Selection of Motor Power Rating: Selection of power rating is important to achieve economy with reliability.

y. Improper selection of motor power rating results extra initial cost and extra loss of energy du tot operation below rated power makes the choice uneconomical. Furthermore, induction and synchronous motors operate at a low power factor when operating below the rated power. During operation of the machine, heat is produced due to losses and temperature rises. An amount of developed heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. hen the dissipation of heat is e!ual to the developed heat, then it is said to be e!uilibrium condition. "otor temperature then reaches a steady state value. Steady state temperature depends on power loss, which in turn depends on the output power of the machine. Since temperature rise has a direct relation with the output power, it is termed thermal loading on the machine. Steady state temperature varies in different parts of the machine. It is usually high is the windings because loss density in conductors is high and dissipation is slow# sind the conductors which are wrapped in insulating material are partly embedded in slots and thus are not directly exposed to the cooling air. Insulating materials have lowest temperature limit. $hey are classified based on temperature limit as follows% Insulation &lass A / F 1 $emperature ' in (&) *( +(, +.( +0( +,, +2(

& 3+2( "otor rating should be selected in such a way that the insulation temperature never exceeds the prescribed limit# otherwise it loses its thermal stability. It is simple to calculate the motor power rating of the motor which operate at a constant power and speed. /ut most loads operate at variable power and speed at different applications.

Thermal model of Motor for Heating and Cooling: It is difficult to predict the heat flow and temperature rise inside an electrical motor because of its complex geometry and heterogeneous materials.

Assuming nearly e!ual thermal conductivity in all the materials 'i.e, assuming homogeneous), simple thermal model can be obtained. It helps us to select the motor for a particular application. 4et the homogeneous body machine has following parameters at time t% p+ 5 1eat developed ' ) p. 5 1eat dissipated to the cooling medium ' ) 5 eight of the active parts of the machine 'kg)

h 5 Specific heat '6oules7kg7(&) A 5 &ooling Surface 'm.) d 5 &oefficient of heat transfer or specific heat dissipation '6oule7sec7 m .7(&) 8 "ean temperature rise '(&) During a change in time dt, the temperature rises to d. Since, 1eat absorbed in the machine 9 1eat developed 5 1eat dissipated to atmosphere or Wh d = p1 dt - p2 dt '+)

Since p.9 dA '.) :sing '+) and '.) we get,

d = p1 p2 dt d Wh = p1 dA dt d C = p1 D (3) dt Wh
where, $hermal capacity of the machine, &9 h ' atts7 (&) ';) and heat dissipation constant, D9dA ' atts7(&) ',). $he first differential e!uation of the e!uation '0) is,

p1 + Ke t /( C / D ) D = ss + Ke t / (6) =
where, ss=(p1/D) '<) and

9 '&7D) '2) hen the initial temperature

$he value of = is obtained by substituting t9( in '>). rise is 1,

9ss'+8e8t7)?+e8t7 '*) where, 8 1eating 'or $hermal) time constant of the machine. hen t9 in e!uation '*), = ss. $hus ss is the steady state temperature when the machine is continuously heated by the power p +. :p to this temperature all the heat produced by the machine is dissipated to the surrounding medium. 4et the load on the machine be removed after reaching temperature 2,. 1eat loss will reduce to a small value p+@ and cooling operation of the motor will begin. 4et the new value of heat dissipation constant be D@. If time is measured from the instant the load is removed, then

d ' = p1 D ' dt

(10)

Solving '+() with the initial condition 9. at t9(, we have

t t ' ' ' = ss 1 e + 2 e

(11)

where, steady state temperature for new conditions of operation, ss=(p1/D) '+.) and &ooling 'or $hermal) time constant of the machine,

9 '&7D@) '+0).

If the motor were disconnected from the supply during cooling then p@ +9( gives ss=0, suggesting that the final temperature attained by the motor will be ambient temperature. $herefore e!uation '++) becomes,

= 2e

'

(14)

-!uations '*) and '+;) suggest both heating time constant constant

and cooling time

based on respective heat dissipation constants D and D@, which in turn

depend on the velocity of the cooling air. In self cooled motors, fans are mounted at the shaft and hence the velocity of the air varies with the speed, thus varying cooling time constant @. &ooling time constant at standstill is much larger than when running. $herefore, in high performance, medium and high power variable speed drives, motor is always provided with separate forced cooling, so that motor cooling be independent of speed.

&ooling

1eating ( 1eating and &ooling &urves t

$he above figure shows the variation of motor temperature rise with time during heating and cooling. $hermal time constants of a motor are far larger than electrical and mechanical time constants. hile electrical and mechanical time constants have typical ranges of + to +((ms and +(ms to +(s, the thermal time constants may vary from +( min to couple of hours.

Classes of Motor Duty: 1. Continuous Duty: It denotes the motor operation at a constant load tor!ue for duration long enough for the motor temperature to reach steady state value. $his duty cycle is

characteriAed by constant motor losses. -x% Baper mill drives, &ompressors, &onveyers, centrifugal pumps and fans. . Short Time Duty: $he operation of the drive is less than the heating time constant in this case and the machine is allowed to cool to ambient temperature before to operate again. In this case, the machine can be overloaded to permissible limit. -x% &rane drives, drives for house hold appliances, turning bridges, valve drives etc. !. "ntermittent Periodic Duty: It consists of periodic duty cycles, each consists of a period of running at a constant load and a rest period. Ceither the period of operation is sufficient to raise the temperature to a steady state value, nor the rest period long enough for the machine to cool off to ambient temperature. -x% Bressing, &utting and drilling machines etc. #. "ntermittent $eriodic duty with starting: In this case, the heating during starting cannot be ignored. It consists of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load and a rest period being too short for the respective steady state temperature to be attained. -x% "etal &utting and drilling tool drives, drives for fork lift trucks, mine hoist etc. %. "ntermittent $eriodic duty with starting and &ra'ing: In this case, the heating during starting and braking cannot be ignored. It consists of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load, a braking period with electrical braking and a rest period# with operating and a rest periods being too short for the respective steady state temperature to be attained. -x% /illet mill drive, manipulator drive, ingot buggy drive, schrewdown mechanism of blooming mill etc. (. Continuous duty with intermittent $eriodic loading: It consists of a period of running at constant load and a period of running at no load, with normal voltage. $he no load period is too short for the respective steady state temperature to be attained. -x% Bressing, &utting, shearing and drilling machine drives etc. ). Continuous duty with starting and &ra'ing: It consists of a period of starting, a period of running at a constant load and a period of electric braking without rest period. -x% /looming "ill. *. Continuous duty with $eriodic s$eed changes: It consists of a period of running at one load and speed, and another period of running at different speed and load# again both operating periods are too short for respective steady state temperatures to be attained. $here is no period of rest.

Determination of "otor Dating% For calculation of motor rating, the duty cycles can be mainly classified in to, +. &ontinuous duty .. Fluctuating loads 0. Short time and intermittent duty 1. Continuous Duty: A motor with next higher power rating compared with the maximum power demand is selected with consideration of the following factors% o o o o "otor and load speeds Starting tor!ue of the motor Ability of the motor to withstand normal disturbances of the power supply $ransient and steady state reserve tor!ue capacity of the motor

.. Fluctuating and Intermittent loads%

Fm $l Fm+

Fm. .

$ Brinciple of Speed &ontrol

$he active load can reverse its sign and assist the motion in some cases like lowering of loaded hoist. For such a case, the steady state can be obtained by adding mechanical brake which will produce a tor!ue in a direction oppose the motion. Drive operates in !uadrant II and IE depends on the direction of rotation. Acceleration and deceleration modes are transient operations. Drive operates in acceleration whenever an increase in its speed is re!uired. For this speed8tor!ue curve is changed so that the motor tor!ue exceeds the load tor!ue. $he time taken for a given change in speed depends on inertia of motor load system and the amount by which motor tor!ue exceeds the load tor!ue. "otor operation in deceleration mode is re!uired when a decrease in its speed is re!uired. Deceleration occurs when load tor!ue exceeds the motor tor!ue. henever the reducing the motor tor!ue to Aero does not provide enough deceleration, mechanical brakes may be provided. Alternatively, electrical braking may be employed. S$eed Control and Dri+e Classifications: Drives where the motor runs at nearly fixed speed are known as constant s$eed or single s$eed dri+es. Multi,s$eed dri+es are those which operate at discrete speed settings.

Drives needing step less change in speed and multispeed drives are called +aria&le s$eed dri+es. hen a number of motors are fed from a common converter, or when a load is driven by more than one motor, the drive is called as multi,motor dri+e. Speed range of a variable speed drive depends on the application. In some applications, it can be from rated speed to +(G of rated speed. In some applications, speed control above rated speed is also desired, and the ratio of maximum to minimum speed can be as high as .((. $here are also applications where the speed range is as low as from rated speed to 2(G of rated speed. A variable speed drive is called constant tor!ue drive if the drive@s maximum tor!ue capability does not change with a change in speed setting. $he corresponding mode of operation is called constant tor-ue mode. It must be noted that the term Hconstant tor!ue@ refers to maximum tor!ue capability of the drive and not to the actual output tor!ue, which may vary from no load to full load tor!ue. &onstant power drive and constant power mode are defined in the same way. In ideal case, the motor speed should be remains constant as the load tor!ue is changed from no load to full load. /ut in practical case, the speed drops with the increase in load tor!ue. Iuality of a speed control system is measured in terms of speed regulation.

Speed Regulation =

No load Speed - Full load Speed 100% Full load Speed

If the open loop control fails to provide the desired speed regulation, drive is operated as closed loop speed control system.

Single Phase fully controlled rectifier control of DC se$arately e.cited motor:

'b) 'a)

'c)

Fig.+.'a).Single phase fully controlled rectifier fed D& separately excited motor Fig.+.'b).&ontinuous conduction waveform Fig.+.'c).Discontinuous conduction waveform