Ground Improvement (2007) 11, No.

1, 1–10 1

FS
Assessment of ground improvement work using
radioisotope cone penetrometers
A. K. SHRIVASTAVA
M2C UMR 6143 CNRS, Caen, France

The effectiveness of radioisotope cone penetrometers (RI French summary

cones) under various soil conditions is now well estab-
lished. This paper briefly describes the design of RI cones,
and the advantages associated with their use. Two case
histories are presented in which these cone penetrometers
were utilised to investigate their effectiveness in ground
improvement works. Both case histories involve land
OO
reclamation work. In one, reclamation was effected by
hydraulically placing the fly ash obtained from a nearby
coal-fired power plant, and in the other, the reclamation of
land from sea was effected by pluviating sand by a
conveyor belt system. It has been shown that RI cones can
detect any small changes in the density profile, which can
result in large savings in a project involving millions of
cubic metres of sand.

Keywords : ?

Notation enhance the efficiency of projects. The author has been

involved in developing radioisotope cone penetrometers (RI
A atomic weight cones) to measure basic soil properties, namely density (rd )
Ai mass number of ith element and natural water content (wn ), along with regular cone
c speed of light in vacuum (299 792 458 m/s) penetration tests with pore pressure measurement, also
e void ratio
known as piezocone test (CPTU) data. The RI cones system
fs sleeve friction
m rest mass of electron
is composed of three different types of cone penetrometer:
N Avogadro number (6.022 3 1023 )
qT corrected cone penetration resistance (a) a neutron moisture cone penetrometer (NM cone)
u excess pore pressure (b) a nuclear density cone penetrometer (ND cone)
PR

wn natural water content (c) a dummy cone, equipped with a detector to measure
Z atomic number the natural background radiation.
Zi atomic number of ith element
h
energy of incident photon The virgin ground is first penetrated using the NM cone to
h
9 energy of deflected photon measure the natural water content (wn ) and soil strength
Ł angle between incident and final direction of the photon
parameters such as corrected penetration resistance (qT ),
re number of electrons per unit volume
ri weight fraction of ith element
sleeve friction ( fs ) and excess pore pressure (u) generation in
rs soil density real time. The same hole is then used for the ND cone to
rd dry density measure the density (r)m and for the dummy cone to
rm moist density measure the density and the natural background radiation.
rt total density Their effectiveness under various soil conditions has been
a reaction cross-section established by Shibata et al. (1994), Shrivastava (1994) and
Mimura et al. (1995).
Geotechnical engineers intuitively associate strength or
density (rd ) with ground improvement work; in recent years
Introduction other parameters, such as soil modulus or stiffness, are
Geotechnical engineers are always looking for ways to coming to be considered more realistic parameters to
improve upon existing methodologies and procedures to indicate the in situ soil conditions; however, the author
believes that density is one parameter that has been in use
(GI 4217) Paper received ?? ?????????? ????; last revised ?? ?????????? for a very long time and will be difficult to dispense with.
????; accepted ?? ?????????? ???? In land reclamation work, where the material requirement

www.groundimprovement.com 1751-7621 (Online) 1365-781X (Print) # 2007 Thomas Telford Ltd

Article number = P4217
A. Shrivastava
is in millions of cubic metres of soil, a precise measurement
of density is required to calculate the volume of material
that is required and, as the work progresses, the material
being deposited, and also to assess whether the design
criteria have been met or not. What follows here is a brief
description of RI cones, after which two case histories are
presented.
Using neutron and gamma rays to
measure natural water content and
density of soil
Physical principle of neutron moderation by
hydrogen
When fast neutrons are emitted from a source, they go
through the process of slowing down, thermalisation and
diffusion. This process of slowing down from the initial
energy to the thermal diffusion energy is governed mainly
by elastic collisions of the fast neutrons with the hydrogen
nuclei present in the water, which are considered to be free.
The presence of elements other than hydrogen in the soil
OO
is of minor importance in the slowing-down process. None-
theless, the neutrons do undergo collisions with the nuclei of
these other elements in the vicinity of the fast neutron
source, and their migration is impeded. Therefore the mean
distance between the source and the point at which the
neutrons reach epithermal energy depends not only on the
hydrogen content, but also on the composition of the water-
containing matrix. However, apart from the moisture con-
tent, for most soils it is mainly the dry bulk density that
determines this distance, and thus the chemical composition
of the soil is less important.
As the neutrons do not react appreciably with electrons,
they are always detected through the effects caused by their
collisions with the nucleus. Over the years various reactions
have been proposed for the detection of neutrons. The
reaction used to detect neutrons in the construction of the
NM cone is
3
He þ n ! T þ p þ 0:764 MeV;  a ¼ 5400 b (1)
3 is the speed of light in vacuum (299 792 458 m/s), Ł is the
where He is helium, T is tritium, n is the neutron, p is the
proton, MeV is Mega electron volts, and a is the reaction
cross-section, measured in barns (b) (Knoll, 1979). (See
PR
Appendix.) For details of the the various aspects of neutron
detection, readers are referred to any basic text book in
nuclear physics.
The fast neutron source is californium-252 (252 Cf), which is
a spontaneous fission source of neutrons with a half-life of
2.65 years. The detector used is a 3 He-filled proportional
252
Cf fast
neutron
source Pre-amplifier
Porous 3
He-filled
ceramic
filter
proportional
tube
35·6
48·6
1184 Cable
leading
to data
collection
system
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of NM cone (all dimensions in mm)
2
tube. Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the NM cone
penetrometer. Neutrons are discharged from the cone
penetrometer under a constant voltage of 950 V. They move
into the soil matrix randomly, and, because of the collision
process described, above they lose their energy. The 3 He-
filled proportional tube captures the slowed-down, or
FS
thermal, neutrons. The effective zone of measurement is
about 30 cm in diameter. The steel casing of the penetro-
meter does not impede the movement of the neutrons. The
NM cone is capable of measuring the following soil proper-
ties simultaneously in real time: the cone penetration
resistance; the excess pore pressure (through the ceramic
filter); the sleeve friction; and the natural water content of
the soil, wn . The type of reaction described in equation (1)
takes place in the 3 He-filled proportional tube). This is
designed so that it detects only the slow neutrons. For
details of the various aspects of cone penetration testing see
Lunne et al. (1997).
Physical principle of ª-ray interaction with
matter
It is well known that a photon can interact with atoms
through scattering, losing some or none of its energy
(Compton or elastic scattering respectively) or it can dis-
appear in a single interaction (by the photoelectric effect or
by pair production). Each process that contributes to the
attenuation is a function of Z, the atomic number of the
absorbing material. Therefore, considering the chemical
composition of the soil, almost all interactions lead to the
Compton process and depend on the electron density.
Compton scattering occurs when a photon interacts with
an electron and its incident energy is considerably greater
than the binding energy of the electron. Applying the laws
of conservation of momentum and energy, the following
relation can be obtained.
h

h
9 ¼
(2)
1 þ h
=mc2 ð1
cos ŁÞ
where h is Planck’s constant (6.626 3 10
34 J s or 4.135 3
10
15 eV s);
is the frequency; h
9 is the energy of the
deflected photon; h
is the energy of the incident photon; c
angle between the incident and the final direction; and m is
the rest mass of the electron (511 keV).
For high-energy ª-rays, each electron participates in the
scattering process. Consequently, the number of scattered
photons is proportional to re , the number of electrons per
unit volume. The mass density r is related to re through the
equation
 
Zi
re ¼ Nrr i (3)
Ai
where N is Avogadro’s number, r i is the weight fraction of
the ith element, Zi is the atomic number of the ith element,
and A i is the mass number of the ith element.
The value of Zi /A i is roughly equal to 0.5 for all the
commonly occurring elements in the soil except for hydro-
gen (about 1.0). However, hydrogen does not exist in a free
state in the soil, and is usually present in the form of water,
whose Zi /A i ratio is 0.5521 (Shrivastava, 2005).
The source of the ª-photons employed in the ND cone is
caesium-137 (137 Cs), which has a half-life of 36.5 years. Fig. 2
shows a schematic diagram of the NaI(Tl) (thallium-doped
sodium iodide) scintillator mounted on the photomultiplier
tube used in the ND cone to detect incoming photons. A
 Assessment of ground improvement work using radioisotope cone penetrometers

137
Cs NaI(T1)-mounted
gamma
Lead
photomultiplier Pre-amplifier These flashes of light must be converted into a correspond-
shield
source tube ing electrical signal, as these signals are otherwise too faint
to be detected. The photomultiplier tube is used to convert

48·6
the light signals into a usuable current pulse without adding
35·6

a large amount of random noise to the signal. For further

Cable
1184 details of both the NM and ND cones see Shrivastava (2005).

FS
leading
to data
collection
system

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of ND cone (all dimensions in mm)
lead (Pb) shield is placed between the ª-source and the
NaI(Tl) scintillator and photomultiplier to prevent direct
measurement of ª-photons. The small blocks shown between
the various components are mechanical connections to
maintain the components in their respective positions. As
described above in the NM cone section, the ª-photons are
discharged randomly under a constant voltage of 950 V.
These photons interact randomly with the soil matrix
around the cone penetrometer, and the incoming ª-photons
are detected by the NaI(Tl)-mounted photomultiplier tube.
The incoming ª-photons hit the NaI(Tl) crystal, causing
scintillation. This can be described as the flashes of light
OO
made by ionising radiation upon striking a crystal detector.
Advantages of cone penetration
testing
Technology based on cone penetration testing (CPT) offers
many advantages over sampling, and many researchers have
already listed these; even so, authorities in many countries
are still reluctant to use CPT-based technology. Some of the
advantages related to the projects described in the following
case histories are sunnarised below.
(a) It provides continuous subsurface data to aid rapid site
characterisation.
(b) It disturbs the subsurface conditions the least.
(c) It requires no drilling fluid or mud.
(d ) It is cheaper than drilling and sampling operations.
(e) Real-time data are obtained.

5·2 6·0 6·0 6·0 6·8

1·3

1·5

1·7
5·2

6·0

6·8
1·3
1·5
5·0

1·7
20·0

Zone A
PR

6·0

Legend
Sand compaction piles (SCP)

Sampling before SCP

1·5

6·0

Sampling after SCP

NM and ND cone testing
before SCP
NM and ND cone testing
after SCP
1·5

Zone B

Fig. 3. Field investigation plan at fly-ash-enabled reclamation site (all dimensions in m)

3
A. Shrivastava

qt: MPa
( f ) Other sensors can be used with CPT, as in the cases
discussed here. 0 5 10 15 20 25
(g) For any large project, sampling is still essential. How- 0
ever, by using RI cones a quick initial assessment of a
site can be made, and judicious selection of the
2
sampling site can be made, based on the initial results.

FS
There are some drawbacks with this technology, as with Before SCP
4
any other technology:

(a) No sample is obtained. 6

(b) CPT-based instruments cannot be pushed into highly
consolidated deposits, or deposits made up of boulders, After SCP
cobbles or other large particles.

Depth: m
8
(c) Data for natural water content (wn ) have to be corrected
for the presence of chlorine ions (Cl
) in marine
environments or suspected marine deposits. 10

12
Case histories
The first case study presented in this section is of a site 14
where fly ash was used for reclamation work. As a major
structure was planned for the site, ground improvement
OO
work was planned and carried out using sand compaction 16
piles (SCPs) at various pitches to determine the optimum (a)
pitch for SCPs for further work. The second case study is of
a site where reclamation work was affected by depositing
qt: MPa
sand from the nearby area. Density profiles at these sites
were measured using RI cones as well as traditional 5 15 25 35
sampling. 0

Before SCP
2
Reclamation work with fly ash
This area had been reclaimed by hydraulically placing fly
ash, a by-product obtained from a nearby coal-based power 4
plant. The fly ash in this area is underlain by a clay deposit.
Approximately 5 m of fly ash was deposited, overlain by 6
sandy silt, sand and gravelly sand, with the thickness of
each layer varying between 1.5 and 4.5 m. This reclaimed
area was chosen to receive another major structure. As the 8 After SCP
dynamic properties of fly ash are poorly understood, an
Depth: m

extensive soil investigation was planned and carried out. 10

Within this area, two sites (Zones A and B) were chosen as
pilot study sites.
The effectiveness of sand compaction piles (SCP) in clayey 12
PR

ground is well established, although not all the mechanisms

involved are very well understood. In brief, to improve the 14
clayey ground by the SCP method, a steel casing is driven
into the ground to a predetermined depth, and then sand is
pushed out from the casing into the ground and compacted 16
by vibration to form compacted sand piles. The factors that
affect the characteristics of the improved ground include the 18
density (or strength) of the sand piles and their replacement
(b)
area ratio, the external load conditions, and the strength of
clay between the sand piles. Fig. 4. qT profiles before and after sand compaction piling: (a) zone A;
To observe the effectiveness of SCP in improving the (b) zone B
strength properties of fly ash ground, sand piles were
installed in the soft ground at various spacings in both
zones, to find the optimum spacing. Sand of very good
grading (with less than 5% fines content) was used for easy
ejection and densification. relative to the SCPs. RI cone testing was performed both
Figure 3 shows the set-up of the field investigation. In before and after installation of the SCPs. Undisturbed
Zone A, the SCPs (shown as square blocks) were installed samplings were also carried out in both zones, both before
at various spacings (1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 m); in Zone B, they and after installation of the SCPs, for laboratory testing,
were all installed at a distance of 1.5 m from each other. and their location relative to the SCPs is also shown in
The figure also shows the location of the RI cone testing Fig. 3. The case study presented here is only for the 1.5 m

4
 Assessment of ground improvement work using radioisotope cone penetrometers
0
5
Depth: m
10
OO
15
Before
Fig. 5. Columnar sections obtained using SPT logs in zone A before and after SCP
spacing, as this is the only formation common to both
zones.
Figure 4 shows a comparison of the profiles of corrected
cone resistance, qT , for both zones, both before and after
installation of the SCPs. In Zone A the RI cone testing was
terminated at a depth of 12–13 m after installation of the
SCPs, owing to mechanical trouble in the pushing system. A
considerable increase in penetration resistance was observed
after installation of the SCPs, and therefore it was decided to
PR
drill a borehole until a soft layer was reached, to facilitate
the penetration testing. A general increase in the qT profile is
seen for both the zones. However, in Zone A, a reduction in
qT is observed just below 9 m. To investigate this trend
further, a columnar section of this zone was prepared, based
on a standard penetration testing (SPT) log, after installation
of the SCPs: see Fig. 5. The reduction in strength can be
attributed to the intrusion of freshly deposited sand from
the SCP in the fly ash at this depth. No effort was made to
study the time-dependent strength phenomenon, however;
the formation of silicic acid gel films on the particle surfaces
and the precipitation of silica or other material from solution
or suspension as cement at particle contacts, as suggested by
Mitchell (1984), should result in a subsequent increase in
strength.
Figure 6 shows the natural water content wn and density
rt as functions of depth before installation of the SCPs. Also
plotted in these diagrams are the data obtained through
sampling for both Zone A and Zone B. Undisturbed
sampling was carried out at all locations both before and
after installation of the SCPs, so that the results obtained
Legend
Gravelly
sand
Sand
FS
Sandy silt
Fly ash
Mixed sand,
clay and fly ash
Clay
Intrusion
of sand in
flyash
After
from laboratory tests could be compared with those obtained
with the RI cones. In spite of some paucity in the sampling
data, very good agreement is seen.
Figure 7 shows the void ratio e as a function of depth
before and after installation of the SCPs. As noted above, the
freshly deposited sand from the SCPs shows the lower
strength,which is reflected in the void ratio plot of Zone A at
the corresponding depth (just below 9 m) of the sand
intrusion intohe fly ash deposit. Apart from this, a decrease
in the value of e is observed in both zones.
Figure 8 shows the density profiles of both zones. Also
plotted are the density data obtained from the laboratory
work. In both cases (i.e. density measurement using both RI
cones and sampling), a general increase in the density after
installation of SCP is seen in both zones. However, the
scatter in the density profile using the sampling data is
rather large, and does not correspond with the increase in
strength as given by qT for a similar depth (Fig. 4).
Reclamation work with sand
A very large reclamation project has been undertaken to
alleviate the problem of port congestion around Tokyo.
These port facilities will reach their capacity in near future,
and any enlargement will lead to further congestion of
already congested port facilities. It is planned to reclain a
total of about 500 ha. At the reclamation site the average
water depth is about 12 m, and the sea floor at the site is
generally made up of alternating layers of sand and sand
plus gravel, although the occasional presence of a loam layer
5
A. Shrivastava

wn: % wn: %
20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 0

2
2
Laboratory
4

FS
4
NM cone
6
6
Depth: m

Depth: m
8
NM cone
8
10

10 Laboratory
12

12
14

14 16

16 18

ρt: t/m3 ρt: t/m3

1·2 1·6 2·0 2·4 1·2 1·6 2·0 2·4
0 0

2
OO 2 ND cone
ND cone

4 4

6 6
Depth: m

Depth: m

8 8

Laboratory
10 10

Laboratory
12 12

14 14

16 16

(a) (b)

Fig. 6. Natural water content (wn ) and density (rt ) profiles before installation of sand compaction piles: (a) zone A; (b) zone B
PR

has also been detected. Reclamation from the sea was
effected by depositing sand obtained from two nearby sites,
designated A and B. A conveyor belt system was built to
transport the sand from the source sites, and the sand was
deposited in an arc-sweeping fashion so that it was evenly
distributed. The sands from the two sites (A and B) were
mixed during transport for deposition through the conveyor
belt system. The density (rt ) profiles of the deposited sand
were measured using RI cones and a modified Bishop
sampler once the required depth of deposited sand had been
attained. The Bishop sampler (diameter 60 mm) was mod-
ified by Hanzawa & Matsuda (1977) using a stationary
piston and reducing the diameter to 50 mm. One of the main
advantages of this modified Bishop sampler is that a sample
of very low density can be obtained. However, the sample
must be small enough to be retained by capillary force. Fig.
9 shows a schematic diagramme of the various measurement
points. The geotechnical properties of source sites A and B,
based on borehole data, are summarised in Tables 1 and 2
respectively.
The RI cones data for the source sites A and B are given in
Fig. 10. RI-CPTU was carried out until the refusal was met
at 12 m at site A and just below 7 m at site B, which is
reflected in the profiles of qT against depth (Fig. 10). The
corresponding changes in excess pore pressure u are also
given in Fig. 10. The sudden changes in excess pore pressure
are well reflected in the changes of qT , and similar changes
can be observed for the profiles of density and water
content.
Sand was evenly spread from the centreline. Measurement
was carried out on both sides of the centreline, referred to in
Fig. 9 as line 1 and line 2. As not all the data are allowed to
be published, only data obtained at measurement point
MP1-4 on line 1 and measurement point MP2-7 on line 2 are
presented.
Discussion
For both source sites, values of NSPT are also plotted in Fig.
10, and are shown (as squares) referred to the lower axis.
For site A, there is a good match between the qT values

6
 Assessment of ground improvement work using radioisotope cone penetrometers

Void ratio, e ρt: t/m3

0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 1·0 1·2 1·4 1·6 1·8 2·0 2·2 2·4
0 0

2
2
Before SCP

FS
4
Before SCP
4
6

Depth: m
6
8
Depth: m

After SCP
8 10

12
10
After SCP Laboratory
14
Before SCP
12 After SCP
16
(a)

14
OO 1·2 1·4 1·6
ρt: t/m3
1·8 2·0 2·2
16 0
(a)

Void ratio, e 2
0·5 1·5 2·5 3·5 Before SCP
0
4
After SCP
2
6
Depth: m

4 8
After SCP

6 10

12
Depth: m

14
10

16
12 Before SCP
(b)
PR

14 Fig. 8. Density (rt ) profiles before and after installation of sand compaction
piles; aboratory data also shown: (a) zone A; (b) zone B

16

18
(b)
Fig. 7. Void ratio (e) profiles before and after installation of sand
compaction piles: (a) zone A; (b) zone B
measured with the RI cones and the NSPT . However, for site
B, there is considerable scatter between the values of qT and
NSPT . However, in spite of this scatter, there is an almost
linear relationship for the corresponding values of qT and
NSPT : the value of qT varies between four and six times the
value of NSPT . Such a relationship has also been proposed by
other researchers, such as Robertson et al. (1984).
Comparative data are available for one point along each
line (MP1-4 and MP2-7) on the reclamation line, and are
plotted in Fig. 11. Post-reclamation data are plotted from the
datum line, which is the surface of the reclaimed land above
seawater level. At MP1-4, both the pre- and post-reclamation
data are plotted. Pre-reclamation RI cone testing was done
from a depth of 5.5 m until the refusal was met at 9 m. The
modified Bishop sampler was used at this site, but unfortu-
nately most of the obtained samples were disturbed in order
to obtain meaningful in situ density for comparison with the
density data obtainerd from the RI cones. At this point
(MP1-4), although the changes in density profile are very

7
A. Shrivastava

the density profile obtained using the Bishop’s sampler,

Line 1 which is not reflected in the RI cones measurement. As the
1-7 1-6 1-5 1-4* 1-4 1-3 1-2 1-1 RI cones measurement is made in situ, it is believed that it is
more representative of the actual site conditions than the
27·5 m 27·5 m 10 m 25 m 8m 5m 5m data obtained using the modified Bishop’s sampler.

FS
70·0 m

Current
Previous reclamation
RI cones
Settlement gauge
reclamation
line
line Conclusions
Surface-type
RI measurement Centre It has been shown that RI cones can be effectively
line employed to monitor ground improvement work under
various soil conditions. With their help, good-quality data
50·0 m

related to the quality of ground improvement can be

15 m 15 m 15 m 20 m 16 m 9 m 5 m
obtained. As the data are obtained in situ, they are free of
2-7 2-6 2-5 2-4-2 2-4-1 2-4 2-3 2-2 2-1 human error. Furthermore, the results can be observed in
15 real time, which eliminates time-consuming laboratory pro-
Line 2 2-4-3 m
1 cesses. Although the economics of the two projects has not
2-4-4 5 m been discussed, from the above discussion it is clear that
2-5-5 consierable savings can be realised.

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of various measuring points at sand-enabled
reclamation site
OO
small, with the deployment of RI cones such minor changes
are also detectable (Fig. 11). These small changes can also be
detected in the water content profiles (Fig. 11).
At MP2-7 along line 2, no measurement was done using
RI cones prior to the reclamation. Density profiles obtained
from the RI cones and the modified Bishop’s sampler are
plotted in Fig. 11. Between 5 and 7 m there is some scatter in
Appendix
The concept of the reaction cross-section is used in nuclear
physics to express the likelihood of interaction occurring
between particles. Thus it can characterise the probability
that a particular nuclear reaction will take place, and this
cross-section is expressed in units of area.
A barn (symbol b) is a unit of area. It is not an SI unit, but
is accepted for use with SI units. 1 b ¼ 10
28 m2 . The story
goes that, in the early days of the field, a particular cross-
section turned out to be much bigger than expected. An
experimenter exclaimed, ‘Why, that’s as big as a barn!’, and
thus a unit name was born.

Table 1. Physical properties of sand at source site A

Borehole no. P13 P14 P18 P24 P33

Depth: m ! 4.15–4.45 13.15–13.4 18.15–18.47 24.15–24.45 33.15–33.24

rs : t/m3 # 2.699 2.724 2.682 2.729 2.691
wn : % 11.0 8.4 28.2 6.0 10.6
Pebbles (2–75 mm): % 6 2 0 0 33
Sand (75 m–2 mm): % 79 92 46 83 52
PR

Silt (5–75 m): % 10 4 38 11 12

Clay (, 5 m): % 5 2 16 6 3
rdmax : t/m3 1.556 1.632 0.994 1.247 1.478
rdmin : t/m3 ) 1.192 1.248 0.696 1.041 1.070

Table 2. Physical properties of sand at source site B

Borehole no. P6 P10 P15 P19 P27

Depth: m ! 5.15–5.45 9.15–9.45 14.15–14.45 18.15–18.45 26.15–26.29

rs : t/m3 # 2.68 2.728 2.714 2.703 2.733
wn : % 49.4 14.2 13.6 12.6 10.5
Pebbles (2–75 mm): % 4 5 10 30 50
Sand (75 m–2 mm): % 46 89 77 62 45
Silt (5–75 m): % 35 4 10 5 3
Clay (, 5 m): % 15 2 3 3 2
rdmax : t/m3 1.189 1.831 1.796 1.728 1.747
rdmin : t/m3 ) 0.939 1.398 1.320 1.383 1.399

8
 Assessment of ground improvement work using radioisotope cone penetrometers

3
qT: MPa u: kPa ρ: t/m Wn: %
0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2

4 4
4 4

FS
ρm ρt
Depth: m

6 6
6 6
8 8
ρd
8 8
10 10

10 10
12 12

14 14 12 12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
NSPT (a)
qT: MPa u: kPa t/m3
ρ: Wn: %
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 200 0 0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 0 20 40 60 80
0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1
2 2 ρm
2 2
3 3
Depth: m

3 3
4 4 ρt

4 4
5 5 ρd

6
OO 6
5 5

7 7 6 6

8 8 7 7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NSPT (b)

Fig. 10. RI-CPTU at: (a) sand source site A; (b) sand source site B

3
qT: MPa u: kPa ρ: t/m Wn: %
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 0 0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 10 20 30 40 50
0 0 0 0
Post-
2 2 2 Bishop 2 reclamation

Post- sampler
ρm
ρd
4
Depth: m

4 reclamation 4 4

ρt
6 6 6 6
PR

8 8 8 8 Pre-
Pre- Pre- reclamation
10 reclamation 10 10 reclamation 10
(a)
3
qT: MPa u: kPa ρ: t/m Wn: %
0 2·5 5·0 7·5 10 0 5 10 0 0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 10 20 30 40 50
0 0 0 0
Bishop
sampler
2 2 2 2

ρd
Depth: m

4 4 4 4
ρm
ρt
6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8

10 10 10 10
(b)

Fig. 11. RI-CPTU at: (a) measurement points MP1-4; (b) measurement point MP2-7

9
A. Shrivastava
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