If RTWP is not at acceptable levels, some actions should be taken.

The first thing to do is check if there is a configuration issue with the RNC or NodeB. This is the most common case, especially in cases of new activations. Once verified the parameter settings, the next step is the physical examination, especially jumpers and cables, often partially reversed. It also should be checked if there is faulty transmitters, or any other problem that could generate intermodulation between the NodeB and the antenna. If the parameter settings and hardware are ok, the chance is very high that we have external interference, such as a Interferer Repeater.

Conclusion
In this brief tutorial, we learn what is RTWP, and that the ideal typical value is about -104.5 dBm and -105.5 dBm. As the RTWP is directly related to Uplink Interference - and we know that interference is the main cause of performance degradation - have concluded that improving RTWP, ie making is as close as possible to -105 dBm, improving the Call Drop Rate!

Converting with Formulas in Excel

Considering that the amount of wattage is in cell B3, the formula for convrting W in dBm is: = 10 * ( LOG10 ( 1000 * B3 ) ) And the formula to reverse - convert dBm to Watt, considering that our power in dBm is in cell B6 is: = 10 * ( LOG10 ( 1000 * B6 ) ) And as a result, we have calculated values.

Note that in case we are using the 1000 value in the formulas, for wearing the Watt, but we want the result in dBm. To calculate (convert) db to ratio, or ratio to db, the formulas do not include the value of 1000.

Calculations without using a calculator

Of course, we will use calculators in the projects and programs such as Excel. But we also know how to do calculations (conversions) without using a calculator. If anyone tells you that the power is + 46 dBm, you need to know what that means in terms of Watts. For this, there are certain tricks that can be used to arrive at least an approximate match.

For this, a good way is to memorize the equivalent to multiplying factors in dB, as in the table below (at least those that are in bold).

With the corresponding values of dB and multiplier factor, we convert eg +46 dBm to mW. Answer: First, we expressed 46 values that we already know by heart. So 46 = 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 3 + 3 That is, we multiply the reference value (1 mW) for four times the factor of 10 and twice the factor of 2. What gives us 1mW x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 1 000 0 mW 1 000 0 mW x 2 x 2 = 40000 mW = 40 W

Ie, + 46 dBm is equal to 40 watts.

Cell Reselect Offset CRO

Value range: 0~63, the corresponding level value: 0~126dB, stepped every 2dB. Unit: None Content: Cell Reselect Offset. It is a parameter in C2 calculation to give a manual modification in MS cell reselection. Recommendation: 0

After cell selection, MS will reselect another better cell in idle mode. It is C2 parameter that determines cell reselection. The principle for MS reselection is: select the cell with the maximum C2 as the serving cell. C2 is determined by the following factors: C2=C1+CRO-TO*H(PT-T)(PT <31) C2=C1-CRO H(x)=0 H(x)=1 (PT = 31) if PT-T<0 if PT-T>0

As shown above, C1 indicates the quality of radio channel. The larger C1 is, the better the channel is. C2 value is based on C1, through CRO, C2 of various cells can be adjusted. Thus C2 value can be calculated according to CRO, TO and PT in order to prefer selecting the cell in reselection process. That is, in dual-band network,several parameters that influence C2 value can be set to make C2 value of GSM1800 larger than that of GSM900. Therefore, even though the signal strength of GSM1800 cell is weaker than that of GSM900 cell, MS can still reside in GSM1800 by the aid of these parameters.Besides CRO, there are another two parameters influencing C2:TEMPORARY_OFFSET(TO) andPENALTY_TIME(PT). CRO is a manual modification on C2. Reasonable setting of this parameter can reduce handover times and realize assignment to a better cell. Usually it is not set as larger than 25dB. Generally the cells with the same priority in the network have basically the same CRO. Setting of this parameter only affects MS of GSM Phase II.

NCC Permitted
Value range: Check box, including options 0~7. Content: Network Color Code, to be sent in system messages 2 and 6. It lists NCC that need be measured by MS. If a neighbor cell with NCC permitted, MS will report M.R. Of the neighbor cell to the network. Recommendation: Subject to the concrete conditions.

In working status, MS needs to measure adjacent cells BCCH signals and report them to network. But each report can only include max. six adjacent cells. Thus it is necessary to make MS only report the potential target cells for handover, instead of reporting all according to the signal level (usually MS does not report the signals of cells from otherGSM PLMN). The above function can be implemented by making MS only measure the cells whose NCC are selected. Parameter NCC Permitted lists the NCC of the cells that MS needs to measure. BSIC is transmitted continuously on SCH of each cell and the higher three bits of BSIC are NCC, therefore, MS only needs to compare the measured NCC of the adjacent cell with parameter NCC Permitted. If it is in this set, MS will report it to BTS; otherwise it will discard the measurement result. Note: Improper setting of this parameter will lead to lots of call drops.

HandOver
After quick handover, bad quality handover, and TA handover are successful, penalty is applied on the old cell during the penalty time to prevent an immediate handover back to the old cell. During TA handover, if the TA Threshold of a co-site neighboring cell is lower than or equal to the TA Threshold of the serving cell, a handover to the cell is prohibited. Intra-cell handover is allowed for the interference handover. However, when intra-cell handover is triggered several times continuously, it will be forbidden within a specified duration. On the enhanced dual-band network, the MS should not be handed over to a cell in the same underlaid/overlaid cell group when the load handovers between the overlaid cell and the underlaid cell (specified by Load HO From UL Subcell to OL Subcell Allowed and Load HO of OL Subcell to UL Subcell Enabled) are allowed. This is to prevent a load handover of a normal cell from colliding with a load handover between the overlaid cell and the underlaid cell on the network. PBGT handover toward a cell of the same group is not allowed once it is triggered between the enhanced dual-band network cells. After the fast-moving micro cell handover is successful, penalty is applied on all the neighboring micro cells. SDCCH handover supports the quick handover, TA handover, bad quality handover, quick level drop handover, interference handover, no downlink measurement report handover, edge handover, and fast-moving micro cell handover. It does not support the enhanced dual-band network handover, load handover, hierarchical handover, PBGT handover, AMR handover, better 3G cell handover, concentric cell handover, and tight BCCH handover.

Activation Procedure 1. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with Current HO Control Algorithm set toHOALGORITHM1(Handover algorithm I). 2. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOEMG with Current HO Control Algorithm set toHOALGORITHM1(Handover algorithm I). 3. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOFITPEN with Current HO Control Algorithm set toHOALGORITHM1(Handover algorithm I). 4. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOIUO with Current HO Control Algorithm set toHOALGORITHM1(Handover algorithm I). 5. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOAD after setting MAX Consecutive HO Times as required. 6. Optional: To improve the effect of handover and power control when the BCCH participates in baseband frequency hopping, run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLCCCH with PWRC set to YES(Yes) and run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLOTHEXT with Power Control and Handover CMP CON Sw set to YES(Yes).

7. Activating the quick handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD G2GNCELL. In this step, set Neighboring Cell Type as required, setChain Neighbor Cell to YES(Yes), and then set Chain Neighbour Cell Type as required. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with Quick Handover Enable set to YES(Yes). c. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOFAST. In this step, set Handover Direction Forecast Enable to YES(Yes), and then set Quick Move Speed Threshold, Quick Handover Up Trigger Level, Quick Handover Down Trigger Level, Quick Handover Offset, Quick Handover Punish Time, Quick Handover Punish Value, Serving Cell Filter Length MR Number, Neighbor Cell Filter Length MR Number, Ignore Measurement Report Number, EN Quick PBGT HO ALG When MS Leaves BTS, Handover Direction Forecast Statistic Times, Frequency Shift Handover Statistic Time, and Frequency Shift Handover Duration to appropriate values. NOTE: If a neighboring cell is an external neighboring cell, you need to run the BSC6900 MML command MOD GEXT2GCELL to set Quick Handover Offset, Quick Handover Punish Time, and Quick Handover Punish Value. d. Optional: Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLOTHEXT after setting UL Frequency Adjust Switch,DL Frequency Adjust Switch, and UL Frequency Adjust Value according to the frequency offset information reported by the base station. 8. Activating the TA handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with TA HO Allowed set to YES(Yes). b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOEMG after setting TA Threshold as required. c. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOFITPEN after setting Penalty Time after TA HO and Penalty Level after TA HO as required.

9. Activating the bad quality handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with BQ HO Allowed set to YES(Yes). b. Optional: For non-AMR calls, run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOEMG after setting UL Qual. Threshold and DL Qual. Threshold as required. c. Optional: For AMR FR calls or AMR HR calls, run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLAMRQUL after setting UL Qual. Limit for AMR FR, DL Qual. Limit for AMR FR, UL Qual. Limit for AMR HR, and DL Qual. Limit for AMR HR as required.

d. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOFITPEN after setting Penalty Time after BQ HO andPenalty Level after BQ HO as required. 10. Activating rapid level drop handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with Rx_Level_Drop HO Allowed set to YES(Yes)and Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold set to an appropriate value.

b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOEMG after setting Filter Parameter A1, Filter Parameter A2, Filter Parameter A3, Filter Parameter A4, Filter Parameter A5, Filter Parameter A6, Filter Parameter A7, Filter Parameter A8, and Filter Parameter B as required. 11. Activating the interference handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with Interference HO Allowed set to YES(Yes) andIntracell HO Allowed and Inter-layer HO Threshold to appropriate values. NOTE: If this cell is configured with external neighboring cells, you need to run the BSC6900 MML command MOD GEXT2GCELL with Inter-layer HO Threshold set to an appropriate value. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOAD after setting Forbidden time after MAX Times as required. c. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD G2GNCELL after setting Adjacent Cell Interlayer HO Hysteresis as required.

d. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLAMRQUL after setting Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 1 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 2 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 3 for Non-AMR FR,Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 4 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 5 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 6 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 7 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 8 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 9 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 10 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 11 for Non-AMR FR, Interfere HO Qual. Thresh 12 for Non-AMR FR, and Interfere HO Qual. Thresh Offset for AMR FR as required. 12. Activating the no downlink measurement report handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOEMG with No Dl Mr.HO Allowed set to YES(Yes) and No Dl Mr.Ul Qual HO Limit, Cons.No Dl Mr.HO Allowed Limit, No Dl Mr. HO Statistic Time, and No Dl Mr. HO Last Time set to appropriate values. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOFITPEN after setting Filter Length for TCH Qual and Filter Length for SDCCH Qual as required. 13. Activating the enhanced dual-band network handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD GCELL with Cell IUO Type set to EDB_cell(Enhanced Double Frequency Cell) and Cell Inner/Extra Property, Same Group Cell Index Type, and Same Group Cell Index set to appropriate values. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOEDBPARA after setting Load HO Allowed, UL Subcell General Overload Threshold, Inner Cell Serious OverLoad Thred, Subcell HO Allowed Flow Control Level, Incoming OL Subcell HO Level TH, UL Subcell Serious Overload Threshold, UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Periods, MOD Step LEN of UL Load HO Period, Step Length of UL Subcell Load HO, UL Subcell Lower Load Threshold, Subcell HO Allowed Flow Control Level, Outgoing OL Subcell HO Level TH, OL Subcell Load Diversity HO Period, Step Length of OL Subcell Load HO, Distance Between Boundaries of Subcells, and Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries as required. 14. Activating the load handover algorithm

a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with Load Handover Support set to YES(Yes) andInter-layer HO Threshold and Edge HO DL RX_LEV Threshold set to appropriate values. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOAD after setting System Flux Threshold for Load HO, Load HO Threshold, Load handover Load Accept Threshold, Load HO Bandwidth, Load HO Step Period, andLoad HO Step Level as required. NOTE: If this cell is configured with external 2G neighboring cells, you need to run the BSC6900 MML command MOD GEXT2GCELL after setting Load handover Load Accept Threshold as required. If this cell is configured with external 3G neighboring cells, you need to run the MML command MOD GEXT3GCELL after setting Load handover Load Accept Threshold. c. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD G2GNCELL after setting Adjacent Cell Interlayer HO Hysteresis as required.

15. Activating the edge handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with Edge HO Allowed set to YES(Yes) and Edge HO DL RX_LEV Threshold, Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold, Handover Algorithm I Edge HO Watch Time, and Handover Algorithm I Edge HO Valid Time set to appropriate values. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD G2GNCELL after setting Adjacent Cell Interlayer HO Hysteresis as required. 16. Activating the fast-moving micro cell handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLBASICPARA after setting Layer of The Cell as required. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with MS Fast Moving HO Allowed set to YES(Yes)and Inter-layer HO Threshold set to an appropriate value. c. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOAD after setting MS Fast-moving Time Threshold, MS Fast-moving Watch Cells, MS Fast-moving Valid Cells, Penalty Time on Fast Moving HO, and Penalty on MS Fast Moving HO as required. NOTE: If this cell is configured with external 2G neighboring cells, you need to run the BSC6900 MML command MOD GEXT2GCELL to set Layer of The Cell, Interlayer HO Threshold, Penalty Time on Fast Moving HO, andPenalty on MS Fast Moving HO. d. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD G2GNCELL after setting Adjacent Cell Interlayer HO Hysteresis as required. 17. Activating the inter-layer handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with Level HO Allowed set to YES(Yes) and Inter-layer HO Threshold set to an appropriate value. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLBASICPARA after setting Layer of The Cell and Cell Priority.

NOTE: If this cell is configured with external 2G neighboring cells, you need to run the BSC6900 MML command MOD GEXT2GCELL to set Layer of The Cell and Cell Priority as required. c. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD G2GNCELL after setting Layer HO Watch Time, Layer HO Valid Time, and Adjacent Cell Inter-layer HO Hysteresis.

18. Activating the PBGT handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC with PBGT HO Allowed set to YES(Yes). b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLBASICPARA after setting Layer of The Cell and Cell Priorityas required. NOTE: If this cell is configured with external 2G neighboring cells, you need to run the BSC6900 MML command MOD GEXT2GCELL after setting Layer of The Cell and Cell Priority. c. Run the BSC6900 MML command MOD G2GNCELL. In this step, set Neighboring Cell Type, set Current HO CTRL Algorithm in Source Cell to HOALGORITHM1(Handover algorithm I), and then set PBGT Watch Time, PBGT Valid Time, and PBGT HO Threshold as required.

19. Activating the AMR handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC. In this step, set Intracell FH HO Allowed toYES(Yes) and then set F2H HO Threshold, H2F HO Threshold, Intracell F-H HO Stat Time, and Intracell F-H HO Last Time as required. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GTRXDEV with TCH Rate Adjust Allow set to YES(Yes). c. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLCCACCESS with Speech Version set to at leastFULL_RATE_VER3 and HALF_RATE_VER3.

d. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET BSCBASIC with A Interface Tag set to GSM_PHASE_2Plus. e. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLCHMGAD after setting AMR TCH/H Prior Allowed and AMR TCH/H Prior Cell Load Threshold as required. 20. Activating the SDCCH handover algorithm a. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC. In this step, set SDCCH HO Allowed to YES(Yes)and then set F2H HO Threshold, H2F HO Threshold, Intracell F-H HO Stat Time, and Intracell F-H HO Last Time as required. b. Run the BSC6900 MML command SET GCELLHOCTRL after setting Inter-BSC SDCCH HO ALLowed as required. Verification Procedure 1. Run the BSC6900 MML command LST GCELLHOBASIC to query the setting of Current HO Control Algorithm. Expected result: The value of Current HO Control Algorithm is HOALGORITHM1(Handover algorithm I).

2. Start the BSSAP message tracing task by referring to Tracing Messages on the A Interface. Expected result: The BSC sends the MSC a Handover Performed message with the handover cause value of better-cell,distance, uplink-quality, downlinkquality, traffic, uplink-strength, or downlink-strength. In the case of the quick handover, the handover cause value is better-cell. In the case of the TA handover, the handover cause value is distance. In the case of the BQ handover, the handover cause value is uplinkquality or downlink-quality. In the case of the rapid level drop handover algorithm, the handover cause value is uplink-strength. In the case of the interference handover, the handover cause value is uplinkquality or downlink-quality. In the case of the no downlink measurement report handover, the handover cause value is uplink-quality. In the case of the enhanced dual-band network handover, the handover cause value is better-cell or traffic. In the case of the load handover, the handover cause value is traffic. In the case of the edge handover, the handover cause value is uplinkstrength or downlink-strength. In the case of the fast-moving micro cell handover, the handover cause value is bettercell. In the case of the inter-layer handover, the handover cause value is better-cell. In the case of the PBGT handover, the handover cause value is better-cell. In the case of the AMR handover, the handover cause value is downlink-quality. In the case of the SDCCH handover, the handover cause value is bettercell, distance, uplink-quality,downlink-quality, traffic, uplink-strength, or downlinkstrength.