Logan Hug Sam Mccready Elliott Ford Data Analysis Assignment #1 The purpose of this study was to determine

if adults who are moderately active have differing heart rates after exercising than those who are generally sedentary. The definition of active in this study is that the person exercises between one and three hours per week. The definition of sedentary in this study is that the person who has less than one hour of exercise per week. Each participant began a fastpaced walking exercise on the treadmill for 15 minutes, and after the exercise each persons heart rate was recorded and compared to the other groups measurements. When looking at the histogram for active group, the graph is single peaked, and slightly skewed right. The overall range is between 85 to 150 beats per minute. The typical range is 95 to 130 beats per minute. Looking at the sedentary groups histogram, the data seemed to be multi-peaked and fairly symmetric. The overall range for the sedentary group was 102 to 176 beats per minute. The mean for the active group was 114.46 beats per minute, which was lower than the 141.6 beats per minute mean that the sedentary group had. In the normal quantile plots, the data for the active group seems to have a very slight S-shaped meaning that the data is skewed right. The quantile plot also showed a couple of possible outliers for the active group. The sedentary data quantile plot showed that the data is fairly symmetric and there were no outliers. When looking at the boxplots of both groups, the sedentary groups whiskers were longer than the active group meaning that the sedentary group had a larger standard deviation. The sedentary group boxplot was also higher than the active group showing that the mean heart rate was higher than the active group. The active group box plot had two outliers shown.

We observed from the box plots of both groups that the sedentary group had a higher mean, and that was proven when looking at the descriptive statistics chart. The mean of the active group was 114.46, and the mean for the sedentary group was at 141.6, there is clearly a difference of the means between the two groups. The sedentary groups box plot was also a lot longer than the active groups boxplot, showing that the standard deviation of that data was higher. This was also proven in the descriptive statistics table which showed the active groups standard deviation to be 14.367, and the sedentary groups standard deviation to be 18.578. The medians were also very different from each other. The median for the active group was 112 and the median for the sedentary group was much higher at 141.5. The sedentary group exhibited a higher variation because the box plot was a lot longer than the active group. The null hypothesis for the experiment is as follows: HO: A = S. The alternative hypothesis for this experiment is: HA: A < S. In words, the null hypothesis is that the mean heart rates of the active group are equal to the mean heart rates of the sedentary groups. The alternative hypothesis, or what we are trying to prove, is that the mean heart rates for the active group is lower than the mean heart rates for the sedentary group. The P-Value from the SPSS data table is .000. Since the P-Value is below .05, there is evidence at the .05 level that people who are moderately active have a lower heart rate than sedentary people do. Since SPSS only gave us a 95 percent confidence interval instead of a 90 percent confidence interval, the 95 percent confidence interval of the difference is (20.572, 33.703). This means that the difference in means of the two different groups is between 20.572 beats per minute and 33.703 beats per minute. The mean of the sedentary group on average tends to be higher. The validity of these results is very high because there is a large sample, over the thumb rule of 40 observations. There were 52 observations for the sedentary group, and 48 observations for the active

group. The data is also fairly normal based on the histograms, quantile plots, and box plots, keeping the validity level of this experiment high. This is an observational study because there is not a control group and a treatment groups. The groups were formed solely on the persons exercise level. There was also nothing that was manipulated by the researchers during this study; their heart rates were just recorded at the end of the 15 minutes. To conduct this as a formal experiment, the researchers would have to incorporate a control group within this experiment. For example, instead of having both groups run at the same speed, the active group could run at a higher speed on the treadmill. Then the researchers could analyze if their heart rates were still lower than the sedentary group, which will run at the normal speed. This would make the study a formal experiment. Some confounding variables of this experiment could be a persons diet, whether or not the persons diet has enough carbohydrates to supply their body with enough energy to complete the study. This could cause a persons heart rate to fluctuate based on their diet. Another confounding variable could be the persons previous cardiovascular health, such as history of heart diseases, blood pressure. If the person has history of heart disease and high blood pressure, this could lead to a higher heart rate in the study. In conclusion, there was enough evidence in this study to conclude that moderately active mean heart rates are lower than the mean heart rates for sedentary adults. There is evidence because the given P-Value was .000 which was less than .05. Since the data was fairly normal and the sample size for each group was above 40, the validity of this study was high and reliable. This study did conclude that an active lifestyle can help with cardiovascular health, by lowering heart rates during exercise.