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The T(r) distribution is described by the heat
equation in the form of [7]:
where r is the conductor radius (0<r<D/2) and P
J
is
Joule heating power per unit length. The boundary
conditions for (2) are:
T has a finite value at r=0,
, and
For AAACs, [5] assumed P
J
as
where k
j
=1.023 is a factor for accounting skin
effect, I (A) is an effective current, R
dc
(O) is the DC
resistance at 20C ,
This is used for conductor temperature in the Cigre
0D model. In addition, the temperature difference
between T
c
and T
s
of AAAC is [5]:
and it is used for analyzing the steady state
temperature gradient.
For the transient phase, any difference between
heat gain and loss will change the conductor
temperature [5]. This can be expressed as:
} {
}
where,
(kg/m).
2.3 Simulation methods
The heat transfer module of COMSOL Multiphysics
is used for the 1D model simulations. For the
steady state and transient phase evaluation,
stationary and time-dependent studies of the
program are used, respectively.
Steady state: The steady state T(r) distribution for
T
lim
(=80C) is simulated with different weather
conditions. Each weather parameter is varied to
analyze the influence on conductor temperature. In
addition to the weather conditions in Table 2,
PF-03
1971
different values of V
w
(0.5, 2.5, and 4.5m/s) and S
(500, 900, and 1200W/m
2
) are used in the
simulation. For each condition, I
ccc
is calculated.
These values are then used as references for
transient phase simulation.
Assuming similar weather conditions, steady state
ampacity from 1D and 0D models are calculated
and compared. All of them use the same maximum
allowable temperature,
1D conductor
model has the maximum temperature at the
conductor core, and the ampacity is the current at
.
Both IEEE and IEC models ignore the T(r)
distribution and the ampacity is the current at
Although Cigre
model denotes temperature differences between
and
(% Iccc)
120% 150% 200%
(
%
I
c
c
c
)
30%
Plan A
(30120)
Plan B
(30150)
Plan C
(30200)
60%
Plan D
(60120)
Plan E
(60150)
Plan F
(60200)
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Influences of weather parameters on
steady state temperature distribution
By limiting T
c
=T
lim
=80C, the steady state T(r)
distributions for different weather conditions are
obtained (See Figure 1). Since each weather
parameter influences the elements of heat balance
equation (1), T(r) and ampacity are varied with
parameter change. In addition to seasonal weather
conditions in Table 2, each weather parameter is
manipulated to investigate steady state T(r)
distribution.
Figure 1: T(r), comparison with different T
a
(left),
V
w
(center) and S (right), when
.
Among the weather parameters, V
w
has the largest
influence on T(r), and S has the smallest. The
equilibrium ampacity increases significantly with V
w
,
as the heat loss P
c
increases with the wind velocity.
Analysis for each parameter is done below.
Ambient temperature: To control the influence of
other parameters, fixed value of V
w
=0.5m/s and
S=900W/m
2
are used for T
a
simulation. Lower T
a
results in larger T(r) gradients. Both P
c
and P
r
of (1)
increase with decreasing T
a
[5]. Therefore, higher
currents are needed to increase P
J
for equilibrium.
Since T
a
is the only variable of the static weather
conditions, this part of simulation result can be
used for SLR as well. To reach a core temperature
of 80C under the three different values of T
a
=10,
20, and 40C, current values of I=962.3A, 886.0A,
and 703.8A are needed, respectively.
Wind velocity: To study the influence of V
w
only,
fixed values of T
a
=10C and S=900W/m
2
are used
for this set of simulation. High wind velocities
decrease T
s
significantly and cause larger T(r)
gradients at the ampacity limit. P
c
strongly depends
on V
w
[5]. For the equilibrium of (1), ampacity
increase with V
w
. To reach a core temperature of
80C under the three different values of V
w
=0.5,
2.5 and 4.5 m/s, the current values of I=962.3A,
1395.7A, and 1670.8A are needed, respectively.
As mentioned above, the wind velocity is the most
influential parameter.
Solar radiation: Similarly, to cancel out the
influence of the other parameters, T
a
=10C and
V
w
=0.5m/s are used. Decreasing the solar
radiation causes a reduction of the total heat gain
P
S
. When the other conditions are kept fixed, P
J
has to be increased to satisfy (1) with a higher
current [5]. To reach a core temperature of 80C
under the three different values of S = 500, 900,
and 1200 W/m
2
, current values of I=990.3A,
962.3A, and 940.7A are needed, respectively.
Compared to the other parameters, solar radiation
has relatively small influence on T(r) distribution.
PF-03
1972
3.2 Steady state ampacity comparison
The ampacity values for the standard weather
conditions are presented in Table 4 for the 0D
models according to IEEE and Cigre, as well as for
the 1D model. Respecting the T
lim
=80C value for
the core temperature results in a reduction of line
ampacity as well.
Table 4: Seasonal ampacity comparison of
different models
0D Iccc (A) 1D Iccc (A)
IEEE
(Ts=80C)
Cigre
(Tav=80C)
COMSOL
(Tc=80C)
Winter 1069.9 1024.4 962.3
Intermediate 996.9 953.0 886.0
Summer 825.3 786.5 703.8
As shown in Figure 2, if the ampacity value
calculated from the IEEE (or IEC) 0D model would
be used in the 1D model, the whole conductor
temperature (except its surface) exceeds T
lim
and
reaches a core temperature of 86.7C. When the
Cigre 0D model is used, half of the conductor area
exceeds T
lim
, and T
c
=83.2C Therefore, the T(r)
distribution should be properly considered to
respect the line security.
Figure 2: T(r) comparison of COMSOL 1D (solid,
I
ccc
=1069.9A), Cigre 0D (dashed, I
ccc
=1024.4A),
and IEEE 0D (dot, I
ccc
=962.3A) models at Winter
ambient condition.
The core temperature increase becomes worse
when the weather conditions allow a higher
ampacity, since then P
J
and AT increase in
equations (4) and (6).
To analyze the influence of overrated ampacity, T(r)
distributions with IEEE 0D model ampacity are
presented (see Figure 3). Among the simulation
results, the maximum T
c
=105C is obtained under
the weather condition of T
a
=10C, V
w
=4.5m/s, and
S=900W/m
2
. [9] shows that this weather condition
occurs frequently in Switzerland, and it may even
remain for a long time. According to [1, pp. 203],
the mechanical strength of aluminum decreases
after long-term exposures to high temperature.
After 100 hours, the residual strength is around 80%
of the initial strength, and after 1000 hours, it
decreases to 60%.
Figure 3: T(r) comparison with different T
a
(left),
V
w
(center) and S (right), when
.
3.3 Transient phase analysis
The influence of initial and final current is analyzed.
The ampacity of the 1D model at Winter condition
(I
ccc
=962.3A, see Table 4) is used as a reference
ampacity of the transient phase simulations. From
the initial currents 30% and 60% I
ccc
, Initial steady
state T
c
=23.4C and 38.4C are obtained,
respectively (see Figure 4). Currents for the initial
and final states are presented in Table 5.
Table 5: Initial and final states for transient phase
Initial currents Final currents
% Iccc 30% 60% 120% 150% 200%
I (A) 289 577 1155 1443 1925
The temporal evolutions of
Also, the
temperature rises faster when final current
becomes higher.
Tlim=80C
PF-03
1973
Figure 4: t vsT
c
with various current plans
Influence of I
i
on T(r): With a lower initial current,
it is obvious that
decreases. In other
words, the time to lose heat to environment is
reduced and the process becomes more adiabatic.
Therefore, the momentous temperature distribution
is not changed much from the shape of its initial
steady state T(r) distribution, if the applied final
temperature is higher. However, I
f
of 120% to 200%
ampacity is not enough to observe a dramatic
difference in T(r) distribution. For those final
current values, the momentous T(r) distribution at
Tc=80C is not very different form the steady state
T(r) curve (see Figure 6). With higher I
f
, the
surface temperature increases, and
difference
between each transient case is around 0.1C.
Figure 6: T(r) comparison of transient case D, E,
and F
3.4 Time variables of transient phases
Table 6: allowable time interval for different
models
Plans
(change in % Iccc)
0D
(s)
,Ts= Tlim
1D
(s)
,Tc= Tlim
(s)
A (30120) 1779 1479 300
B (30150) 784 684 100
C (30200) 366 328 38
D (60120) 1606 1263 343
E (60150) 647 548 99
F (60200) 288 248 40