E&e Manual

CMR Institute of Technology
Redefining Quality Education
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
AIM:To Verify Superposition theorem APPARATUS : S.No 1 " 3 ) Name of the Equipment Regulated power supply Resistances #mmeter Connecting wires MC Type Range 3 V!"# 1$!"%" $!3%3$! & '" (m# Qty 1 3 1 #s re*uired
STATEMENT : In any linear +i'lateral networ, containing two or more sources! the response at any element is e*ual to the alge+raic sum of the responses caused +y indi-idual sources with all other sources ma,ing .ero% IR UIT !IA"RAM :
3 3 I / 0%Tech 1 Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual
R1 1.0kOhm_5%
R2 2.2kOhm_5%
V1
> R3
10V 3.3kOhm_5%
'"
m#
#ig$%&
R1 1.0kOhm_5%
R2
> # '"
2.2kOhm_5%
m#
V2 15V
R3 3.3kOhm_5%
#ig$'& PRO E!URE : 1% Connected the circuit as per circuit diagram shown in 4ig &1( "% #pply the -oltage V1 and V" through regulated power supply 3% Measure the current passed through the +ranch R3 with ammeter I5 )% Ma,e the supply -oltage V" short circuit and apply V1 through R6S in 4ig'" 7% Measure the current passed through the +ranch R3 with ammeter I1 8% 9ow ma,e the supply -oltage V1 short circuit and apply V" through R6S in 4ig'3 :% Measure the current through the +ranch R3 with ammeter i%e% I" ;% 9ow -erify that I< = I1>I" % Theoretically and practically%
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Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual
TA(U)AR O)UMN? @hen +oth sources acting? $Theo/eti0a,& I1 $mA& $P/a0ti0a,& I1$mA&
*%$+o,t-&
*.$+o,t-&
17
@hen V1 source acting? *.$+o,t-& $Theo/eti0a,& I%$mA& $P/a0ti0a,& I%$mA&
*%$+o,t-&
@hen V" source acting : *.$+o,t-& $Theo/eti0a,& I.$mA& $P/a0ti0a,& I.$mAmp&
*%$+o,t-&
17
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THEORETI A) A) U)ATIONS?
PRE AUTIONS? 1% Circuit must +e connected correctly% "% #-oid the loose connection 3% Reading should +e ta,en correctly%
RESU)TS? ' Superposition theorem is -erified%
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RE IPRO IT2 THEOREM

AIM ? To -erify Reciprocity theorem APPARATUS : S.No 1 " 3 ) Name of the Equipment Regulated power supply Resistances #mmeter Connecting wires MC Type A%C Range 3 V!"# 1%1$!"%"$!3 %3$! & '" (m# Qty 1 3 1
#s re*uired
STATEMENT In any linear +i'lateral networ, the response at any +ranch &or( transformation ratio is same e-en after interchanging the sources i%e% V1BI1 = V"B I" IR UIT !IA"RAM (efo/e inte/0hanging the -ou/0eR1 1.1kOhm_5% R2 2.2kOhm_5%
>
V1 10V R3 3.3kOhm_5%
# 3
I1 '1
m#
#ig-%
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Afte/ inte/0hanging the -ou/0e-
R1 1.1kOhm_5%
R2 2.2kOhm_5%
> # 3 I" '1 m#

R3 3.3kOhm_5% V2 10V
#ig-. PRO E!URE: 1% Ma,e the connections as per circuit diagram &4ig%1( "% #pply the -oltage V1 through R6S in one mesh and measure the current in the other mesh i%e I1 3% 9ow interchange the sources as shown in 4ig'"% )% Measure the current in first mesh I" +y applying V" in the other mesh 7% Ta+ulate the readings and -erify that V"BI" = V1BI1 TA(U)AR O)UMN: (efo/e inte/0hanging the -ou/0e-:
S%9o V1&Volts(
6ractical I1&m#( V1BI1
Theoretical I1&m#( V1BI1
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Afte/ inte/0hanging the -ou/0e-:
S%9o V"&-olts(
6ractical I"&m#( V"BI"
Theoretical I"&m#( V"BI"
THEORETI A) A) U)ATIONS
PRE AUTIONS: 1% Circuit must +e connected correctly% "% #-oid the loose connection 3% Reading should +e ta,en correctly%
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RESU)TS: Reciprocity theorem is -erified%
MA1IMUM PO3ER TRANS#ER THEOREM
AIM: To -erify ma5imum power transfer theorem% APPARATUS :
9ame of the S%9o 1 " 3 7 8 : E*uipment Regulated power supply Resistances #mmeter Connecting wires Aecade Resistance 0o5 0read +oard MC Type Range 3 V!"# 1$ & '" ( m# Qty 1 1 1 #s re*uired 1 1
STATEMENT:
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CMR Institute of Technology ! IR UIT:-
It states that the ma5imum power is transferred from the source to the load when the resistance is e*ual to the load resistance i%e% R2 =RS% A IR UIT:-
It states that the ma5imum power will +e de-eloped +y a networ, to an impedance C2 if the impedance C2 is the comple5 conDugate of the source impedance CS of the networ,% IR UIT !IA"RAM :
'" > #
m# 3
MO!E) "RAPH
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CMR Institute of Technology PRO E!URE:1% Ma,e the connections as per the circuit diagram "% #pply the constant -oltage 1 V through the R6S%
3% Ta+ulate the current readings +y -arying the load resistance &AR0( from 7 to "$% )% Measure the power -alue 6=I"R2 and ta+ulate the readings 7% Verify that power is ma5imum at R2 = RS &$%(
T#0F2#R CG2FM9 ? S%9o V&-olts( I &m#( R2&( 6= I"R2 &m@(
PRE AUTIONS:
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1% Ensure that connections are made as per circuit diagram! +efore starting the e5periment% "% #naly.e your circuit theoretically +efore conducting e5periment 3% Readings should +e ta,en correctly% RESU)T? Ma5imum power transfer theorem is -erified%
THE*ENIN4S 5 NORTON4S THEOREM

AIM: To -erify The-enin 1 9ortonHs theorem APPARATUS: S.No 1 Name of the Equipment Regulated power Supply Resistances #mmeter Aigital ) Multimeter Connecting MC Type Range 3 V!"#mps "%"$!1%;$,1 & '" ( m# Qty 1 3! 3 1 1 1 #s re*uired
" 3%
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CMR Institute of Technology 7 STATEMENT: wires
The-eninHs theorem states that! IIn any two terminal linear +ilateral dc networ, can +e replaced +y an e*ui-alent circuit consisting of a -oltage source V th in series with an e*ui-alent resistance Rth % The -alue of Vth is the open circuit -oltage +etween the the terminals of the networ,! and Rth is the e*ui-alent resistance &or( The-enin resistance measured +etween terminals ! when all energy sources are replaced +y their internal resistances%
IR UIT !IA"RAM:-
> # '1 m#
THE*ENIN4S EQUI*A)ENT IR UIT
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1"
RTJ > # '1 m#
R2
PRO E!URE: 1% Connect the C$T as per circuit diagram "% Connect the #mmeter across #!0 and measure I2 Current 3% Remo-e the load resistance and measure the open circuit -oltage Vth across #1C )% Aetermine the the-eninHs e*ui-alent resistance Rth +y replacing the source -oltage with a short circuit% 7% 0y using Voltmeter set the power supply to the -oltage which is measured across # 1C terminals% 8% Connect that supply from R6S to of the-eninHs e*ui-alent circuit :% 9ote down the load current from The-eninHs e*ui-alent circuit&I2(
O(SER*ATIONS: S%9o Vth&-olts( Rth&( I2&m#( RESU)T: The-eninHs Theorem is -erified Theoretical 6ractical
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NORTON4S THEOREM
STATEMENT #ny two terminal linear +ilateral A%C networ, can +e replaced +y an e*ui-alent circuit consisting of a current source I9 in parallel with an e*ui-alent resistance Rth % The -alue of I9 is the short circuit current +etween the terminals of the networ, ! and Rth is the e*ui-alent resistance &or( The-enin resistance measured +etween terminals! when all energy sources are replaced +y their internal resistances% IR UIT !IA"RAM
> # R2 3 I2 '" m#
#ig % NORTON4S EQUI*A)ENT IR UIT > # I / 0%Tech 1) I2 '" m#
3 Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual
R9
R2
#ig .
PRO E!URE 1% Connect the circuit as shown in 4ig 1% "% Connect the #mmeter across # 1 0 and measure the load current I2 3% Replace the load resistance +y short circuit and measure the short current I9 or ISC 0y applying 1" V )% Aetermine the e*ui-alent Resistance R9 &RTJ ( +y replacing the -oltage +y short Circuit 7% Connect the 9ortonHs theorem e*ui-alent circuit as shown in 4ig "%
O(SR*ATIONS S.No IN$mA& R N $ & I)$mA& Theo/eti0a, P/a0ti0a,
PRE AUTIONS 1% Ensure that connections are made as per circuit diagram! +efore starting the
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CMR Institute of Technology e5periment%
"% Ket your connected circuit chec,ed +y staff mem+er 3% #naly.e your circuit theoretically +efore conducting e5periment )% Readings should +e ta,en correctly%
RESU)T :6 9ortonHs Theorem -erified
T3O PORT NET3OR7 PARAMETERS

AIM : To o+tain e5perimentally C'6arameters! L 6arameters of a gi-en two port networ,% APPARATUS : 9ame of the S%9o 1 " 3 ) 7 THEOR2 # pair of terminals at which a signal may enter or lea-e a networ, is called a port% # port is defined as any pair of terminals into which energy is supplied! or from which energy is with drawn! or where the networ, -aria+les may +e measured% E*uipment Regulated power supply Resistances #mmeter Volt meter Connecting wires MC MC Type Range 3 V!"# 1 $!"%" $ & '" ( m# Qty 1 "! 1 " 1 #c re*uired
'3 V
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CMR Institute of Technology IR UIT !IA"RAMS
T3O PORT PARAMETER: 8-PARAMETERS $Impe9an0e Pa/amete/-&: It is defined +y the following e*uations V1!V" = f&I1!I"( Then! V1= C11 I1 > C1" I" V"= C"1 I1>C"" I"
C11 = V1B I1 when I" = C1" = V1B I" when I1 =
C"1 = V"B I1 when I" = C"" = V"B I" when I1 =
2- PARAMETER $A9mittan0e Pa/amete/-& It is defined +y the following e*uations I1! I" = f&V1!V"( Then! I1= L11 V1 > L1" V" I"= L"1 V1 > L"" V" L11= I1B V1 when V" = L1"= I1B V" when V1 =
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1:
L"1= I"B V1
when V" =
L""= I"B V"
when V1 =
a,0u,ation- of 8- Pa/amete/
3hen Po/t . open $I.:;&
I1
V
1
3hen po/t % open $I%:;&
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1;
I"
V
"
PRO E!URE:1% Connections are made as per circuit diagram "% Gpen the port " terminals 01A of fig &1( and measure the current I1 in port 1 +y applying -oltage V1 +etween #1C% 3% Measure the -oltage V" +etween 01A with digital -oltmeter% )% 9ow open the port1 terminals #1C of fig1 measures the current I" in port " +y applying V" +etween 01A% 7% 9ow measure the -oltage V1 +etween #1C with digital -oltmeter% Ta<u,a/ o,umn C 6arameters S%9o C11 C1" C"1 C"" Theoretical 6ractical
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CMR Institute of Technology a,0u,ation- of 2- Pa/amete/-:@hen port " is Short Circuit &V"(=
I1
I"
V
1
@hen port 1 short c,td &V1= (
I1
I"
V
"
PRO E!URE 1% Connections are made as per circuit diagram &1( "% Short circuit the port " terminals 01A and measure the current I1 +y applying -oltage V1 +etween #1C% 3% Measure the current I" in port " +etween 01A with digital #mmeter% )% 9ow open the port1 terminals #1C and measures I" +y applying V" +etween
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CMR Institute of Technology 01A% 7% Measure the current I1 in port +etween # 1C
8% Calculate the L' 6arameters using a+o-e formulas% TA(U)AR O)UMN: L 6arameters S%9o
L11
Theoretical &m
6ractical &m
L1"
L"1
L""
PRE AUTIONS 1% Ensure that connections are made as per circuit diagram! +efore starting the e5periment% "% #naly.e your circuit theoretically +efore conducting e5periment 3% Readings should +e ta,en correctly
RESU)T C ' 6arameters! L'6arameters are calculated
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"1
SERIES AN! PARA))E) RESONAN E

AIM:To o+tain e5perimentally resonant fre*uency f !+and width and *uality factor of a series and parallel R 2 C Circuit% APPARATUS: 9ame of the S%9o 1 " 3% )% 3 7 THEOR2: # series R) circuit is said to +e in resonance when the inducti-e reactance is e*ual to capaciti-e reactance% &i%e%! at which the net reactance is .ero(% In a series R) circuit there is a special condition when capaciti-e reactance 1 ! and Inducti-e reactance 1) !ha-e the same -alue% 1) : . f) 1 : %= . f 4or any circuit containing an inductance and a capacitance in series !there is one particular fre*uency !f !at which the reactanceHs are e*ual and the circuit is said to +e in E*uipment Signal generator Resistances Capacitance Inductance Multimeter Connecting wires Type Range 1MJ.!17V 1$ %334 %"; mJ Qty 1 1 1 1 1 #s re*uired
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""
CMR Institute of Technology resonance% #t resonant fre*uency% 1):1 . f;): %= . f; f;:%=. ) (an9 >i9th : 0and width=f"'f1 &from graph( Qua,ity fa0to/ Q :f;=$f.-f%& #lso Q:1);=R Q= "&total energy stored (B &energy dissipated per cycle( IR UIT !IA"RAM :
> # '" m#
PRO E!URE : 1% Connections are done as per the circuit diagram% "% $eep the input -oltage 1 V! constant and set the signal generator for minimum fre*uency% 3% Measure the increasing current with digital ammeter +y increasing fre*uency up to resonant fre*uency% )% 9ow measure the decreasing current with digital ammeter +y increasing the fre*uency a+o-e resonant fre*uency% I / 0%Tech "3 Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual
CMR Institute of Technology 7% Verify that the current is ma5imum at f %
TA(U)AR O)UMN :S.No #/equen0y$H?& u//ent$mA&
THEORETI A) A) U)ATIONS : Resonant fre*uency f =1B"2C
Jalf power fre*uencies f1 =MM%% &J.( f" =MMM%&J.( 0and width &0%@(= f"' f1= MMM%&J.( Quality factor = f B+and width
"RAPHS :
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")
PARA))E) RESONAN E
IR UIT !IA"RAM ?
To -oltmeter
PRO E!URE : 1% Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram% "% Vary the applied fre*uency and measure the current across parallel connection 3 %9ote down the current -alues for different fre*uencies +elow and a+o-e resonant fre*uency% )% Verify that the current is minimum at resonance fre*uency% TA(U)AR O)UMN : S.No #/equen0y$H?& u//ent $mA&
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THEORETI A) A) U)ATIONS: Resonant fre*uency f =1B"2CMM&J.(
Jalf power fre*uencies f1 = MMM&J.( f" =MMM%%&J.( 0and width &0%@( = f"' f1=MMM%&J.( Quality factor = f B+and width "RAPHS:
RESU)T 4re*uency response of series and parallel R2C circuits are studied
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TIME RESPONSE O# R -R)@ R) NET3OR7S

AIM : To determine the time response of R2! RC and R2C circuit APPARATUS : 9ame of the S%9o 1 " 3 ) 7 E*uipment Signal generator Resistances Capacitors Inductor CRG Type Range 1MJC! '17V 1$! % 1!4 7 mJ Qty 1 1 1 1 1
IR UIT The series RC circuit shown in 4ig is a typical high pass filter% Since the
reactance of a capacitor decreases with increasing fre*uency! the higher fre*uency components present in the input signal appear at the output with less attenuation% #t -ery high fre*uencies the reactance of the capacitor is so small that it can +e treated effecti-ely as a short circuit% Thus what e-er may +e the inputN a signal appears at the output without any distortion and attenuation% The low fre*uency components of the input signal suffer greater attenuation and so do not appear at the output% 0ecause the circuit allows only high fre*uencies to pass through without any attenuation! this circuit is called Ihigh pass filterO% #t -ery low fre*uencies the capacitor has -ery high reactance and hence +eha-es as an open circuit% capacitor% I / 0%Tech ": Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual #t a signal fre*uency of .ero Jert.! the capacitor has infinite reactance and hence completely +loc,s the input% Thus C is also ,nown as the +loc,ing
CMR Institute of Technology R) IR UIT:
If the capacitance PCH is replaced +y an inductor 2! we ha-e an R2 circuit +eha-ing in a similar way as an RC circuit% The time constant is now 2BR instead of RC% The inductor is seldom used if a large time constant is called for +ecause a large -alue of inductance can +e o+tained only with an iron'core inductor which is physically large! hea-y and e5pensi-e relati-e to the cost of a capacitor for a similar application% The small! ine5pensi-e! air'core inductor is used in low'time'constant applications% IR UIT !IA"RAMS: R) IR UIT :
IR UIT
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";
R)
IR UIT
PRO E!URE : 1% Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram "% Ma,e all the necessary adDustments in the CRG +efore connecting to the circuit 3% Connect the CRG channel'1 to Vi &input( terminal and channel " to output Vo terminals% )% #pply 1 $J.! 1 Volt &pea, to pea,( s*uare wa-e signal to the input side of the circuit 7% G+ser-e the output wa-e forms on CRG from different time constants% 8% Similarly o+ser-e the output wa-eforms of R2 9etwor, :% #pply s*uare wa-e input to the R2C circuit and -ary the resistor o+ser-e the output wa-eform in CRG PRE AUTIONS : 1% Ensure that connections are made as per circuit diagram! +efore starting the e5periment "% Ket your connected circuit chec,ed +y staff mem+er% 3% #naly.e your circuit theoretically +efore conducting e5periment RESU)T? Time response of RC'R2! R2C networ,s o+ser-ed%
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SWINBURNES TEST (NO LOAD TEST) Aim:

To determine the efficiency of a DC Shunt Machine by Performing Swinburnes test
Apparatus:
Name o t!e 1 ! 3 # ( % E"uipme#t Voltmeter "mmeter "mmeter $heostat Tachometer Connecting wires
Ra#ge 0-300 V 0-! " 0-1 " 3%0& ' 1"
T$pe MC MC MC
%ua#tit$ 1 o
ww
Digital '"nalog
1 o 1 o 1 o 1 o "s $e)uired
Circuit Diagram:
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Name &'ate Detai's:

ame *late details of D+C Shunt Motor Volts , !!0 "m*s , !0 $*m , 1(00 /+P , 3 -.tn ty*e, Shunt Volts , !!0 "m*s , 0+%
&roce(ure:
1+ Connect the circuit as shown in figure !+ Start the motor using 3 Point starter 3+ The s*eed is ad0usted to the rated s*eed with the hel* of field regulator #+ The motor is run on no load at its rated 1oltage (+ ote down the readings of no load current2 field current and 1oltage %+ Measure the resistance of armature of the machine 3+ Calculate the constant loss from the readings 4+ Calculate the efficiency of the machine at the at different loads when acting as both motor and generator
Ta)u'ar *orm:
S%9o% 1 Supply Voltage *- &Volts( 9o 2oad current Io &amps( 4ield Current If &amps( #rmature Resistance Ra &Q( Speed N &rpm(
Ca'cu'atio#s:
o load in*ut 5 Total losses 5 V6 78 5 o load co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Constant losses 5 Total losses 9 co**er losses 5 I / 0%Tech 31 Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual
+ac!i#e ,!e# ru##i#g as a +otor

:i; "t <ull load, 76 5 =++" Total in*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 : in*ut 9 losses ; . 100 ' :in*ut;
:ii; "t /alf load, 76 5 =++" Total in*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 : 7n*ut 9 6osses ; . 100 ' :7n*ut;
:iii; "t > load, 765=++" Total in*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 : 7n*ut 9 6osses ; . 100 ' :7n*ut;
:i1; "t ? load, 765=++" Total in*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 : 7n*ut 9 6osses ; . 100 ' :7n*ut;
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3"
+ac!i#e ,!e# ru##i#g as a -e#erator

:i; "t <ull load, 76 5=++ " Total out*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 :8ut*ut; . 100 ' : 8ut*ut @ 6osses ;
:ii; "t /alf load, 76 5=++" Total out*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 :8ut*ut; . 100 ' : 8ut*ut @ 6osses ;
:iii; "t > load, 76 5=++" Total out*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 :8ut*ut; . 100 ' : 8ut*ut @ 6osses ;
:i1; "t ? load, 76 5=++" Total out*ut 5 V6 76 5 Co**er losses 5 7a! $a 5 Total losses 5 -fficiency 5 :8ut*ut; . 100 ' : 8ut*ut @ 6osses ;
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&recautio#s:
1+ TaAe care while using the starter+ !+ The s*eed should be ad0usted to its rated s*eed+ 3+ There should be no loose connections
A(.a#tages:
1+ Since constant losses are Anown2 the efficiency can be estimated at any load !+ The method is con1enient and economical as less *ower is re)uired 3+ The motor is not re)uired to be loaded
Disa(.a#tages:
1+ 7n this method2 the iron losses are assumed to be constant which is not true as they change from no load to full load+ !+ 7t is difficult to Anow whether there will be satisfactory commutation at full load as the test is no load test+ 3+ "s it is no load test it cannot be *erformed on series motor+
Resu't:
The efficiency of the dc shunt machine acting as motor and generator are determined at full load and half load conditions+
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3)
BRA/E TEST ON DC S0UNT +OTOR

Name o t!e 1 ! 3 # ( E"uipme#t Voltmeter "mmeter $heostat Tachometer Connecting wires Ra#ge 0-300 V 0-!0 " 3%0& ' 1" T$pe MC MC %ua#tit$ 1 o
ww
Digital '"nalog
1 o 1 o 1 o "s $e)uired
Aim:
To conduct load test on DC Shunt Motor and to draw the *erformance characteristics+
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
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Name &'ate Detai's:

ame *late details of D+C Shunt Motor Volts , "m*s , $*m , /+P , 3 !!0 !0 1(00 -.tn ty*e , Shunt Volts , !!0 "m*s , 0+%
&roce(ure:
1+ Connect the circuit as *er the circuit diagram+ !+ Start the motor using 3 Point starter+ 3+ The motor is run on no load at its rated 1oltage+ #+ The s*eed is ad0usted to the rated s*eed with the hel* of field regulator+ (+ %+ ote down the readings of no load current2 field current and ow a**ly mechanical load in ste*s and note down the readings of ammeters and 1oltmeter+ 3+ Determine the tor)ue2 *ower out*ut and efficiency of the motor at different 1oltage +
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CMR Institute of Technology loads and tabulate the readings+
4+ Draw the *erformance characteristics cur1e between tor)ue and efficiency
Ta)u'ar *orm:
S%9o %
Supply Voltage *- &Volts(
2oad current I) &amps(
41 &,g(
4"
Speed
Tor*ue T &9m(
6in &@atts(
6out &@atts( ="S9TB8
Efficiency T &U( = 6out=6in
&,g( N &rpm(
=E%;1R4Rr = *- I)
1 " 3 ) 7 8 :
Vs , Su**ly 1oltage in Volts 76 , 6oad current in "m*s watts 7< , <ield current in "m*s meters E , Percentage efficiency T 5 F+4 . < . $ *ulley in meters
<1 B <! , <orce in Cgs P 8DT , Power out*ut in T , Tor)ue in , S*eed in r*m where < 5 < 1 G <! B $ is the radius of ewton-
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3:
+o(a' -rap!:
&recautio#s:
1+ The s*eed should be ad0usted to its rated s*eed+ !+ He sure that the *ulley is water cooled+ #+ There should be no loose connections
A(.a#tages:
1+ 7n this method2 the change in iron losses from no load to full load are taAen in to account+ !+ Ie can identify whether the commutation is satisfactory at full load or not
Disa(.a#tages:
1+ The *ower re)uirement for this test is 1ery large !+ 7n this method the accuracy in determining the mechanical *ower out*ut of the motor
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3;
CMR Institute of Technology is limited+
Resu't:
The load test is conducted on the dc shunt motor and its *erformance characteristics are drawn+
Name o t!e 1 ! 3 # ( E"uipme#t Voltmeter "mmeter $heostat Tachometer Connecting wires
Ra#ge 0-300 V 0-1 " (00& ' 1"
T$pe MC MC
%ua#tit$ 1 o
ww
Digital '"nalog
1 o ! o 1 o "s $e)uired
+A-NETI1ATION C0ARACTERISTICS O* DC S0UNT Aim:

MagnetiJation characteristics of DC shunt generator and to determine the critical field resistance+
-ENERATOR
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
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Name &'ate Detai's:

ame *late details of the DC shunt motor shunt generator set+ S!u#t -e#erator Volts , !!0 "m*s , %+4 $*m , 1(00 CI , 1+( S!u#t +otor Volts , !!0 "m*s , 1! $*m , 1(00 /+P , 3 -.tn ty*e , Shunt Volts , !!0 "m*s , 0+% -.tn ty*e , Shunt Volts , !!0 "m*s , 0+%
&roce(ure:
1+ Connections are made as *er the circuit diagram+ !+ Start the motor using 3 Point starter+ The s*eed is ad0usted to the rated
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CMR Institute of Technology s*eed with the hel* of field regulator
3+ Kenerator is made to run at rated s*eed and s*eed is Ae*t constant+ #+ " small reading is obser1ed in the 1oltmeter e1en though there is no current due to residual magnetism+ (+ Vary the field rheostat in the generator circuit and note down the readings of the armature induced 1oltage and field current+ %+ Plot the gra*h between induced 1oltage and field current+ Draw a tangent :resistance line; to the lower *art of the o*en circuit characteristics+ 3+ <ind the slo*e of the resistance line2 which is e)ual to the critical field resistance of the generator+
Ta)u'ar *orm :
S+ 8 1 ! 3 # ( % 3 4 F 10 <7-6D CD$$- T:"m*; 7 DDC-D V86T"K- :Votage;
+o(e' -rap!:
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)1
Ca'cu'atio#s:
Critical field resistance $C 5 slo*e of resistance line 5 :y ! 9 y1; ' :.! 9 .1 ; <rom the gra*h $C 5
&recautio#s:
1+ Kenerator s*eed is to be Ae*t constant+ !+ 7nitially the generator field should be in ma.imum *osition+ 3+ <ield regulator in motor circuit must be in minimum *osition+
Resu't:
MagnetiJation characteristics of DC shunt generator are drawn and the critical field resistance is determined+
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)"
O2C 3 S2C TEST ON SIN-LE &0ASE TRANS*OR+ER Aim:

To *erform the o*en and short circuit tests on a gi1en single *hase transformer and to obtain the circuit *arameters and e)ui1alent circuit diagram for the same+
Apparatus:
I / 0%Tech
)3
1+ Voltmeter !+ Voltmeter 3+ "mmeter #+ "mmeter (+ Iattmeter %+ Iattmeter 3+ Variac
0-1(0 V 0- 30 V 0- !0 " 0- !+( "
M7 M7 M7 M7
1 1 1 1 1 1 T$pe M7 M7 M7 Digital '"nalog
o o o o o o %ua#tit$ 1 1 o o
!0 "2 1(0 V2 DP< Dynamometer !+( "21(0 V2 6P< Dynamometer
1-L !%0 V' 1( " 1 o Name o t!e Ra#ge E"uipme#t Voltmeter Voltmeter "mmeter Tachometer Connecting wires 0-1(0 V 0-30 V 0- !0 "
1 ! 3 # (
1 o 1 o "s $e)uired
Circuit Diagrams:
I / 0%Tech
))
&roce(ure:
Ope# Circuit Test: 1+ Connect the gi1en transformer with suitable meters for the o*en circuit test as indicated in the circuit diagram !+ Cee* the meters on the low 1oltage side of the transformer and lea1e the high 1oltage side o*en+ 3+ Switch on the su**ly and increase the 1oltage on the low 1oltage side of the transformer to the rated 1alue with the hel* of 1 L 1ariac+ #+ (+ ote down the readings of 1oltmeter2 ammeter and wattmeter+ ow reduce the 1oltage gi1en to the transformer to Jero and switch
off the su**ly+ S!ort Circuit Test: 1+ Connect the gi1en transformer with suitable meters for the short circuit test as shown in the circuit diagram+ !+ Cee* the meters on the high 1oltage side of the transformer and
I / 0%Tech
)7
CMR Institute of Technology short circuit the low 1oltage side+
3+ Switch on the su**ly and gradually increase the 1oltage by using 1L 1ariac until rated full load current of the high 1oltage side of the transformer is obtained+ #+ ote down the readings of 1oltmeter2 ammeter and wattmeter+ gi1en to the transformer to Jero and switch off the su**ly+ (+ <rom 8+C test find out $8 and M82 from S+C test find out $01 or $0! and M01 or M0!+ %+ Draw the e)ui1alent circuit diagram of the 1- L transformer+ $educe the 1oltage
Ta)u'ar *orms
Ope# Circuit Test
V8C :Volts; 78C:"m*; I8C:Iatts;
S!ort Circuit Test

VSC :Volts; 7SC:"m*; ISC:Iatts;
Ca'cu'atio#s:
*rom ope# circuit test (ata Core losses 5 I8C 5 V8C . 78C . CosL Cos L 5 I8C ' : V8C . 78C ; 5 ==++ $8 5 : V8C ; ' : 78C . Cos L ; 5 ====++ M8 5 : V8C ; ' : 78C . Sin L ; 5 =====+ Transformation ratio C 5 : V! ; ' : V1; $8N 5 $8 . C! 5 === M8N 5 M8 . C!5=== *rom s!ort circuit test (ata I / 0%Tech )8 Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual
CMR Institute of Technology Co**er losses 5 ISC 5 7SC . $8! 5===++

!
$8! 5 ISC ' 7SC 5 ====++

!
O8! 5 VSC ' 7SC 5 ======++ $81 5 $8! ' C ! 5 ===++ M8! 5 M8! ' C
!
! 5=====
!
M8! 5 P: O8! - $8! ;
E"ui.a'e#t Circuit Diagram:
E"ui.a'e#t Circuit re erre( to L24 si(e
Resu't:
8*en and short circuit tests are conducted on a gi1en transformer and calculated the circuit *arameters and e)ui1alent circuit diagram is drawn for the same+
I / 0%Tech
):
RE"U)ATION O# '-A A)TERNATOR

AIM ? To o+tain the regulation of a 3'V alternator +y synchronous impedance method APPARATUS: S%9o? 1% "% 3% )% 7% 8 9ame of the e*uipment #mmeter #mmeter Voltmeter 2 # 4 Rheostat X X X Rheostat Rheostat
1; Q!1"# 1)7Q "%;#
Range '1 # '7#

'7# MC
Type Quantity MI MC MI 19o 19o 19o 19o 19o F "9o

'8 MI V
>
'8
> # 1;W1"# ' 38 W1%"# 1)7W! "%;%#

Y
"" V !AC Supply
IR UIT !IA"RAM:
C1 #1
1%"#
38 Q
'1 # MI
9 @ V
1)7 Q "%;#
#"
C"
I / 0%Tech
);

T6ST Switch
PRO E!URE: O -TEST: 1% Connections are done as per the circuit diagram% "% Initially rheostat in the armature circuit of motor is ,ept at ma5imum position! the rheostat in the field circuit of motor is ,ept at minimum position and the rheostats in the field circuit &potential di-ider( of the alternator are ,ept so that minimum -oltage is gi-en to the field circuit of the alternator% 3% Start the motor with the help of 3'point starter )% 0ring the speed of the motor to rated speed +y using the rheostats of the motor% 7% Vary the field current in the field circuit of alternator +y using the rheostats in the alternator field% 8% 4or e-ery step of -ariation of rheostat ta+ulate the -oltemeter and ammeter readings until the -oltmeter reads Dust a+o-e the rated -oltage% S. -TEST 1% 0ring the -oltage of the alternator to .ero +y reducing the e5citation% "% 9ow T6AT switch is closed to conduct SC test% 3% 0efore the closing the switch ensure that the -oltmeter reads .ero -olts%
I / 0%Tech
)E
)% 0y -arying e5citation! readings of If and Isc are ta+ulated until I se e*ual full load current of alternator% TA(U)AR #ORM: O TEST: S%9o? 4ield Current &amps( Induced -oltage &-olts(
S TEST :
S%9o?
4ield Current &amps(
Short Circuit Current &amps(
PRE AUTIONS: 1% Initially the rheostat in field circuit of motor must +e ,ept at minimum position% "% The rheostat in the alternator field circuit must +e ,ept at ma5imum position initially% 3% @hile conducting SC test the -oltmeter should read Cero% )% The readings should not e5ceed meter readings%
MO!E) "RAPH:
A) U)ATIONS:
I / 0%Tech
CMR Institute of Technology 4rom the graphs of GC and SC test results Cs = Ei B3 B I1 <s = Cs" / Ra" V = &Vcos > IaRa(" > &Vsin Z Is<s("
U
> for lag current ' for lead current
Reg = &E / V( B V R 1
RESU)ST: Regulation of 3 phase alternator at different power factor are o+tained
(RA7E TEST ON ' BPHASE SQUIRRE) A"E IN!U TION MOTOR

AIM: To conduct +ra,e test on 3'phase s*uirrel cage induction motor and draw the performance cur-es APPARATUS: S%9o 1 " 3 Name of the equipment -oltmeter #mmeter wattmeter IR UIT !IA"RAM: 3 Range '8 '-!1 # type MI MI F64 Quantity 19G 19G 19G
'1 #
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71
PRO E!URE: 1 " 3 ) 7 8 : #ll The connection are done as per the circuit diagram Start the motor with the help of AG2 starter i%e it is running at rated speed 9ote down the readings of Voltmeter !#mmeter! @attmeter! speed and +alance Readings S1and S" #pply +ra,e to the water cooled pulley mounted on the motor shaft and note down the all readings 4or each step of the +ra,e &load( on the motor noted down the readings of -oltmeter! ammeter! @attmeter and speed and +alance readings S1and S" Ta,e readings of all meter until motor carries its full load current 4rom the ta+ulated readings re*uired *uantities are to +e calculated A) U)ATIONS: Input power = MMM%%&@atts( Input -oltage =MMM%&Volts( Input current = MMM &#mp(
I / 0%Tech
7"
CMR Institute of Technology Speed = MM%% R%6%M $g S"= M%% $g 6ulley radius &R ( = M m Tor*ue T = E%;R&S1'S"(RR 9'm Gut put power= " S 9T B8 @ 6ower factor = input powerB&[3RVlRIl(% Slip s = &9s'9(B9s @here 9s = Synchronous speed of the motor = 1" fBp% 6 = 9um+er of poles f = fre*uency of the supply%
Spring +alance readings? S1= M%%
TA(U)AR #ORM:
S.no
*o,tage $*&
u//ent $A&
(a,an0e /ea9ingS% $Fg& S. $Fg&
3attm ete/ /ea9ing $>&
Input >att=phaeC'
To/que D.E% C Fg C / $N M&
Output . NT=G; $>&
H Effi0ien0y output = input C%;;
H -,ip
Po>e/ fa0to/ 0o-
Spee9 $/pm&
MO!E) "RAPH:
I / 0%Tech
73
P/e0aution-:
1% @ater is poured in to the pulley when conducting the e5periment% "% Motor current should not e5ceed its full load current% 3% #ll the connections must +e tight%
Re-u,t:
Induction Motor performance characteristics are o+tained with different loads
S%9o %
Supply Voltage *- &Volts(
2oad current I) &amps(
41
4"
Speed N &rpm(
Tor*ue T &9m( =E%;1R4Rr
6in &@atts( = *- I)
6out &@atts( ="S9TB8
Efficiency T &U( = 6out=6in
&,g( &,g(
1 " 3 ) 7 8 :
I / 0%Tech
7)

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Redefining Quality Education

3 3 I / 0%Tech 1 Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual

CMR Institute of Technology

Redefining Quality Education

Electrical 1 Electronics 2a+ Manual

CMR Institute of Technology

Redefining Quality Education

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