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Outline
Standard UK pavement design
Foundation Upper pavement
Summary
UK pavement design
HA method for Trunk Roads & Motorways Includes long-life designs (> 80 msa) 40 year design life (can be 20 years) Semi-empirical (analytical alternatives
allowed)
Foundation design
Where does the foundation start?
Surfacing Upper Base Lower Base Subbase
HD26
HD25
Capping Subgrade
Philosophy
Based around the concept of a Surface
Modulus (half-space)
Foundation classes
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 50MPa 100MPa 200MPa 400MPa Capping Only (< 20 msa) Granular Subbase (< 80 msa) Weak Cemented Subbase (including hydraulically bound) Strong Cemented Subbase (including hydraulically bound)
HD25
Standard Designs for Classes 2 and 3 (+
Class 1 for non HA roads); restricted choice of materials; CONSERVATIVE
Standard Class 2
(100MPa)
2 3 700 600 Thickness (mm) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 50 100 Subgrade Stiffness Modulus (MPa) 150 5 CBR (%) 8 10 12 15 20 25
Capping, MCHW1Series 600 Tot al Foundat ion t hickness, Subbase Types1, 2, 3 and R Tot al Foundat ion t hickness, Subbase Types CBGMA or CBGMB, C3/ 4 or C5/ 6
Class 2
Performance designs
Basis of Designs: Three criteria
Circular cont act area, radius 151mm Subbase Capping Subgrade strain 40kN
Surface deflection (relates to Surface Modulus) Subgrade Strain (relates to rutting) Practical minimum thicknesses
Surface deflection
Performance Class 2
(100MPa)
2 3 500
E(subbase) =150MPa
CBR (%) 8 10 12 15
20
25
Class 2
0 0 50 100 Subgrade Stiffness Modulus (MPa) 150
Performance Class 3
(200MPa)
2 3 500
E(subbase) =500MPa
CBR (%) 8 10 12 15
20
25
E(subbase) =750MPa
Class 3
0 0 50 100 Subgrade Stiffness Modulus (MPa) 150
Stiffness measurement
CBR DCP FWD
Triaxial
Heavy Clay
Silt* Sand (poorly ------------------------------------------------------------20-----------------------------------------------------------graded) Sand (well ------------------------------------------------------------40-----------------------------------------------------------graded) Sandy Gravel ------------------------------------------------------------60-----------------------------------------------------------(well graded) * estimated assuming some probability of material saturating
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -
Chart
Outline
Standard UK pavement design
Foundation Upper pavement
Background
LTPPM developed with University of
Cambridge (Cebon)
Similar concept to MMOPP (Ullidtz) Flexible (asphalt) pavements Deterministic iterative procedure (profile &
damage tracking)
Road model
LTPPM
Dynamic
vehicle/axle group models
Fatigue damage fed back into primary response model Influence function
Vehicle simulation
Tyre forces Surface rutting fed back into vehicle model Force static
Strain
Primary
response calculation
Environment
Distance
Time
Damage
calculation
Log N
Feedback
mechanisms
Material properties
Time
Example
Effect of road friendly suspensions 2 classes of pavement simulated
Major road (350mm asphalt) Minor road (125mm asphalt)
Distance / m
Rutting evolution
(Major road)
16 'Critical' rut depth 14 Average Rut Depth / mm 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 Steel fleet Road friendly fleet 50 60 70 80 20 years
Fatigue evolution
(Major road)
3.5 95th Percentile Fatigue Damage 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 Steel fleet Road friendly fleet 50 60 70 80 20 years x10-3
Rutting evolution
(Minor road)
20
10
5 Steel fleet Road friendly fleet 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 20 years
Fatigue evolution
(Minor road)
1 95th Percentile Fatigue Damage Steel fleet Road friendly fleet 0.8
0.2
0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2 20 years
Predictions
% increase in life changing from steel to
road friendly (air) suspensions
Major EC LTPPM (3.5) LTPPM (1) 24% 3% 0% Minor 42% 39% 90%
Outline
Standard UK pavement design
Foundation Upper pavement
Summary
Summary UK design
Foundation design + upper pavement
design
LTPPM comprises:
i. ii. iii. iv. Dynamic vehicle simulation Pavement primary response simulation Material damage simulation Deterioration feedback