac wall outlet. If one of the bulbs is short0 circuited, what will happen? Ans: The fuse or !$r!u$t bre"1er &$ll blo&6 "n* "ll of the rem"$n$n% 1@ bulbs &$ll %o out) Suppose a coil and capacitor are connected in series, with 1IBL 1E+ and 1Ic L 014+, and the coil has an internal resistance of &+ 3. Suppose the fre.uency of operation is &'.) !/A. this circuit will exhibit resonance at Ans: some fre8uen!' "bo#e 1,)7 ;H( Imagine a transmission line consisting of two wires, each ha"ing a diameter of exactly & mm, and uniformely spaced exactly &+ mm apart with nothing but air as the dielectric between them. If the two wires are mo"ed so they are uniformely spaced exactly )+ mm apart, and the dielectric between them is nothing but air, what happens to the characteristic impedance? Ans: It $n!re"ses) In an %! signal, de"iation is Ans: the m"+$mum e+tent to &h$!h the $nst"nt"neous !"rr$er fre8uen!' *$ffers from the unmo*ul"te* !"rr$er fre8uen!') A typical angular speed for an old0fashoined "inyl dis# in a hi0fi sound system is Ans: 55 rpm An autotransformer can be recogniAed by the fact that it has Ans: " s$n%le6 t"ppe* &$n*$n% ne of the purposes of the suppressor grid in a pentode "acuum tube amplifier is to Ans: repel se!on*"r' ele!trons em$tte* b' the pl"te6 &h$!h !oul* !"use the po&er suppl' to burn out) Consider two sine wa"es ha"ing identical fre.uency. Suppose that one wa"e leads the other by exactly &D'+ of a cycle. What is the phase difference between the two wa"es? Ans: 1 G In a cellular communications system, a technology in which cell o"erlap, but signals do not interfere with each other because e"ery phone set is assigned a uni.ue signal code is #nown as Ans: !o*e *$#$s$on mult$ple "!!ess) A steady magnetic field can be produced by Ans: "n' of the "bo#e) In %ig. $xam05, what type of component can the box with the .uery symbol <?> contain in order for the circuit to function as indicated? Ans: A *$o*e) In which of the following applications would you ne"er find an op amp used as the main acti"e circuit component? Ans: A m$!ro&"#e os!$ll"tor In a circuit containing conductance, inducti"e susceptance, and capaciti"e susceptance, a condition of resonance exists if and only if Ans: the $n*u!t$#e "n* !"p"!$t$#e sus!ept"n!es !"n!el out) Imagine a perfect s.uare wa"e with no dc component. That means that the positi"e and negati"e portions ha"e e.ual amplitudes and e.ual durations. Suppose you are told that the "oltage is &+ ( p#0 p#. What is the a"erage "oltage? Ans: .).. > %ill in the blan# in the following statement to ma#e it true7 8It ta#es a certain minimum 999 "oltage, #nown as the forward brea#o"er "oltage, for conduction to occur through a ;0C 1unction.: Ans: for&"r* b$"s) %igure $xam E is a generic diagram of a de"ice that can be used to measure Ans: *! res$st"n!e The maximum gain obtainable with an amplifier that employs a gi"en bipolar transistor Ans: %r"*u"ll' *e!re"ses "s the fre8uen!' $n!re"ses) A phase comparator would most li#ely be found in Ans: A PLL fre8uen!' s'nthes$(er An atom with 4 protons and ) electrons is an example of Ans: " pos$t$#e $on $lectrical energy can be deri"ed from hydrogen on a small scale in a de"ice called Ans: " fuel !ell The output wa"e of a common gate amplifier circuit with a pure sine wa"e input Ans: $s $n ph"se &$th the $nput &"#e Which of the following capacitors is polariAed? Ans: Ele!trol't$! The maximum radiation and response from a full0wa"e loop antenna, assuming there are no nearby conductors or obstructions to distort the pattern, occurs Ans: perpen*$!ul"r to the pl"ne of the loop) Suppose that fi"e resistors, each ha"ing a different ohmic "alue from any of the others, are connected in series, and the entire combincation is connected to a &'0( battery. /ow does the current through any of the one resitors compare with the current drawn from the battery? Ans: The !urrent throu%h "n' of the one res$stors $s the s"me "s the !urrent *r"&n from the b"tter') %igure $xam ) shows a generic circuit that can be used for broadband J% power amplification. What is wrong with the circuit as shown? Ans: The H1, > po&er sour!e shoul* be repl"!e* &$th " 31, > po&er sour!e) Imagine a string of '+ holiday lights, all connected in parallel and plugged into a &'+0( rms ac wall outlet. If one of the bulbs is unscrewed and remo"ed from the circuit, what will happen? Ans: The rem"$n$n% 1@ bulbs &$ll !ont$nue to sh$ne e+"!tl' "s before no more or less br$%htl') When a "olatile JA! chip is used in a computer, Ans: the !ontents of the memor' !"n be e"s$l' o#er&r$tten) A nic#el0cadmium <CICA=> battery should ne"er be discharged until it is totally dead because Ans: the pol"r$t' of one or more !ells m"' re#erse6 ru$n$n% the b"tter') Which of the following is an ad"antage of a CJT display o"er an BC= for a computing wor#station? Ans: Eou !"n %et " b$%%er s!reen for " lo&er pr$!e) The gauss is a unit of Ans: m"%net$! flu+ *ens$t') Imagine an inductor and resistor connected in series, such that the inducti"e reactance is 5++ 3 and the resistance is )++ 3 at a particular fre.uency. If the fre.uency is decreased, what happens to the relati"e phase of the instantaneous current and the instantaneous "oltage? Ans: The' be!ome more ne"rl' $n ph"se) Imagine two sine wa"es, one with a fre.uency of )+.++ /A and the other with a fre.uency of ?+.++ /A. The phase difference between these two wa"es is Ans: not *ef$n"ble) Consider a "ariable capacitor connected in parallel with a fixed toroidal inductor. Suppose a signal of constant fre.uency is applied to the combination. If the "ariable capacitor is ad1usted so its "alue changes from '++ p% to &++ p%, what happens to the reactance of the inductor? Ans: It *oes not !h"n%e) When two inductors ha"ing the same "alue are connected in series with a small opposing mutual inductance <say the coefficient of coupling is ) percent or so>, the total reactance of the combination at a specific constant fre.uency is Ans: sl$%htl' less th"n t&$!e the re"!t"n!e of e$ther $n*u!tor) The power factor in an ac circuit is defined as Ans: the r"t$o of the true po&er to the "pp"rent po&er) %igure $xam ? shows a radar display and a single blip, indicating the position of a target. What is the approximate aAimuth of this target? Ans: ,5 G Which of the following is an e0mail address in the proper format? Ans: s!$en!e&r$terUt"hoe)!om

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ECT REVIEWER: Electronics by Gibilisco A robot can be guided along a specific route by means of a current carrying wire beneath the surface. The robot detects, and follows, the magnetic field produced by the current, thus following the wire. This is called Ans: "n embe**e* p"th) Which of the following substances is sometimes used as the semiconductor material in 1unction field0effect transistors <O%$Ts>? Ans: G"ll$um Arsen$*e) Suppose that fi"e resistors, each one ha"ing the same ohmic "alue as all the others, are connected in parallel, and the entire combination is connected to a &' ( battery. /ow does the current through an one of the resistors compare with the current drawn from the battery? Ans: The !urrent thou%h "n' one of the res$stors $s 1-7 "s %re"t "s the !urrent *r"&n from the b"tter') %igure $xam 4 illustrates a method of Ans: &$reless t"pp$n% of !or*less phone set) In %igure $xam 4, the box at the top contains a .uery symbol <?>. What type of de"ice should this be, in order for the system to perform its intended tas#? Ans: A &$reless tr"nsm$tter Some substances cause magnetic lines of flux to bunch closer together than they would be if the magnetic field existed in a "acuum. This property is #nown as Ans: ferrom"%net$sm In digital audio tape recording and reproduction, the noise can be practically eliminated because Ans: no$se $s "n"lo% $n n"ture6 "n* !"n be nulle* or f$ltere* out &$thout *e%r"*$n% the *$%$t"l s$%n"ls) Imagine a capacitor and resistor connected in series, such that the capaciti"e reactance is e.ual to 0'++ 3 and the resistance is e.ual to '++ 3 at a fre.uency of 4+ !/A. /ow are the instantaneous current and the instantaneous "oltage related. Ans: The !urrent le"*s the #olt"%e b' /7G) The amount of current that a silicon photodiode can deli"er in direct sunlight depends on Ans: the surf"!e "re" of the P3N Kun!t$on) %ill in the blan# to ma#e the following sentence true7 8$lectrical current can be expressed in terms of the number of 999 passing a gi"en point per unit time.: Ans: !h"r%e !"rr$ers)

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